Dzhokhar Dudayev. Touches to the portrait

Dzhokhar Dudayev was born in 1943 in the village of Yalkhoroy, Galanchozhsky district, Checheno-Ingushetia. He was the thirteenth child in the family. From his first, eldest wife Dana, his father Musa had four sons - Beksalt, Bekmurza, Murzabek and Rustam - and two daughters - Albika and Nurbika. From the second, Rabiat, there are seven - Maharbi, Baskhan, Khalmurz, Johar - and three sisters - Bazu, Basira and Hazu. They say that no one knows the exact date of birth of Dzhokhar. Documents were lost during the deportation of Chechens to Kazakhstan. The date indicated in the personal file is May 15, 1944.

After graduating from the Grozny secondary school in 1960, Dudayev entered the physics and mathematics department of the North Ossetian State University, where he studied until his second year. Then he took the documents, secretly left his parents for Tambov and entered the Military flight school named after Marina Raskova.

In 1966, after graduating from college, he received a diploma with honors. Began service in the Moscow Military District. Then he served for fifteen years in various positions in Siberia. In 1974 he graduated from the command department of the Yu. A. Gagarin Air Force Academy. In 1969 he married Alevtina Kulikova. They had three children: two sons - Ovlur and Degi and a daughter Dana.

Member of the CPSU since 1968. From the party description: “Took an active part in party political work. Speeches were always businesslike and principled in nature. He established himself as a politically mature and conscientious communist. Morally stable. Ideologically consistent..."

In 1985, Dudayev was appointed chief of staff of the aviation division in Poltava. His last position was as commander of a heavy bomber division in the Estonian city of Tartu.

In the fall of 1989, Dudayev was awarded the rank of major general. He has twenty-nine years of military service behind him. Order of the Red Star and Red Banner, more than twenty medals. A brilliant career as a military pilot... But Dudayev decides to radically change his life. A whirlpool engulfs him political events. The Soviet Union is collapsing, extremists and nationalists of all stripes with tacit consent federal center launch ideas about independence and sovereignty. And then, again taking advantage of Moscow’s indecision, they go on an open offensive. Chechnya is no exception.

The call of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin in 1990 for the autonomies to “take as much sovereignty as they can” was literally taken in Chechnya as a guide to action. The leaders of the Vainakh Democratic Party Yandarbiev, Umkhaev and Soslambekov persuade Dudayev to head the Executive Committee of the National Congress Chechen people(IK OKCHN). They needed a leader - bold, decisive, assertive. Dudayev was very suitable for this role.

By the end of 1990, the whole of Chechnya knew the “fiery fighter for democracy,” as the Russian press dubbed Dudayev. He often spoke at rallies and conventions. Here, for example, is an excerpt from a newspaper article about Dudayev: “His brilliant speech, determination and pressure, directness and sharpness of statements - an internal fire that was impossible not to feel - all this created an attractive image of a man capable of coping with the chaos of troubled times. It was a bundle of energy that had been accumulating just for such an hour, a spring, compressed for the time being, but ready to straighten out at the right moment, releasing the accumulated kinetic energy to accomplish a noble task."

Not only Chechnya, but the whole of Russia (and, by and large, the whole world) will soon know what “noble task” Dudayev and his supporters were solving.

Until now, some political scientists naively believe that Dudayev was almost the only figure who managed to lead “democracy” in Chechnya and lead the struggle, first against the partyocracy, and then against all of Russia. In fact, Dudayev, apparently, himself did not understand that he had become a victim of the prevailing circumstances and turned out to be just a pawn in the murky political games of that time. I have repeatedly heard the opinions of very respectable politicians who reasoned something like this: “Knowing Dzhokhar, he should have been awarded the rank of lieutenant general, and then everything would have been fine, and Dudayev would have become completely manageable.” Alas. If Dudayev had not been there, someone else would have come - Yandarbiev or Maskhadov. This, however, is what happened. And what after that? Did the Chechens stop resisting and order was established in the republic? Nothing like this.

The Dudayevs, Maskhadovs, Yandarbievs and the like appeared on political arena not despite, but thanks to the collapse of the Union, in the wake of general chaos and lawlessness, which were called nothing less than “democratic transformations.”

By the way, the future president of the self-proclaimed Ichkeria A. Maskhadov, who served in the Baltic states, took an active part in the events near the Vilnius television center in 1991. “I don’t understand,” he said among his colleagues, “what are these Lithuanians missing?” And it is still unknown what Dzhokhar Dudayev would have done if he had received an order from Moscow to restore order in Estonia, which also declared its independence.

It seems that with his characteristic energy and pressure, Dudayev would have carried out the order.

Another interesting fact. Before writing a report on his dismissal from the Armed Forces and agreeing to lead the “national liberation struggle” in his homeland, Dudayev paid a visit to the commander of the North Caucasus Military District. As the military says, he “tested the waters” to continue serving in the district.

But he was refused.

...Conflicts grew like mushrooms after rain different points Soviet Union. Sumgait, Karabakh, Osh, Abkhazia... And they all had a national coloring. In Chechnya it was a little different. On the one hand, nationalists put forward populist slogans about the freedom and independence of the people “enslaved by Russia,” and on the other hand, a real inter-teip struggle for power began in the republic, which led to the civil war of 1991–1994. But no one spoke about this openly and right then. Many believed that, having come to power, Dudayev managed to unite the nation and became a stronghold of “democracy.” In any case, this is how it was presented on television and in the press.

Moscow was going through its own showdowns; the Center had no time for Chechnya. IN muddy water lawlessness and permissiveness, many hoped to catch their fish. Dudayev took advantage of this and began to create his own armed forces. Moreover, he spoke about it openly. As a military man, he understood well: in order to keep power in his hands, weapons were needed.

On the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia at that moment units and divisions of the district training center(173rd OTC). In weapons rooms, warehouses, and parks there was a large amount of weapons, ammunition, military and automotive equipment, and a lot of food supplies and clothing. In addition, separate air defense units, a training aviation regiment of the Armavir Aviation School of Pilots, units and subunits were also located in the republic internal troops... They all also had weapons and military equipment.

Already in the fall of 1991, cases of attacks not only against military personnel and members of their families, but also against checkpoints of units, warehouses with weapons and ammunition, became more frequent. The commander of the district training center, General P. Sokolov, constantly reported to the district headquarters, in Moscow, about the current situation, demanding an immediate decision to remove weapons and equipment outside Chechnya. In Rostov-on-Don there was nothing they could do to help. We waited, as always, for appropriate orders and instructions from Moscow. And in the capital, it seems, they were waiting to see how they would turn around. further events? Military leadership did not show or did not want to show initiative, was afraid to take responsibility.

Indecision was also evident at the political level. In November 1991, a decree was adopted introducing a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. Paratroopers and special forces even landed in Khankala on transport planes. But the Decree was canceled. We decided not to tease the geese. Virtually all military units in the republic - officers, soldiers, members of their families - became hostages, and a huge arsenal of weapons, ammunition, and military equipment was given over to Dudayev’s plunder.

Dzhokhar, unlike the federal center, acted decisively and assertively.

On November 26, 1991, by his decree, he prohibited all movements of equipment and weapons. He attaches representatives of the “national guard” to the army units, who check cars and documents, as well as property imported and exported from the territory military units. By the same decree, all weapons, equipment and property were “privatized” by the Chechen Republic and were not subject to alienation.

On the same day, November 26, Dudayev summoned General P. Sokolov and the military commissar of the republic, Captain 1st Rank I. Deniev, and stated:

Whoever crosses the borders of Ichkeria will be arrested. The personnel of the district training center should be transferred outside the republic. In the military camps of this center we will place two Chechen divisions, which we will form at the end of the year. All equipment and weapons become the property of the armed forces of the republic. All commanders, including you, report to me personally...

That's it, no more, no less.

On the same days, Nikolai Astashkin, a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper, managed to interview Dudayev. New leader Ichkeria did not hide his plans.

Today,” Dudayev noted, “a national guard of 62 thousand people has been formed in the republic and civil uprising- 300 thousand people. We have begun the legislative development of defense structures and the defense system itself.

Question: Doesn't this mean that you are preparing for war?

