Sentences, also known as analysis by composition, are one of the very first in the study of the Russian language. Question: “How to parse a proposal according to its composition?” - at first it causes a lot of difficulties, but in fact everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Proposal Basis

Let's start with the fact that every sentence has a basis - a subject and a predicate. Usually the subject, when parsed, is underlined by one line, expresses what is said in the sentence (It has come night; They were finally able to build a house; Book was placed on the shelf). The subject is always in the nominative case - this is one of its main features.

Adjacent to the subject is a predicate - a member of the sentence that describes the actions performed with the subject, as well as its state ( I've arrived dawn; Bridge was open; Night quiet), when parsing the predicate is emphasized by two features. Based on the number of stems, simple and complex sentences are divided: in the first case, there is only one stem (Sky covered dark clouds), and in the second there are two or more of them ( The sun has disappeared- sky covered dark clouds).

Minor members

In order to understand how to correctly parse a proposal according to its composition, you first need to familiarize yourself with all its members. We have already dealt with the main ones, subject and predicate. Let's move on to the minor ones.

A complement is a member of a sentence, most often expressed by a noun or a pronoun with and without prepositions and answering questions indirect cases(that is, everyone except the nominative): Look (at what?) to the horizon; Renounce (what?) from this; Let's discuss (what?) The main thing; Tomorrow doesn't look like (what?) for today- that is, different parts of speech can act as additions, but in their own semantic meaning they are equivalent to a noun.

A definition describes the objects in a sentence, while answering the questions which? whose? Their complexity is that they can be consistent (that is, completely coincide in person, gender, number, case with the word they describe) and inconsistent (represented by phrases with adjacency and control). Compare: hung on the wall bookshelf And There was a book shelf on the wall. In both cases you can ask a question which?, therefore, in both cases there is an agreed and inconsistent definition in the sentence, respectively.

How to parse a sentence according to its composition without knowing about the existence of the circumstance? The circumstance answers adverbial questions; it can describe the manner of action, its time, and circumstances - this is probably the most extensive member of the sentence: We met (where?) on the square; (When?) Tomorrow I will refuse this offer; He (how?) free spoke English; He turned pale (why?) out of anger; I came (why?) talk; I'll go (no matter what?) despite for the storm; He's beautiful (how?) like a summer day. Sometimes a circumstance is confused with an object, but still, with questions of indirect cases, the circumstances look somewhat unnatural, or it’s a question of adverbs.

Connection between secondary and major

Now that we already know which members of the sentence exist, it is worth adding that each of the minor ones is connected with one of the main ones. The definition, for example, is part of the subject, that is, questions to it are asked precisely from this main member of the sentence; As for the complement and circumstance, they are connected with the predicate.

Designation of sentence members

It is also necessary to dwell on how certain members of the sentence are designated during analysis. As mentioned above, the subject and predicate are underlined with one and two lines, respectively.

The addition is indicated by a dotted line, the definition by a wavy line, and the circumstance by a dash-dotted line (that is, a dotted line). Now that we know how to analyze a sentence by composition and emphasize its members, let's try to practice with specific examples.

First practice: simple sentence

So, let's bring next example parsing the sentence:

On a hot afternoon, a young man was reading a book in the shade of the garden.

We start with the basics. This sentence talks about a young man who was reading a book; in addition, this particular member of the sentence is in the nominative case, that is, the subject is before us. The actions performed by the subject are described by the verb “read” - which means it is the predicate. Thus, the basis of the proposal the young man was reading Apart from this base, there are no others in the sentence, that is, the sentence is simple. There are no members of the sentence directly related to the subject. Let's move on to the search for additions: read (what?) the book. As for the circumstances, here the situation is a little more interesting: I read (when?) at (hot) noon - you can perceive the entire phrase as an adverbial adverb of time, or you can also add a definition: at noon (what?) hot. The same with the circumstance of place: I read (where?) in the shade (of the garden) - also develops to another addition: in the shade of (what?) the garden.

That is, the analysis of the sentence by composition will look like this (the members of the sentence are indicated in brackets): On a hot day(def) noon(obst) young man(p) in the shade(obst) garden(d) read ( With) book(d) .

