5.2.2. Central Europe
Region Central Europe is distinguished by a very wide variety of natural conditions and resources.
Almost half of the territory Central Europe lowland: the north of its mainland is occupied by the Central European Plain; low-lying plains are also characteristic of the east and south of Great Britain and Ireland. In most of Great Britain there are the low North Scottish Highlands, the Pennines and the Cambrian Mountains. A relatively wide strip of hills, low and mid-altitude mountains passes in the south of the mainland part of the region into a relatively narrow belt of the powerful Alpine mountain system. Located mainly on the territory of Western European countries, the Alps are the highest mountains in all of Foreign Europe. Their main peak, Mont Blanc, located at the junction of the borders of France, Switzerland and Italy, reaches 4807 m above sea level. The complex high-mountainous terrain creates many problems for agriculture, transport, construction, life and everyday life of the population.
From Switzerland to the Netherlands it is only a little over 400 km, but how different their relief is! The powerful, glacier-covered mountain ranges of the Swiss Alps - and the almost table-flat lowland surface of the Netherlands! Near 2/5 their territory lies even below sea level and is not flooded only thanks to a whole system of protective structures.
Features of geotectonics and diversity of geological structures Western Europe determined the diversity of the composition of its mineral resources. In the thick strata of sedimentary rocks of the Upper Paleozoic of the Central European Lowland, deposits of oil, gas, potassium and rock salts, in the same shelf rocks North Sea oil and gas discovered. In the foothill troughs in Great Britain, Germany, and France there is a strip of coal basins, mainly of the Upper Carboniferous, and to the south there is an iron ore province (primarily Lorraine in France) of the Mesozoic era. Deposits of lead-zinc, polymetallic, copper and other ores are found mainly in zones of faults and intrusions, which are most characteristic of the foothills and mountainous regions of Western Europe, characterized by the mineralization of rocks.
The share of Central Europe in the reserves of most of the most important types of minerals in the world is only a few percent, that is, several times less than the region's share in world industrial production. In Central Europe there is very little bauxite, the raw material for the production of the “metal of the century” - aluminum; there are practically no deposits of manganese, chromites, nickel, molybdenum, copper, cobalt, mercury and some other minerals, especially rare earth ones. The situation is better with the “classical” types of mineral raw materials - coal and iron ore, which began to be widely used in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Large deposits coal in Great Britain, Germany and Belgium and iron ore in Great Britain, France and Luxembourg then served as a prerequisite for the development of powerful energy, metallurgy (and on its basis - mechanical engineering) and the chemical industry. The countries of Western Europe as a whole are now sufficiently supplied with hard and brown coal.
The coal industry of Western Europe, in the past one of the main industries of the region, found itself in a crisis in the 60-70s of the twentieth century. This was due to several reasons: competition for coal from more effective types fuel - oil and natural gas, a decrease in coal consumption by the metallurgical industry as a result of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, and environmental restrictions. In the 1970s, the fuel and energy balance Western European countries became mainly oil and gas. The discovery of large natural gas deposits in the Netherlands has dramatically changed their energy economy and has partly affected the energy sector of other countries that receive Dutch gas. Then oil and gas were discovered in the North Sea.
Central Europe is located mainly in the temperate climate zone. Almost its entire mainland (except for the Alpine regions and a narrow strip of the Mediterranean coast of France), as well as the south of Great Britain, have an annual sum of temperatures (for periods with stable temperatures above 10°) from 2200 to 4000°, allowing the cultivation of crops with a medium to long growing season . In most of Great Britain, Ireland and the highlands of the mainland, the sum of temperatures is much less - from 1000 to 2200 °, i.e., it ensures the cultivation of mainly crops with a short growing season. Only the Mediterranean coast of France and the island of Corsica lie in the subtropical climate zone and have a sum of active temperatures from 4000 to 6000°. Therefore, heat-loving crops with a very long growing season are grown here - cotton, citrus fruits, olives, etc.
In Central Europe (except for the highlands and southeast Germany), mild winters are common with average January temperatures ranging from 0 to 8°. Summer is usually not hot: in July average temperature ranges from 16 to 24 °, and in the highlands and the British Isles it is even lower - from 8 to 16. The proximity of the Atlantic Ocean especially affects moisture: it is excessive almost everywhere. On west coast Ireland and Great Britain and in the mountainous regions receive from 1000 to 2000 mm of precipitation per year, throughout the rest of the territory from 500 to 1000 mm. At the same time, in the west of the region, the bulk of precipitation occurs in the cold season; to the east, their maximum shifts to summer. Droughts are extremely rare, so only a small part of the cultivated land is irrigated. On the contrary, large tracts of agricultural land need to be drained, especially in the UK, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany.
