The Nanai language belongs to the Tungus-Manchu group " Altai family» languages. Distributed in several areas Far East:

The area of distribution of the middle and lower Amur dialects (Naikha, Dzhuensky, Bolognese, Ekonsky, etc.) is the Amur basin in the middle reaches: Nanaisky, Amursky, Solnechny and Komsomolsky districts Khabarovsk Territory;

The distribution area of the Kur-Urmi dialect is the basins of the Kur and Urmi rivers, the villages of Ulika-Natsionalnoye, Kukan, Dogordon, Hail, Khabarovsk district, Khabarovsk Territory;

The area of the Bikin dialect is Pozharsky district of Primorsky Krai.

There are several classifications of dialects in the Nanai language: Sungari, Upper Amur, Ussuri, Urma, Kursk, Middle Amur (Naikhin), Lower Amur. According to the classification of O.P. Sunika, the Nanai language forms two dialects, breaking up into a number of dialects: Middle Amur - Sakachi-Alyan, Naikhinsky, Bologna, Dzhuensky, Gorinsky dialects, Upper Amur - Kur-Urmisky, Bikinsky, Right Bank Amur, Sungari, Ussuri dialects. In the classification given in the Grammar Nanai language» V.A. Avrorina, the Nanai language is divided into three dialects: Sungari (or Upper Amur), Amur (or Lower Amur) and Kur-Urmi, which are also divided into a number of dialects.

The first attempts to publish literature in the Nanai language were made in late XIX century. The Kazan Missionary Society published about a dozen brochures, mostly of religious content, and a small primer.

In 1928, for the first time in Khabarovsk, a book by N.A. Lipskoy-Walrond “Bongo bichhe” (“First letter”), which is a primer and an initial book for reading. In the same year, a reading book “Nanai Heseni” (“Nanai Language”), written by T.I., was published in Leningrad. Petrova. The modern literary Nanai language is based on the Naikhin dialect of the Central Amur dialect. On its basis, in 1931, Nanai writing was created in Latin script, which conveyed the features individual sounds Nanai language. In 1936, the Latin alphabet was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. The creators of Nanai writing were the first Soviet researchers of the Nanai language T.I. Petrova, V.A. Avrorin, A.P. Putintseva, O.P. Sunik, M.A. Kaplan, M.K. Maksimov, Nanai students who studied at the Leningrad Institute of Northern Peoples.

In 1932 V.A. The Avrorins and Nanai students wrote the Nanai primer “Sikun pokto” (“ New way"). The first Nanai teachers were trained according to it; children and adults learned to read and write in their native language.

After the creation of writing, the systematic publication of both original and translated educational, educational and methodological, artistic, children's and socio-political, trade literature in the Nanai language began.

It is of interest that in the Nanai language there are terms related to statehood, writing and education, agriculture, names of minerals, metals and materials, tools for their processing, weapons (including firearms) and military terms, which indicates the ethnogenesis of the Nanai people, which took place over many centuries. Currently acute problem is the preservation of the language. In 1989, the Nanai language was considered the native language by 44% of Nanais in Russia. Currently, only about 20% of Nanais are native speakers of their native language. Language environment preserved in the Amur and Nanai districts of the Khabarovsk Territory - here language community closer, proactive native speakers are the authors of books and textbooks in the Nanai language, teach children native language using computer aids and folklore audio recordings.

In order to instill interest in the native language and native culture in the Khabarovsk Territory, since 2005, an Olympiad for schoolchildren in their native language and national culture. Since 2004, an interdistrict competition has been established “ Best teacher native language", which received regional status in 2008, which helps to identify creatively working teachers of the native language, exchange positive pedagogical experience, increasing the prestige of the profession. Since 2009, the winners of the competition have successfully taken part in the All-Russian master class for teachers of “native languages”, including Russian, held in Moscow. Over the past ten years, thanks to the authors of textbooks and teaching aids A.S. Kiele, G.N. Onenko, L.T. Kiele, L.J. Zaksor, the region has ensured continuity of teaching the Nanai language from grades 1 to 11. The Nanai language is taught at the pedagogical school in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and at the St. Petersburg State pedagogical university named after A.I. Herzen.

