5 independent parts of speech. More detailed division of parts of speech compared to the traditional one

Part of speech- this is a category of words in a language, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. In the languages ​​of the world, first of all, a name (further divided into a noun, adjective, etc.) and a verb are contrasted. It is also generally accepted to divide parts of speech into independent and auxiliary. In the article Morphological analysis you can see many additional characteristics of parts of speech.

Independent parts of speech(include words naming objects, their actions and various signs):
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Adjective
4. Numeral
5. Pronoun
6. Adverb
7. Communion
8. Participle
9. State category words

Functional parts of speech(they do not name objects, actions, or characteristics, but express only the relationships between them):
1. Pretext
2. Particles
3. Unions
4. Interjections, onomatopoeic words.

Noun

A noun is a part of speech that is used to designate an object. The noun answers the questions: who? What? (dad, song). They are distinguished by gender, and nouns change by case and number. They can be animate (person) and inanimate (house).

Adjective

Qualitative adjectives– these are adjectives denoting a property of an object that can manifest itself with different intensities: fast, white, old. Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison and short forms: fast, white, old. Relative adjectives- these are adjectives that denote the property of the object itself in its relation to the action or another object: iron, measuring, door, inflatable. Possessive adjectives- these are adjectives that indicate that the object they define belongs to someone or something: sisters, fathers, foxes.

Numeral

A numeral is a part of speech that means:

• number of items, answering the question: How many?, these are cardinal numbers: three, fifteen, one hundred thirty-five;
• order of objects when counting, answering the question: which?, these are ordinal numbers: third, fifteenth, one hundred and thirty-fifth;
• total quantity objects, this is a collective numeral: both, two, four, six, nine, etc.

Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates a person, sign or object without naming it. Pronouns are divided into:

• personal: we, I, you, you, she, it, he, they;
• reflexive: self;
• possessive: our, mine, yours, yours, yours;
• interrogative-relative: what, who, which, which, whose, how many, which, which;
• demonstrative: that, this, such, so much, such;
• definitive: most, himself, all, all, all, everything, each, every, other, any;
• negative: nothing, no one's, nothing, no one, no one;
• indefinite: some, something, some, someone, several, something, someone, some, something, any.

Learn more about pronouns for beginners in the video:

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that denotes a state or action and answers any of the questions: what to do?, what did you do?, what does it do?, what will it do?, and has the characteristics of aspect, person, voice, tense, number, gender and mood (in subjunctive mood, in the past tense). There are such forms of verbs: infinitive, participle and gerund.

1. Infinitive – indefinite form without signs of person, tense, number, voice, gender or mood: sleep, run, read.
2. Communion– the unconjugated form of the verb, denotes the action or state of an object in a time-varying form; The participle can change by case, number and gender, and also has signs of aspect, tense and voice (this is what differs from the adjective). Participles, in turn, are divided into several types:
3. Active participle– an action performed by the bearer of the attribute: a blooming garden, a student reading;
4. Passive participle– a sign that arose as a result of the influence of something or someone on the bearer of the sign: leaves driven by the wind, a thrown stone.
5. Participle- this is an unchangeable form of the verb, denotes an action as a sign of another action: exhausted, he sat down on a bench; spoke without looking into the eyes. It differs from the participle in that it has signs of voice and aspect, but does not change.

Adverb

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes a sign of a quality, action or object, answering the question: When?, How?, Where?, Why? etc. The main feature of an adverb is immutability: yesterday, slowly, everywhere, etc. adverbs also include pronominal adverbs: nowhere, where, so, no way, how, when, sometimes, never, from where, from here, there, where, there, why, therefore, because, why, then, etc.

Pretext

A preposition is an unchangeable service part speech used to connect words: to, in, with, from, on, at, between, through, for the sake of, during, through, around, like, about, relatively, thanks to, according to, after, really, despite, in force, in connection with, depending on, in relation to, etc.

Union

A conjunction is an unchangeable auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect members of a sentence and (or) parts complex sentence(it is necessary to distinguish a conjunction from prepositions; a preposition connects words, not syntactic units). Types of unions:

1. coordinating conjunctions: yes, and, a, or, but, either, also, too.
2. Subordinating conjunctions: before, when, while, so that, that, how, because, since, thanks to the fact that, as if, so that, as if, once, if, although, in order that, despite the fact that, not only... but and..., not so much... as... etc.

Particle

Particles are function words that impart semantic or emotional connotations. individual words or sentences: neither, not, something, -either, -that, -sia (s), -those, -ka, same, -de, whether, it happened, would, yes, let, even, only, really, almost, at least, only, really, give, really, know, well, come on, they say, after all, well, well, as if, as if, exactly, as if, supposedly, perhaps, tea, maybe , precisely, simply, almost, perhaps, almost, etc.