Task two: example of parsing a complex sentence

But we remember that there are simple and complex sentences. How to proceed in the second case? Let's try to find the basics first:

It had been raining since early morning, and the sky was blacker than yesterday.

In this sentence, as you can see, there are two objects in question, and they are not interrelated. Therefore, there are two bases here. Looking at the first part of the sentence, up to the comma, we find that the stem is here it was raining, whereas in the second - the sky was blacker. The next step is working with the minor members of each part of the sentence: walked (since when?) in the morning(circumstance), in the morning (what?) early(definition); it was blacker (what?) yesterday(addition). That is, to analyze a complex sentence, we work separately with each part of it.

We consolidate the analysis of a complex sentence

Knowing how to parse a complex sentence according to its composition, let’s try to consolidate our knowledge.

A regiment of trained soldiers stood in the courtyard; the courtyard girls looked at them with admiration.

Again we see that there are two bases in the sentence. We work with its first part: the subject is regiment, the predicate was standing, that is, the first base is the regiment stood. Let's move on to the secondary members: stood (where?) in the yard- circumstance, regiment (of whom?) - soldier- addition, soldier (which ones?) - drilled- definition. Let's move on to the second part: girls - subject, stared - predicate: second base girls stared. Girls (which ones?) - yard- definition, stared (how?) - with admiration- circumstance, stared (at whom?) - on them- addition.

How to parse a proposal by composition? Select all its members! That is, after parsing, the sentence will look like this:

In the yard(obst) stood(With) regiment(p) drilled(def) soldier(d) ; dvore ( def) girls(p) with admiration ( obst) stared ( With) on them(d ).

Conclusion

As you can see, there is nothing complicated about how to parse a sentence according to its composition. The analysis begins with the search for the main members - the basis of the sentence. They then ask questions to the secondary members of the sentence. At the end of the analysis, all terms are underlined a certain type lines, which clearly demonstrates their presence in the sentence.

And compound nominal ones.

Emphasize minor members suggestions, if any. These include definitions (a type of which is an appendix), which may be consistent or inconsistent; additions (direct or indirect); circumstances (time, place, course of action, etc.). Draw a conclusion about the prevalence (non-prevalence) of the proposal.

Determine the completeness of the sentence: complete or incomplete - by the presence or partial absence of all the necessary members of a given sentence structure.

Specify the offer type. If grammatical basis complete, i.e. consists of a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part. Sentences with one main member are called one-part sentences.

If the sentence is one-part, determine its type:

a) nominative – a sentence in which there is only one main member– subject.

b) definite-personal - a one-part sentence with a predicate, an expressed verb in the form of 1 or 2 persons of the present or future tense.

c) indefinite-personal - a one-part sentence in which the predicate is in the form of the 3rd person of the present or future tense, as well as in the form plural or conditional mood.

d) generalized-personal. In such a sentence, the predicate can be in the 2nd person form, sometimes in the 1st or 3rd person plural form.

e) impersonal is a one-part sentence with a predicate, the form of which does not express a person.

Video on the topic

Please note

Distinguish two-part incomplete sentences from one-part sentences, which also have one main member of the sentence. A sentence is two-part incomplete if the predicate is expressed by a verb in the form:
A) indicative mood, past tense, feminine or masculine, singular;
b) conditional mood;
c) indicative mood, present or future tense, 3rd person, singular.

Useful advice

IN complex sentence by composition, determine each simple sentence that is part of a complex one.

Sources:

• how to parse a sentence correctly

When schoolchildren begin syntactic analysis in Russian language lessons offers, they must characterize it by the presence and number of main members offers. In the event that there is only a subject or predicate, they will also need to name view one-piece offers.

Instructions

Pay attention to whether there are both main members in the sentence or only one of them (subject or predicate). Thus, in the sentence "Friends spent time during a trip to the mountains" there is a subject " " and compound predicate"we spent time." Such a sentence is called two-part. But in the sentence “Help a friend do his homework” there is only a compound verbal predicate"help me complete it." It is one-piece.