Western European countries have a dense river network. Almost all of their rivers are always full; Of the largest rivers, freeze-up occurs on the Rhine, and even then no more than half a month and not every year. Most Western European rivers navigable, especially in the lower and middle reaches. Their transport importance is significantly increased thanks to a system of numerous canals. Those rivers that begin in the Alps, Pyrenees and Massif Central have powerful water resources in their upper reaches. Western Europe, mainly due to France, Austria and Switzerland, accounts for more than 1/4 total reserves hydropower of Foreign Europe.
Despite the abundance of rivers and significant reserves of groundwater, Western Europe is experiencing an increasingly growing shortage of fresh water for economic and domestic purposes. Water balance of individual large economic regions(West Yorkshire in the UK, Paris and others in France), as well as entire countries (primarily Germany and the Netherlands) is becoming so tense that it is turning into almost a national problem.
The shortage of water supply in Western Europe is due to both the sharply increased consumption of water by the population and many industries, especially water-intensive ones, progressing in the era of the scientific and technological revolution (chemical, metallurgical and energy), and the mismanagement, reaching the barbaric attitude towards water resources on the part of capitalist monopolies . As a result of the discharge of overheated and polluted water into rivers by industrial enterprises, some of them are almost completely deprived of biological life. First of all, this applies to the Rhine, its tributaries in the lower reaches and the Seine, which have acquired the “glory” of the dirtiest rivers in the world.
The main consumers (and at the same time polluters) of water in Western Europe are industry and public utilities. In Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and Austria, they take almost all the water used for domestic purposes. Only in France and the Netherlands more than 3 volumes of water are allocated for agricultural needs. In general, however, Western Europe has sufficient rainfall (as well as heat) to grow a wide range of crops.
Diversity also contributes to this soil cover. The most common are brown forest soils of broad-leaved forests, occupying vast areas in low-lying, hilly and foothill regions of France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Great Britain. Soddy-podzolic soils are also found there and throughout most of Ireland. mixed forests and soddy-carbonate soils, and in the Netherlands - marsh soils. Mountain areas are characterized by mountain types soils - podzolic, forest sod-carbonate and forest brown, as well as terra Rosa in the south of France.
The soils of Western Europe in their natural state are predominantly of medium and low fertility. However high level agricultural technology, wide application mineral fertilizers over the decades, their quality has significantly improved in most Western European countries. Therefore, crop yields temperate zone in Western European countries, as a rule, is significantly higher than in other economically developed countries. In the Netherlands and Great Britain, for example, wheat is harvested at up to 80-90 c/ha. This allows the countries of Western Europe to largely provide themselves with food, although there is little arable land there: from 0.1 to 0.3 hectares per capita, i.e. approximately the same as in the countries of Eastern and Southeast Asia, considered “classically” poor arable land. In Western Europe, cultivated landscapes and cultivated vegetation dominate. Only in the highlands and in the north of Great Britain (Scotland) are there any corners wildlife. That's where the forests are mostly preserved. In Western Europe they occupy a more modest area than in other European regions, covering slightly more than % of its territory. At the same time, in Great Britain and the Netherlands forests occupy only 7.5% of the area, and in Ireland - less than 3%. In all European countries, except for France and Belgium, coniferous tree species now predominate: in recent centuries, broad-leaved forests in lowlands, forest parks, watersheds and coastal dunes have been largely replaced by planted trees coniferous forests. Wood consumption in the countries of Western Europe significantly exceeds the volume of logging, which is sharply limited by the modest forest fund: on average, each inhabitant of the region accounts for 0.15 hectares of forest, i.e., half as much as in Western Europe as a whole.
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) occupy an area of 487 million hectares, but are home to more than 30 states with a population of almost 500 million people. European countries are very heterogeneous in terms of natural conditions, in terms of the size and volume of natural resource potential.
12% of the world's fuel and energy potential is concentrated in the depths of Europe, including 20% of the world's fossil coal reserves; large reserves metal ores(mercury, lead, zinc and others), native sulfur, potassium salts and a number of other types of minerals. But almost all European countries depend to one degree or another on the import of raw materials, especially fuel and energy.