I dare to assure you: any armed intervention by Russia in the affairs of Chechnya will mean a new Caucasian war. Moreover, the war is brutal. Over the past three hundred years, we have been taught to survive. And survive not individually, but as a single nation. And other Caucasian peoples will not sit idly by.

Question: Are you saying that if an armed conflict breaks out, it will be a war without rules?

Yes, it will be a war without rules. And rest assured: we are not going to fight on our own territory. We will take this war to where it comes from. Yes, it will be a war without rules...

“Red Star” published the interview in an abbreviated form, smoothing out all the sharp corners.

Since the beginning of 1992, the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District received alarming reports one after another. Here are some of them.

“On the night of January 4-5, unknown persons attacked the checkpoint separate battalion communications. The unit on duty, Major V. Chichkan, was killed.”

“On January 7, to the territory of the post that guarded Lance Sergeant A. Petrukha, two unknown persons entered. Secretly approaching the sentry, they struck him numerous blows on the head and disappeared.”

“On January 9, the duty officer of a separate training automobile battalion, Captain A. Argashokov, was killed.”

“On February 1, in the area of the village of Assinovskaya, unknown persons armed with machine guns seized 100 units of rifled weapons and other military equipment.”

“February 4 - attack on the convoy regiment of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. More than three thousand units of rifled weapons, 184 thousand pieces of ammunition and all the material resources and supplies of the regiment were stolen from the warehouse.”

“February 6 - attack on a military camp of an air defense radio technical regiment. A large number of weapons and ammunition were stolen.”

“On February 8, attacks were carried out on the 15th and 1st military camps of the 173rd district training center. All weapons, ammunition, food and clothing were stolen from the warehouses.”

Cases of attacks on apartments where officers and members of their families lived have become more frequent. The bandits demanded their eviction and threatened them with physical violence.

The situation was becoming threatening.

At the beginning of February 1992, Pavel Grachev visited Grozny. By that time Soviet army no longer existed, the Russian one had not yet been formed. Briefly speaking, complete confusion. Grachev met with the officers of the garrison and negotiated with Dudayev. On February 12, a report addressed to B. Yeltsin was sent under his signature.

"To the President Russian Federation Yeltsin B.N. I report:

A study of the state of affairs on the ground has established that recently the situation in the Chechen Republic has become sharply complicated. Over the course of three days, from February 6 to 9, organized groups of militants attacked and destroyed military camps in order to seize weapons, ammunition and plunder military property.

On February 6–7, the 566th regiment of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was defeated, the location of the 93rd radio technical regiment of the 12th air defense corps and the location of the 382nd training aviation regiment (Khankala village) of the Armavir Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots were captured.

As a result of these illegal actions, about 4 thousand small arms were seized and material damage amounting to over 500 million rubles was caused.

From 18:02 on 8.02 to the present time in the city of Grozny, militants of illegal bandit formations of the Chechen Republic are carrying out attacks on military camps of the 173rd Training Center. The personnel of military units resist illegal actions. There are killed and wounded on both sides. There is a real threat of seizure of weapons and ammunition warehouses, which store more than 50 thousand small arms and a large amount of ammunition.

In addition, the families of military personnel, who, in fact, are hostages of Chechen nationalists, are also in danger. The moral and psychological state of officers, warrant officers and their families is tense, at the limit of what is possible.

In its combat and numerical strength The troops of the North Caucasus Military District and the internal troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs are not able to quickly influence and provide adequate counteraction to the nationalist groups, which are constantly growing in the territory of the North Caucasus.

Considering the current situation in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to have Russian armed forces to protect the interests and ensure the safety of Russian citizens.

I report to your decision.

P. Grachev.

02/12/1992.”

Unfortunately, no clear and intelligible decisions were made at the highest political level. WITH with great difficulty managed to take military personnel and members of their families out of Chechnya. This happened only on July 6, 1992, five months after P. Grachev’s stay in Grozny. And all this time, the Russian military was subjected to all kinds of humiliation and bullying. The war without rules, which Dudayev spoke about in a conversation with a Krasnaya Zvezda journalist, manifested itself in all its glory.

In Moscow they celebrated the victory of the new Russian democracy, and in Grozny the bandits acquired a huge arsenal, so that later, as we already know, they could direct it against Russia. It was also a holiday.

So many weapons fell into Dudayev’s hands that they could have armed a small army to the teeth. European state. There are 40 thousand units of small arms alone left in warehouses and bases! Here are just some numbers: 42 tanks, 34 combat vehicles infantry, 14 armored personnel carriers, 139 artillery systems, 1010 units of anti-tank weapons, 27 anti-aircraft guns and installations, 270 aircraft (of which 5 are combat, the rest are training, could be used as combat), 2 helicopters, 27 wagons of ammunition, 3,050 tons of fuel lubricants, 38 tons of clothing, 254 tons of food...

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Dudayev Dzhokhar Musaevich

Major General of Aviation, who led the movement for Chechnya's secession from the Soviet Union, the first president of Ichkeria (1991-1996), supreme commander during the First Chechen War.

Biography

Dzhokhar Dudayev was born on February 15, 1944 in the village of Yalkhori (Yalhoroi) Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Chechen, native of the Yalkhoroi teip. Was thirteenth youngest child in the family of Musa and Rabiat Dudayev. Dzhokhar's father worked as a veterinarian.

On February 23, 1944, the population of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was subjected to repression and was deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Dzhokhar Dudayev and his family were able to return to Chechnya only in 1957.

Dudayev graduated from the Tambov Military Aviation School and the Yu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy in Moscow.

Military career

In 1962 he began serving in the Soviet Army. He rose to the rank of Major General in the USSR Air Force (Dudaev was the first Chechen general in the Soviet Army). He took part in military operations in Afghanistan in 1979 - 1989. In 1987-1990 he was commander of a heavy bomber division in Tartu (Estonia).

In 1968 he joined the CPSU and did not formally leave the party.

In the fall of 1990, being the head of the garrison of the city of Tartu, Dzhokhar Dudayev refused to carry out the order: to block television and the Estonian parliament. However, this act had no consequences for him.

Political activity

Until 1991, Dudayev visited Chechnya on visits, but in his homeland they remembered him. In 1990, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev convinced Dzhokhar Dudayev of the need to return to Chechnya and lead the national movement. In March 1991 (according to other sources - in May 1990) Dudayev retired and returned to Grozny. In June 1991, Dzhokhar Dudayev headed the Executive Committee of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OCCHN). According to the BBC, Boris Yeltsin's adviser Gennady Burbulis subsequently claimed that Dzhokhar Dudayev assured him of his loyalty to Moscow during a personal meeting.

At the beginning of September 1991, Dudayev led a rally in Grozny that demanded the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that on August 19 the leadership of the CPSU in Grozny supported the actions of the USSR Emergency Committee. On September 6, 1991, a group of armed OKCHN supporters led by Dzhokhar Dudayev and Yaragi Mamadayev burst into the building of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and, at gunpoint, forced the deputies to stop their activities.

On October 1, 1991, by decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was divided into the Chechen and Ingush Republics (without defining borders).

On October 10, 1991, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in its resolution “On political situation in Checheno-Ingushetia" condemned the seizure of power in the republic by the Executive Committee of the OKChN and the dispersal of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia.

President of Ichkeria

On October 27, 1991, Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (CRI). Even after becoming president of Ichkeria, he continued to appear in public in the Soviet military uniform.

On November 1, 1991, with his first decree, Dudayev declared the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichryssia from the Russian Federation, which was not recognized by either the Russian authorities or any foreign states.

On November 7, 1991, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree introducing a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia. In response to this, Dudayev introduced martial law on its territory. The Supreme Soviet of Russia, where Yeltsin's opponents held the majority of seats, did not approve the presidential decree.

At the end of November 1991, Dzhokhar Dudayev created the National Guard, in mid-December he allowed the free carrying of weapons, and in 1992 he created the Ministry of Defense.

On March 3, 1992, Dudayev said that Chechnya would sit down at the negotiating table with the Russian leadership only if Moscow recognized its independence, thus leading possible negotiations to a dead end.

