Name: Kim Jong-un
Age: 35 years old
Height: 175
Activity: North Korean state, military and politician, head of the DPRK
Marital status: Married
Kim Jong-un: biography
Kim Jong-un is one of the bloodiest dictators in the world, who poses a number of geopolitical threats to the planet. The name of Kim Jong-un is associated with pompous military parades, statues of leaders, missile launches, weapons mass destruction and Asian “Stalinism,” which horrifies world leaders.
The main task of the life of the leader of the DPRK was the creation of a powerful nuclear weapons, with which Kim Jong-un intends to turn his enemies into radioactive ash. At the same time, in home country the leader is considered a “great reformer” who changed the lives of people in better side by providing the people with rights and freedoms that Koreans had never even dreamed of before.
Kim Jong-un's uncompromising nature and abundance of threats and statements have made the North Korean leader the butt of jokes in other countries. The Internet is filled with memes with Kim Jong-un, the residents of the Comedy Club wrote a number about the meeting of the North Korean dictator with and, and starred in the action comedy “The Interview”, where Kim Jong-un is declared the main villain.
The biography of Kim Jong-un consists of complete mystery. According to official information, the leader of the DPRK was born on January 8, 1982 in Pyongyang, but intelligence sources claim that Jong-un is a couple of years younger and was born no earlier than 1984. The parents of the future politician were the North Korean leader and the ruler’s favorite, ballerina Ko Yong-hee. Jong-un became the second potential heir to his father - Jong-il's first-born was Jong-nam, who was born to the head of the DPRK by actress Song Hye-rim, like Jong-un's mother, who was not officially married to the leader of the Korean People's Republic Democratic Republic.
Kim Jong-un's education, like his childhood life, is reliably hidden from society. It is known that Chen-un studied at the Swiss international school in Bern, but the leadership educational institution assures that the leader of the DPRK did not cross the threshold of this school. According to North Korean intelligence services, Jong-un received his knowledge individually at home and did not receive a single diploma from European universities.
Kim Jong-un appeared on the political horizon of the DPRK in 2008, when rumors began to circulate about the fatal illness of his father Jong Il, who led the country at that time. Then the North Korean throne was prophesied to the adviser to the North Korean leader, Chas Song Thaek, who at that time actually held the governing apparatus of the DPRK in his hands and was Kim Jong Il’s brother-in-law. But the “cards” lay out differently - thanks to his mother, who back in 2003 convinced the entire leadership of the republic that Jong-un was his father’s favorite son and his only successor, in 2009 it was he who became the leader of the race for the post of leader of the DPRK.
Shortly before his father's death, Kim Jong-un received the title "Brilliant Comrade" and was appointed head of the North Korean State Security Service. On November 24, 2011 he was officially proclaimed Supreme Commander-in-Chief Korean people's army, and a few days later they were elected chairman of the Central Committee of the ruling country Labor Army. The first time after his appointment as the leader of the DPRK, Kim Jong-un appeared in public only in April 2012 during the Parade dedicated to the centenary of his grandfather.
Policy
The policies of the youngest North Korean leader, who came to power at the age of 26, are filled with sheer uncompromisingness and audacity.
Kim Jong-un is not particularly humane in the internal politics of the DPRK. During his reign, he executed more than 70 people, which became a record among all the rulers of the country. The leader of the country loves to arrange public executions officials who, in his opinion, are conducting their activities against him.
Accusations of corruption were also a frequent reason for executions. Some foreign media even admire Kim Jong-un’s policies, calling on the authorities of their own countries to fight corruption just as effectively.
At the same time, Kim Jong-un is actively engaged in reforms in the DPRK, in which he has achieved considerable success. His reform achievements include the closure of camps for political prisoners, changes in the so-called “serfdom”, as a result of which people had the opportunity to create agricultural production units from several families, and not from entire collective farms, and to give the leader only part of their harvest, and not the whole , as it was before.
Kim Jong-un also decentralized industry in the DPRK, transferring “many” powers to enterprise directors. From now on, managers can hire staff themselves, set their salaries and choose the direction for marketing their products. In addition, the North Korean leader managed to maintain “friendship” with his practically only strategic partner - China, which is the main trading partner North Korea.
As a result of Kim Jong-un's reforms, the standard of living of citizens increased, the introduction of new technologies and the development of the country's economy began.
Personal life
The personal life of Kim Jong-un, like his entire biography, has no officially confirmed data. According to media reports, the DPRK leader has been married to dancer Ri Sol Ju since 2009. Sources also claim that the wife gave the North Korean leader two children, the first of whom was allegedly born in 2010, and the second in 2012.
It is known that Jong-un has health problems that are caused by his excess weight. In the medical card among chronic diseases The North Korean leader is listed as having diabetes and hypertension, which have been tormenting him for several years.
