They put a dash between the adjective and the predicate. Dashes are not placed before stable combinations

1. General provisions

1.1. In order to maintain business reputation and ensuring compliance with the norms of federal legislation, FGAU State Research Institute of Technology "Informika" (hereinafter referred to as the Company) believes the most important task ensuring the legitimacy of processing and security of personal data of subjects in the Company’s business processes.

1.2. To solve this problem, the Company has introduced, operates and undergoes periodic review (monitoring) of a personal data protection system.

1.3. The processing of personal data in the Company is based on following principles:

The legality of the purposes and methods of processing personal data and integrity;

Compliance of the purposes of processing personal data with the goals predetermined and stated when collecting personal data, as well as with the powers of the Company;

Correspondence of the volume and nature of the processed personal data, methods of processing personal data to the purposes of processing personal data;

The reliability of personal data, their relevance and sufficiency for the purposes of processing, the inadmissibility of processing personal data that is excessive in relation to the purposes of collecting personal data;

The legitimacy of organizational and technical measures to ensure the security of personal data;

Continuous improvement of the level of knowledge of Company employees in the field of ensuring the security of personal data during their processing;

Striving for continuous improvement of the personal data protection system.

2. Purposes of processing personal data

2.1. In accordance with the principles of processing personal data, the Company has determined the composition and purposes of processing.

Purposes of processing personal data:

Conclusion, support, change, termination employment contracts, which are the basis for the emergence or termination labor relations between the Company and its employees;

Providing a portal and services personal account for students, parents and teachers;

Storage of learning results;

Fulfillment of obligations provided for by federal legislation and other regulatory legal acts;

3. Rules for processing personal data

3.1. The Company processes only those personal data that are presented in the approved List of personal data processed in the Federal State Autonomous Institution State Scientific Research Institute of Technology "Informika"

3.2. The Company does not allow the processing of the following categories of personal data:

Race;

Political Views;

Philosophical beliefs;

About the state of health;

State of intimate life;

Nationality;

Religious Beliefs.

3.3. The Company does not process biometric personal data (information that characterizes physiological and biological features person, on the basis of which his identity can be established).

3.4. The Company does not carry out cross-border transfer of personal data (transfer of personal data to the territory of a foreign state to an authority of a foreign state, a foreign individual or a foreign legal entity).

3.5. The Company prohibits making decisions regarding personal data subjects based solely on automated processing their personal data.

3.6. The Company does not process data on subjects' criminal records.

3.7. The company does not publish the subject’s personal data in publicly available sources without his prior consent.

4. Implemented requirements to ensure the security of personal data

4.1. In order to ensure the security of personal data during their processing, the Company implements the following requirements: regulatory documents Russian Federation in the field of processing and ensuring the security of personal data:

Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 152-FZ “On Personal Data”;

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 1, 2012 N 1119 "On approval of requirements for the protection of personal data when processed in information systems personal data";

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 15, 2008 No. 687 “On approval of the Regulations on the specifics of processing personal data carried out without the use of automation tools”;

Order of the FSTEC of Russia dated February 18, 2013 N 21 “On approval of the composition and content of organizational and technical measures to ensure the security of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems”;

Basic model threats to the security of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems (approved by the Deputy Director of the FSTEC of Russia on February 15, 2008);

Methodology for determining current threats to the security of personal data during their processing in personal data information systems (approved by the Deputy Director of the FSTEC of Russia on February 14, 2008).

4.2. The company assesses the harm that may be caused to personal data subjects and identifies threats to the security of personal data. In accordance with identified current threats, the Company applies necessary and sufficient organizational and technical measures, including the use of information security tools, detection of unauthorized access, restoration of personal data, establishment of rules for access to personal data, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures applied.

4.3. The Company has appointed persons responsible for organizing the processing and ensuring the security of personal data.

4.4. The Company’s management is aware of the need and is interested in ensuring an adequate level of security for personal data processed as part of the Company’s core activities, both in terms of the requirements of regulatory documents of the Russian Federation and justified from the point of view of assessing business risks.

Punctuation course new school based on the intonation-grammatical principle, in contrast to the classical school, where intonation is practically not studied. Although in new technique classical formulations of the rules are used, but they receive additional semantic and intonational justification. Generally new method is based on knowledge of grammar and allows you to place punctuation marks without memorizing formal rules, including in the best way expressing the author's semantics of the text.

* * *

The given introductory fragment of the book Grammar method teaching Russian spelling. Book 2. Lectures on punctuation (N. P. Kireeva) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Lecture 1. Dash between subject and predicate

Introduction

There are many private rules in this topic, but - alas! – their knowledge in most cases does not allow one to unambiguously solve the problem: For every “dash must be placed” there is a “dash may not be placed.”

An unambiguous setting of a dash is needed only in the presence of special words bundles THIS, THIS, MEANS, THIS MEANS. Therefore, to understand the topic you need knowledge of factors, influencing the placement of a dash (the way of expressing the subject and predicate, the presence of particles, conjunctions and introductory words between them, the style of speech, the author’s desire to place the author’s dash, etc.).

And the topic would be quite complex if it were not for the possibilities of intonation analysis. Pause and raising the voice before the pause with logical selection subject- these are the best guidelines for choosing a dash.

The material includes the following sections:

1. Dash between subject and compound nominal predicate

2. Dash between subject and predicate ( complex options)

3. Elliptic and incomplete sentences

Dash between subject and compound nominal predicate

The section includes the following topics:

1. Basic provisions

2. Rules for placing a dash in the presence of linking words

3. Different ways of expressing subject and predicate

4. Absence of a dash “when filling a pause” between subject and predicate

Topic 1. Basic principles

§1. MODERN GRAMMAR ABOUT THE COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE

(LET'S READ WHAT THEY WRITE)

1. Definition

A compound nominal predicate consists of two-piece:

A) linking verb in conjugated form;

B) nominal part expressed by adjectives, adverbs, nouns or numerals.

2. Linking verb

The copula expresses meaning time and modality (predicativity), as well as various additional meanings: formation, detection, manifestation of a sign, as well as movement, position:

Snow became stronger.

This Seems strange.

He came tired.

3. Types of ligaments

Unsignificant the connective is the verb BE , which in the present tense is represented by the zero form:

December – beginning winter.