A variety of mineral resources are concentrated in the depths of foreign Europe. Some types of mineral raw materials form quite large concentrations and can fully meet the needs of the pan-European economy (fossil coals, natural gas, mercury, lead-zinc ores, potassium salts, graphite, etc.). However, most mineral resources in Europe it is quantitatively insignificant and among them are oil, manganese and nickel ores, chromites, phosphorites. Therefore Europe is large quantities imports iron and manganese ores, tin, nickel, uranium concentrates, copper, tungsten and molybdenum, bauxite, and oil. The need for mineral raw materials for European industry continues to grow steadily, although the scale of European consumption and processing of minerals far exceeds its specific raw material supply.
Europe as a whole concentrates in its depths about 1/5 of the world's coal reserves and significant natural gas resources, but Italy, Sweden, France, Spain, and Switzerland are either completely deprived of these types of fuel or are insufficiently provided with them. Great Britain is forced to import bauxite and non-ferrous metal ores; Germany – iron ore, natural gas, oil.
The territory of Europe has favorable climatic resources for growing many crops. In Europe it is possible to grow a wide range of temperate and subtropical zones: early ripening grains, vegetables and grass mixtures - in the north, and in the south - olives, citrus fruits and even cotton.
Europe's land area (excluding water bodies) is small - 473 million hectares, of which 30% (140 million hectares) is arable, 18% (84 million hectares) is grazed, 33% (157 million hectares) is forested, and the rest is 92 million hectares (19%) - occupied by settlements, highways, mining, rocky outcrops, and glaciers.
Modern usage structure land fund Europe has evolved over many centuries, so it reflects the characteristics historical development economy of this part of the world.
Agricultural development of the territory in the north, center and south of Europe differs significantly. The highest coefficient of agricultural use (CUI) is in Romania, Poland, Hungary, eastern Germany, Denmark - more than 80%. In the west of Central Europe there is less arable land: in the west of Germany and France - 50%, in Great Britain - 40, in Ireland - only 17% of the agricultural fund. In the subtropical south, where there are few plains, arable lands occupy only 1/3 of the land used in agriculture. For example, in Italy, plantations occupy up to 17% of all agricultural land, in Spain - 16%, in Portugal - 14%.
There are few reserves for expanding the area of arable land in foreign Europe; according to an FAO survey, only 6 million hectares.
Natural waters– one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. Population and various industries Farms use huge volumes of water, and water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water due to uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.
The total reserves of water concentrated on the surface or in the depths of Europe are quite significant: their volume approaches 1,600 thousand cubic kilometers.
The modern economy of European countries annually takes from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and water supply settlements about 360 cubic kilometers clean waters. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century, industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross water production. national product.
European countries have a fairly high agro-natural potential, as they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe throughout historical eras, contributed to long-standing and intensive use natural resources. Low fertility prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development in various ways improving soils and raising their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificial enhancement was born chemical composition soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers, options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.
Forests cover 157.2 million hectares in foreign Europe, or 33% of its territory. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1.2 hectares). Long history economic development European lands were accompanied by intensive deforestation. Forests not affected economic activity, almost not preserved in Europe.
There are 138 million hectares of exploited forests in Europe with an annual increase of 452 million cubic meters. They perform not only production, but also environmental protection functions. According to FAO and UNECE forecasts, forest production in Europe in 2000 will reach 443 million cubic meters.
Europe is the only part of the world where last decades The forest area is increasing. And this happens despite high density population and a severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources And fertile soils from erosion destruction and regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance.
Europe has a dense water transport network (navigable sections of rivers and canals) with a total length of over 47 thousand kilometers. Net waterways reached almost 9 thousand kilometers in France, more than 6 thousand kilometers in Germany, 4 thousand kilometers in Poland, 6.6 thousand kilometers in Finland.
The most large river Europe - Danube; it crosses the territory of eight countries and annually transports over 50 million tons of cargo. Its drainage basin is climatically and morphologically complex. The most difficult section of the Danube in the Carpathian breakthrough area was the most difficult to pass. In the early 70s, the Djerdap complex hydroelectric complex (a dam, two hydroelectric power stations and shipping locks) was built, which improved the transport capabilities of the river.
The Rhine River, which crosses the territory of five states, is the main transport artery Western Europe. The Rhine and its tributaries pass through major industrial centers Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia, Frankfurt am Main, etc.), France, Switzerland, so cargo transportation along the river exceeds 100 million tons per year.