In addition to “geopolitical games”, nuclear weapons and domestic policy North Korea's young ruler is interested in Western pop culture and basketball. During his leisure time, Kim Jong-un can devote time to watching American films with participation, and also likes to organize large-scale entertainment events.
Nuclear program
Kim Jong-un regularly poses a loud challenge to the whole world, proving his power with the “forbidden” nuclear method. Bypassing all UN Security Council resolutions, Jong-un continues his father’s work and develops the country’s nuclear potential, threatening to destroy anyone who tries to stand in his way.
His most high-profile actions during his reign were the DPRK’s entry into the “club of space powers” in 2012, the third nuclear test in North Korean history in 2013, and the release of an artificial satellite into Earth orbit, which, as the North Korean leader promises, Kim Jong-un will do all of The world has been brought to the brink of nuclear war.
Kim Jong-un regularly conducts horrific tests that are not regulated by international law, and prioritizes the development of North Korean “nuclear weapons” of mass destruction, despite the harsh sanctions imposed on the DPRK by all the leading countries of the world.
According to the North Korean leader, the nuclear program is the only way achieve recognition own interests on the world stage for a small country like North Korea, which also does not develop vast reserves of expensive minerals.
North Korea's nuclear program, although it has become the butt of jokes, has already begun to raise concerns among others. nuclear powers. Kim Jong-un stated that North Korea created warheads capable of reaching distant targets using long-range missiles.
Experts in the United States believe that this statement may already be true, although the press does not have reliable information about the new tests. Western experts also believe that Pyongyang’s statement that the country has already created missiles capable of reaching the continental United States is true.
Kim Jong-un now
On February 13, 2017, Kim Jong-un's exiled half-brother Kim Jong-nam was VX at Terminal 2 in International airport Kuala Lumpur.
In May of the same year, North Korea announced an assassination attempt on its leader. The CIA and the South Korean National Intelligence Service hired a North Korean logger working in Russia to kill Kim Jong-un with a “biochemical weapon,” the Koreans say. This weapon is described as both radioactive and poisonous at the same time.
North Korea has not launched new tests since September 2017 ballistic missiles, explaining this by the leader’s health problems. In addition, in 2014 the leader is already six weeks. A number of publications have put forward theories about the seriousness of Kim Jong-un's illness and even suggested that he was dying due to an unknown “biochemical weapon” that was reported in May.
In November 2017, the US President wrote a series of tweets following his participation in the APEC summit in Vietnam dedicated to Kim Jong-un. Trump complained that at the meeting the North Korean leader called his American colleague names, calling him old, although Trump himself did not allow himself insults, although he could have called the Korean small and fat (remember, Kim Jong-un’s height is 175 cm). At the same time, the media recalled that Trump had repeatedly insulted Kim Jong-un, calling him crazy and a suicidal astronaut.
Awards
- 2009 - Brilliant Comrade
- 2011 - Supreme leader of the DPRK, leader of the party, army and people
- 2012 - “Genius among geniuses” in military strategy
- 2012 - Marshal of the DPRK
Suleiman I the Magnificent – great ruler Ottoman Empire. What made him famous? Who surrounded the famous sultan at the peak of glory and in moments of sadness. The history of Sultan Suleiman Suleiman I is multifaceted, filled with numerous campaigns, conquests of lands and victories in battles.
Sultan Suleiman. The story of the rise to fame
Was born future sultan in 1494 in Trabzon. His father, Sultan Selim, is the heir of Bayazed II, and his mother, Aisha Sultan, is the daughter of the Crimean Khan.
Suleiman spent his youth in the Cafe (now Feodosia). He was appointed governor of the empire in Crimea. In those days, Kafa was a large slave trading center, and there was also the residence of the Turkish governor.
Until 1520, Suleiman was the governor of Manisa. This year his father, Sultan Selim I, dies and the road to the khan's throne was completely open for the only heir.
Suleiman I ascended the throne at the age of 26. The young, educated, talented and ambitious ruler gained respect and recognition not only in the Ottoman Empire, but also beyond its borders. In Europe, Suleiman was called the Magnificent; among Muslims he had the name Kanuni, which means “fair”, “legislator”.
Sultan Suleiman's policy differed from the style of rule of his father, Selim I Yavuz, who was known as a formidable, cruel and merciless tyrant.
Empire of Sultan Suleiman
The Ottoman Empire went through a period active development and strengthening its positions in foreign and domestic policy.
The beginning of Suleiman's reign is associated with successful military and political measures against the Czech Republic and Hungary. The same fate befell Rhodes, to strengthen its rule in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
Suleiman I was an excellent commander and repeated military campaigns, led by the Sultan himself, were victorious, strengthened and enlarged the Great Ottoman State. The Turkish army increased several times in its numbers and strength. Also participating in the battles were detachments of Janissaries, consisting of Christian children, captured at a young age. They were raised in the Muslim faith and devotion to the Sultan.