It's a cold day.

But: day was cold (non-zero copula in the past tense).

The remaining ligaments are semi-significant(become, appear, seem, be considered) or significant(came, returned, lay, slept).

4. Substantive predicates

A dash between the subject and the nominal predicate is most often placed with a zero (missing) connective in the case when nominal part expressed by a noun. Such a predicate is called a compound substantive.

Identify substantive predicates with with the following values :

A) qualification/assessment(attribution of an item to a specific class):

My neighbour - pensioner .

The exam is check of knowledge ;

B) identification(identity establishment):

5. Infinitive predicates

Infinitive predicates are expressed indefinite form verb:

Our task is study .

Smoking is good for health harm .

Infinitive predicates indicate not objects, but situations and, like substantive predicates, express the attitude identification: in this case the subject is usually a noun with an abstract concept, and the infinitive predicates reveal this concept.

Some sources include infinitive predicates to compound nominal predicates, while others consider this version of the predicate special kind.

– Why do we need these substantive and infinitive predicates? Can't you put a dash without them?

– Yes, this also happens, for example, when there is an inversion of the main members in a sentence.

For example:

Our duty is to study. Learning is our duty . Here identification of subject and predicate(They interchangeable, they can be rearranged), so there is no inversion, a dash is placed in both cases.

But: My neighbors are nice people . My neighbors are nice people . Here estimated value predicate, therefore the main terms are determined uniquely, in the second sentence their inversion takes place, the dash is not placed.

§2. GRAMMAR REFERENCE

1. Ways of expression nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of a verb connective be V in the required form And noun part, expressed by a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, noun phrase, as well as an indefinite form of a verb:

The polar bear is real master Arctic (noun)

Sea wonderful, blue, tender (full adjective)

Everything is unknown majestically (short adjective)

Is it true more unusual fiction (comparative adjective)

My uncle the most fair rules (phrase)

The Cherry Orchard - my ! (pronoun)

Big Dipper – seven bright stars (counting turnover)

Living life is not a field go (infinitive)

Note

In the examples given, the verb connective be not present in the present tense.

2. Linking words

Between the subject and the compound nominal predicate there may be special linking words THIS, THIS, MEANS, THIS MEANS :

Confidence - This key to the heart.

Protect nature - this means protect the homeland.

3. Compound subject and predicate

If the subject and predicate include dependent words , then a dash separates the composition of the subject from the composition of the predicate:

Talking to you is just a waste of words.

His example is a lesson to others.

§3. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF THE SOLUTION (VIEW FROM TOP)

1. A dash in a letter indicates a pause in oral speech

Between the subject and the compound nominal predicate in many cases a dash is added. Placing a dash between the subject and the predicate corresponds to pause in speech in accordance with the following intonation scheme: raising the tone – extended pause – lowering the tone.

2. Punctuation marks in the presence of connectives

In the presence of verb connective EAT there is no pause and there is no dash. In the presence of linking words THIS MEANS, THIS MEANS a dash is always placed (this is a special type of sentence with a nominative topic, which are discussed below).

3. Punctuation marks in the absence of connectives

In the absence of linking words or verb connectives, the placement of a dash depends on what part of speech expresses the subject and predicate.

A dash is placed when syntactic role main members can be difficult(for example, when the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun in the I.p.):

Forest – most valuable raw materials .

If the grammatical role of the main members is obvious(for example, for an attribute predicate), then the dash between the subject and the predicate is usually not placed:

Rain small, cold .

In the absence of linking words or verb connectives, it is possible author's production dash if it is necessary to highlight the subject or predicate:

Explanation (please note!)

In the presence of a pause (and a dash), the intonation stress falls on both the subject and the predicate, and in the absence of a pause the predicate becomes the intonational (and semantic) center of the utterance.

Topic 2. Rules for placing a dash in the presence of linking words

It is necessary to distinguish between sentences with linking words THIS MEANS and sentences with verb linkage EAT (the word “bundle” appears twice in this thread, but it’s not the same thing).

§1. PRESENCE OF LINKING WORDS THIS, THIS, THIS IS WHAT, THIS MEANS, THIS MEANS(PAUSE AND DASH)

1. Mandatory setting of a dash

Dash between subject and noun part predicate is mandatory in the presence of special linking words THIS MEANS (or combinations of them), while the subject and predicate can be expressed various parts speeches:

Linking word THIS

Seven years - This a lot in one person's life.

Trust is the key to the heart

Linking word HERE

Precision and brevity - Here the first virtues of prose.

Linking word MEANS

Be in love - Means suffer.

Knowing many languages ​​means having many keys to one lock.

Linking word THIS MEANS

Protect nature - This means protecting the Motherland.

Linking word THAT'S WHAT

Confidence - that's what always important.

2. Sentence with nominative topic

Sentences with linking words can be considered as sentences with nominative topics, wherein:

A) in the first place is a word with an objective meaning - nominative topics;

Similar consideration of sentences with linking words especially convenient in that case, if the link THIS used in the indirect case and is an addition:

Always tell the truth - on this Not everyone is capable.

Special grammatical form Such sentences are the reason for the obligatory use of a dash before the linking word.

3. Linking words THIS MEANS

Linking words THIS MEANS must be distinguished from other meanings of these expressions, and this is not so simple. Be careful!

A) Introductory wordMEANS :

After all, this Means , you want to ruin her completely, Boris Grigoryich!

B) Introductory wordMEANS in the role of a union or as part of a union

Word MEANS can act as a union in the BSP or be part of a union IF... MEANS , ONCE... MEANS in SPP:

He sent me a cross - Means , he loves me (BSP).

Once you are reading this letter of mine, Means , I have already left you (NGN).

B) VerbMEANS

This Means , sir, that you will never see your inheritance.

D) Paired option

Special attention should be given to those cases when the connective is difficult to distinguish from the verb (in both cases “means” is between two infinitives):

Using a bundle We identify two situations based on the principle of comparison or cause-and-effect relationships:

Give your life - this means dedicate it to people (linking word THIS MEANS , dash, pause).

When using the verb "means" we're talking about exactly about revealing the meaning words and expressions. This form is usually used in sentences with homogeneous predicates when the verbs MEAN are stressed and there is no pause after the subject:

"Give your life" does not mean "to die" and Means dedicate it to people (verb MEANS , no pause or dash.)