Ministry natural resources In the Khabarovsk Territory, in 2008, work began on creating electronic phonetic reference guides for indigenous languages small peoples. The content of the manual includes not only written, but also audio texts that are spoken by native speakers, which is a living language material. Published electronic manuals in 6 languages from 8 indigenous peoples of the region (Nanai, Negidal, Nivkh, Oroch, Udege, Ulch languages). Despite the measures taken to study the Nanai language in educational institutions, currently only 29% of Nanais speak their language. The Nanai language is practically not used in everyday communication. The Russian language is widely spoken.

In order to develop Nanai-Russian bilingualism, in 1989, the Khabarovsk book publishing house, commissioned by the Nanai district committee of the CPSU and the district executive committee, published the Russian-Nanai phrasebook “Let's talk in Nanai” (“Nanai hesedieni hisangogoari”), compiled by Belda I.A., secretary of the district committee of the CPSU. In 2013, on the initiative public organization of the small peoples of the North of the Amur region, with the financial support of Polymetal OJSC, a Russian-Nanai-English phrasebook “Let's talk in Nanai” (“Nanai hesedieni gisurendugueri”) was published, compiled by Kilya L.A., native speaker, Honorary Worker general education and science of the Russian Federation. A major role in preserving the Nanai language in the Nanai region was played by regional radio broadcasting in the Nanai language and the publication of a supplement to the district newspaper in the Nanai language. The leaders of the Nanai region were the initiators of the creation of the “Mangbo Naini” (“People of the Amur”) program in the Nanai language on regional television. Unfortunately, during market relations the production of radio and television programs was stopped by decisions of higher governing bodies.

Of course, work to preserve the Nanai language should be continued in the most various forms. This can be done using the wide capabilities of modern computer and digital technology. Broad transmission to society of problems related to the preservation of indigenous languages, traditional culture promote forums, seminars, round tables etc., carried out by the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory. A striking example is the International Forum “Linguistic and cultural heritage of indigenous peoples: realities and prospects”, held in Khabarovsk on October 9-10, 2012 with the support of the Regional Government and the Association of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, the North and the Far East of the Russian Federation. Forum participants outlined key issues the state of linguistic and cultural diversity of indigenous peoples of the Far East and determined the priorities of language policy in relation to ethnic population. As a result of the Forum, its participants adopted a resolution that confirms the right of indigenous peoples to preserve and develop their original culture. To help find new ways to preserve endangered native languages, cultural heritage It was decided to hold this Forum once every three years.

NANAI LANGUAGE(outdated name - Gold). Refers to the south. (Nanian) subgroup of the Tungus-Manchu languages. N.ya. – suffixal-agglutinative type. Vocalism has 42 vowels (according to V.A. Avrorin), which are reduced to 6, contrasted by long-shortness and nasal-non-nasal, and 12 diphthongs; Consonantism has 18 consonants. The emphasis is musical and forceful; basic patterns: synharmonism, assimilation, absence of [p] in the beginning. words, palatalization of consonants before vowels before. row, a confluence of consonants in the middle. words. The structure of the sentence is nominative-possessive (subject in im. p., izafet), the word order is relatively fixed. There is no agreement between the definition and the defined. Typically a two-part simple sentence with elimination of the subject-pronoun (personal), as well as a complicated one (with participial and gerund phrases). Complex sentences are relatively rare; non-union, complex sentences are represented. and difficult to understand (with conjunctions and conjunction words).

Native speakers are Nanais. According to 1989 data, Nanai is considered the native language. – 4821 people (Khabarovsk territory), fluent – 567 people; in the Russian Federation in 2002, ownership of N.Ya. indicated by 3886 people.