Suleiman the Magnificent did his best to eradicate bribery in the country. He took care of education, built schools for children, and participated in the development of architecture and art.
Thus, the Ottoman Empire of Sultan Suleiman strengthened and developed both militarily and in the sphere of economics and education, expanded trade relations with Asian and European countries.
The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
After ascending to the throne of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan took up foreign policy. The conquest of new lands pleased the ruler’s vanity. Each year of his reign means an increase in the territory of the state.
In 1521, Sultan Suleiman marched with his army against the King of Hungary and the Czech Republic, Lajos II. After a long siege, Belgrade was captured. The war lasted about five years, as a result of which the king's army was completely destroyed.
At this time, Sultan Suleiman's fleet defeated several Portuguese ships, thereby strengthening its position in the Mediterranean Sea.
The war between Turkey and Austria occupies a significant place in world history. It lasted for several decades and took place in several stages. The beginning of the war is marked by 1527, when Ottoman army conquered Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia and Transylvania. In 1529, the capital of Hungary, Buda, was taken. After this, Suleiman besieged Vienna and only an epidemic in Turkish army saves her from falling. Military action against Austria began two more times in 1532 and 1540, as a result of which the Ottoman Empire achieved dominance over most of Austria, as well as the annual payment of tribute. In 1547, the Peace of Adrianople was signed.
In the 30s, Suleiman started a war with the Safavid state in order to establish dominance over the southern principalities of the Persian Gulf.
Sultan Suleiman during his reign carried out several sea voyages. It is worth noting that the Ottoman fleet was strong and was led by the very talented Khair ad-Din Barbarossa. Thanks to his efforts and strategy, the Ottoman Empire conquered the islands Aegean Sea. Suleiman concluded a secret treaty with King Francisco I, as a result of which the Sultan's fleet was allowed to base itself in the ports of France.
A few pages from family history. Children of Suleiman
In the Sultan's palace there was big harem with numerous concubines. Four women gave birth to children for the ruler. And only one was able to capture his heart and became his official wife.
The Sultan's first concubine was Fulane, she gave birth to a son, Mahmud. But this child died in 1521 from smallpox. For Suleiman, this woman did not play any role and died in complete oblivion.
Gulfem became the second concubine. In 1513 she gave birth to heirs Murad and Mahmud, they also became victims of the epidemic. Further fate Gulfem is tied up mostly with the Sultan's mother and sister. In 1562, Suleiman ordered her to be strangled because he had lost his beloved and was in despair.
The third concubine was the Circassian Makhidevran Sultan. She gave the Sultan a son, Mustafa. From 1533 he was appointed ruler of Menis and was considered the heir to the Ottoman throne. Later, Sultan Suleiman ordered his son to be strangled for betrayal and secret connections with enemies. Makhidevran died in 1581.
The most beloved wife of Suleiman the Magnificent was Hurrem Sultan. Originally from Rohatyn (now Ukraine), the daughter of a priest, Anastasia Lisovskaya, won the heart of the bishop, and also took part in the fate of not only the palace, but the entire state. In Europe they called her Roksolana.
She gave birth to five sons and a daughter to the Sultan. In 1521, a son, Mehmed, was born. In 1522, daughter Mihrimah was born, in 1523 - son Abdullah, who lived only three years. Son Selim was born in 1524. In 1526 Bayezid saw the light. The last son of Hurrem and Suleiman was Jahangir (in 1530).
At first, Roksolana was the favorite concubine of Suleiman the Magnificent, but over time she demanded that the ruler legitimize their relationship. In 1530, she became the legal wife of the padishah. Having survived the sorrows and cruelty of the harem, she was able to withstand the struggle and establish herself in the palace. To clear the way to the throne for her son, she got rid of the Sultan's heirs from other wives. Many historians believe that she influenced the fate of Ibrahim Pasha Pargala. The vizier was accused of having connections with France and was executed for this. Roksolana, with the help of the vizier Rustem Pasha Mekri, accused the heir Mustafa of having connections with the Serbs and of plotting against the Sultan. By order of Suleiman, he was strangled. The same fate befell his sons.
Selim was proclaimed heir to the throne. But another son of Roksolana, Bayazid, wanted to rule the empire. After the death of his mother, he rebelled. This happened in 1561. Suleiman suppressed the uprising, and Bayezid and his children were executed.
When Sultan Suleiman I died, Selim inherited his father's throne. But he was not the best ruler; he often indulged in amusements. People called him Selim “the drunkard.” Not only did it not bring any achievements for the empire, but it also marked the beginning of an era of decline.
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent rests in the mausoleum of the Suleymaniye Mosque next to his wife Hurrem Sultan.