Bunch

The link is function word, divorced from the paradigm of a pronoun or verb. The copula points to syntactic relations components of the proposal. Connectives include words, phrases, conjugated forms of verbs, verb forms be, for example: this, this is, is, appear, mean, appear, be called, mean. Often connectives are omitted and a dash is placed in their place in the sentence, for example: A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

Everything for studying » Russian language » Parts of speech in Russian

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Parts of speech are the building blocks of language, and each of them has its own characteristics and functions that help a person express his thoughts coherently and beautifully. There is a special science that studies parts of speech in the Russian language - it is called morphology. Every 4th grade student should understand what this is.

What are parts of speech and what are they?

Parts of speech are classes of words that are distinguished by the commonality of their grammatical properties. That is, those words whose properties are the same belong to the same part of speech. They have in common morphological characteristics and syntactic features.

There are only ten parts of speech in the Russian language. Six of them are independent (their second name is significant), three are official and one more is special, this is an interjection.

Independent parts of speech are necessarily members of a sentence; they can denote both the objects themselves and their characteristics. This category includes adjectives, numerals and nouns, verbs, adverbs, and pronouns.

Functional parts of speech they are called so because they do not have their own meaning, but only serve independent ones, help them connect with each other.

At the same time, the interjection does not belong to any of these two categories, standing out in a special place in the morphological structure of the language.

Modern partial-verbal classification in the Russian language is also based on ancient tradition, although there were eight parts of speech. IN different times in Russian grammars, from eight to fourteen parts of speech were distinguished.

A table of parts of speech with examples will help you better understand the topic:

Interjection part of the table is not . Examples of words related to this part of speech - oh, whoa, well.

Parts of speech in the Russian language are also divided based on variability. So, all function words, interjection and adverb are unchangeable parts of speech. The rest belong to the category of inflected ones, that is, they have forms of inflection. Thus, based on variability, parts of speech are divided into two equal groups - five in each.

All nationalities in the Russian language belong to such a part of speech as a noun, and only “Russian” is an adjective.

What have we learned?

Parts of speech are classes into which words are divided according to certain characteristics. There are five of them in the Russian language. There is also internal classification them according to several characteristics. The first is the presence or absence of meaning. Words can be independent and auxiliary; there is a separate interjection. The second feature is changeability, that is, parts of speech are divided, respectively, into changeable and unchangeable.

In modern Russian there are 12 parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, verb, participle, gerund, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. Participle and gerund are special forms of the verb.

Parts of speech are divided into independent, auxiliary, and interjections. In the Russian language there are also words that do not belong to any part of speech: the words “yes” and “no”, modal words, onomatopoeic words. Modal words express the attitude of a statement to reality: undoubtedly, true, fact, certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe, perhaps, tea, it seems, probably and others. They usually act as introductory words. These are unchangeable words, are not connected with other words in the sentence, and therefore are not members of the sentence.

Note. Many scientists do not consider the participle and the gerund as separate parts of speech and refer them to the verb group. According to such scientists, there are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language. In a number school programs(for example, in the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) another part of speech is distinguished: the category of state. Use the material in this article taking into account your school curriculum.

Parts of speech diagram

Independent parts of speech are divided into changeable (inflected or conjugated) and unchangeable. Let's show the parts of speech of the Russian language in the diagram:

Parts of speech table

Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological characteristics, 3) syntactic role. Morphological characteristics can be constant or variable. In immutable independent parts speech, auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, there are only constant morphological features. Independent parts of speech are members of sentences, auxiliary parts of speech and interjections are not. From the point of view of these characteristics, consider the parts of speech of the Russian language:

The pages of independent and auxiliary parts of speech contain tables with a detailed and comparative description of the meanings, morphological characteristics And syntactic role parts of speech. We will show a generalized table of meanings and morphological features of all parts of speech of the Russian language.

Presentation materials

Materials on parts of speech for preparing presentations for students in grades 5-7. Click on the desired picture - it will open in a separate tab, press CTRL+S on your computer or select the save icon on mobile device to save the picture.
Pictures with the diagram.

1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.

Together with syntax, morphology makes up a branch of the science of language called grammar.

2. Each part of speech has characteristics that can be grouped into three groups:

3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.

4. Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the proposal.

The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:

Notes

1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms verb. Participles and gerunds really occupy intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such parts of speech as numerals. In particular, in “academic grammar” it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.

3) Different manuals characterize the composition of pronouns differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks referred to as adverbs, in others - to pronouns. In this manual we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in “academic grammar” and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.

5. Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.

Functional words cannot be questioned.

Function words are not parts of the sentence.

Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.

The auxiliary parts of speech in Russian include the following:

pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);

union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);

particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).

6. occupy a special position among parts of speech.

Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).

Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.

7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.

TO immutable include all auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:

adverbs ( forward, always);

gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).

Some also remain unchanged:

nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);

adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);

pronouns ( then, there).

by using graduation;

Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.

by using endings and prepositions;

Sister - to sister, with sister, with sister.

by using auxiliary words.

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who? What? (person, book). They differ by gender and vary by cases and numbers. There are animate (worker) and inanimate (TVs).

Adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? Changes by gender, number and case. It differs from the sacrament in that it has no signs of voice, aspect or tense.

• Qualitative adjectives denote an unrelated property of the object itself, which can manifest itself with different intensities: white, fast, old. They have short forms and degrees of comparison: white, faster, oldest, oldest.
• Relative adjectives denote a property of an object through its relationship to another object or action: door, iron, inflatable, measuring.
• Possessive adjectives indicate who owns the object they define: fathers, sisters, foxes.

Numerals

Numeral is a part of speech that means:

• number of items; answers the question how much? (cardinal numbers): two, fourteen, one hundred twenty-five;
• order of objects when counting; answers the question which? (ordinal numbers): second, fourteenth, one hundred and twenty-fifth;
• Among the cardinal numerals, a group of collective numerals stands out, denoting the number of objects as one whole: two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, ten, both, both.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

• Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
• Reflexive: yourself.
• Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.
• Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.
• Demonstratives: this, that, such, such, so much.
• Determinatives: himself, most, all (all, everything, all), everyone, each, any, other.
• Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, none, no one, nothing.
• Indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something, etc.

Verbs

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions: what to do? what does it do? what did you do? what will it do? It has signs of aspect, voice, person, number, tense, mood and gender (in the past tense, in the subjunctive mood).

Verb forms:

• An infinitive is an indefinite form of a verb without signs of person, number, tense, voice, mood or gender: run, sleep, read.
• Participle – unconjugated verb form, denoting an action or state as a sign of an object that can change over time. Changes by gender, number and case; has signs of voice, aspect and tense - this differs from an adjective.
• The active participle denotes an action that is performed by the bearer of the attribute: a reading student, a blossoming garden.
• The passive participle denotes a sign that arose as a result of the influence of someone (something) on ​​the bearer of the sign: a thrown stone, wind-driven leaves.
• A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that denotes an action as a sign of another action, for example: spoke, looking into the eyes; exhausted, sat down on a bench. It differs from the sacrament in that it does not change; has signs of type and voice.

Adverb

An adverb is an independent part of Russian speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: how? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?

Adverb is immutable part speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated or otherwise coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Prepositions

A preposition is an auxiliary part of our speech that expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed a mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.

Prepositions in the Russian language, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not parts of the sentence, but when parsing sentences, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After a short hesitation, the animal approached me (after hesitation - circumstance, to me - circumstance).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.

Unions

A conjunction is an auxiliary unchangeable part of speech that connects members of a sentence and/or parts of a complex sentence (to be distinguished from prepositions that connect not syntactic units, but words).

1. Coordinating conjunctions: and, yes, a, but, or, either, too, also.
2. Subordinating conjunctions: when, before, while, that, so that, how, since, because, thanks to that, so, as if, as if, if, once, although, despite the fact that, in order to, not only ... but also..., not so much... as... etc.

Particle

Particles are function words that add additional semantic or emotional nuances to sentences and individual words: no, not, any, -something, -that, -those, -sya (s), -ka, -de, but, whether, would, happened, yes, let, let, even, really, only , almost, only, at least, really, really, give, know, come on, well, they say, after all, well, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, supposedly, tea, perhaps, maybe, just, exactly, almost, almost, or something, etc.

Bunch

A connective is a function word torn away from the paradigm of a pronoun or verb. Its functions include indicating the syntactic relationships between the components of a sentence. Connectives include the words this, the phrase this is, there are (and other forms of the verb to be), conjugated forms of the verbs to appear, to appear, to mean, to mean, to be called. Connectives are often omitted, and a dash is placed in their place in the sentence: Automobile– [is] not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

A ligament is also considered a component of a universal logical structure sentences-judgments, expressing a predicative relationship between the subject and the attribute characterizing it and forming a predicate together with the attribute; 2) component of a composite nominal predicate expressing it grammatical meanings(tense, person, modality, etc.) and usually represented by the verb “to be” or its lexicalized equivalents - semi-linked verbs.