§2. PRESENCE OF VERB CONNECTION EAT(NO PAUSE OR DASH)

In the presence of a verb connective EAT there is no pause and no dash:

Book There is best gift.

Simplicity There is a necessary condition for beauty.

Art There is thinking in images.

Pushkin's fairy tale There is direct heir to the folk tale.

Laughter, pity and horror essence three strings of our imagination (verb link essence ).

Topic 3. Different ways of expressing subject and predicate

In the absence of linking words or verbal connectives, placing a dash between the subject and the nominal part of the predicate depends on what part of speech they are expressed in.

§1. SETTING A DASH (PRESENCE OF PAUSE)

1. General principle solutions

A dash is placed if it is necessary to separate the composition of the subject from the composition of the nominal predicate. In this case, the subject and predicate are usually expressed by a noun in initial form, infinitive verb form or numeral.

- And why?

– In these cases, without a dash and a pause, it is difficult to determine grammatical role named words.

2. Noun combinations in I.p. and infinitive form of the verb

A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed noun in I.p. or the indefinite form of the verb in various combinations:

Poetry - my power .

The happiest people are ignorant, and fame is luck .

Poetry - is the same production radium.

Taman - the worst small town from all the coastal cities of Russia.

Task art - research human soul.

Best way get rid of the enemy - do him as his friend.

Produce effect - their pleasure .

Find omens - very fascinating class .

Speak without thinking - fire without aiming.

3. Words in the meaning of a noun

The subject or predicate can be expressed by another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (substantive word) - adjective, participle, numeral, pronoun:

Main – do not hurt the child’s soul.

Cycle “On the Kulikovo Field” - the best what Blok wrote about the Motherland.

Comic - funny in life or in art.

4. Variants with numerals

The subject or predicate can be expressed numerical or counting turnover:

Three times three - nine.

Five and two are seven .

Volga length – 3688 kilometers .

average speed wind - five meters per second.

Twenty seven - my fatal number.

§2. THE DAH IS NOT PUT (NO PAUSE)

1. General principle of the solution

A dash is not placed if the composition of the subject and nominal predicate is determined unambiguously(according to the principle, an object is its attribute or a pronoun is its object/attribute). In this case, two options are possible:

A) the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by an adjective or adverb,

B) pronouns act as the main members of the sentence.

In the absence of a pause or a dash, the intonation center of the utterance is the predicate.

2. Sign predicate

There is no dash, if the predicate is expressed adjective (full, short, comparative degree), participle, adverb, noun phrase, that is, it has characteristic character:

This mountain greatest in the world.

Weather obnoxious , road nasty , coachman stubborn .

This question foremost .

Life short , art durable .

At home new yes prejudices old .

Flying poplar silver and light .

Homeland on the other side mile doubly.

Is it true more unusual fiction.

Live dog better dead lion.

Judge a man out of favor easily .

Shark's back of blue color .

Inhabitants of Goryukhin for the most part average growth .

My uncle is the most fair rules .

3. Pronoun as subject or predicate

A dash is not placed if the subject or predicate is pronoun (personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative):

A) personal pronoun as subject:

I fair man and I never give compliments.

We are the masters of our nature.

I'm terribly glad that you are my brother.

Isn't it true that we are the beauty of the entire valley?

B) including the dash is not placed in parallel structures when highlighting the predicate , and not the subject using intonation stress:

I am the light spring, and You tired cold .

I am a golden flower who is forever young and you are sand on dead shores.

He is corruption, he is plague, he is ulcer of these places.

B) interrogative or relative pronoun as a predicate:

This is an amazing man .

This your private case .

Who these People ?

Tell me, Who is yours Friend .

Topic 4. The absence of a dash when filling a pause between the subject and the predicate ( code name)

§1. THE DASH IS MISSING IN DIFFERENT WAYS OF FILLING A PAUSE

(The predicate is expressed by a noun in I.p.).

1. General principle of the solution

If between the subject and the nominal part of the predicate there is function word (conjunction, particle), introductory word, as well as an addition or circumstance, related to the entire sentence (and not part of the subject or predicate), then there is no pause and no dash(the pause seems to be filled with one of the listed words).

In this case common word stands as a separator between subject and predicate.

2. Practical examples

ParticleNOT

This officer Not good for you.

Look at you Not marvel.

Light snowfall Not a hindrance for the hunter.

Russia Not Petersburg, it’s huge.

Friendship Not service, no thanks for it.

Other particles

March only the beginning of spring.

Malay dwellings Just end-to-end bamboo cages.

Unions

Blooming willow among firs How a ray of light in a dark kingdom.

Earthly glory How smoke, that's not what I asked for.

tree branches exactly trunks of a beautiful temple.

Dandelions in the fields in the morning as if living gold.

Imagination Same great gift of nature.

His arrival in the Caucasus Also a consequence of his romantic fantasy.

Mercury Same metal.

Introductory words

Practicality, In my , a very commendable word.

Book, May be , the greatest miracle.

A park, as is known , an integral part of the estate.

Adverb or object applied to the entire sentence

A rash act at all dangerous step.

Literature Always textbook of life.

This is peace often a sign of great, albeit hidden power.

Tourism for me best vacation.

Poetry for you one fun.

Father I have Golden man.

§2. 0SOLUTION FEATURES (PAUSE AND DASH ARE SAVED)

1. Addition or circumstance as part of the subject or predicate

If the object or adverbial is part of the subject or predicate, then a pause is made and a dash is placed (in this case, the dash separates the composition of the subject and predicate):

Rain in summer - pure pleasure.

Minute with her - heavenly paradise.

The most best protection for me - clear peace of mind.

2. The nominal part is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb

Pauses and dashes in the presence of function words, as well as general circumstances and additions, are preserved if the nominal part is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.

In this case function words, additions and circumstances are part of the subject or predicate group:

Scientist learn - only spoil .

About the decision speak - only confuse .

Life live - not a field go .

kids educate - not chickens recalculate .

Tea drink – don’t chop wood.

Your task - don't give in temptations

– Why do you need a special solution for the infinitive?