The Turks are a relatively young people. His age is only 600 s small years old. The first Turks were a bunch of Turkmens, fugitives from Central Asia who fled from the Mongols to the west. They reached the Konya Sultanate and asked for land to settle. They were given a place on the border with the Nicaean Empire near Bursa. The fugitives began to settle there in the middle of the 13th century.
The main one among the fugitive Turkmens was Ertogrul Bey. He called the territory allocated to him the Ottoman beylik. And taking into account the fact that the Konya Sultan lost all power, he became an independent ruler. Ertogrul died in 1281 and power passed to his son Osman I Ghazi. It is he who is considered the founder of the dynasty of Ottoman sultans and the first ruler of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and played a significant role in world history.
Ottoman Sultan with his soldiers
An important factor contributing to the formation of a powerful Turkish state was the fact that the Mongols, having reached Antioch, did not go further, since they considered Byzantium their ally. Therefore, they did not touch the lands on which the Ottoman beylik was located, believing that it would soon become part of the Byzantine Empire.
And Osman Ghazi, like the crusaders, declared holy war, but only for the Muslim faith. He began to invite everyone who wanted to take part in it. And from all over the Muslim east, seekers of fortune began to flock to Osman. They were ready to fight for the faith of Islam until their sabers became dull and until they received sufficient quantity wealth and wives. And in the east this was considered a very great achievement.
Thus, the Ottoman army began to be replenished with Circassians, Kurds, Arabs, Seljuks, and Turkmens. That is, anyone could come, recite the formula of Islam and become a Turk. And on the occupied lands, such people began to be allocated small plots of land to conduct agriculture. This area was called “timar”. It was a house with a garden.
The owner of the timar became a horseman (spagi). His duty was to appear at the first call to the Sultan in full armor and on his own horse to serve in the cavalry army. It was noteworthy that the spahi did not pay taxes in the form of money, since they paid the tax with their blood.
With such internal organization territory Ottoman state began to expand rapidly. In 1324, Osman's son Orhan I captured the city of Bursa and made it his capital. It's a stone's throw from Bursa to Constantinople, and the Byzantines lost control of the northern and western regions Anatolia. And in 1352, the Ottoman Turks crossed the Dardanelles and ended up in Europe. After this, the gradual and steady capture of Thrace began.
In Europe it was impossible to get along with cavalry alone, so there was an urgent need for infantry. And then the Turks created a completely new army, consisting of infantry, which they called Janissaries(yang - new, charik - army: it turns out to be Janissaries).
The conquerors forcibly took boys between the ages of 7 and 14 from Christian nations and converted them to Islam. These children were fed well, taught the laws of Allah, military affairs, and became infantrymen (janissaries). These warriors turned out to be the best infantrymen in all of Europe. Neither the knightly cavalry nor the Persian Qizilbash could break through the Janissaries' line.
Janissaries - infantry of the Ottoman army
And the secret of the invincibility of the Turkish infantry lay in the spirit of military camaraderie. From the first days, the Janissaries lived together, ate delicious porridge from the same cauldron, and, despite the fact that they belonged to different nations, they were people of the same destiny. When they became adults, they got married and started families, but continued to live in the barracks. Only during vacations did they visit their wives and children. That is why they did not know defeat and represented the faithful and reliable force of the Sultan.
However, going to Mediterranean Sea, The Ottoman Empire could not limit itself to just the Janissaries. Since there is water, ships are needed, and the need arose for a navy. The Turks began to recruit pirates, adventurers and vagabonds from all over the Mediterranean Sea for the fleet. Italians, Greeks, Berbers, Danes, and Norwegians went to serve them. This public had no faith, no honor, no law, no conscience. Therefore, they willingly converted to the Muslim faith, since they had no faith at all, and they did not care at all whether they were Christians or Muslims.
From this motley crowd they formed a fleet that was more reminiscent of a pirate fleet than a military one. He began to rage in the Mediterranean Sea, so much so that he terrified the Spanish, French and Italian ships. Sailing in the Mediterranean Sea itself began to be considered a dangerous business. Turkish corsair squadrons were based in Tunisia, Algeria and others Muslim lands that had access to the sea.
Ottoman navy
Thus, from absolutely different nations and tribes formed such a people as the Turks. And the connecting link was Islam and the unified military fate. During successful campaigns, Turkish warriors captured captives, made them their wives and concubines, and children from women different nationalities became full-fledged Turks born on the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
The small principality, which appeared on the territory of Asia Minor in the middle of the 13th century, very quickly turned into a powerful Mediterranean power, called the Ottoman Empire after the first ruler Osman I Ghazi. The Ottoman Turks also called their state the Sublime Porte, and called themselves not Turks, but Muslims. As for the real Turks, they were considered the Turkmen population living in the interior regions of Asia Minor. The Ottomans conquered these people in the 15th century after the capture of Constantinople on May 29, 1453.