On March 12, 1992, the Chechen Parliament adopted the Constitution of the republic, declaring the Chechen Republic an independent secular state. The Chechen authorities, encountering almost no organized resistance, seized the weapons of Russian military units stationed on the territory of Chechnya.

In August 1992, at the invitation of the King of Saudi Arabia, Aravin Fahd bin Abdulaziz, and the Emir of Kuwait, Jabar el Ahded ak-Sabah, Dzhokhar Dudayev visited these countries. He was given a warm welcome, but his request to recognize the independence of Chechnya was refused.

On April 17, 1993, Dudayev dissolved the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chechen Republic, Parliament, the Constitutional Court of Chechnya and the Grozny City Assembly, introduced direct presidential rule and a curfew throughout Chechnya

In November 1994, formations loyal to Dudayev successfully suppressed the armed uprising of the pro-Russian Chechen opposition. A column of tanks and infantry fighting vehicles, partly staffed by Russian contract soldiers, that entered Grozny was destroyed.

On December 1, 1994, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On some measures to strengthen law and order in the North Caucasus” was issued, which ordered all persons illegally possessing weapons to voluntarily surrender them to Russian law enforcement agencies by December 15.

On December 6, 1994, Dzhokhar Dudayev in the Ingush village of Sleptsovskaya met with the Ministers of Defense of the Russian Federation Pavel Grachev and Internal Affairs Viktor Erin.

First Chechen War

On December 11, 1994, on the basis of the decree of Russian President Boris Yeltsin “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict,” units of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs entered the territory of Chechnya. The first Chechen war began.

According to data from Russian sources, to the beginning of the first Chechen campaign under the command of Dudayev there were about 15 thousand soldiers, 42 tanks, 66 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, 123 guns, 40 anti-aircraft systems, 260 training aircraft, so the advancement federal forces was accompanied by serious resistance from Chechen militias and Dudayev's guards.

By the beginning of February 1995, after heavy bloody battles, the Russian army established control over the city of Grozny and began advancing into the southern regions of Chechnya. Dudayev had to hide in the southern mountainous regions, constantly changing his location.

Assassinations and death

According to media reports, Russian special services twice managed to infiltrate their agents into Dzhokhar Dudayev’s entourage and once bombed his car, but all assassination attempts ended in failure.

On the night of April 22, near the village of Gekhi-Chu, Dzhokhar Dudayev was killed. According to one version, when D. Dudayev got in touch with the deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation K.N. Borov, the signal of his satellite phone was direction-finded, which allowed Russian aviation to carry out a targeted launch of a homing missile.

According to the Constitution of Ichkeria, Dudayev's successor as president was Vice President Zelimkhan Yandarbiev.

Family status

Dzhokhar Dudayev was married and had three children (a daughter and two sons). Wife - Alla Fedorovna Dudaeva, daughter of a Soviet officer, - artist, poetess (literary pseudonym - Aldest), publicist. Author of the books “The First Million: Dzhokhar Dudayev” (2002) and “Chechen Wolf: My Life with Dzhokhar Dudayev” (2005), co-author of the collection “The Ballad of Jihad” (2003).

Memory of Dzhokhar Dudayev

In a number of cities in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine, streets and squares are named after Dzhokhar Dudayev.

Notes

According to Dzhokhar’s wife, Alla Dudayeva, her husband was born in 1943, and the exact date of birth is unknown, since all documents were lost due to deportation, “and there were so many children that no one remembered exactly who was born when” (Ch. . 2): Dudaeva A.F. The first million. M.: Ultra. Culture, 2005.
Dudaeva A.F. The first million. M.: Ultra. Culture, 2005. Ch. 2.
Obituary: Dzhokhar Dudayev / Tony Barber // Independent, 04/25/1996.
Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia / edited by Bernard A. Cook. Routledge, 2014. P. 322.
Kort M. The Handbook of the Former Soviet Union. Twenty-First Century Books, 1997; Chronicle of an armed conflict. Comp. A.V. Cherkasov and O.P. Orlov. M.: Human Rights Center "Memorial".
Chronicle of an armed conflict. Comp. A.V. Cherkasov and O.P. Orlov. M.: Human Rights Center "Memorial".

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Name: Dzhokhar Dudayev

Age: 52 years old

Activity: Officer, political figure

Family status: was married

Dzhokhar Dudayev: biography

The biography of Dzhokhar Dudayev was extremely eventful, and the men still remember quotes and statements. The leader's personality is controversial, some call him a hero, while others call him a terrorist.

Childhood and youth

Dzhokhar Musaevich Dudayev was born in the village of Yalkhoroi, Galanchozhsky district, USSR, today an abandoned place. The boy was the 13th child of Musa and Rabiat Dudayev. Dzhokhar had 3 brothers and 3 sisters, as well as 4 half-brothers and 2 sisters, who were his father’s children from a previous marriage. The boy's father was a veterinarian.

Exact date Dzhokhar’s birth is unknown, because all documents were lost during the deportation, and due to large quantity The children's parents could not remember all the dates. According to one version, Dzhokhar was born on February 15, 1944, but some sources suggest that he could have been born in 1943.

8 days after the birth of the boy, the Dudayev family was deported to the Pavlodar region of the Kazakh SSR during the mass resettlement of Chechens and Ingush.

The death of the father had strong influence on the identity of a six-year-old boy. Dzhokhar's brothers and sisters studied poorly and often skipped school, but the boy tried to study and was even elected class leader. Through a short time The Dudayev family was transported to Shymkent (now Shymkent), where Dzhokhar studied until the 6th grade.

And in 1957, the family returned to their native land and settled in Grozny. After 2 years, he graduated from high school No. 45, and then began working as an electrician at SMU-5. Dzhokhar simultaneously studied in the 10th grade of evening school No. 55, from which he graduated a year later.

In 1960 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the North Ossetian Pedagogical Institute. After completing the 1st course, secretly from his mother, he went to Tambov, where he attended a course of lectures on specialized training and entered the Tambov VVAUL named after M. M. Raskova. Due to the fact that Chechens were secretly equated with enemies, upon admission to educational institution Dzhokhar lied that he was Ossetian. But, receiving a diploma with honors, Dudayev insisted that his real nationality be included in his personal file.

Career

Dzhokhar Dudayev served in command positions Air Force combat units since 1962. After graduating from college in 1966, Dzhokhar was sent to Shaikov airfield Kaluga region, where a man filled the vacancy of assistant commander airship.

In 1968 he joined the ranks Communist Party, and in 1971 he entered the command department of the Yu. A. Gagarin Air Force Academy, graduating educational institution in 1974. In parallel with his training, since 1979 he served in the 1225th heavy bomber air regiment. There, in the future, he will first hold the position of deputy commander of an air regiment, after the chief of staff, detachment commander and subsequently regiment commander.

In 1982 he was appointed chief of staff, and from 1985 to 1989 he was transferred to the same position in Poltava (Ukraine). According to his colleagues at the time, Dzhokhar was an emotional, but at the same time honest and decent person. Then the man had convinced communist views.

General Dzhokhar Dudayev

In 1988, a combat mission was carried out in western region Afghanistan on board a bomber. He introduced the technique of carpet bombing enemy positions. But Dzhokhar denied the fact of active participation in military operations against the Islamists. Dzhokhar was awarded the rank of Major General in 1989.

After the events in Vilnius, Dudayev made a statement on Estonian radio. He noted that if Soviet troops will be sent to Estonia, he will not allow them through the airspace.

As he recalls, in January 1991, when he visited Tallinn, Dzhokhar provided him with his own car. On it, Boris Yeltsin returned to Leningrad.

On October 27, 1991, Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Even after receiving this position, the man continued to appear in public in military uniform.

Dudayev’s first instruction was the declaration of independence from the Russian Federation, which was not recognized by foreign states and the Russian authorities. In November of the same year, the National Guard was created, and in mid-December the free carrying of weapons was allowed.

In March next year The Constitution of the Chechen Republic was adopted, in which the state was declared independent. In April 1993, direct presidential rule and a curfew were introduced in Chechnya.

Chechen War

Based on the decree of Russian President Boris Yeltsin, on December 11, 1994, Russian troops entered the territory of Chechnya. This is how the First Chechen War began.