Find out which main member (subject or predicate) is present in a one-part sentence. For example, in the sentence " Early morning"you can only detect the subject. Such syntactic constructions are called one-part, denominative offers mi.

Keep in view y that a sentence in which there is only a predicate can be both definitely personal and indefinitely personal, generalized personal and even impersonal.

Determine in what person and tense it is used, which is a predicate. To do this, try substituting pronouns for it. If you need the pronoun “I”, “we”, this means that the verb is used in the first person form, if the pronouns “you”, “you” - in the second person form, and if “he”, “she”, “ it" or "they" - in the third person form.

If you determine that in a one-part sentence, the verb that is the predicate is used in the first or second person, in the present or in the past tense, then the sentence will be definitely personal. In it, the absence of a subject does not interfere with understanding the meaning offers. For example, in the sentence “I love a thunderstorm in early May,” the verb “love” is used in the first person (I love) and in the present tense (the action is happening at this moment). There is no subject in this sentence. Therefore, it is definitely personal.

If you find during analysis offers that there is only a predicate (verb) in the form of a third person, present or tense, in the plural, know that this is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence.

If you determine that the predicate is in the singular, present tense, and the action is generalized (applies to anyone), then conclude that this is a one-part generalized personal sentence. For example, in the sentence “As you sow, so shall you reap,” the verbs “sow” and “reap” are in the singular form. second person (you sow and you reap). This is a generalized personal proposal.

Remember that in impersonal offer the predicate is either an impersonal verb, a category of state (drizzle, chill, etc.), or words with the meaning of negation (no), or indefinite form(infinitive). In such syntactic constructions there is not and cannot be a subject, and the person of verbs cannot be determined. For example, in the sentence “I have been chilling for the second day in a row,” the word “chilled” is a category of state. His face cannot be identified. There is no subject in the sentence and you will not be able to restore it. Therefore, it is one-part, impersonal.

Sources:

• how to find one-part sentences

Tip 3: How to define an indefinite-personal sentence

A sentence expresses a message, a motive, or a question. Two-part sentences have a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The grammatical basis of a one-part sentence is represented by either a subject or a predicate.

Instructions

All verbs one-part sentences have a predicate but no subject. Moreover, in a definite personal sentence, the form of the verb and the meaning of the message suggest that the action relates to a specific person: “I love books”, “Find the right decision", "Take care, and honor from a young age."

The verb can be in the first or second person singular form or in the indicative or imperative mood. First person means that verb question is given from the pronouns “I”, “we”; second person – from the pronouns “you”, “you”. Imperative encourages action, the indicative simply conveys information.

In an indefinite-personal sentence, the action is performed by indefinite or unidentified persons. This action is important in itself. The verb is in the third person form of the present or past tense. Examples: “The news is shown on TV,” “The tragedy was reported on Friday,” “The poster was removed from the door.” To get a verb in the third person plural form, ask a question about the pronoun “they”.

In an impersonal sentence, the predicate indicates a process or state that, in principle, does not depend on the active figure: “It’s dark outside,” “It’s stuffy in the room,” “The field smells of wormwood,” “This was agreed upon in advance.” The predicate is expressed impersonal verb(it got dark) impersonal form a personal verb (smells), an adverb (stuffy) and a short passive participle (was specified). Adverbs and can come with or without the linking verb “to be.” Also, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed by the words “no”, “wasn’t”: “There are no more gaps in knowledge.”

Video on the topic

Please note

Do not confuse one-part sentences with incomplete two-part ones. Missing principal term of bipartite incomplete sentence easily restored from context and speech situation. For example, if the person performing the action is named in the previous sentences.

Pronouns have some features of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Individual morphological category this is the rank by value. Ability to set the level grammatical meaning pronouns will help to correctly identify its characteristics. Carry out morphological analysis in accordance with the plan.

1. Characterize the sentence according to the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative or motivating.
2. By emotional coloring: exclamation or non-exclamation.
3. Based on the presence of grammatical basics: simple or complex.
4. Then, depending on whether the sentence is simple or complex:

Example of parsing a simple sentence

Oral analysis:

Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis: pupils and female students studying, common, complicated homogeneous subjects.