European states could not resist the Ottoman Turks. Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople and made it his capital - Istanbul. In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire significantly expanded its territories, and with the capture of Egypt Turkish fleet began to dominate the Red Sea. By the second half of the 16th century, the population of the state reached 15 million people, and the Turkish Empire itself began to be compared with the Roman Empire.
But to end of XVII century, the Ottoman Turks suffered a series of major defeats in Europe. Played an important role in weakening the Turks Russian Empire. She always beat the warlike descendants of Osman I. She took the Crimea and the Black Sea coast from them, and all these victories became a harbinger of the decline of the state, which in the 16th century shone in the rays of its power.
But the Ottoman Empire was weakened not only by endless wars, but also by disgraceful agricultural practices. Officials squeezed all the juice out of the peasants, and therefore they farmed in a predatory way. This led to the emergence large quantity waste lands. And this is in the “fertile crescent”, which in ancient times fed almost the entire Mediterranean.
Ottoman Empire on the map, XIV-XVII centuries
It all ended in disaster in the 19th century, when the state treasury was empty. The Turks began to borrow loans from French capitalists. But it soon became clear that they could not pay their debts, since after the victories of Rumyantsev, Suvorov, Kutuzov, and Dibich, the Turkish economy was completely undermined. The French then brought a navy into the Aegean Sea and demanded customs in all ports, mining concessions and the right to collect taxes until the debt was repaid.
After this, the Ottoman Empire was called the “sick man of Europe.” It began to quickly lose its conquered lands and turn into a semi-colony of European powers. The last autocratic sultan of the empire, Abdul Hamid II, tried to save the situation. However, with him political crisis got even worse. In 1908, the Sultan was overthrown and imprisoned by the Young Turks (a pro-Western republican political movement).
On April 27, 1909, the Young Turks enthroned the constitutional monarch Mehmed V, who was the brother of the deposed Sultan. After this, the Young Turks joined the First world war on the side of Germany and were defeated and destroyed. There was nothing good about their rule. They promised freedom, but ended with a terrible massacre of Armenians, declaring that they were against the new regime. But they were really against it, since nothing had changed in the country. Everything remained the same as before for 500 years under the rule of the sultans.
After defeat in the First World War, the Turkish Empire began to die. Anglo-French troops occupied Constantinople, the Greeks captured Smyrna and moved deeper into the country. Mehmed V died on July 3, 1918 from a heart attack. And on October 30 of the same year, the Mudros Truce, shameful for Turkey, was signed. The Young Turks fled abroad, leaving the last one in power Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI. He became a puppet in the hands of the Entente.
But then the unexpected happened. In 1919, in the distant mountainous provinces, a national liberation movement. It was headed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. He led the common people with him. He very quickly expelled the Anglo-French and Greek invaders from his lands and restored Turkey within the borders that exist today. On November 1, 1922, the sultanate was abolished. Thus, the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist. On November 17, the last Turkish Sultan, Mehmed VI, left the country and went to Malta. He died in 1926 in Italy.
And in the country on October 29, 1923, the Great national assembly Turkey announced the creation of the Turkish Republic. It exists to this day, and its capital is the city of Ankara. As for the Turks themselves, then last decades they live quite happily. They sing in the morning, dance in the evening, and pray during breaks. May Allah protect them!
Family tree of the Ottoman Sultans family tree after Sultan Suleiman in the Ottoman Empire 10. Suleiman I Kanuni Sultan -27.04.1495-7.09.1566, reign 1520-1566, there are discrepancies in the date of birth, on the grave of Suleiman in his mausoleum the date 1495 is written, and in almost all the others In sources, the date of birth is November 6, 1494, so I can’t say which is more correct. If you believe this entry, Suleiman was a symbol, since he was born in the 10th year of the 10th cycle of the 10th month of the Hijri - this was in the greeting speech of the mufti at the time of the accession of Sultan Suleiman (and among the Sunnis, 10 is a sacred number), and this is exactly November 1494, because The Hijri calendar is completely different. Father - Selim I, mother - Aishe Hafsa Sultan Wives: Fulane Khatun 1496-1550, - considered the mother of Shehzade Mahmud (22.09.1512-29.10.1521), Shehzade Abdullah (1514-28.10.1514), daughter of Fatma Sultan (1516-1516) ), see* 2. Gulfem Khatun (1497-1562), mother of Shehzade Murad 15919-1521, who died of smallpox. 