There is a trans-European system of shipping canals connecting the rivers of the Central European Plain - the Bug, Vistula, Odra, Elbe, Weser.
Foreign Europe has quite diverse resources of fuel, mineral and energy raw materials.
But it must be taken into account that almost all known mineral deposits on European territory have long been known and are on the verge of depletion. Therefore, this region needs resource imports more than others in the world.
Features of the relief of Europe
The relief of foreign Europe is quite diverse. In the east, low-lying plains predominate, which stretch in a wide strip from Baltic Sea to Cherny. In the south, hills dominate: Oshmyany, Minsk, Volyn, Crimean mountains.
The territory of the western part of Europe is highly dissected. Here, as you move from north to south, mountain ranges alternate with stripes of plains and lowlands. In the north are the Scandinavian Mountains. Further to the south: Scottish Highlands, high plains (Norland, Småland), lowlands (Central European, Greater Poland, North German, etc.). Then again there follows a mountainous strip: these are Sumava, Vosges and others, which alternate with the plains - Lesser Poland, Bohemian-Moravian.
In the south are the highest European mountain ranges - the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Alps, then again the plains. At the southernmost tips of foreign Europe there is another mountain belt, which consists of such massifs as the Rhodope Mountains, the Apennines, the Andalusian Mountains, the Dinara Mountains, and the Pindus Mountains.
This diversity determined the uneven occurrence of minerals. Reserves of iron, manganese, zinc, tin, copper, polymetallic ores, and bauxite are concentrated in the mountains and on the Scandinavian Peninsula. Significant deposits of brown and hard coal and potassium salts have been discovered in the lowlands. The coast of Europe, washed by the Atlantic and Northern Arctic Ocean is an area where oil and gas fields occur. Especially a lot of fuel resources lie in the north. Development of the Arctic Ocean shelf still remains a priority.
Types of minerals
Despite the diversity of mineral resources in foreign Europe, the reserves of only some of them can be estimated as significant shares in the world stock. In numbers this can be expressed as follows:
. hard and brown coal— 20% of the world reserve;
. zinc— 18%;
. lead— 14%%
. copper— 7%;
. oil, natural gas, iron ores, bauxite — 5-6%.
All other resources are presented in insignificant quantities.
By production coal Germany is in the lead (Ruhr, Saar, Aachen, Krefeld basins). It is followed by Poland (Upper Silesian Basin) and Great Britain (Welsh and Newcastle Basins).
The richest deposits brown coal also located in Germany (Halle-Leizipg and Lower Lausitz basins). There are rich deposits in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.
Every year, for example, 106 billion tons of coal are mined in Germany, and 45 billion tons in the UK.
Potassium salts It is mined on an industrial scale in Germany and France.
Uranium ores- in France (deposits: Limousin, Forez, Morvan, Chardonnay) and Spain (Monasterio, La Virgen, Esperanza).
Iron ores- in France (Lorraine Basin) and Sweden (Kiruna).
Copper- in Bulgaria (Medet, Asaral, Elatsite), Poland (Grodzetsky, Zlotoryysky, Presudetsky fields) and Finland (Vuonos, Outokumpu, Luikonlahti).
Oil- in Great Britain and Norway (North Sea), Denmark and the Netherlands. Currently, 21 oil and gas basins have been discovered, total area more than 2.8 million sq. km. Individual oil fields- 752, gas - 854.
Gas- in Great Britain, Norway, the Netherlands. The largest deposit is Gronigen. More than 3.0 trillion are mined here annually. cubic meters
Bauxite- in France (Mediterranean province, La Ruquette), Greece (Parnas-Kiona, Amorgos), Croatia (Rudopole, Niksic), Hungary (Halimba, Oroslan, Gant).
Natural resources of foreign Europe
The peculiarities of Europe's resource supply can be explained by three factors:
1. This is a relatively small area, therefore, the volume of natural resources is small.
2. Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, so resources are used very actively.
3. Europeans were the first in the world to follow the path of industrial development, which led not only to a significant depletion of all types of resources, but also to environmental deterioration.
Land and forest resources. The land area of foreign Europe is small - about 173 million hectares, of which 30% is allocated for arable land, 18% for pastures, 33% is occupied by forests. Highest coefficient land use in the Netherlands, Romania, Poland and Denmark - 80%, in France, Germany - 50, but in Italy and Portugal - 14-16%.