– Without a dash syntactic construction will be unclear, for example: “the task is not to succumb to temptations” is a phrase (infinitive as a definition), and “to talk about what has been decided, only to confuse” is very similar to homogeneous predicates.

Checking the correct placement of a dash is done by the presence of a pause in oral speech.

§1. SETTING A DASH IN THE PRESENCE OF SUSTAINABLE RPM

Attention! This topic has several solutions!

1. Phraseological phrase as a predicate

If the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by a phraseological phrase, then a dash between the subject and the predicate is put(in the case of a regular noun phrase, there are no dashes or pauses):

Boots – what do you need a mirror !

Sons - one to one.

His income now is Be healthy .

His tactics are divide and rule .

We thought he was sleeping, but he - ears on the top of the head.

And the porch - God forbid another prince !

Noun phrase as a predicate, no dash (for comparison):

Fields and forests in white decoration .

All furniture yellow wood , very old.

Table by the window oval shape .

2. The entire proposal is stable turnover

If the entire offer is a sustainable turnover or a proverb, then the dash is placed according to general rules:

Noun in I.p. + noun in I.p.

Someone else's soul is darkness.

Dexterity and skill are salvation in times of trouble.

Including with parallel intonation and the presence of pauses:

Your eye is a diamond, someone else’s is glass.

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.

The word is silver, and silence is gold.

ParticleNOT

Poverty is not a vice. The heart is not a stone.

3. Indecomposable combination of subject and predicate (no pause or dash):

Penny price in your words. It's rubbish .

§2. INVERSION OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

Here comes the inversion!

1. General principle of the solution

In case of inversion of subject and predicate the rule for placing a dash is reversed(such a change indicates a non-standard syntactic construction).

2. No pause or dash(this is an inversion of subject and predicate - we have an assessment/qualification, not an identity):

What a joy in days of war, disconnect from the weather!

Nice place this valley!

Wonderful person Ivan Ivanovich.

3. A pause is made and a dash is placed (usually when there is a conjunction, a dash is not placed):

Epiphany night is frosty, like a mirror - moon.

§3. OTHER EXCEPTIONS (NO DASHES)

IN conversational style and in specialized literature There is no pause between the subject and the predicate and there is no dash. The tonic stress in this case falls on the predicate.

1. Conversational style (variant I.p. – I.p.)

My father is a doctor .

My brother journalist .

– Why isn’t there a dash in the conversational style?

– Generally speaking, it may not be put, it all depends on the communicative meaning of the message, that is, on specific situation communication.

Compare dialogues:

- Who is your brother? – My brother is a journalist, he works in the editorial office (emphasis on the predicate, no pause or dash).

- My brother is in school. – And my brother is a student (emphasis on the definition related to the subject, pause, dash is placed).

2. Special literature:

Maximum range device actions two kilometers .

Price goods five thousand rubles .

Temperature melting gold 1063 degrees .

1. General principle of the solution

The author's placement of a dash (not corresponding to the stated rules) is possible in the case when the author changes the intonation pattern of a sentence and thereby introduces additional shades of meaning into the message.

Most often, it is necessary to emphasize the significance of the subject, then a pause is made between the subject and the predicate in oral speech, indicated in writing with a dash, and the intonation stress falls on the subject.

A) Pronoun as subject

I - your northern friend and brother!

You - eternity is a hostage to time in captivity.

This - two nightingales duel. This - Ancient Sphinx.

B) Pronoun or adverb as a predicate

The Cherry Orchard – my!

To be in love - nice !

C) Noun phrase as a predicate

Poets – all of the same blood .

D) ParticleNOT , predicate in the form I.p.

But the explanation is Not justification.

A fighter without a hat - Not fighter.

My love - Not joke.

No, being Not shaky riddle!

D) Conjunction, particle, adverb

My soldier's overcoat – How seal of rejection.

I'm all - How the flapping of imperceptible wings.

Your speeches - as if sharp knife.

Crowd - Always crowd.

E) Inversion of subject and predicate (emphasizing the predicate that comes first)

Nice people - my neighbors.

Serious step - marriage.

True treasure - Russian poetry.

Amazing thing - dream.

Yes, Scythians- we, yes, Asians – we, with slanted and greedy eyes.

G) Parallel intonation

The placement of a dash is facilitated by the parallel intonation of the sentence when comparing objects and their characteristics (the subject is highlighted, pauses, a dash is placed):

Horse color - yellow , and the tail and mane - brown.

I - sudden break I - playing thunder, I - clear stream, I – for everyone and no one!

You - writer, I – actress.

Soul - like a sail, soul - like a harp.

From others to me praise - what a shame, from you and hula - praise.

Section 2. Dash between subject and predicate (complex options)

The section includes three topics:

1. Complicated ligament

2. Complex subject

3. Complicated predicate

Topic 1. Complicated ligament

§1. COMPLEX COUPLE: PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. Definition

Linking words THIS MEANS may have with them unions (AND HOW), particles ( NOT ONLY ),verb connective IS, adverbs, etc.

2. Sentences with a connective are sentences with a nominative topic

As already mentioned, sentences with linking words can be considered as sentences with a nominative topic - or rather, a special case of a figure of speech, which is called the nominative topic.

– What kind of figure of speech is this?

– Nominative topics are figure of speech , in the first place of which there is an isolated noun in I.p. , which names the topic of the following phrase.

Its function is in call special interest to the subject of the statement and enhancing its sound, for example: "Moscow! How much in this sound merged for the Russian heart, how much echoed in it.” (A.S. Pushkin).

In a special case the nominative of a topic can come at the beginning offers and separated from the rest of the sentence by a dash.

Thus, in a sentence with linking words, the first place is the word with subject meaning (nominative topic), then after a pause follows pronoun THIS , replacing specified word and actually playing the role of a subject, followed by a predicate: Trust - This key to the heart.

The given interpretation of sentences with linking words convenient in special cases , namely:

A) with inversion of the ligament(the connective is located before the nominative topic):

Amazing This people - children!

B) in the presence of a copula in the indirect case(as a complement, not a subject):

Admit your mistakes - on this he is not capable.

Actually all sentences with linking words are sentences with a nominative topic, but they have a connection THIS stands in I.p. and plays the role of subject

3. General principle of solution and intonation

The complication of the composition of linking words is facilitated by the placement of a dash. The placement of a dash in writing corresponds to the presence of a pause in oral speech in accordance with the following scheme: raising the tone - extended pause - lowering the tone.