Writing:

Declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, grammatical basis pupils and female students studying, common, complicated by homogeneous subjects.

An example of parsing a complex sentence

Oral analysis:

Declarative sentence, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, complex sentence. The first simple sentence: one-part, with the main member - the predicate didn't ask common, not complicated. Second simple sentence: two-part, grammatical basis my class and I went common, not complicated.

Writing:

Declarative, non-exclamatory, complex, conjunction, means of communication subordinating conjunction because, SPP.

1st PP: one-part, with the main member – predicate didn't ask common, not complicated.

2nd PP: two-part, grammatical basis - my class and I went widespread, not complicated.

Example of a diagram (sentence followed by a diagram)

Another parsing option

Parsing. Order in parsing.

In phrases:

1. Select the required phrase from the sentence.
2. We look at the structure - highlight the main word and the dependent word. We indicate which part of speech is the main thing and dependent word. Next we indicate which in a syntactic way this phrase is related.
3. And finally, we indicate what its grammatical meaning is.

In a simple sentence:

1. We determine what the sentence is based on the purpose of the statement - narrative, incentive or interrogative.
2. We find the basis of the sentence, establish that the sentence is simple.
3. Next, you need to talk about how this proposal is constructed.
   • Is it two-part or one-part. If it is one-part, then determine the type: personal, impersonal, nominal or indefinitely personal.
   • Common or not common
   • Incomplete or complete. If the sentence is incomplete, then it is necessary to indicate which member of the sentence is missing.
4. If this proposal is complicated in any way, be it homogeneous members or isolated members of the sentence, this must be noted.
5. Next you need to analyze the sentence by members, indicating what parts of speech they are. It is important to follow the parsing order. First, the predicate and subject are determined, then the secondary ones, which are included first in the subject, then in the predicate.
6. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence one way or another.

Predicate

1. We note whether the predicate is a simple verb or a compound (nominal or verbal).
2. Indicate how the predicate is expressed:
   • simple - what form of the verb;
   • compound verb - what it consists of;
   • compound nominal - what copula is used, how the nominal part is expressed.

In a sentence that has homogeneous members.

If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it we need to note what kind of homogeneous members of the sentence they are and how they are related to each other. Either through intonation, or through intonation with conjunctions.

In sentences with isolated members:

If we have a simple sentence before us, then when analyzing it, we need to note what the turnover will be. Next, we analyze the words that are included in this circulation according to the members of the sentence.

In sentences with isolated parts of speech:

First, we note that in this proposal, there is direct speech. We indicate the direct speech and text of the author. We analyze and explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence this way and not otherwise. We draw a proposal diagram.

In a compound sentence:

First, we indicate which sentence according to the purpose of the statement is interrogative, declarative or motivating. We find simple sentences in the sentence and highlight the grammatical basis in them.

We find conjunctions that connect simple sentences into complex ones. We note what kind of conjunctions they are - adversative, connecting or disjunctive. We determine the meaning of this entire complex sentence - opposition, alternation or enumeration. We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. Then each simple sentence that makes up a complex sentence must be parsed in the same way as a simple sentence is parsed.

In a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (one)

First, we indicate what the sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences, of which the complex consists. Let's read them out.

We name which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate one. We explain exactly how complex sentence it is, we pay attention to how it is constructed, how the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause and what it refers to.

We explain why the punctuation marks in this sentence are placed exactly this way. Then, the subordinate and main clauses must be parsed in the same way as simple sentences are parsed.

In a complex sentence with subordinate clauses (several)

We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence and read them out. We indicate which sentence is the main one and which is the subordinate clause. It is necessary to indicate what the subordination is in the sentence - either it is parallel subordination, either consistent or homogeneous. If there is a combination of several types of subordination, this must be noted. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence. And, at the end, we analyze the subordinate and main clauses as simple sentences.

In a complex non-union sentence:

We call what a sentence is according to the purpose of the statement. We find the grammatical basis of all the simple sentences that make up this complex sentence. We read them out and name the number of simple sentences that make up a complex sentence. We determine the meaning of the relationships between simple sentences. It can be sequence, cause and effect, opposition, simultaneity, explanation or addition.