Based on Russian sources, Dudayev commanded, among other things, 15 thousand soldiers, 42 tanks, 66 infantry fighting vehicles and armored vehicles, as well as 40 anti-aircraft systems. On the aviation side, there were 260 training aircraft, and the FSB’s advance was accompanied by serious resistance.

By the beginning of 1995, after terrible bloody battles, the Russian army established control over the city of Grozny and continued to advance to the south of the republic. Dudayev was hiding in the mountains, constantly changing his location.

Personal life

At the time when Dzhokhar Dudayev met Alevtina (Alla) Fedorovna Kulikova, he was an Air Force lieutenant. The acquaintance took place in the Kaluga region, in the military town of Shaikovka.

In 1969, Dzhokhar married Alevtina, three children were born into the family: two sons - Avlur, born on December 24, 1969, and Degi - born on May 25, 1983, as well as a daughter, Danu, born in 1973. According to information as of 2006, Dzhokhar has 5 grandchildren.

His wife shared garrison life with Dzhokhar and went with him all the way: from lieutenant to general. Despite all the difficulties, in her personal life Alla Dudayeva constantly supported her husband, staying with him until the most ill-fated moment.

Death

Since the beginning of the First Chechen War, Dudayev was hunted by Russian special services. Three attempts on Dudayev's life ended in failure. The first attempt was made by a sniper, but he missed. The second murder attempt occurred on May 24, 1994; it was decided to blow up Dzhokhar’s car. But then the Mercedes that Dudayev was driving was thrown several meters and overturned. Neither the man nor his guards were injured.

The third case is an attempt to destroy the leader’s house using aviation. A radio beacon was placed in the building. It must be said that Dudayev was always famous for the instinct of the beast: he left the house with all the security 5 minutes before the release of an aircraft missile.

On April 21, 1996, Russian special services detected a signal from Dudayev’s satellite phone in the area of the village of Gekhi-chu, 30 km from Grozny. In this regard, Su-25 attack aircraft with homing missiles were launched into the air.

Presumably, Dudayev was destroyed by a missile strike; this happened directly during a telephone conversation with State Duma deputy Konstantin Borov. Borovoy himself is not sure that Dudayev was eliminated precisely during the conversation. By individual information, Dzhokhar was going to speak with Moroccan representative Hassan II. The man called him a possible candidate for mediation in negotiations with the Kremlin.

Documentary film “Illusion” about Dzhokhar Dudayev

After this incident, there were many rumors that Dzhokhar Dudayev was alive. Some politicians said that the man was hiding in Istanbul. But the final point in this story was the footage dated April 23, 1996. In the early 2000s, Vesti journalists presented to the public a photo of a dead, burned Dudayev.

In one of the interviews he admitted that he loved and respected Dzhokhar Dudayev. The people strongly supported the leader, otherwise people would not have followed him.

Dzhokhar Dudayev received several awards: 2 orders and 4 medals.

The location of Dudayev's grave is unknown.

Memory

The first memorial plaque in memory of Dzhokhar Dudayev was unveiled on July 20, 1997 in the city of Tartu (Estonia) on the wall of the Barclay Hotel. The inscription on it reads: “The first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, General Dzhokhar Dudayev, worked in this house in 1987-1991.”
On September 20, 2007, a plaque was opened in Poltava at house number 6 on Nikitchenko Street.
Square named after Dzhokhar Dudayev in Vilnius - in September 1998, a stone monument was unveiled in the park named after Dzhokhar Dudayev, which is located in the Vilnius microdistrict Žvėrynas. It contains lines from the poet Sigitas Gyada dedicated to Dudayev.

The inscription in Lithuanian reads:

“Oh, son! If you wait until the next century, and, stopping in the high Caucasus, look around: do not forget that here too there were men who raised the people and came out to freedom to defend the holy ideals” (literal translation)

1992 – documentary"Dookie."
2017 – documentary film “Illusion”.
2003 – book “The First Million: Dzhokhar Dudayev”, author Alla Dudayeva.
Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev.

Source - Wikipedia

Dudayev, Dzhokhar Musaevich (Chech. Dudiin Musa-kIant Zhovkhar; February 15, 1944, Yalkhoroy, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - April 21, 1996, Gekhi-chu, Chechen Republic) - Chechen political figure, leader of the Chechen separatist movement of the 1990s , first president of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991-1996). In the past, he was a major general of aviation, the only Chechen general in the Soviet Army. Member of the CPSU since 1968. Generalissimo of the CRI (1996).
Proclaimed the state sovereignty of the Chechen Republic and its secession from the Russian Federation. After the entry of Russian federal troops into Chechnya, he led the armed resistance. In April 1996, he was killed as a result of an operation by Russian special services.

Dzhokhar Dudayev was born on February 15, 1944 in the village of Pervomaisky, Galanchozhsky District, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (now Achkhoy-Martan District of the Chechen Republic). He was the youngest thirteenth child of the veterinarian Musa and Rabiat Dudayev, he had three brothers and three sisters and four brothers and two half-sisters (his father’s children from a previous marriage). His exact date of birth is unknown: during the deportation, all documents were lost, and due to the large number of children, the parents could not remember all the dates (Alla Dudayeva in her book “The First Million: Dzhokhar Dudayev” writes that Dzhokhar’s year of birth could have been 1943, and not 1944). Dzhokhar came from the Yalkhoroi taipa. His mother Rabiat came from the Nashkhoi taipa, from Khaibakh. Eight days after his birth, the Dudayev family was deported to the Pavlodar region of the Kazakh SSR, among many thousands of Chechens and Ingush during the mass deportation of Chechens and Ingush in February 1944. At the same time, his maternal grandparents were burned alive in the village of Khaibakh.
According to Russian political scientist Sergei Kurginyan, in exile the Dudayev family accepted the Viskhadji vird (a religious brotherhood established by Vis-Hadji Zagiev) of the Kadyri persuasion of Sufi Islam:
Qadiriyya received a particularly strong impetus for development after the deportation of Chechens to Kazakhstan in 1944. In the 50s, in the Tselinograd region of the Kazakh SSR, among the Chechens evicted there, the youngest and most radical vird of Qadiriyya was formed - the vird of Vis-Hadzhi Zagiev. During the exile of the Dudayev family to Kazakhstan (they returned only in 1957), Dzhokhar’s elder brother, Bekmuraz, joined the vird of Vis-Hadzhi Zagiev. Today, Bekmuraz is a member of the group of ustaz (mentors) of this vird. Dzhokhar Dudayev placed his bet on this youngest and largest vird of the Qadiri tariqa in Chechnya. The Council of Elders was formed mainly from the vird of Vis-Hadji Zagiev and other virds of Qadiriyya. The Ustazes of Naqshbandiyya were declared a “hornet’s nest of the KGB”, and the followers of Vis-Hadji Zagiev were the purest supporters of the national idea.
When Dzhokhar was six years old, Musa died, which had a strong impact on his personality: his brothers and sisters studied poorly and often skipped school, while Dzhokhar studied well and was even elected head of the class.
After some time, the Dudayevs, along with other deported Caucasians, were transported to Chimkent, where Dzhokhar studied until the sixth grade, after which in 1957 the family returned to their homeland and settled in Grozny. In 1959 he graduated from secondary school No. 45, then began working as an electrician at SMU-5, while at the same time studying in the 10th grade at evening school No. 55, which he graduated a year later. In 1960, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the North Ossetian Pedagogical Institute, but after the first year, secretly from his mother, he left for Tambov, where, after listening to a year-long course of lectures on specialized training, he entered the Tambov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots named after M. M. Raskova (1962-1966) (since Chechens were then secretly equated with enemies of the people, upon admission Dzhokhar had to lie that he was an Ossetian, however, receiving a diploma with honors, he insisted that his real origin be entered in his personal file).

