Task 1. Draw a mental (mental) political map foreign Europe.
Task 2. Apply to contour map(Fig. 14) states of foreign Europe and their capitals. How many countries are there in this region of the world? Which of them were formed in the late 80s - early 90s. XX century? Explain the reasons for this phenomenon.
40 states. Germany (accession of the GDR and West Berlin to Germany), Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (after the collapse of Yugoslavia), the Czech Republic and Slovakia (after the division of Czechoslovakia), Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus (after the collapse of the USSR). These countries were formed as a result of the fall of the socialist system.
Task 3. Indicate which of the countries listed below are constitutional monarchies (select the correct line):
a) Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Spain;
Task 4. Fill out the table characterizing the provision of foreign European countries with mineral resources in the following form:
Enter into the table the names of only those countries that have the largest reserves of the listed mineral resources. Draw conclusions:
Germany, France, Great Britain - countries Foreign Europe, which have the largest reserves of mineral resources.
Task 5. Make pairs based on the principle “state - the size of its population”:
Task 6. Fill out the table “Three types of national composition of foreign European countries” using the following form:
Indicate what type of national composition of the population prevails in foreign European countries.
Single-national type (most peoples Western Europe belongs to the Indo-European language family).
Task 7. Name the states of foreign Europe (without dwarf states) that have:
1) the most high density population - Netherlands - Western
2) the most low density population - Sweden - Northern
3) the most high level urbanization - Belgium - Western
4) the most low level urbanization - Albania - Southern
Indicate in which subregions of foreign Europe they are located.
Task 8. Which of the following Western European countries are leading in terms of the size of labor immigration, and which ones are leading in terms of the share of immigrants in the labor force?
Western European countries leading in terms of labor immigration:
1) Great Britain; 2) France; 3) Germany;
Western European countries leading in the share of immigrants:
4) Austria; 5) Switzerland; 6) Luxembourg.
Explain the reasons for this leadership.
1. high salary per hour of work; 2. Relatively free entry into these countries; 3. Economic development of these countries.
Task 9. In Figure 15, label the main cities of France according to capital letters their names. Select among them the three largest millionaire cities (agglomerations).
Paris, Lyon, Marseille.
Task 10. Indicate which foreign European countries are leading in production (extraction):
1) coal - Germany, Poland, Great Britain, Czech Republic
2) oil - UK, Norway
3) natural gas - the Netherlands, Norway, Great Britain, Romania
4) metal-cutting machines - Germany, Italy, Czech Republic
5) passenger cars - Germany, France, Spain.
What conclusions can be drawn based on these data?
The leading countries in production (extraction) are: Germany, Great Britain.
Task 11. In Figure 16, label the main industrial regions of Germany using the capital letters of their names. Select the two largest among them.
Task 12. Identify the crops that are most characteristic of the two main types agriculture foreign Europe, and make a table in the following form:
Explain the reasons for this specialization in agriculture.
geographical location (natural and climatic conditions, soil fertility).
Task 13. Name the main ones sea ports North Sea:
1) Amsterdam - Holland
2) Rotterdam - Holland
3) Bergen - Norway
4) Hamburg - Germany
5) Antwerp - Belgium
6) London - UK
In what countries are they located?
Task 14. List the reasons for the exacerbation environmental problems in foreign Europe:
1) Large quantity metallurgical plants
2) Growing “density” of cars
3) Oil and gas production on the North Sea shelf
4) Open pit mining, combustion, chemical processing of brown coal
5) Placement of factories, nuclear power plants on river banks
6) Long-standing industrial development of the territory.
Task 15. Give examples of areas of foreign Europe that belong to the following types:
1) highly developed area - London, Paris
2) old industrial area - Ruhr region
3) retarded agricultural region- South of Italy
4) area of new development - North Sea regions.
Indicate what regional policies are typical for each of these types of areas.
1. London, Paris - unloading is underway central parts regions;
2. Ruhr region - an environmental program is being implemented (cleansing the Rhine);
3. South of Italy - regional policy aimed at the rise of the South (construction of large metallurgical, petrochemical plants and other enterprises here).