We note what the structural features of this sentence are, what kind of complex sentence it is. How are the primes connected in this sentence and what do they refer to.

We explain why the punctuation marks are placed in this way in the sentence.

In a complex sentence in which there are different types of connections.

We call what purpose the sentence is in terms of the purpose of the statement. We find and highlight the grammatical basis of all simple sentences that make up a complex sentence, and read them out. We establish that this proposal will be a proposal in which there are different types communications. Why? We determine what connections are present in this sentence - conjunctional coordinating, subordinating or any others.

By meaning, we establish how simple ones are formed in a complex sentence. We explain why punctuation marks are placed in the sentence in this way. We parse all the simple sentences from which a complex sentence is composed in the same way as a simple sentence.

Everything for studying » Russian language » Parsing sentences

To bookmark a page, press Ctrl+D.

Users often search on the Internet for a way to parse sentences into parts of speech online. This is necessary not only for schoolchildren when preparing homework, but also for people studying philology and linguistics at universities. And also for everyone who has to work with text every day. To parse a sentence, a person must have necessary knowledge in this area. To facilitate this process, you can turn to special online services. Below we will look at several of the best sites for automatically parsing sentences into parts of speech.

Such analysis in primary and secondary schools is usually called “analysis by sentence members.” Sometimes they say “parsing a sentence by composition,” but this expression is somewhat incorrect, because it is customary to parse words by composition.

To parse a sentence:

Availability syntactic constructions proposals, its parameters, as well as the wealth of design options create big obstacles for application developers when creating an online service for parsing proposals. Therefore, there are not so many such services on the network. But they still exist.

Goldlit – service for morphological and syntactic parsing of sentences

Very convenient Goldlit service. Simple design and clear interface make the site accessible to people with different levels computer knowledge. At the top line of the menu there are 3 items with a drop-down list.

1. Main menu – a list of the main sections of the site.
2. Literature – in the drop-down menu a list of Russian and foreign literature, as well as analysis of poems - what the poet wants to say in them.
3. Chronology – literature arranged by century.

To use sentence parsing by parts of speech on the goldlit.ru service:

1. Go to the website - http://goldlit.ru/.
2. Under the menu there is a line in which you need to enter text for parsing.
3. Next to the text input window there is a “Parse” button.

Immediately below the text entry line, in the yellow field, blocks with parsing appear in a row downwards. Each block is one word from a sentence. They alternate in the same order as words alternate in a sentence. Block parts:

1. A word that is in the initial form.
2. The second line is the part of speech, which is the word.
3. Grammar. Number, quality, animate form, gender, etc. are written separated by commas.
4. Forms. All existing forms words (with prefixes, suffixes, endings).

Seosin is a site that has a service for parsing sentences by parts of speech

One of the famous resources on the Internet that provides a tool for and morphological analysis offers online. In addition to this, the site offers other services for working with text, for example -. And also for working with other files, such as images and photography. The site periodically has problems with access, although the administrator writes in announcements on the site that the situation with the server has been corrected.

To check the text in the service:

1. Follow this link - http://www.seosin.ru/.
2. Enter the text to be analyzed in the service field.
3. Click the Analyze button.

In a few seconds you will be provided with an analysis of your text with explanations.

Other sites for parsing sentences by parts of speech

In addition to automatic online services, there are also special sites that provide all necessary information, which will be required for syntactic and morphological analysis of the sentence. One of such sites is Septemberata.rf. It will be indispensable for schoolchildren. As for the Russian language, here you will find sections:

• Word – basic spelling of words with prepositions, particles, word hyphenation, etc. ().
• Together or separately – adjectives, nouns, conjunctions, interjections.
• Unstressed particles “Not” and “Ni”
• Rules for writing consonants - double “nn”, “zhzh”.
• Consonants that are written after hissing ones are “zh, ch, sh, sch.”
• Vowel spelling.
• Unstressed main ones.
• The letters "ь" and "ъ".
• Offer.
• Abbreviations.
• Capital letters.