There is approximately 0.3 hectares of forest per European, while average in the world - 1.2 hectares. Long-term use has led to natural forests There are practically none left; those that exist are planted forests. Every year about 400 million cubic meters of timber are mined in Europe, mainly on the Scandinavian Peninsula. The rest of the territory is dominated by protected forests, which are not subject to felling, and therefore are not resources.
Water resources. Natural water is a scarce resource in Europe. Most of water is used industrial enterprises and agriculture. Long-term uncontrolled use of water resources has led to their depletion. To date, the situation has been extremely unfavorable ecological situation- Most European rivers and lakes are heavily polluted. In all countries of foreign Europe there is an acute shortage of fresh water.
Subject: Regional characteristics peace. Foreign Europe
Lesson:Natural resources Foreign Europe
Europe's resource supply is determined primarily by three circumstances. Firstly, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the region's natural resources are used very actively. Secondly, European countries took the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. And finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet. The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources remained largely intact until the end of the twentieth century. In fact, after all, active industrial development Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these features of the Scandinavian subregion are opposite to the properties characteristic of Europe as a whole.
For the world economy important have the following resources located within:
7. Bauxite
Europe has quite large reserves of ore. Iron Ore mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula. Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. In France there are large deposits uranium, and in Norway - titanium. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.
Rice. 2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe ()
Soils Europe is quite fertile. However small area countries and significant population explain low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe. The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the volume of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water, caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.
The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of clean water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and water supply to populated areas. The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century. industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross national product production. The situation with water resources Europe is generally prosperous, with the exception of southern regions Italy, Greece and Spain.
Hydropower resources The Alps, Scandinavian mountains, and Carpathians are rich. Agroclimatic resources . European countries have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability. But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical eras contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and increase their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.
Rice. 3. Agroclimatic map of Foreign Europe
Forest resources. Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. There are almost no forests left untouched by economic activity in Europe, with the exception of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance; in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation. Largest reserves forest resources in Foreign Europe there are Finland, Sweden, and Norway.
Do not forget that the territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. Recreational resources France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.
Homework
Topic 6, P.1
1. What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in Foreign Europe?
2. Give examples of countries in Foreign Europe and their characteristic resources.
References
Main
1. Geography. Basic level. 10-11 grades: textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with set contour maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks Unified State Exam: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single state exam 2012. Geography. Tutorial./ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.
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Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute pedagogical dimensions ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
5. Website of natural and social sciences ().
In Europe in various parts available huge amount valuable natural resources that are raw materials for various fields industry and some of them are used by the population in everyday life. The relief of Europe consists of plains and mountain ranges.
Fossil fuels
A very promising area is the extraction of petroleum products and natural gas. A lot of fuel resources lie in the north of Europe, namely on the coast washed by the Arctic Ocean. About 5-6% of the world's oil and gas reserves are produced here. The region has 21 oil and gas basins and about 1.5 thousand individual gas and oil fields. The extraction of these natural resources is carried out by the UK and Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands.
As for coal, in Europe there are several largest basins in Germany - Aachen, Ruhr, Krefeld and Saar. In the UK, coal is mined in the Welsh and Newcastle basins. A lot of coal is mined in the Upper Silesian basin in Poland. Brown coal deposits are found in Germany, the Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Hungary.
Ore minerals
Mined in Europe different types metal fossils:
- iron ore (in France and Sweden);
- uranium ores (deposits in France and Spain);
- copper (Poland, Bulgaria and Finland);
- bauxites (Mediterranean province - basins of France, Greece, Hungary, Croatia, Italy, Romania).
In European countries they are mined in different quantities polymetallic ores, manganese, zinc, tin and lead. They mainly lie in mountain systems and on the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Non-metallic minerals
Among non-metallic resources, Europe has large reserves of potassium salts. They are mined on a huge scale in France and Germany, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. A variety of apatites are mined in Spain and Sweden. The carbon mixture (asphalt) is mined in France.
Precious and semi-precious stones
Among precious stones emeralds are mined in Norway, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Spain, France and Germany. There are varieties of garnets in Germany, Finland and Ukraine, beryls in Sweden, France, Germany, Ukraine, tourmalines in Italy and Switzerland. Amber is found in the Sicilian and Carpathian provinces, opals - in Hungary, pyrope - in the Czech Republic.
Even though Europe's mineral resources have been heavily exploited throughout history, some areas have quite a lot of resources. If we talk about the global contribution, the region has quite good performance in the production of coal, zinc and lead.