Task 16. Identify the country by its following characteristic features:
1) has no access to the sea;
2) the capital is not the best large city countries;
3) half of the electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants and almost half by nuclear power plants;
4) in industry, precision engineering, instrument making, watch production, and pharmaceuticals are especially developed;
5) is the largest concentration of banks and banking capital;
6) maintains permanent neutrality, joined the UN only in 2002.
Task 17. Identify the following countries:
1. A country located on a peninsula, with the capital located in its center. Owned a large one in the past colonial empire. Constitutional monarchy. It ranks second in the region in terms of the number of foreign tourists.
2. The “longest” country in foreign Europe with developed shipbuilding, hydropower, fishing, and shipping. A relatively new specialization is the production and export of oil and natural gas.
3. A country with a population of 38 million people, classified as one-national. The population professes Catholicism. It is distinguished by coal mining, copper production, ferrous metals, sugar beets, and potatoes.
Task 18. Find out the city:
1) the capital of one of the Nordic countries, located on an island;
2) capital of the state Southern Europe, which arose in antiquity and was named after one of the goddesses;
3) the capital of an island state in Northern Europe, where geothermal heat is used to heat buildings;
4) the capital of one of the countries Eastern Europe with a population of 2 million people, located on the middle reaches of a large international river;
5) the largest port in Western Europe in terms of cargo turnover, located on one of the branches of a large international river.
Task 19. Using their outlines, identify the countries shown in Figure 17. Write the names of their capitals:
Task 20. Match:
General characteristics of foreign Europe................................................... ................................ 3
1. Territory, borders, position.................................................... ................................................... 3
2. Natural conditions and resources........................................................ ................................................... 4
3. Population: reproduction, migration, national composition, urbanization.................. 5
4. Economy: place in the world, differences between countries.................................................... .................... 7
5. Industry: main sectors................................................. ........................................... 8
6. Agriculture: three main types.................................................... .................................... 11
7. Transport: main highways and hubs.................................................... .................................... 13
8. Science and finance: research parks and banking centers.................................... 14
9. Recreation and tourism: the main tourist region of the world.................................... ................... 14
Introduction
Foreign (in relation to the CIS countries) Europe occupies an area of 5.1 million km 2 with a population of 500 million people (1995). There are about 40 sovereign states connected by commonality historical destinies, close political, economic and cultural relations. Foreign Europe is one of the centers of world civilization, the birthplace of the Great geographical discoveries, industrial revolutions, urban agglomerations, international economic integration. And although, as you already know, the era of “Eurocentrism” is a thing of the past, this region still occupies a very important place in world politics and economics.
General characteristics of foreign Europe
1. Territory, borders, position.
The territory of foreign Europe extends from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) for 5 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 3 thousand km. Among European countries there are more and less large ones, but most of them are relatively small.
The economic and geographical position of foreign European countries is determined by two main features.
Firstly, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other. With a relatively small territory, its small “depth” and good transport “passability”, these countries either directly border or are separated by short distances. In addition, their borders pass mainly along such natural boundaries, which do not create significant obstacles to transport connections.
Secondly, the coastal position of the vast majority of countries, many of which are located close to the busiest sea routes. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km from the sea, in the eastern part - 600 km. The whole life of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece has been closely connected with the sea since ancient times, “the daughter of the sea” - this can be said about each of them.
Political map of the region throughout the 20th century. underwent major changes three times: after the first and second world wars and in recent years(unification of Germany, independence of the Baltic countries, collapse of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, change social order in Eastern European countries).
In foreign Europe there are both republics and monarchies, both unitary and federal states.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
The natural prerequisites for the industry of foreign Europe were formed under the great influence of the location of mineral resources. However, their composition in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region differs significantly.
In the northern part, both ore minerals associated with the Baltic Shield and the Hercynian fold zone, as well as fuel minerals, “tied” primarily to the sedimentary cover of the platform and its marginal troughs, are widespread.
Among the coal basins, the Ruhr in Germany and the Upper Silesian in Poland stand out, among the oil and gas basins - the North Sea, among the iron ore basins - the Lorraine in France and Kiruna in Sweden.
In the southern part, ore deposits of both igneous and sedimentary (bauxite) origin predominate, but the reserves of fuel resources here are much smaller. So tectonic structure territory is largely explained by the “incompleteness” of the range of mineral resources in individual countries.