IN Armed Forces USSR since 1962, served in command positions in Air Force combat units. After graduating from college in 1966, he was sent to the 52nd Guards Instructor Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Shaikovka airfield, Kaluga region) to the position of assistant aircraft commander. In 1968 he joined the ranks of the Communist Party. In 1971 he entered and in 1974 graduated from the command department of the Air Force Academy. Yu. A. Gagarin.
Since 1970, he served in the 1225th heavy bomber air regiment (Belaya garrison in the Usolsky district of the Irkutsk region (Sredny village), Transbaikal Military District), where in subsequent years he successively held the positions of deputy commander of the air regiment (1976-1978), chief of staff (1978 -1979), detachment commander (1979-1980), commander of this regiment (1980-1982). (Subsequently renamed into the 200th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment - 200 Guards TBAP).
In 1982 he became chief of staff of the 31st heavy bomber division of the 30th air army, and in 1985-1987 he was transferred as chief of staff to the 13th guards heavy bomber air division (Poltava): he “was remembered by many Poltava residents with whom fate brought him together. According to his former colleagues, he was a hot-tempered, emotional and at the same time extremely honest and decent person. At that time he still remained a convinced communist and was responsible for political work with personnel.”
In 1986-1987, he took part in the war in Afghanistan: according to representatives of the Russian command, he was first involved in developing a plan of action for strategic aviation in the country, then on board a Tu-22MZ bomber from the 132nd heavy bomber regiment of Long-Range Aviation, he personally flew combat missions in western regions of Afghanistan, introducing the so-called technique. carpet bombing of enemy positions. Dudayev himself always denied the fact of his active participation in military operations against Islamists in Afghanistan.
In 1987-1991, he was the commander of the strategic 326th Tarnopol heavy bomber division of the 46th strategic air army (Tartu, Estonian SSR), at the same time acting as head of the military garrison. The rank of major general of aviation was awarded in 1989.
“Dudayev was a well-trained officer. He graduated from the Gagarin Academy and commanded a regiment and division with dignity. He firmly controlled the aviation group during the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Battle. He was distinguished by restraint, calmness and concern for people. In his division, a new training base was equipped, canteens and airfield life were equipped, and strict statutory order was established in the Tartu garrison. Dzhokhar was deservedly awarded the rank of major general of aviation,” recalled Hero of Russia Army General Pyotr Deinekin
After the events in Vilnius, Dudayev spoke on Estonian radio, saying that if Soviet troops were sent to Estonia, he would not allow them through airspace.
According to the memoirs of Galina Starovoitova, in January 1991, during Boris Yeltsin’s visit to Tallinn, Dudayev provided Yeltsin with his car, in which Yeltsin returned from Tallinn to Leningrad.
On June 20, 1997, a memorial plaque in memory of Dudayev was installed on the building of the Barclay Hotel in Tartu.

On November 23-25, 1990, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected an Executive Committee headed by Chairman Dzhokhar Dudayev.
In March 1991, Dudayev demanded the self-dissolution of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. In May, the retired general accepted an offer to return to Checheno-Ingushetia and lead the growing social movement. On June 9, 1991, at the second session of the Chechen National Congress, Dudayev was elected chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN (National Congress of the Chechen People), into which the former executive committee of the CHNS was transformed. From that moment on, Dudayev, as the head of the Executive Committee of the OKChN, began the formation of parallel authorities in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declaring that the deputies of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic “did not live up to the trust” and declaring them “usurpers.”
The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became a catalyst for the aggravation of the political situation in the republic. The Chechen-Ingush Republican Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Council and the government supported the State Emergency Committee, but the OKCHN opposed the State Emergency Committee. On August 19, at the initiative of the Vainakh Democratic Party, a rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to be held under the slogans of the resignation of the Supreme Council along with its chairman. On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Dzhokhar Dudayev read out an appeal in which he called the leadership of the republic “criminals, bribe-takers, embezzlers” and announced that from “September 5 until the holding of democratic elections, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations.” On September 6, the Supreme Council of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was dispersed by armed supporters of the OKCHN. Dudayevites beat up the deputies and threw the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, out of the window. As a result, the head of the city was killed and more than 40 deputies were injured. Two days later, Dudayev’s troops captured the Severny airport and CHPP-1, and blocked the center of Grozny.

On October 27, 1991, presidential elections were held in Checheno-Ingushetia, won by Dzhokhar Dudayev, who received 90.1% of the votes. With his first decree, Dudayev proclaimed the independence of the self-proclaimed Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (CRI) from the RSFSR, which was not recognized by either the Russian authorities or any foreign states, except for the partially recognized Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (after Dudayev’s death). November 2 Congress people's deputies The RSFSR recognized the past elections as invalid, and on November 7, Russian President Boris Yeltsin issued a decree introducing a state of emergency in Chechnya-Ingushetia, but it was never implemented. In response to this, Dudayev introduced martial law in the territory under his control. There was an armed seizure of the buildings of law enforcement ministries and departments, the disarmament of military units, the blocking of military camps of the Ministry of Defense, and railway and air transportation was stopped. OKCHN called on Chechens living in Moscow to “turn the capital of Russia into a disaster zone.”
On November 11, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, where Yeltsin’s opponents had the majority of seats, did not approve the presidential decree, in fact supporting the self-proclaimed republic.
In November-December, the parliament of the ChRI decided to abolish the existing government bodies in the republic and to recall the people's deputies of the USSR and the RSFSR from the ChRI. Dudayev's decree introduced the right of citizens to purchase and store firearms.

In December-February, the seizure of abandoned weapons continued. At the beginning of February, the 556th regiment of internal troops was defeated, and attacks were carried out on military units. More than 4 thousand small arms, approximately 3 million pieces of various ammunition, etc. were stolen.

In January 1992, Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia was overthrown as a result of an armed coup. Dudayev sent a plane and a special group led by his personal bodyguard Abu Arsanukaev to pick up the Gamsakhurdia family in Yerevan. Dudayev placed the Gamsakhurdia family in his residence in Grozny. In February, Dudayev and Gamsakhurdia unveiled a project to create the “Union of Military Forces of Transcaucasia” - uniting all North Caucasian and Transcaucasian states into a league of republics independent from Russia.
On March 3, Dudayev said that Chechnya would sit down at the negotiating table with the Russian leadership only if Moscow recognized its independence. Nine days later, on March 12, the CRI parliament adopted the Constitution of the CRI, declaring it an independent secular state. On March 13, Gamsakhurdia signed a decree recognizing state independence Chechnya, and on March 29, Dudayev signed a decree recognizing Georgia as an independent state. The Chechen authorities, encountering almost no organized resistance, seized the weapons of Russian military units stationed on the territory of Chechnya. By May the Dudayevites captured 80% military equipment and 75% of small arms of the total quantity available to the military in Chechnya. At the same time, after the coup in Azerbaijan, when the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, led by its leader Abulfaz Elchibey, came to power in the country, Dudayev established contact with the new leadership of this South Caucasian republic. In an exclusive interview given in 2005, ex-president Georgian Eduard Shevardnadze told the following:

After Abulfaz Elchibey became the President of Azerbaijan, to establish relations, I called him and offered to meet. He told me that he doesn’t have time yet, and when necessary, he will inform me additionally. Exactly 6 months after that we met in Baku. At the beginning of the conversation, Elchibey asked me: “Do you want to meet with the President of Chechnya, Dzhokhar Dudayev?” I said that I came to Baku to meet with Elchibey, not Dudayev. He said: “Dudayev is waiting for you on the floor below, I ask you to meet him.” This was at a time when the Chechens fought in Abkhazia against us...
Elchibey and I went downstairs. I greeted Dudayev warmly according to Caucasian custom. He suggested that I create an anti-Russian union and make a statement on this matter. I knew the strength of Russia and therefore calmly declared that Georgia could not lead against Russia. Dudayev listened to me and said that if I refuse, he will make a similar request to Elchibey. There was no longer a topic to continue the conversation, and I returned to my homeland. Then I heard nothing about this alliance.