§2. COMPLICATED CONNECTION: SOLVING THE PROBLEM

1. Ways to complicate the ligament

At in various ways complications of linking words THIS, THIS, MEANS, THIS MEANS a dash is used in most cases:

Loneliness in creativity - How is that loneliness in life.

Punctuation marks – How is that musical notes.

Poetry – How is that a monument that captures the best moments of the best minds.

I thought biology - That's what it is my real calling.

The purpose of life - That's what it is life itself.

Work and perseverance - that's all there is to it the main path to happiness.

Unity of spirit, views, will - that's all there is to it real unity.

Complex world feelings – it's not only the destiny of the chosen ones.

Brilliant mind - does not mean deep mind.

Look back - doesn't mean at all retreat.

It is good to talk about virtue - doesn't matter yet t be virtuous.

Keeping a nightingale in a cage does not mean making it sing.

To be a cause of joy or suffering for someone - isn't this the best sweet food for our pride?

2. Verb linkage AND THERE IS

In sentences with verb linkage AND THERE IS It is recommended to place a dash only in cases where the subject is common enough that you can pause after it:

Ability to be creative - and there is the greatest gift for a person.

Ask a close friend for forgiveness – and there is say goodbye in Russian.

But this and there is our new project.

Ask for forgiveness and there is say goodbye.

3. Ligament inversion THIS as part of the predicate

In sentences with a connective THIS Inversion of subject and predicate is possible. This proposal can also be considered as offer with separate explanatory member:

Beautiful This quality - sincerity. (Sincerity is a wonderful quality).

Great This the point is to make a decision.

The philosopher thought that This his destiny is to live in a kennel.

4. Bunch THIS in the oblique case

Linking word THIS can be used in indirect cases, including with the preposition:

Understanding another person - on this a special property of the soul is required.

Always hope, never despair - in that basic property of human nature.

5. Bunch THIS refers to the offer

The most important - This what he himself thinks about it.

Topic 2. Complex subject

§1. BASIC POINTS

1. Statement of the problem

The subject can be complicated:

a) defining turnover;

b) homogeneous members;

V) subordinate clause;

G) introductory sentence, related to the subject.

2. General principle of the solution

A) The complication of the subject contributes to the placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate, including those cases in which it is usually not placed(adjective as a predicate, pronoun as a subject, comparative conjunction or particle NOT between subject and predicate).

B) Placement of punctuation marks for a complicated subject independent(combination of comma and dash, parentheses and dash).

B) Placing a dash on a letter corresponds to the presence of a pause in oral speech.

§2. INSTALLING A DASH WITH A COMPLICATED SUBJECT

With various methods of complication of the subject a dash is used in most cases(a pause and a dash separate the composition of the subject from the composition of the predicate).

1. Homogeneous subjects, subordinate clause, attributive phrase:

Live on earth, strive for heaven with your soul - this is a person’s joyful destiny.

The main thing that Lapland is famous for is - this is because Santa Claus lives here.

Birds wintering with us - this is a titmouse, a bullfinch.

A person who is indifferent to native language, - Savage.

Our century (I'm not afraid to repeat myself) - the age of high speeds.

Develop sign names as designed names of colors, - a matter of the future.

2. Including a dash is placed in various options for “filling a pause”:

A lake overgrown with reeds - Not best place for swimming.

We , cats are inquisitive people.

This ring, if you compare it with others, - Not the most expensive.

Joys that are not stored in memory are not real joys.

Clouds floating on blue sky, – How beautiful castles on the seashore.

This log house, covered with a green roof, - Same Nazimov's house.

3. No dash when filling a pause

As an exception, a dash is not placed if between the subject and predicate there is addition or circumstance applied to the entire sentence(option with filling the pause):

The house we live in for a long time is no longer our home.

Topic 3. Complex predicate

§1. BASIC POINTS

1. Statement of the problem

The predicate can be complicated:

A) homogeneous series,

b) defining phrase,

c) a subordinate clause related to the predicate.

2. General principle of solution and intonation

Complication of the predicate contributes to the placement of a dash. When placing a dash in oral speech, there is a pause, the subject in the first part of the sentence is highlighted using intonation stress.

§2. INSTALLING A DASH WITH A COMPLICATED PREDICATE

1. In various ways of complicating the predicate, a dash is placed In most cases, wherein the subject is highlighted using a pause and intonation stress. Including a dash is placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective or pronoun, as well as with various options for “filling the pause”, if it matches the intonation pattern of the sentence:

I - is yours, Russia, is yours by gender! My ancestor drove a plow in the fields.

The branches of the trunks are like the vaults of a beautiful temple, built by nature .

But Chatsky and his like-minded people - for sure advanced warriors, skirmishers and therefore always victims.

The syllable of the story is now the flash of lightning, now the blow of a sword .

I look sadly at our generation, its future - or empty, or dark.

Women and girls - cheerful, flexible, with dark blue eyes, also bronze .

Drinking water in the morning - languid , like all the sick , and those drinking wine in the evening - intolerable, like all healthy people.

After all, I am writer, a person who calls everything by name .

Art takes on a kind of religious quality from Mayakovsky, it is a prophet dictating his laws to the world.

2. There is no dash (emphasis of the predicate)

In similar variants, the dash may not be placed in accordance with the intonation of the sentence (there is no pause after the subject, homogeneous adjectives are the intonation center):

He boy not evil, not cruel .

§3. PREDICTS WITH PARTICLE NOT

1. A dash is placed (emphasizing the subject)

For complicated predicates with a particle NOT (NOT... A, NOT and NOT, NOT ONLY... BUT AND) a pause is made and a dash is added if necessary highlight subject (author's emphasis, significant prevalence of the subject, development of the theme of the subject in the subsequent text):

Our task is do not reflect enemy attack, and destroy enemy

Danko's ideal - not a fight against harsh living conditions, a dream free humanity from base feelings

Social topics for the poetess - Not social order , a scream souls.

Poetry - not a whim or a prank.

I - not your husband, not your fiancé, not your friend .

Onegin – not a cold, not dry, not soulless person.