The hydropower resources of foreign Europe are quite large, but they occur mainly in the regions of the Alps, Scandinavian and Dinaric mountains.
The natural conditions for agriculture in the region are relatively favorable and have been widely used for many centuries. As a result, the reserves for expanding cultivated lands have almost been exhausted, and the “load” on them is increasing. Therefore, small coastal countries, and especially the Netherlands, continue to attack the coastal areas of the seas.
In the Netherlands, over the course of many centuries, almost 1/3 of the entire territory of the country has been reclaimed from the sea with the help of dams and dams.
No wonder there is a saying here: “God created the earth, and the Dutch created Holland.” The drainage of Lake IJsselmeer, formerly a sea bay, and the implementation of the so-called “Delta Plan”, which provides for complete protection of the coast, are being completed.
The agroclimatic resources of the region are determined by its position in the temperate, and in the south - in subtropical zones. In the Mediterranean, sustainable agriculture requires artificial irrigation. The most irrigated land is in Italy and Spain.
The largest natural prerequisites for maintaining forestry Sweden and Finland have typical forest landscapes: forests cover lowlands and hills, the banks of rivers and lakes, approach settlements. No wonder people say: “Finland without a forest is like a bear without hair.”
Foreign Europe also has large and diverse natural and recreational resources.
3. Population: reproduction, migration, national composition, urbanization.
IN lately the population of foreign Europe began to increase very slowly. As you already know, this is explained by the fact that the reproduction of the region’s population is characterized by a difficult demographic situation. In some countries there is even a natural population decline. At the same time it changes age composition population, the proportion of elderly people is growing.
All this led to sudden change the region's share in the global system of external population migrations. Having been the main center of emigration since the Great Geographical Discoveries, foreign Europe has become the world's main center of labor immigration. Now there are 12 - 13 million foreign workers here, a significant part of whom are not citizens, but temporary guest workers (in German, “guest workers”).
In terms of national composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. At the same time related languages Slavic, Romanesque, Germanic groups have significant similarities. The same is true for the languages of the Uralic family. However, the ethnic map of the region, which has evolved over thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with single-national ones, there are many states with complex national composition, in which there has recently been an exacerbation interethnic relations; Yugoslavia can serve as an example of this kind.
In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism sharply predominates, in Northern Europe - Protestantism; and in the Middle they are in different ratios. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - the Vatican.
Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. Moreover, the distribution of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world: on average, 73%, and in some countries, more than 80% and even 90% of the total population live in cities. Total number There are many thousands of cities, and their network is very dense. Gradually, over thousands of years, a Western European type of city emerged, the roots of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages.
A characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe is a very high concentration of population in big cities and urban agglomerations, of which there are more than in the United States and Japan combined. The largest of them are London, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr. In the 70s after a period of rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, an outflow of population began from their centers (nuclei), first to the near and distant suburbs, and then to more distant ones small towns and in countryside (« green wave"). As a result, the number of residents in central regions London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities either stabilized or even began to decline. This process is called suburbanization in science.
According to forecasts, the level of urbanization in the region by the end of the 20th century. may rise to 85%.
4. Economy: place in the world, differences between countries.
Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, exports of goods and services, gold and currency reserves, and development of international tourism.
It is clear that the economic power of the region is primarily determined by the four countries that are part of the “Big Seven” Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. These are the countries that have the widest range of various industries and production But the balance of power between them is last decades has changed. The role of leader has passed to Germany, whose economy is developing more dynamically along the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former “workshop of the world,” has lost many of its former positions.
Europe
Europe- one of the six parts of the world, forming, together with Asia, the largest continent in terms of area and population, Eurasia. The area of Europe is 10 million km², the population is 730 million people.
Average height about 300 m. Plains predominate (large - East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, Paris Basin), mountains occupy about 17% of the territory (main - Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Crimean, Pyrenees, Apennines, Ural, Scandinavian mountains, mountains of the Balkan Peninsula). Active volcanoes found in Iceland and the Mediterranean.