On July 25, Dudayev spoke at an emergency congress Karachay people and condemned Russia for trying to prevent the highlanders from gaining independence, promising the Karachais to provide any assistance “in the fight for the long-awaited freedom and national dignity.” In August, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and Emir of Kuwait Jaber al-Sabah invited Dudayev to visit their countries as President of the Chechen Republic. During lengthy audiences with the king and emir, Dudayev raised the issue of establishing diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level, but the Arab monarchs stated that they would be ready to recognize the independence of Chechnya only after appropriate consultations with Russia and the United States. As a result of the visit, no documents were signed: according to the representative of the Chechen Foreign Ministry Artur Umansky, the Arab leaders wanted to avoid reproaches from Moscow. Nevertheless, at the unofficial level, the monarchs demonstrated their affection to Dudayev in every possible way. King Fahd visited with him the holy city of Medina for Muslims and the main shrine of Islam, the al-Kaaba temple in Mecca, thereby performing the lesser hajj. The Emir of Kuwait hosted a gala dinner in honor of Dudayev in the presence of ambassadors from 70 countries. In Saudi Arabia, the Chechen leader also held talks with the President of Albania, Sali Berisha, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haris Silajdzic, who were there.
After this, Dudayev makes visits to the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and Turkey. At the end of September, Dzhokhar Dudayev visited Bosnia, where at that time there was a civil war. However, at the Sarajevo airport, Dudayev and his plane were arrested by French peacekeepers. Dudayev was released only after a telephone conversation between the Kremlin and UN headquarters.
After this, Dzhokhar Dudayev headed to the United States, accompanied by Deputy Prime Minister Mairbek Mugadayev and the mayor of Grozny, Bislan Gantemirov. According to official sources, the purpose of the visit was to establish contacts with American entrepreneurs for the joint development of Chechen oil fields. The visit ended on October 17, 1992.

By the beginning of 1993, economic and military situation on the territory of Chechnya escalated, Dudayev lost his previous support.
On February 19, by his decision, Dudayev approved the constitution of the Chechen Republic, according to which a presidential republic was introduced. A survey was organized on the approval of the Constitution, in which, as Dudayev’s supporters claimed, 117 thousand people took part, of which 112 thousand approved the project.
On April 15, an open-ended opposition rally began on Teatralnaya Square in Grozny. The parliament accepted a call to citizens to restore legitimate power in the republic and scheduled a referendum on confidence in the parliament and the president for June 5. In response to this, on April 17, 1993, Dudayev dissolved the ChRI government, parliament, constitutional court and Grozny city assembly, introducing direct presidential rule and curfew throughout Chechnya, and appointed Zelimkhan Yandarbiev as vice-president.
Shortly before the referendum, armed Dudayevites staged a destruction of the Central Election Commission. On June 4, an opposition rally was shot at, the buildings of the Grozny City Hall and the Central Internal Affairs Directorate were stormed, as a result of which approximately 50 people were killed.
At 3:30 a.m. on August 8, several unknown persons burst into Dudayev’s office, located on the 9th floor of the presidential palace, and opened fire, but the guards returned fire in response to the shots, and the attackers fled. Dudayev was not injured during the assassination attempt.

In the summer of 1993, constant armed clashes took place on the territory of Chechnya. The opposition is being pushed out to the north of the republic, where alternative authorities have been formed. At the end of the year, Chechnya refuses to take part in elections State Duma and a referendum on the constitution, the parliament opposes the inclusion in the new Constitution of the Russian Federation of a provision on Chechnya as a subject of the Russian Federation.
By the beginning of 1994, Dudayev's regime was weakened by internal contradictions, instability and collapse of governance. The opposition forms the Supreme Council of Chechnya, headed by Umar Avturkhanov. In response, Dudayev is launching new repressions against the opposition. In particular, in August, more than 200 oppositionists were killed in the Urus-Martan region. On August 10, a National Congress was held in Grozny, organized by Dudayev’s supporters. The congress spoke in favor of general mobilization and the declaration of a “holy war” on Russia.
On September 20, Umar Avturkhanov said that all peaceful ways to solve the Chechen problem had been exhausted. On September 30, helicopters of the Provisional Council raided the Grozny airfield, destroying part of Dudayev’s aircraft.
On October 15, the forces of the Provisional Council entered Grozny, encountering virtually no resistance, but then retreated from the city, as if having received some order from Moscow. After receiving armored vehicles, the military potential of the Provisional Council increased significantly. On November 17, preparations began for a new assault on Grozny.
On the morning of November 26, 1994, Grozny was shelled and stormed by Russian special services and opposition forces. Three armed columns entered Grozny in three directions. The television center was occupied without a fight, and three tanks remained near it. It was also reported that the Presidential Palace was taken by a detachment of field commander Ruslan Labazanov who participated in the assault on the opposition side. The tankers who took up positions near the television center were soon attacked by the “Abkhaz battalion” of Shamil Basayev and surrendered to the security guards of the television center. By the end of the day on November 26, the forces of the Provisional Council left Grozny. The defeat of the opposition was due to the different goals of its constituent groups, the limitation of the planning of the operation by the capture of the center of Grozny and the involvement of Dudayev by the regime great forces to repel the assault. Dudayev’s forces captured Russian military personnel who fought on the side of the opposition under a contract with Federal service counterintelligence of the Russian Federation.
After the unsuccessful assault on Grozny, the opposition could only count on military assistance from the center. On December 11, units of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Internal Affairs entered the territory of Chechnya on the basis of the decree of Russian President Boris Yeltsin “On measures to suppress the activities of illegal armed groups on the territory of the Chechen Republic and in the zone of the Ossetian-Ingush conflict.”

At the direction of Dzhokhar Dudayev, camps for holding prisoners of war and civilians were created in Chechnya, sometimes called concentration camps.
On June 14, 1995, a raid by a detachment of militants under the command of Shamil Basayev on the city of Budyonnovsk (Stavropol Territory) took place, accompanied by a massive hostage-taking in the city. This action led to the death of about 100 civilians. After the events in Budyonnovsk, Dudayev awarded orders to the personnel of Basayev’s detachment. On July 21, 1995, Dudayev awarded Basayev the rank of brigadier general.

From the very beginning of the first Chechen war, Russian special services were hunting Dudayev. Three attempts ended in failure. On April 21, 1996, Russian special services located the signal from Dudayev’s satellite phone in the area of the village of Gekhi-chu, 30 km from Grozny. 2 Su-25 attack aircraft with homing missiles were lifted into the air. Presumably, Dudayev was killed by a missile strike right during a telephone conversation with State Duma deputy Konstantin Borov. Alla Dudayeva, in an interview with the Kommersant newspaper, said that she was next to Dzhokhar at the time of his death. She said, in particular:

And then Dzhokhar started talking to Borov. He told me: “Go to the ravine.” And here I am standing with Vakha Ibragimov on the edge of the ravine, early spring, the birds are singing. And one bird is crying - as if moaning from a ravine. I didn’t know then that it was a cuckoo. And suddenly - a rocket hit behind me. I stood about twelve meters from Dzhokhar and was thrown into a ravine. Out of my peripheral vision I saw a yellow flame. I started to get out. I look - there is no UAZ. And then the second blow. One of the guards fell on top of me; he wanted to lock me up. When it calmed down, he stood up, and I heard Viskhan, Dzhokhar’s nephew, crying. I got out, I don’t understand where everything disappeared: neither the UAZ, nor Vakha Ibragimov, I was walking as if in a dream and then I tripped over Dzhokhar. He was already dying. I didn’t hear his last words, but he managed to tell our guard, Musa Idigov: “Bring the matter to the end.” We picked him up and carried him to the second UAZ, because what was left from the first one was a pile of metal. Hamad Kurbanov and Magomed Zhaniev were killed, Vakha was wounded. Dzhokhar was put in the back seat of the UAZ, Viskhan sat next to the driver, and I hid behind the window. They were supposed to come for Vakha later. They still thought that Dzhokhar could be saved. Although I already understood then that it was impossible, I felt such a hole in his head, on the right...