Forest - not just vegetation on the ground. Forest is irreplaceable ecological system planets.

Writing – not a craft or occupation . Writing – vocation .

Professional language – not just other words . This another concept , different thinking.

2. No dash is placed (emphasizing the predicate)

When there is no pause The predicate becomes the semantic center of the statement; in this case, the dash is not placed:

Moscow not a silent mass of stones arranged in a symmetrical order .

Having learned that Naumov not an engineer, but a horse guardsman , she regretted telling her secret.

Nature not a temple, but a workshop , and the person in it is a worker.

Soul of Pechorin not rocky soil, but land parched from the heat .

Woodpecker Not only a carpenter , but also excellent climber.

People Not only material force , but also source of spirituality.

Happiness Not only reward for achievement , but also the very path to success.

Love don't sigh on the bench and not walks under the moon.

3. Dash is not placed before stable combinations

Dashes are not usually placed before combinations NOTHING ELSE AND NOTHING ELSE BUT (there is no pause or dash, the intonation center is the predicate):

Passions nothing more than ideas during their first development.

Such a life nothing more than selfishness and laziness.

Section 3. Elliptic and incomplete sentences

Setting a dash in elliptical and incomplete sentences depends on their structure; it can also be the author’s decision.

The section includes two topics:

1.

2. Dash in incomplete sentences

Topic 1. Dash in elliptical sentences

§1. BASIC POINTS

1. Definition

A dash can be placed in elliptical sentences of a special construction, consisting of

(1) subject and (2) object or adverbial(the predicate is always absent in such sentences).

-Are there any offers? without a predicate? But what about predicativity (tense, mood), they must be expressed?

– Elliptical sentences are special kind proposals. They imply action, but it can be expressed a whole group of verbs, for example: Everyone to the basement (go, run, hide).

These offers are not considered incomplete, since they don't correspond with corresponding complete sentences.

In elliptical sentences it is possible presence or absence of dash between two parts of a sentence.

2. General principle of the solution

Dash in elliptical sentences is placed in the following cases:

A) if there is a pause between the first and second parts of the sentence;

B) in the presence of a pause in sentences with parallel structure and intonation;

B) in slogans.

Dash in elliptical sentences not placed in the following cases:

A) in the absence of a pause (often in poetic speech);

B) in nominal sentences similar to elliptical ones.

– So it all depends on intonation? How do you know when a sentence needs a pause?

– In reality, everything depends on the shade of meaning, since with the help of a pause we highlight the first part of the sentence.

3. Intonation

The placement of a dash in elliptical sentences corresponds to the presence of a pause in oral speech, while when there is a pause using logical stress the first part of the sentence is highlighted.

§2. THE PLACEMENT OF A DASH IN AN ELLIPTIC SENTENCE DEPENDS ON THE PRESENCE OF A PAUSE

1. General principle of the solution

In elliptical sentences, the placement of a dash depends on the presence of a pause. Usually a pause done in various descriptions, when the first part of the sentence is highlighted, and is not done in poetic speech.

2. Elliptical sentences

A) Elliptical sentences, pause, dash, highlighting of the first part:

Circumstance - subject

To the left of the entrance is a stone two-story building.

They stick together at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens.

It’s quiet in the spacious room, but there’s frost outside the windows.

Everywhere there are high rooms, in the living room there is damask wallpaper.

Subject - circumstance

Subject - object:

So this is the beauty of flying into the sky! She's down!

Chatsky's vitality does not lie in the novelty of his ideas.

Addendum – subject:

The brave strives for victory, the brave strives for the way forward.

B) Elliptical sentences, no pause, dash:

Circumstance - subject

Again at the hour of the night clouds above the ground.

Among the celestial bodies, the face of the moon is foggy.

Funny boats in the blue distance.

Addendum – subject:

And in wives and daughters there is the same passion for uniforms.

3. Elliptical sentences parallel structure

A) The presence of parallel intonation (alternating between raising and lowering the tone) contributes to the placement of a dash:

There are carpets on the floor, and a beautiful lampshade above the table.

Long live man, the master of his desires! The whole world is in his heart, all the pain in the world is in his soul!

In the steppe near Kherson there are tall grasses, in the steppe near Kherson there is a mound.

There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs.

A wide ravine: on one side there are huts, on the other there is a manor.

B) However, in the absence of parallel intonation (usually in non-extended sentences), there are no pauses and no dash is placed:

Tatiana goes into the forest, the bear follows her.

4. Dashes in slogans

Slogans always have a dash, which corresponds to the presence of a pause:

Students - knowledge! There is a prize for first place. First of all – efficiency!

Reward for the winner! Taking care of children comes first! Our work for the Motherland!

§3. DASHES ARE NOT PLACED IN NAME SENTENCES

Elliptic sentences should be distinguished from nominal sentences similar in structure, in which the second part is not a circumstance, but a circumstantial definition:

Night. Silence. The shining of stars in the dark sky

Chains of blue mountains in the sun, fog over the valleys.

Caucasus! A long way over the abyss where the river roars.

– Is there no predicate in nominal sentences either?

– Regarding nominal sentences in linguistic science there is no consensus. It is believed that in this case the author acts as an observer in the time he describes.

Compare: Beautiful weather (noun sentence, statement of fact). – The weather is beautiful ( two-part sentence, description of space). Respectively, nominative sentences always refer to a specific (present) time, although they do not have a predicate.

At the same time, there is another description method, which actually denies the existence of denominative (one-part) sentences. In this case, they are considered to have zero predicate and are included in the paradigm of two-part sentences of the following type: Winter. - It was winter. - It will be winter.

Topic 2. Dashes in incomplete sentences

§1. BASIC POINTS

1. Definition

Sentences are called incomplete, in which the missing terms can be restored according to the text (most often the predicate is skipped).

The structure of incomplete sentences is similar to elliptical, but at the same time missing member is clearly restored from the previous text.

Accordingly, incomplete sentences usually have parallel structure.

2. General principle of the solution

Dash in place of missing members placed when there is a pause and parallel intonation. A dash is not placed if there is no pause or parallel intonation.

Two solutions can be compared on following example with a slight difference in grammar, but different intonation:

There is no dash (the preferred option for an unexpanded sentence):

The days became longer and the nights became shorter.