From the first grade, schoolchildren are introduced to various types linguistic analysis. It all starts with dividing lexemes into syllables and sounds. In the second grade, the next unit is added that children must become familiar with. Let's talk about how to properly parse and what difficulties you may encounter here.

Grammar basis

The offer is syntactic unit consisting of words that are related to each other. It conveys a relatively complete thought. Analyzing a sentence by composition involves determining the roles that individual words perform.

• A subject that names the subject or object of speech. It answers questions nominative case: "Who? What?" Most often, the subject is a noun (the cat is sleeping) or a pronoun (I went). During parsing, this part of the sentence is underlined with one line.
• A predicate that tells what happened to the subject. Most often he is asked the question: “What is he doing?”, although other options are possible (What is he? What is he like?). Usually the verb acts as the predicate, but there are exceptions (This man is my father). It is emphasized by two features.

A sentence may contain both main members or one of them. For example: "Winter. It's getting light."

Minor members

The grammatical basis is a necessary attribute of any sentence. But secondary members are not always present. Before we analyze the composition of the proposal, let’s remember them.

• A definition describes an object by naming its characteristics. They ask him questions: “Which one?” or "Whose?" Most often, this role is played by adjectives or participles. When parsing, the definition is usually denoted by a wavy line.
• The addition specifies information about the subject and answers questions in any cases except the nominative (with what? about whom? what?). Often they turn out to be nouns. The addition is underlined with a dotted line.
• The circumstance tells about the features of the action: its purpose, place, reason, time, etc. This member of the sentence answers the questions: “How? From where? Where? Why? When? Where? Why?” Often expressed by nouns, adverbs, and gerunds. Identified by a dotted line with dots.

Difficult cases

What problems do students have when parsing sentences by composition? Not everyone can clearly define their role specific word. Moreover, some members of the proposal can be asked two questions at once. For example: “lived (where? in what?) in a house.” In this case, it is proposed to focus on one option.

Problems also arise with determining the role of various phrases (participial, participial). At school it is customary to distinguish them as one member of a sentence. If the utterance being analyzed contains direct speech, then it is considered a separate sentence.

Many questions are associated with service units speech. On the one hand, they are not members of the proposal. But they can be part of isolated revolutions(bathing in the river) or predicates (let them come, I haven’t seen). In many Russian language textbooks, children are taught to underline prepositions along with the nouns they refer to. But introductory words, requests are not highlighted in any way.

Analysis of a proposal by composition: example

Let's see how this type of analysis is performed in practice. Let's take a simple sentence that you can read in the picture.

1. We find the subject. To do this, we use the question: “What?” The sentence talks about the sun, we emphasize this word. We mark the part of speech at the top.
2. What did the sun do? Illuminated. We found a predicate, it is expressed by a verb. We draw an arrow at the top and sign the question.
3. Now we highlight the secondary members of the sentence. When did it light up? In the morning. So, we have a circumstance before us. We underline, sign the part of speech - the noun, draw an arrow from the predicate.
4. Illuminated what? The village. We found an addition, and it is also expressed by a noun. We mark all this in a notebook and designate it graphically.
5. What village? Native. This adjective is a definition. Let's underline it with a wavy line, sign the question at the top, as well as the part of speech.

Analysis of the composition of complex sentences

In the example above there was one grammatical stem present. However, there may be several of them. Such sentences are called complex. One of them is in front of you in the picture. Let's analyze it by members of the sentence.

1. Finding grammatical basics. What? Leaflet. This is the subject. What does a leaf do? Flies. We have a predicate before us. We underline them and sign the parts of speech. Let's read the sentence further. What? Chill. As you can see, there are two subjects in the sentence. What does the chill do? Runs up. The second grammatical basis has been found.
2. We find the boundaries of simple sentences, number each part from above. You can separate them with a vertical line.
3. We highlight the minor members first in one part of the sentence and then in the other. We designate them graphically. Labeling parts of speech.

Analyzing a proposal by composition is not an easy task. Sometimes professional linguists cannot come to an unambiguous decision when determining the role of a particular word. However, with practice it will become easier and easier for you. The main thing is not to be afraid of mistakes and to be patient.