3. Makhidevran (Gulbahar) - 1498-1580, mother of Shehzade Mustafa and presumably another son Ahmed and daughter, who died at birth or immediately after it. See* 4. Khurrem Haseki Sultan-1506-1558, mother of Mehmed 1521-1543, Mihrimah 1522-1578, Abdullah 1522-1526 (see *_, Selima 1524-1574, Bayazid 1526-1562, and Jihangir 1531-1553. Children : 1.Mahmud-1512-Manisa-29.10.1521-Istanbul 2.Mustafa 1515-Manisa-6.11.1553-Egerli 3.Murad-1519-Manisa-12.10.1521-Istanbul 4.Mehmed-1521-Istanbul-6.11.1543 -Manisa 5.Abdullah-1522-Istanbul-1526-Istanbul 6.Selim-05/28/1524-Istanbul-12/15/1574-Istanbul 7.Bayazid-09/14/1525-Istanbul-07/23/1562-Qazvin 8.Cihangir-1531-Istanbul -27.11.1553-Haleb 9.?0sultan-1521-1521, approximately the daughter of Mahidevran, with whom she was already pregnant upon arrival in Istanbul 10.Mihrimah Sultan-21.03.1522-Istanbul-25.01.1578-Istanbul 11.Fatma Sultan-? -1514 -Manisa- ??1514 12. Razia Sultan - ? – 1561 Istanbul Suleiman was beylerbey of Bolu (western Anatolia) in 1509, Cafe9Crimea) in 1509-1512 and in Manisa from 1512 to 1520. Until 1512, his mother was with him, but from Selim’s accession to the throne, he took her to command the harem in Istanbul. *On one Istanbul forum I found that Cihangir had a son after his death, Orhan 1554-1562, so it seems to me that this son is mistakenly attributed to his father Suleiman. *in 1521, one daughter died of Suleiman. The name is unknown, and the second daughter was married to Admiral Ali Pasha, but it is unclear in the same year or a little later, maybe she still means Fatma, born in 1514 *Mustafa was executed in 1553 and buried in the Cema Mosque in Bursa along with his mother , Orhan, the 5th son of Bayezid's half-brother. Mustafa had four children: Mehmed 1546-10/9/1553, strangled after his father, Orhan - ? -1552, died of illness (his mother is unknown), daughters Nargiz 1536-1577, wife of Jenabi Ahmet Pasha-historian, poet, beylerbey of Anatolia until the age of 20, and Shah Sultan 1550-2.10.1577, husband Dalan Karim. Shah Sultan's wedding took place on August 1, 1562, simultaneously with the weddings of her cousins, Ismihan and Gevharhan, the daughters of Selim II. Mother Nargiz, presumably after the execution of Mustafa, married Partaf Mehmed Pasha, the second vizier under Selim II (1565-1571). Mustafa's wife Rumeisa Khatun was born around 1520 (everywhere they write that by the age of 30 she had a son and a daughter, it turns out 1550-30 = 1520, at the age of 12 she ended up in a harem, and then became Mustafa's favorite, after the death of her husband and son, moved with Mahidevran to Izmir, where they loved her very much and called her Kadyn Efendi Sultan, where she soon died. This means she was buried in Izmir, this is my personal opinion *After the death of Mehmed in 1543, the following year. a daughter was born from his beloved concubine Huma Shahsultan (1544-1582). She married for the first time in 1566/67 to Farhad Mehmed Pasha (1526-6.01.1575), after his death she married her grand vizier. cousin Murad III - Kara Mustafa Pasha (was vizier-1580-1580), and after his death she married Ghazi Mehmed Pasha in 1581. Her husband survived her by 10 years and died on August 23, 1582. In three marriages she had 4 sons and 5 daughters. *Despite the distrust of Turkish Wikipedia, I read there interesting translation , concerning the first wife of Suleiman Fulane. So, it is written there that the name Fulane belongs to three concubines together, who bore children to the Sultan, but did not play any role in his life, namely: the son Mahmud 1512-1521, Abdullah 1522-1526, born in the same year as Mihrimah, and who died in the year of Bayazid’s birth from an illness, presumably smallpox, and the daughter Razia Sultan, who was born either in 1519 or 1525, but died in 1570, and seems to have been buried in the tomb of Yahya Efendi, Suleiman’s foster brother. If anyone is there in the mausoleum, you can see; on the tablets they usually write who the mother and father are and the years of life. *there was another daughter, Fatma Sultan, who was born and died in the same year 1514 *Leslie Pierce writes in her book that the annals of the structure of the Ottoman dynasty mention the daughter of Suleiman, who married Admiral Mizinzade Ali Pasha. But nothing more is written about her Apparently, before the wedding, she was given lands as a dowry, which were included in the documents of the harem. *It is also mentioned in this article that Makhidevran also had a son, Ahmed, who also died at or immediately after birth, and one daughter, (1521-28 October 1522). Zagrebelny describes that Makhidevran, who was traveling to her husband in Istanbul in October 1520, was pregnant. *Bayezid was governor in Konya from 1543-1553, Karaman-1546, Kutahya-1558-1559 *Bayezid-son Khurrem had 11 children - 7 sons and 4 daughters Sons: Orhan-1543-1562 - executed with his father Osman- 1545-1562-executed with his father Mihrimah Sultan-1547-? Natice Sultan-1550-? Abdullah-1548-1562 – executed with his father Mahmud-1552-1562- executed with his father Aisha Sultan -1553-? Since 1562 married to Damat Ali Pasha Eretnooglu Hanzada Sultan -1556-? Murad/Alemshah -1559-1562 - executed in Bursa Mehmed - ?