Borovoy himself is not sure that Dudayev was liquidated precisely during a telephone conversation with him. The place where Dudayev was buried is unknown.
15 years later, details of Dudayev’s liquidation appeared in the Russian press.
Despite his death, immediately after it and subsequently there were repeated reports that Dudayev might be alive. In June 1996, his son-in-law Salman Raduev, also previously declared “killed,” held a press conference in Grozny and swore on the Koran that Dudayev survived the assassination attempt and that on July 5, three months after the liquidation of Dzhokhar, he met with him in one of European countries. He said that the wounded general was taken from the scene of the incident by car by representatives of the OSCE mission to the location indicated by him safe place, that at the moment the President of Chechnya is hiding abroad and “will definitely return when necessary.” Raduev’s statements had a loud resonance in the press, but Dudayev did not appear at the appointed “hour X”. Once in Lefortovo, Raduev repented that he had stated this “for the sake of politics.”
In August 2001, the President of Chechnya, Akhmat Kadyrov, said that Dudayev might be alive. According to him, there is no reason to assert that Dudayev was not killed, but there is also no reason to confidently state the opposite, and suggested that as part of the 1996 presidential campaign, Boris Yeltsin’s election headquarters advised him to quickly end the conflict in Chechnya and conduct peace negotiations with any representatives of the separatists, with the exception of Dudayev, who was considered in the country to be the initiator of the conflict. However, Kadyrov does not provide any details of the operation to take Dudayev “into the shadows.” Kadyrov's statement was later refuted.
In September 2003, the representative office of the Regional Operational Headquarters for the management of counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus, citing separatist Internet resources, reported that they had information about the possible appearance of its double in the Pankisi Gorge in Georgia. It was stated that they were “preparing to present him in front of television cameras in Turkey” shortly before the presidential elections scheduled in the republic in order to destabilize the situation.

Family
On September 12, 1969, Dzhokhar Dudayev married the daughter of Major Alevtina (Alla) Dudayeva (née Surikova) and they had three children: two sons - Avlur (Ovlur, “first-born lamb”) (born December 24, 1969) and Degi (born 25 May 1983) - and daughter Dana (born in 1973). According to information from 2006, Dzhokhar Dudayev has five grandchildren.
Avlur was wounded in February 1995 while participating in the battles for Argun (there was a version that he died there), but Dzhokhar’s former fellow soldier Vytautas Eidukaitis managed to take him to Lithuania, where on March 26, 2002 Avlur received citizenship in the name Oleg Zakharovich Davydov (his date of birth was changed to December 27, 1970). Citizenship itself caused criticism in Lithuania itself because it was issued in one day. Avlur is married and, according to 2013, he and his children live in Sweden, where Avlur prefers to distance himself as much as possible from any publicity.
Degi, according to 2011 data, has Georgian citizenship, but also lives in Lithuania, having a residence permit there. In 2004 he graduated from the Higher Diplomatic College International Relations in Baku and in 2009 - Technical University in Vilnius. In 2012, he took part in the Georgian show “The Moment of Truth” (the Georgian analogue of the American show “The Moment of Truth”) and became the first in the history of the Georgian version whom the detector could not catch in a lie. Most of the questions he was asked were about his father and his attitude towards Russia:
Host: Do you hate the Russian people?
Degi: No.
Host: If the opportunity presented itself, would you avenge your father?
Degi: Yes.
He refused to answer the super question because he was probably confused by the previous one:
Host: Do you think that Chechen traditions limit human freedom?
Degi: Yes.
According to 2013 data, he runs the VEO company in Lithuania, specializing in solar energy. In May 2013, Degi was charged with producing false documents. Immediately after his arrest, his mother Alla called what was happening “a provocation of the Russian special services.” Degi himself, however, admitted his guilt and, by a court decision in December 2014, was fined 3,250 litas.
Dana, while still in Russia, married Masud Dudayev and they had four children. In August 1999, they left Russia and lived for some time in Azerbaijan, then moved to Lithuania and then to Turkey, where they stayed until 2010. Then in June of the same year, their family tried to obtain political asylum in Sweden (where Avlur was already living), but was unsuccessful, as local authorities found many inconsistencies between the documents and the couple’s words. The family tried to appeal the refusal of the Swedish authorities in a Stockholm court, but in March 2013 it upheld the authorities' decision. Dudaev was also denied permission to appeal the court ruling. They did not appeal to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, despite the fact that they had such an opportunity, because they believed that if they lost, the Swedish authorities would deport them to Russia. In July 2013, Dana and two children left for Germany, and Masud and two others went to the UK (they crossed the border illegally), where they now live with Akhmed Zakaev. There, Massoud asked the British government for protection, but this too was denied to the family, and British authorities began attempting to deport them back to Sweden. Then the family filed a lawsuit demanding a review of the decision of the UK Home Office, but in June 2015, the High Court of London recognized the Home Office decision as law.

Statements
“Russia can only be defeated by force”
After Russian aviation destroyed several combat training aircraft based in the suburbs of Grozny, Dudayev said: “I congratulate the leadership of the Russian Air Force on achieving dominance in the skies of Ichkeria. Meet me on the ground."
“I dare to assure those who in the White House are giving completely insane orders and are ready to cause global bloodshed on our soil: we will deal a terrible blow. 30 minutes will be enough to have a mountain of corpses. And the grief of the mothers of Russian soldiers will be immeasurable.”
“We can be so useful to Russia that she herself doesn’t even suspect it. We are very Good friends, although very disgustingly predatory enemies."
“There is no such force in the world, no such weapon that could break our spirit.”

Interesting Facts
In the early 90s, Dzhokhar Dudayev banned the showing of the animated series “Well, wait a minute!” on Chechen television. According to the general, the image of the wolf was insulted in him - state symbol independent Ichkeria.
Chechen bard Timur Mutsuraev dedicated several of his songs to Dzhokhar Dudayev.

Chechnya is famous for its unique mountain landscapes, for which many fought brave heroes. The spirit of freedom flows in the veins of the dignified Chechen people. For a long time, Dzhokhar Dudayev was an example of the unique strong-willed character of this small country. The biography of the ruler, like the fate of Chechnya itself, is quite rich and tragic. The son of his proud nation defended the interests of his small republic until the end of his life. What was he like, General Dzhokhar Dudayev?

The biography of the highest elder of the first Chechen military operations takes us back to the distant year 1944. It became very fateful for Chechen population. It was then that Stalin gave the order to expel the Chechens from the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Central Asian and Kazakh lands. This action of the central authorities was explained by the fact that male population The Chechen state was engaged in robberies and robberies. It was this year that Dzhokhar Musaevich was born, who in the future will lead the process for Chechnya’s secession from the USSR.

The making of a future commander

So, after deportation, the Dudayev family ended up in Kazakhstan (in the Pavlodar region). How did Dudayev Dzhokhar Musaevich spend his youth? The biography of the Chechen celebrity leads to the village of Pervomaiskoye, in the Galanchozhsky district of the Chechen-Ingush state. It was here that Dzhokhar was born. Some materials indicate the date of birth as February 15, but there is no exact confirmation of this. His father's name was Musa, and his mother's name was Rabiat. They raised 13 children, the youngest was Dzhokhar Dudayev. The family consisted of 7 children born in this marriage, and 6 children of the father from a previous marriage.

The boy's father died when he was only 6 years old. Dzhokhar was a diligent student, which cannot be said about his brothers and sisters. One day after leadership skills he was elected head of the class. Upon returning to their native places, in 1957, the Dudayev family, already without their father, stopped in Grozny.

After graduating from school (in 1960), Dzhokhar became a student at the North Ossetian Pedagogical University. He chose the direction of physics and mathematics. But he studied there for only one year. Where does Dzhokhar Dudayev go next?

His biography continues in the Tambov Higher Military aviation school, where he studied for 4 years. During these years, Dzhokhar had to carefully hide his Chechen origin, calling himself an Ossetian. Only after receiving his education document, in 1966, did he insist that his true origin be written down in his personal documents.

Army and military career

He began his career in combat units of the Air Force military service Dzhokhar Dudayev. The photos perfectly demonstrate his military bearing. As soon as he graduated military school, he was sent as an assistant aircraft commander to the Shaikovka airfield in the Kaluga region. After 2 years of service, he joined the ranks of the Communist Party.

Where does the biography of Dzhokhar Dudayev lead next? It is worth briefly mentioning his studies at the Air Force Academy. Yu. A. Gagarin (1971-1974). IN track record There were a lot of Dudayevs military duties: deputy regiment commander, chief of staff, detachment commander. His colleagues remembered him as a highly moral person, sometimes a little temperamental and passionate.

The armed conflict in Afghanistan also affected part of the life of the future general. There he was the commander of a Tu-22MZ bomber and flew combat missions on it, although he later denied this fact. Then for three years he served in the Ternopil Bomber Brigade. After this, he became commander of a military garrison in Estonia (Tartu), where he was awarded the rank of major general of aviation.