N.ya. includes 3 dialects, each with 3 dialects. To the Upper Amur. dialect include the right bank. Amur, Sungari (on the territory of China, about 1.4 thousand speakers), Bikin (Ussuri) (Primorsky Krai, about 300) and Kur-Urmi ( Khabarovsk district, OK. 250) dialects; to Middle Amur. – Sikachi-Alyansky, Naikhinsky and Dzhuensky (Khabarovsk and Nanai districts, about 5.2 thousand); to the Lower Amur. – Bolognese, Ekon and Gorinsky (Khabarovsk Territory and Sakhalin region, about 2.3 thousand). Dialects are characterized phonetically. and lexical features, differences in morphology are insignificant.

Based on lit. N.ya. lies the talk of the most numerous. groups of Nanais – Naikhinsky Middle Amur. dialect. On N.ya. There is limited television and radio broadcasting (Khabarovsk Territory), and a newspaper is published. Compact in places. Nanai residents are taught their native language in preschool. institutions, beginning school (primers, reading books, language and mathematics textbooks were published), teaching N.Ya. is conducted in the Russian state. Pedagogical University named after.  Herzen (St. Petersburg), Khabarovsk State. Pedagogical University

N.ya. - one of the most studied Tungus-Manchus. languages of the south branches. The dictionaries were compiled by T.I.  Petrova and S.N.  Onenko. Grammar. descriptions made by V.A.  Avrorin, T.I.  Petrova, O.P.  Sunikom, A.P.  Putintseva, L.I.  Sem. In the field of syntax, the fundamental works are the works of V.A.  Avrorina. The folklore of the Nanai people is presented in a volume in the series “Monuments of folklore of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East.”

Lit.: Petrova T.I. Essay on the grammar of the Nanai language. L., 1941; Avrorin V.A. Essays on the syntax of the Nanai language. L., 1948; It's him. Grammar of the Nanai language: In 2 volumes; M.; L., 1959; 1961; It's him. Syntactic studies on the Nanai language. L, 1981; SunikO.P. Kur-Urmi dialect // Research and materials on the Nanai language. L., 1958; Gortsevskaya V.A. Essay on the history of the study of Tungus-Manchu languages. L., 1959; Nanai-Russian dictionary. L., 1960; SemL.I. Essays on dialects of the Nanai language. L., 1976; Onenko S.N. Nanai-Russian dictionary. M., 1980; Russian-Nanai dictionary. M., 1986; Pilsudski B. Nanai (nanai) dictionary. Stęszew, 2000.

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According to the Nanai language

Main name in Russian: Nanais. Self-name - nanai, nani.

Name and self-name options

There are several options for the self-name of the Nanais: hede nay, bira guruni, monai etc.

Genetic affiliation

Nanai language (orb. golden) is the language of the southern (Amur) group of Tungus-Manchu languages. The closest ones are Ulchi and Orok languages.

Geography of language distribution

The bulk of the Nanais live in the Khabarovsk Territory: in Nanaisky, Amursky, Komsomolsky, Solnechny, Ulchsky and Khabarovsk rural areas, as well as in the Primorsky Territory: in the Pozharsky and Olginsky districts, in addition, in the Poronaisky district Sakhalin region. In China, the Nanais are settled in the province of Heilongjiang (between the Songhua and Ussuri rivers).

Language contacts

In the 19th century - early 20th century there were lively contacts with Chinese(especially among the Bikin Nanais), in the last century with Russian.

Number of native speakers

According to 1999 data, the number of Nanais was 11.5 thousand people. (according to Goskomsever - 12023 people)

Availability of dialects

There are three dialects: Upper, Middle, and Lower Amur. The Upper Amur includes the Right Bank Amur, Sungari (both on the territory of the People's Republic of China), Bikin, and Kur-Urmi. Middle Amur includes: Sikachialian, Naikhinsky, Dzhuensky, Lower Amur: Bolognese, Ekonsky, Gorinsky dialects. The Naikhin dialect is most fully described with the most a large number carriers – 4 thousand people.

Linguistic characteristics of the language

Phonetic patterns: harmony and reduction of vowels, assimilation of consonants. 6 vowel phonemes, 18 consonants. The stress usually falls on the last syllable.