In most of the territory the climate is temperate (in the west - oceanic, in the east - continental, with snowy and frosty winters), on the northern islands - subarctic and arctic, in Southern Europe - Mediterranean, in the Caspian lowland - semi-desert. There is glaciation on the Arctic islands, Iceland, the Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps (area over 116 thousand km²).
Main rivers: Volga, Danube, Ural, Dnieper, Western Dvina, Don, Pechora, Kama, Oka, Belaya, Dniester, Rhine, Elbe, Vistula, Tagus, Loire, Oder, Neman, Ebro.
Large lakes: Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Venern, Balaton, Geneva.
Countries of Foreign Europe. Economic and geographical characteristics. General features and regional differences.
Europe is washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans and their seas.
Geographically Europe is limited Atlantic Ocean in the west and north Arctic Ocean in the north, the Black, Marmara and Mediterranean seas, the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits in the south. The eastern foot of Europe is usually considered as the eastern and southeastern borders of Europe. Ural ridge, the Emba River and the Caspian Sea, the northern border of the Ciscaucasia along the Kuma, Manych, and Don rivers.
The countries of Europe are divided into four regions: Western, Eastern, Northern and Southern. Some geographers identify a fifth region - Central. IN total, there are 65 countries in Europe: 50 of them independent states, 9 dependent territories and 6 unrecognized republics. 14 countries are islands, 19 are inland, 32 have wide access to seas and oceans.
Three states - Russia, Turkey and Kazakhstan, according to all authoritative sources, have territories in both Europe and Asia; two more states (Azerbaijan and Georgia) are attributed entirely to Asia (when drawing the Europe-Asia border along the Kuma-Manych depression), but a number of American sources (when drawing the border between Europe and Asia along the Greater Caucasus) claim that these Asian states have small European parts, there are also sources that believe the countries of Transcaucasia and Cyprus are closely connected with Europe. Geographically located entirely in Asia, Armenia and Cyprus are classified as Europe according to a number of geopolitical criteria.
A number of European states have part of their territory in Africa - this is Spain (Africa includes the Canary Islands and the so-called “sovereign territories of Spain” on the Moroccan coast), Portugal (Africa includes Portuguese Madeira), as well as France (which has consisting of the overseas departments of Mayotte and Reunion, belonging to Africa).
Two European states have part of their national territory in America it is Denmark (it belongs to America autonomous region Greenland) and France (America includes its overseas departments and communities of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthelemy, Martinique and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon).
Also to European countries includes all island states and territories Mediterranean Sea.
27 states are members of the European Union, 25 are members of NATO, and the Council of Europe includes 47 states.
Europe is home to both the largest (Russia) and smallest (Vatican) states in the world.
Western Europe - geopolitical region, uniting mainly Latin-speaking countries, as well as the countries of the Celts and Germans, located in the western part of the European peninsula. One of the most economically developed regions of the world.
The beginning of the formation of the region is considered to be the end of the existence of the Roman Empire and its division into Western and Eastern.
Main religions in the region are Catholicism and Protestantism.
EGP determined by the coastal position of most countries, as well as the position on the main world sea routes, leading from Europe to America, the neighboring compact position of the countries in relation to each other; proximity to many developing countries means proximity to sources of raw materials. Countries in Africa and Asia supply Western Europe with cheap labor.
There are industrial oil reserves in the Netherlands and France; coal - in Germany (Ruhr basin), Great Britain (Welsh basin, Newcastle basin); iron ore- in France (Lorraine), Sweden; non-ferrous metal ores - in Germany, Spain, Italy; potassium salts - in Germany, France, etc. But due to the fact that the countries of Western Europe have long embarked on the path of industrial development, many deposits are close to depletion. In some countries, the problem of primary energy resources is acute. Western Europe is secured mineral raw materials worse than North America, increasing its dependence on imported raw materials. The northern and western parts of Western Europe are well endowed with resources fresh water. Large river arteries - Danube, Rhine, Loire. In Norway, 3/4 of all electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants. Characteristic feature region is practically complete absence natural landscapes.
The leading countries of Western Europe are the members of the G7 - Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. The region is characterized by a high level of regional economic integration, the unification of countries in the EU, the opening state borders within the framework of the Common European Economic Area.
East Europe-The region was formed during the heyday of the Byzantine Empire.