-1559 – died of illness Mustafa -?-1559 – died of illness *with Suleiman there was a very literate man Jalalzade Mustafa Chelebi (1487-1492-1567), who began to work clerk in 1519 under his father, and then in the divan, where he wrote verbatim all the meetings of the divan, which were preserved in the archives of Istanbul. In 1557, after disagreements with the chief Vizier, Rustem Pasha, he resigned, died in 1567 at approximately the age of 75-80 * Suleiman's teacher in childhood was Mevlana Dolayli Hayreddin Effendi. The teacher of his sons was Birgi Ataullah Efendi. *after the execution of Ibrahim, Suleiman was very sad, and wrote, according to the English historian Heath Lovry, several dozen poems, calling him in them “Glorious Friend” or “Beloved Brother,” which he quoted in one of the television programs. Alan Fisher. Suleiman and his sons. Suleiman had several capable sons who were capable of leadership in military affairs and the arts. His sons meant a lot to their father. In the early years of his reign, he is reported to have gone hunting with them in Edirne, in the forests outside Istanbul and in Asia Minor, and later in the vicinity of Aleppo. His sons were circumcised twice, which resulted in celebrations - the first in 1530 for Mustafa, Mehmed and Selim, and the second in 1540 for Bayezid and Cihangir. Three of his sons died in infancy. And the first to reach adulthood and die in 1543 was Mehmed. According to contemporaries, Mehmed was the favorite son of the Sultan, whom he was preparing to take his place. And that his death plunged Suleiman into terrible grief. From which he never recovered. This was also indicated by the fact that Mehmed was sent as governor in 1540 to Amasya, and already in 1542 to Manisa, which was the place where future sultans were trained. Before that, Mustafa the son of Mahidevran ruled there from 1533 to 1541. Mustafa was attached to the sword, according to Ottoman customs, and kissed the hand of the Sultan. At that time he was still in his father's favor. His letters to his father and Ibrahim have been preserved. But at the same time, Mehmed took part in military operations in 1537 in the battles on the Danube, but there is no mention of Mustafa’s military companies anywhere. According to contemporaries, Mehmed had a more refined upbringing than Mustafa, they wrote about his keen mind and subtle judgment. That's why his father prepared him for his place, but fate had its own way. Sheikhislams under the reign of Suleiman: Zenbilli Effendi (1520-1526) Ibn Kemal (1526-1534) Sadullah Saadi Effendi (1534-1539) Siivizade Muhiddin Mehmet Effendi (1539-1542), Abdul Kadir Hamidi (1542-1543) Feherizade Muhiddin Eff endy (1543 -1545) EbuSuud (1545-1566) Victims during the reign: 2 sons, 6 grandchildren, 2 relatives: 12/27/1522: Shehzade Murad (1475?-1522) - son of Cem, grandson of Mehmed II 12/27/1522: Shehzade Cem (1492) ?-1522) - son of Murad, great-grandson of Mehmed II 11/06/1553: Shehzade Mustafa (1515-1553) - son of 12/00/1553: Shehzade Mehmed (1545?-1553) - grandson, son of Mustafa's son 09/25/1561: Shehzade Bayezid (1525) -1562) - son 07/23/1562: Shehzade Orhan (1545?-1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: Shehzade Osman (1547?-1562) - grandson, son of Bayazid 07/23/1562: Shehzade Abdullah (1549?-1562) ) - grandson, son of Bayezid 07/23/1562: shehzade Mahmud (1551-1562) - grandson, son of Bayezid 07/23/1562: shehzade Murad (1559-1562) - grandson, son of Bayezid 11. Selim II -05/28/1524-12/15/1574, reign -1566-1574 Father-Suleiman Kanuni, mother Khurrem Sultan Wives: Nurbanu Valide Sultan (1525-12/7/1583) -mother of Murad III and 4 daughters *Nurbanu was given to Selim II by his mother when he left for his sanjak of Konya as governor in 1543. In the years before accession to the throne, 4 daughters and a son were born. After accession to the throne, within 8 years, 8 more children were born from different concubines, including 6 sons, one of them Mehmed died during his father’s lifetime and was buried next to Hurrem Sultan in her mausoleum. *Daughters-Shahsultan 1548-1580, Jevherkhan Sultan-1544-1580?, married to Piala Pasha, Ismihan-1545-1585, she was married to his grand vizier Mehmed Sokollu, and the last Fatma -1559-1580, husband Siyavush Pasha, There were also 2 daughters from concubines, nothing is known about them.