This is a SSP with the conjunction A, there are two phrases here, only the predicates are highlighted with tonic stress.

The dash is placed:

The days became longer, the nights became shorter.

This is BSP, there is no conjunction A, and therefore it is convenient to read the sentence with parallel intonation, making a pause in speech, and denoting it with a dash in writing.

§2. RULES FOR PUTING DASHES IN INCOMPLETE SENTENCES

1. A dash is placed

A dash is placed in place of missing members in the presence of a pause and parallel intonation, wherein pairs of words are highlighted with logical stress:

The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge.

Take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.

We consider everyone to be zeros, and ourselves to be ones.

To the left a forgotten spruce rustled, to the right a weeping willow.

Ivan Ivanovich shaves his beard twice a week, and Ivan NikIforovich - once.

2. There is no dash

There is no dash if there is no pause and parallel intonation:

You do long things, and I do short ones.

Egorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Egorushka.

I will catch birds, and grandma will sell them.

I was angry, he was gloomy.

§3. INSTALLING A DASH IN INCOMPLETE SENTENCES WHEN DISCLOSING THE TOPIC

1. Statement of the problem

Incomplete sentences may be disclosed in advance given topic(often after a colon in a non-union complex sentence).

2. Solving the problem

Placing a dash in such sentences also depends on the presence of parallel intonation and pauses.

A) A dash is placed in the presence of pauses and parallel intonation (basic option):

Three girls surrounded her: one was holding a jar of blush, the other was a box of hairpins, the third was a tall cap of a fiery color.

The clouds came from two sides: on the left - almost black, on the right - gray, rumbling with continuous thunder.

Both of them were happy: she was happy about his trust, he was happy about her readiness to understand.

Three gates led out of the city: one to midday, others to the north, and the third straight to the Horde.

B) A dash is not placed in the absence of pauses and parallel intonation ( unexpanded proposals):

There are two small doors in the bedroom: on the right to the study, and on the left to the corridor.

The dash is placed:

1. The subject and predicate are expressed by a noun or numeral in nominative case(with zero copula).

The next station is Mytishchi; Three times five is fifteen; The distance between the villages is sixty kilometers.

2. The subject and predicate are expressed by infinitives, or one of them is an infinitive, and the other is a noun (numeral) in the nominative case.

To talk about what has been decided is only to confuse;

Listening to you is a pleasure;

It is my duty to warn you of danger.

3. The predicate is attached to the subject using the words this, here, this is, it means (in the meaning it is), this means (a dash is placed before these words).

Catching a ruff or a perch is such bliss;

To understand means to forgive;

The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life.

There is no dash:

1. The subject and predicate are expressed by a noun or numeral in the nominative case, but:

a) the connective is not zero (Brother was clever man; War is madness);

b) with the predicate there is a comparative conjunction (as if, as if, exactly, like, it doesn’t matter what, what, etc.) (The stars are like diamonds; The sky is like the sea);

c) before the predicate there is a particle not (Poverty is not a vice);

d) between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word (Sergey, it seems, is a doctor); sometimes – adverb (Sergey now famous artist), conjunction (Sergey is also a doctor), particle (March is just the beginning of spring);

e) before the predicate there is an object related to it (Sergei is my neighbor);

f) the predicate precedes the subject (Wonderful man Ivan Ivanovich);

g) subject and predicate form an indecomposable phraseological turn(Two of a Kind).

2. The subject and predicate are expressed by infinitives, or one of them is an infinitive, and the other is a noun (numeral) in the nominative case, but the word order is reversed (the predicate comes before the subject) and there is no pause between the subject and the predicate (What a joy it is to hug your son!).

Please note: if there is a pause, then a dash is placed when reverse order words (cf.: It is a great art to wait).

3. Before the words this means a dash is not placed if:

a) means it is an introductory word (in the meaning therefore):

Sunspots disappeared; this means that the sun has gone down past noon;

b) means it is a verb in the meanings:

1. “to mean (about words, signs, gestures)” (Kirdzhali on Turkish means knight, daredevil);

2. “testify to something” (If I am silent, this does not mean that I agree with you);

3. “to matter, to be significant” (A person means immeasurably more than is commonly thought);

c) this is a subject, expressed demonstrative pronoun: This is (what?) my daughter; This (what?) is interesting).

Ways to Express a Definition

1. Full adjective Sunny day; favorite book; father's words.

2. Full Communion Done job; green forest.

3. Adjective pronoun Any word; someone's hand; this city; no noise.

4. Ordinal number First day; in the second row.

5. Numeral One feather; one notebook.

Ways to express complement

Supplements are usually expressed by nouns (with and without prepositions) in indirect cases, as well as words used in the meaning of nouns (pronominal nouns, substantivized adjectives, participles). For example: The whole air was filled with blinking bluish sparks (Ars.); Vanya made himself a real shepherd’s whip from a rope (Cat.); We were both talking idle talk back then! Smart people decided something else (N.); Let's forget what happened between us (G.); He did not regret what he said (Sim.); Everyone is silent, and only Volodka mutters something (Ch.).

An addition can be expressed by any part of speech that replaces a noun. For example, in the sentence He did not pay any attention to her “but” the conjunction but was used as an object. In the sentence I return Gorlenko’s letter along with a big thank you (Ch.), the addition is expressed by an interjection, and in the sentence Varka lies on the stove, does not sleep and listens to her father’s “boo-boo-boo” (Ch.) - an onomatopoeic word.

The infinitive can also be used as an addition: She gave Valko to wash... (Fad.); A young Bulgarian gave me some salty water to drink (Paust.).

An addition can be expressed by a phrase that is syntactically indivisible. This could be a combination of a numeral with the genitive case of a noun: I looked at the floor and saw a black beard and two sparkling eyes(P.); combination of a pronoun (definitive, indefinite and negative) with a prepositional-nominal combination: I was not expecting anyone I knew (Cor.); quantitative-nominal combination, which includes a noun with the meaning of a certain quantity (ten, three, dozen, hundred, etc.) or an indefinite quantity (mass, flow, heap, lot, etc.); He saw about two dozen people; He admired the flow of traffic; quantitative-nominal combination, which includes a pronoun or an indefinite number (a few, a little, a lot, a lot, a little): I visited a lot of countries; I collected several cardboard boxes from under hats (Cupr.).