Basic religion is Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The region uses Cyrillic writing (in Slavic states with a predominance of Orthodoxy) and Latin.
The countries of Eastern Europe represent a single natural territorial massif stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. At the heart of the region and adjacent countries is an ancient Precambrian platform, overlain by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as an area of Alpine folding.
Important feature of all countries in the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS.
From stock natural resources stand out: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas(Romania), iron ores (countries former Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary), chromite (Albania).
In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a shining example"incompleteness" of the set of minerals. So, in Poland there are large reserves coal, copper ores, sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, or iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of copper ores and polymetals.
The region's population is about 130 million people. The population of Eastern Europe is complex ethnic composition , but one can note the predominance Slavic peoples. Of the other peoples, the most numerous are Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians.
in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Great changes have taken place in the economies of countries. Firstly, industries developed at a faster pace - by the 80s, Europe had become one of the most industrial regions of the world, and secondly, previously very backward regions also began to develop industrially (For example, Slovakia in the former Czechoslovakia, Moldova in Romania, northeast Poland). Such results became possible thanks to the implementation of regional policy.
Due to the shortage of oil reserves, this area is focused on coal, most Electricity is generated at thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants also play an important role.
Currently the leader in terms of traffic volume railway transport, BUT the automotive and maritime industries are also developing intensively. Availability largest ports promotes the development of external economic ties, shipbuilding, ship repair, fishing.
Northern Europe- geopolitical region uniting Scandinavian and Baltic states, located in northern Europe.
The region was formed in the second half of the first millennium AD on the basis of German colonists, and inherited many of the characteristics of this people.
Dominant religions Lutheranism and other branches of Protestantism are found in the region.
The EGP of Northern Europe is characterized by the following features: firstly, advantageous position regarding the intersection of important air and sea routes from Europe to North America , as well as the convenience of access for countries in the region to international waters of the world's oceans, secondly, the proximity of the location to highly developed countries of Western Europe(Germany, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain, France), thirdly, the proximity on the southern borders with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, where they are successfully developing market relations, fourthly, land proximity with Russian Federation , economic contacts which will contribute to the formation of promising markets for products; fifthly, the presence of territories located outside Arctic Circle(35% of the area of Norway, 38% of Sweden, 47% of Finland).
The climate of remote areas (islands) is arctic, subarctic, and marine.
Important for the Nordic countries have hydropower resources. Norway and Sweden are best provided with hydropower resources, where there is abundant rainfall and mountainous terrain ensure the formation of a strong and uniform water flow, and this creates good preconditions for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. One of the greatest assets of the Nordic countries is forest resources, that is, “green gold”. Sweden and Finland stand out in terms of forest area and gross timber reserves, ranking first and second in Europe, respectively, according to these indicators. Forest cover in these countries is high. In Finland it is almost 66%, in Sweden - more than 59% (1995). Among other countries of the Northern macroregion, Latvia stands out for its high forest cover (46.8%).
Northern lands belong to the least populated areas.
The countries of Fennoscandia, except Sweden, are characterized by positive but low natural population growth, with the exception of Iceland, where natural increase remained at the rate of 9 people per 1000 inhabitants. This tense demographic situation is explained, first of all, by low birth rates.
Southern Europe- a geopolitical region uniting South Slavic, Romano and Greek-speaking states located in the southern part of Europe.
The region began to take shape during the era Ancient Greece about 2 thousand years BC and was finally formed at the dawn of the Roman Empire. This is the oldest European region.
Religious composition represented mainly by Orthodoxy and Catholicism.
Important feature of EGP countries of Southern Europe, which are located on the peninsulas and islands of the Mediterranean Sea, is that all of them are on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa and Australia, and Spain and Portugal - also to the Northern and South America. All this, since the time of the great geographical discoveries, has affected the development of the region, the life of the countries of which is closely connected with the sea. No less significant is the fact that the region is located between Central Europe And Arab countries North Africa, which have multilateral ties with Europe. The former metropolises of Portugal, Italy and Spain still retain influence over some African countries. IN post-war years by the beginning of the 21st century there was mass migration to southern European countries.
All countries (except the Vatican) are members of the UN, the OECD, and the largest are members of NATO and the European Union, Malta is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, led by Great Britain.