Nanai language – typical language agglutinative-suffixal type. Morphemes are located in in a certain order: root + suff. word formation + suff. derivational formation + suff. mixed word formation (number, indirect accessory, person/impersonality of participles, tense and mood of the verb, etc.) + suff. relational formation (case, possessiveness, person, verb number, etc.) + suffixal particles.

Noun has the categories of number (singular and plural), possessiveness (personal and impersonal), subjective assessment, persons/non-faces. Declension can be simple (seven cases) and possessive (personal-possessive and reflexive-possessive).

Adjective morphologically unchangeable. It is divided into qualitative (can take an excretory form), quantitative and relative.

Numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.

Pronoun is divided into categories: personal, reflexive-possessive, reflexive, attributive, demonstrative and interrogative.

Verb: actually verb forms, participle, gerund (simple, denoting single-subject actions with the main and and possessive, denoting both single- and multi-subject actions with the main). Negative forms are synthetic and analytical.

Adverbs are divided into categories: qualitative, quantitative, degree, place, time.

Distributed interjections And imitations.

Function words are divided into postpositions, conjunctions and particle words.

Syntactic structure– typical for the Tungus-Manchu languages. Word order in S-O-V offer. The definition precedes the defined. Simple sentences are the most common. For complex sentences characteristic non-union connection, a simple comparison of two simple sentences or constructions with participial, verbal-nominal and participial phrases(otherwise with a dependent predicate), corresponding subordinate clauses in Russian

Sociolinguistic characteristics of language

Legal status, current state of the language

Nanai language – titular language Nanaisky district of Khabarovsk Territory.

Writing and spelling

Refers to newly written languages. In 1931, a unified northern alphabet based on the Latin script was approved, replaced in 1933 by the Cyrillic alphabet. The first Nanai alphabet was created half a century earlier by Russian missionaries A. and P. Protodyakonov based on Russian graphics. They also translated several books of religious content into the Nanai language, and also published samples of Nanai folklore.

Social functions of language

Everyday communication among older people. Once every two months a page is published in the Nanai language in the regional newspaper in the village. Trinity radio broadcasts in the Nanai language. Since the beginning of the 90s. Broadcasts are conducted on Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur television.

History of language learning

One of the first, and thus of interest, attempts to describe grammatical structure Nanai language is the work of A. Brylkin, published as an appendix to volume I of R. Maack (1861). A significant contribution to the study of this language was made by the missionaries A. and P. Protodiakonov, who collected valuable material. In 1900, V. Grube’s Gold-German dictionary published materials on the Nanai and Ulchi languages, recorded and processed by K.I. Maksimovich (1827-1891). I.A. Dobrolovsky recorded small quantity speech samples of the Sungari Nanais, as well as a dictionary and grammatical notes. Some of them were published by V. Kotvich in 1909. In 1906-07. Nanai materials during expeditions were recorded by K.D. Loginovsky. In 1933 in famous work L.Ya. Sternberg published a Nanai-Russian dictionary and a short grammatical note. In the same year, “Grammar Tables” compiled by T.I. were published. Petrova. Two articles by A.N. are published. Ulitina, the first contains the text of a fairy tale with grammatical analysis, the second makes an attempt to analyze the self-name of the Nanais. In 1935 T.I. Petrova published a short Nanai-Russian dictionary with a grammatical essay attached. In 1941, “Essay on the Grammar of the Nanai Language,” written by her, was published. The thesis and (published in two volumes) were devoted to the problems of the Nanai language. doctoral dissertation V.A. Avrorina, he also wrote a number of articles on this language. He paid a lot of attention to the Nanai language and O.P. Sunik. Some Nanai dialects received a special description: Gorinsky (A.P. Putintseva), Kur-Urmisky (O.P. Sunik), Bikinsky (L.I. Sem). The work of M.A. is devoted to the issues of Nanai folklore. Kaplan (Kaplan 1957). S.N. dedicated his life to the study of his native Nanai language. Onenko and N.B. Kiel, who left many interesting works.