A phrase may consist of collective noun having quantitative value(majority, minority, plurality, etc.), as well as the nouns number, number (with definition) and the genitive case of the name: He saw a lot of people crowding around the house; The great Russian artist Repin left behind a large number of paintings and sketches.

1. A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if they are expressed noun in the nominative case, infinitive (indefinite form of the verb), numeral, combination of a numeral with a noun in any combination.

Spruce– evergreen plant.

Note:

There can be words before the predicate here, this, this means, this means.

A walk is the best respite from worries

1. A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate if:

1. Comparative conjunctions act as connectives as, as if, as if, exactly, no matter how, no matter what, sort of like, etc.

Pond How shiny steel.

2. The predicate is preceded by a negative Not

Poverty Not vice.

3. Between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, adverb, conjunction, particle.

The cat is known to be a freedom-loving animal.

4. The predicate is preceded by a related inconsistent minor member offers.

Oleg is our friend.

5. If the predicate precedes the subject.

A wonderful person Ilya Petrovich!

6. The subject in combination with the predicate form an indecomposable phraseological phrase.

Words that are not backed up by deeds are worthless.

II. Dash in an incomplete sentence

1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with an absent predicate.

There are some strange traces around the house.

Note:

There on unknown paths Traces of unseen beasts.

2. In elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts.

Every person has freedom of expression.

3. In an incomplete sentence that forms part complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission.

There is a closet to the right, a sofa to the left.

Note: If there is no pause, there is no dash.

You do bad things, and I do good things.

4. In similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted.

Money disappears, work remains

III. Intonation dash

1. A dash is placed to indicate the location of the breakdown simple sentence on word groups to clarify or emphasize semantic relations between members of a sentence.

Compare:My sister is my teacher. My sister is a teacher.

2. The dash, which is placed between the members of a sentence to express surprise, also has an intonation character.

And they threw the pike into the river.

IV. Connecting dash.

1. A dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits:

a) spatial

train Cherepovets - Moscow

b) temporary

vacation in July - August

c) quantitative

manuscript volume two - three printed sheets

In these cases, the dash replaces the words "from to". If you can insert the word between two adjacent numerals or , then they are connected by a hyphen.

Left for two or three days

2. A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, scientific institution.

Match Karpov - Kasparov

EXERCISES

4. Make sentences using diagrams

noun i.p. ─ noun i.p. inf. ─ inf. number ─ number

noun i.p. ─ inf. inf. ─ noun i.p.

5. Copy and fill in the missing punctuation marks.

1) Tolstoy is the keeper of the Russian classical language. 2) Literary work is not easy work 3) Venus is the brightest heavenly body after the Sun and Moon. 4) Iron is an amazing painter. 5) Your eye is a diamond. 6) Talking about what has been decided only confuses things 7) Lighting a fire is always a pleasure for me. 8) Spending the night in the forest is an unattractive prospect. 9) Fiction this is the art of words. 10) The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life. 11) In artistic speech, the main thing is the verb, and this is understandable, because all life is movement... Finding the right verb for a phrase means giving movement to life. 12) The steppe is like a continuous disk of the sun. 13) In the upper half the river is overgrown coniferous forest, and at the bottom exclusively coniferous species. 14) The simplicity of the word is the most great wisdom. 15) They talked for a long time: grandmother quietly and plaintively, grandfather loudly and angrily. 16) Here we are boarding the ship Gorky Astrakhan. 17) Love is not sighing on a bench or walking in the moonlight. 18) The sky is like a tent spread out. 19) People are like ice, the desert is like a desert. 20) This pond is two or three meters away. 21) And your room is so good for a child.

6. Copy, insert missing letters and punctuation marks.

Raising children is the most important area of ​​our lives. Taking care of children is everyone's business. Our children are future citizens of our country and citizens of the world. They will make history. Our children are future fathers and mothers, they will also be educators of their children. Our children must grow up to be wonderful citizens and good fathers and mothers. But that’s not all: our children are our old age. Proper upbringing is our happy old age, bad upbringing is our future grief, these are our tears, this is our guilt before other people before the whole country.

KEY

Shrinking fabric, beating butterfly, driving into a gorge, heady aroma, complete objectivity, friendly hugs, unnecessary corrosiveness, rearguard battles, blizzard night, chicken soup, two-story underbrush, lobby interior, trans-European route, four-story house.

You know, you see, bitterness, take care, dugout, near the dachas, eat, unbearably, Easter cake, backhand, burning, red, quiet, hide, better.

5. 1) Tolstoy is the keeper of the Russian classical language.

2) Literary work is not easy work.

3) Venus is the brightest celestial body after the Sun and Moon.

4) Iron is an amazing painter.

5) Your eye is a diamond.

6) Talking about what has been decided only confuses.

7) Lighting a fire is always a pleasure for me.

8) Spending the night in the forest is an unattractive prospect.

9) Fiction is the art of words.

10) The madness of the brave is the wisdom of life.

11) In artistic speech, the main thing is the verb, and this is understandable, because all life is movement... Finding the right verb for a phrase means giving movement to life.

12) The steppe is like a continuous disk of the sun.

13) In the upper half the river is overgrown with coniferous forest, and in the lower half - exclusively with coniferous species.

14) The greatest wisdom is in the simplicity of words.

15) They talked for a long time: grandmother - quietly and plaintively, grandfather - loudly and angrily.

16) Here we are boarding the ship Gorky - Astrakhan.

17) Love is not sighing on a bench or walking in the moonlight.

18) The sky is like a tent spread out.

19) People are like ice, the desert is like a desert.

20) This pond is two to three meters away.

21) And your room is so good for a child.

6. Raising children is the most important area of ​​our lives. Taking care of children is everyone's business. Our children are the future citizens of our country and citizens of the world. They will make history. Our children are future fathers and mothers, they will also be educators of their children. Our children must grow up to be fine citizens, good fathers and mothers. But that’s not all: our children are our old age. Proper upbringing is our happy old age, bad upbringing is our future grief, these are our tears, this is our guilt before other people, before the whole country.

Lesson 4

1. Spelling of prefixes

2. Dedicated Applications

Spelling of prefixes

Vowels consonants