What kind of commander was Dzhokhar Dudayev? His biography shows that he was a well-informed commander. After the withdrawal of the Soviet army from Afghanistan, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Battle. Dudayev was distinguished by stubbornness, self-control, presence of mind and concern for his subordinates. In the unit entrusted to him, strict regime and discipline always reigned; the life of his subordinates was always well-equipped.

Immersion in political activity

In 1990, Dzhokhar Dudayev began to chair the Executive Committee at the Chechen National Forum, held in Grozny. A year later, he initiated the dissolution of the Supreme Council of the CRI and became the head of a public movement for no confidence in the government. The general initiated the introduction of parallel administrative bodies, declaring the deputies of Chechnya incompetent.

After the August incidents in Moscow in 1991, the political climate in the Chechen Republic worsened. General democratic organizations took power into their own hands. Dudayev's people captured the Grozny City Council, the airport and the city center.

President of the self-proclaimed republic

How did Dzhokhar Dudayev become president? The general's political biography was very eventful. In October 1991, he was elected and announced the republic's separation from the RSFSR. Boris Yeltsin, in response to such actions, decided to announce a special dangerous situation in Chechnya. Dudayev, in turn, allowed Chechens to purchase and store firearms.

The fight for independent Chechnya

After the collapse of the USSR, Moscow no longer controlled events in the Chechen Republic. Ammunition from military units was stolen by private individuals. In 1992, there was an unexpected change of power in neighboring Georgia. Together with Georgian leaders, Dudayev took up the formation of an armed organization in Transcaucasia. The purpose of this unification was the formation of republics separated from Russia.

Moscow tried in every possible way to bring Dudayev’s government to the negotiating table, but he demanded recognition of the independence of the republic. In parallel, the same actions took place in neighboring Georgia, which demanded its independence. Unofficially, the rulers of Saudi Arabia demonstrated their disposition towards an independent Chechnya, but they were afraid to directly support Dudayev’s power. As president, Dudayev visits Turkey, Cyprus, Bosnia, and the USA. The purpose of the American meeting was to sign agreements with the founders on oil production in the Chechen Republic.

Loss of trust and support

A year into Dudayev's presidency, the situation in Chechnya begins to worsen, and disagreements appear in the position of the parliament and the head of state. Dzhokhar Dudayev decides to dissolve parliament and impose a curfew. At this moment, opposition forces began to form; an attempt was made on the president’s life, but he managed to escape. All these events led to armed clashes.

Military clashes in Chechnya (1993-95)

The summer of 1993 in Chechnya turned out to be hot, and opposition forces had to retreat to the north of the republic. There the opposition formed its own governing bodies. Dudayev managed to ensure that Chechnya did not take part in the Russian State Duma elections. But contradictions within the reign of Dzhokhar Dudayev increasingly weakened his control. The opposition formed a Provisional Council, headed by Umar Avturkhanov. Dudayev began the active liquidation of oppositionists who were supported by Russia. After the National Congress, which was held by Dudayev, it was decided to announce " holy war"Russia. This is how the first began. The merciless struggle for the independence of Chechnya fills the biography of Dzhokhar Dudayev. Briefly it is necessary to mention his creation of camps for the detention of persons who disagree with his position.

In December 1994, with the help of helicopters, the special services managed to eliminate Dudayev’s planes at the Grozny airport. Opposition forces broke into Grozny, but were unable to gain a foothold there; they needed Moscow’s support. The head of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, gave orders to destroy illegal gangs in Chechnya, led by Dzhokhar Dudayev. This order led to tragic events in Budennovsk. This is the city in Stavropol region, who was chosen by a detachment of militants under the command of Shamil Basayev to take hostages and present their demands central authorities. As a result of such actions, 100 people died civilians Budyonnovsk. Russian authorities Basayev’s detachment did not make concessions.

Liquidation of Dzhokhar Dudayev

From the first days of the Chechen war, the Russian intelligence department kept the Generalissimo of the Chechen Republic at gunpoint. There were 3 attempts on his life, all unsuccessful. The first ended with the sniper's mistake, the second with luck after his car exploded, and the third with the timely escape from the building, which was exposed to air strikes.

In 1996, the parties to the confrontation briefly reconciled; Yeltsin was even going to recognize the independence of Chechnya. But soon the terrorists fired at the detachment Russian soldiers near the village of Yaryshmardy, and the president instructed his security chief and the head of the FSB to destroy Dzhokhar Dudayev. The operation was developed very carefully and thought through various ways. The "elusive leader" was especially careful.

To carry out this operation, a special device was developed that can perceive waves mobile phone. This device transmitted the location of the subscriber to the military. The operation was carried out on April 21, 1996. The developed device detected Dudayev’s location, and 2 SU-24 bombers flew there. Several very powerful anti-location missiles were fired from the planes at the car where the Chechen leader was located. This is how Dzhokhar Dudayev died. Death occurred a few minutes after the shelling. His wife Alla was next to Dudayev at the time, but she managed to escape in a ravine. Dzhokhar died in the arms of his wife. The media announced only the next day that Dzhokhar Dudayev had been liquidated (photo in the article).

Reaction to Dudayev's death

The world press reported in great detail about the removal of the President of Chechnya. Dudayev Dzhokhar Musaevich was never able to fulfill his dreams. The biography of a talented leader ended tragically. Many journalists said that this campaign was carried out specifically to re-elect Yeltsin for a second term. Russia has since taken a tough position and offered its terms to the militants. This led to a resumption of hostilities. Chechen militants decided to avenge the death of their leader by attacking Grozny. For some time, the Chechens managed to keep the superiority of the fighting on their side.

At this time, rumors were spreading that the president of Ichkeria was still alive. But they all disappeared after a video recording of Dudayev’s burned corpse was made public in 2002.

Battalion in memory of the Chechen leader

In 2014, with the emergence of confrontation in the eastern part of Ukraine, a volunteer armed detachment was created - the battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev (to carry out an international peacekeeping mission). It was formed in Denmark from Chechens who emigrated from Chechnya after the end of hostilities there. The battalion of Dzhokhar Dudayev was organized by the socio-political association “Free Caucasus” specifically to protect the interests of Ukraine in the clash in Donbass. The battalion assisted the Ukrainian army in the most fierce battles for liberation. The most famous participants of this military formation are Isa Manuev, Sergei Melnikoff, Nureddin Ismailov, Adam Osmaev, Amina Okueva.

Family life after the death of Dudayev

The activities of Dzhokhar Dudayev, like his person, are assessed ambiguously even 20 years after his death. For a long time, rumors spread that he managed to survive. Only 5 years ago the intelligence services declassified data on its liquidation. There is a version that among the commander’s entourage there was a traitor who betrayed him for $1 million.

How did it turn out? future life Dudayev's family? The most famous is younger son- Degi. One of the eldest sons of Ovlur completely changed his first and last name and lived for some time in Lithuania under the name Davydov Oleg Zakharovich. Then he moved to Sweden. The daughter of Dzhokhar Dudayev, Dana, settled with her family in Turkey (Istanbul) and does not communicate with journalists.

After Dudayev’s death, Alla’s wife immediately tried to leave the country and go to Turkey, but was detained on Yeltsin’s orders. She was soon released, and she spent three years with her children in Chechnya, contributing to the work of the Chechen Ministry of Culture. Then the widow spent some time in Baku, then with her daughter in Istanbul, then in Vilnius.

Alla Dudayeva is the author of a book about her husband “Dzhokhar Dudayev. The First Million.” Dudayev's wife is a very talented and gifted person. She graduated from the Pedagogical Institute in Smolensk and studied at the Faculty of Art Graphics. After the death of her husband, Alla regularly holds various exhibitions of her paintings and publications in Turkey, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Estonia, and France. Also special attention The poems of Alla Dudayeva deserve, she often reads them at creative evenings. In Georgia (2012), she was offered to host the “Caucasian Portrait” program on television, which she did very well. Thanks to her husband’s fame, Alla Dudayeva’s paintings are exhibited in many cities around the world. In 2009, she was elected a member of the Presidium of the Government of the ChRI. Lately the woman lives in Sweden.