Sample Nanai text

Dehi Morin

Eyi asi ǯuerke:n balǯhachi, em boado. Tui balǯi: tui bi:, tui balǯi: doachia-tani eǯini – tenii. Dolbo-gadal then: koi dolbo-gdal eugui tami. Beyumbe beichi:, siagoyi wa:chaini-goani. Asini-tani: tui ǯoogdo biini-goani emuchke:n picte-de: ana:l-yes. Tui bimi, tui balǯimi em modan-gola eǯini chimi: to:kokhani. Puǯin-teni:, tey udeveni, ǯo: do:vani o:sira:silkochigora:.

Recorded by S. Kazama from N.B. Geiker (Kazama 2002).

Translation

Forty horses

Husband and wife lived. My husband was hunting with early morning until late in the evening, while the wife was in the house. One day, after the husband went out, the wife went out into the yard, and a horse appeared. The horse said, “The devil has arrived again and killed your father. Although we were 40 horses, the devil had already eaten several of us. If he eats us all, he will come to you. Therefore, I think you and I will run away. Tell your husband this." The wife made a hole in the pan so that she would not forget what the horse said.

Language learning specialists

Stolyarov A.V., Ph.D. Head department of the Russian Bible Society. St. Petersburg, st. Mayakovsky, 40. e-mail: [email protected]
Zaksor L.Zh., teacher at the Nanai Institute of Northern Peoples. St. Petersburg, Stachek Ave., 30
Kazama Shinjiro, Japan. Tokyo. University of Foreign Languages.

The meaning of NANAI LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

NANAI LANGUAGE

- one of the Tungus-Manchu languages. Distributed in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories of the RSFSR and along the river. Songhua in China. Number of speakers St. 5.9 thousand people in the USSR (1979, census) and approx. 1 thousand people abroad. Middle Amur stands out. Nare-Chve, Sungari, Ussuri and Kur-Urmi dialects, which some scientists combine into two dialects (V.A. Avrorin), others into one (O.P. Sunik, L.I. Sem); at the same time, Sem identifies a third - Upper Amur - dialect, including in it a number of goiors from the Middle Amur dialect. G. Dörfer considers Kur-Urmi special language, V to a greater extent different from the N. Ya. than the Ulch and Orok languages. In the system of vocalism, in addition to the six short vowels - i, i, u, o, e, a - and the corresponding long nek-rymans, researchers also identify diphthongs as special phonemes, as well as nasalized short and long ones formed by ch. arr. when reducing a finite -n base. In a number of layers with the vocalism of the non-front row, instead of and there is a wide o, which is also found in the Negidal language and only sporadically in Ulch. and Manchu. languages. For consonantism N. I., as well as for consanguinities. ulch. and orc. languages, characterized by initial r- (<*ph) и х- (<*kb); t в позиции перед i во мн. случаях переходит в с, напр. притяжат. суффикс 3-го л. мн. ч. -ci<*-ti. В морфологии имеет место утрата различия инклюзивной н эксклюзивной форм 1-го л. мн.ч. в притяжат. именных н личных глагольных окончаниях. В падежной системе форму, отличную от ульчско-орокской, имеет де-зигнатив (назначит, падеж) на -go/ -gu. В синтаксисе отсутствует согласование определения с определяемым. В основу сложившегося в сов. время лит. Н. я, лег найхин. говор среднеамур. 322 НАНАЙСКИЙ наречия. В СССР а 1931 создана письменность Н. я. на основе лат., с 1963 — на основе рус. алфавита, . Петрова Т. И., Очерк грамматики нанайского языка, Л., 1941; С у и и к О. П., Кур-урмийский дналект, Л., 1958; А в р о-ри и В. А., Грамматика нанайского языка, т. 1—2, М. —Л., 1959—61; его же. Синтаксич. исследования по нанайскому языку, Л. 1981; Сем Л. И.. Очерки диалектов нанайского языка, Л., 1976; Doerfer G., 1st Kur-Urmisch em nanaischer Dialekt?, «Ural-Altaische Jahrbucher», 1975, Bd 47. О н е н к о С. Н., Нанайско-рус. словарь, М., 1980.^ И. В. Кормушин.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. 2012