* *Shah Sultan was given out at the age of 19 as a reward in 1567 for Zal Mahmud Pasha. But until 1567 she was married to Hasan Agoy from Rumelia, who died in 1567. Zal Mahmud Pasha participated in various campaigns, and Suleiman appreciated his merits, giving him a prefix to the name ZAL - that is, strong. He was the beylerbey of Anatolia. And from 1567 he was the second vizier under Selim. *the remaining 5 sons - Abdullah, Jihangir, Mustafa, Osman, Suleiman, under the age of 8, from concubines were killed by Murad III upon his accession to the throne in 1574, and were buried next to his father Selim II in his mausoleum. *in 1566, upon his accession to the throne, Selim II held a nikah with Nurbanu. He gave her 100,000 ducats as a dowry, and another 110,000 ducats were given by her son Murad III, who at that time was 20 years old. *Selim II had a wet nurse, the mother of Shemsi Ahmed Pasha, with whom he played chess in recent years. * The Sultan was very fond of growing flowers in his gardens. *He wrote poems that have survived to this day. 12. Murad III - 07/04/1546 - 01/15/1595, reign -1574-1595 Father - Selim, mother Nurbanu Wives: 1. Safiya Valide Sultan (1547? -1618) - mother Mehmed III and Ayşe Sultan. 2. Shemsiruhsan Haseki - mother of the daughter of Rukia 3. Shahnuban Haseki 4. Nazperver Haseki Sons: Mehmed III and 20 more sons from different concubines - Selim, Bayezid, Mustafa, Osman, Jihangir, Abdurakhman, Abdullah, Korkud, Abdullah, Hassan, Ahmed, Yakub, Alemshah, Yusuf, Hussein, Ali, Ishak, Omer, Aladdin, Davud. Daughters: Aishe Sultan, Fehri Sultan, Fatma Sultan, Mihribah Sultan, Rukiya Sultan and 22 more daughters from different concubines. * Haseki Sultan Murat III Safiye since 1563, and with whom he lived for 20 years, without taking other concubines, unlike Khurrem and Nurbanu, with whom Sultans Suleiman and Selim II married, did not become his official wife. Nevertheless, Sultan Murat III, after ascending the throne, maintained a monogamous relationship with her for many years. Then, after treatment, he began to take many concubines; after his death, he was left with 20 sons and 27 daughters. According to the archives of the harem, he had 24 sons and 32 daughters. He suffered from promiscuity in sexual pleasures, and could sleep with several concubines together in a night (Freeley p. 95). Of the 56 children, 54 were born in the last 12 years of his life. the first concubine of this number was given to him by his sister Huma. Murad III is buried next to his father Selim II in the garden of Hagia Sophia, next to him are the graves of his 19 executed sons. Victims during the ascension to the throne: all born after 1566 12/21/1574: Shehzade Abdullah (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Mustafa (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Cihangir (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Osman (?-1574) - brother 12/21/1574: Shehzade Suleiman (?-1574) - brother 13. Mehmed III - 05/26/1566-1603, -, reign -1595-1603 Father-MuradIII and mother Safiye Sultan Haseki Wives: 1. Handan (Elena) Sultan Valide (? - November 26, 1605) - mother of Ahmed I and Mustafa I 2. Nazperver Haseki - mother of Selim. 3. Fulane Haseki - mother of Mahmud 4. Fulane Valide Haseki - stepmother of Mustafa I *After the enthronement of Mehmed III, the first thing he did was invite 19 of his half-brothers, the oldest of them was 11 years old, ordered them to be circumcised, and then they were all strangled. They were buried next to their father, arranged by age around their father. He also ordered the drowning of 10 wives and concubines of his father, with suspected pregnancies. All remaining wives. concubines and 27 daughters of the deceased sultan were taken to old palace with all their servants. *Mehmed III, before ascending the throne, spent 12 years as governor in Manisa, where he had 4 sons from different concubines: Mahmud, Selim, Ahmed and Mustafa. And after the ascent, 2 more sons Suleiman and Jihangir, who died in infancy. *Mehmed III was the father of 7 more daughters, the eldest was called Sevgilim. The names of the others are unknown. *After the return of their military campaign to Hungary in 1596, the Sultan never went to them, due to poor health due to excesses in food and entertainment. IN next year in the spring he executed his second son Selim, the reasons are unknown. *Mehmed III queen of england made a very expensive and unusual gift - an organ with various decorations and a clock, which was brought and installed in 1599. And his mother Safiya received a carriage worth more than an organ. -Safiye Valide had an intermediary for communication with traders and the outside world - a Jewish woman named Esperanca Malka. All these intermediaries were called common name - Kira. This Jewish woman earned enormous wealth during her interactions with the Sultana. They were suspected of having an unholy affair. *In 1603, a revolt of the Janissaries arose, who demanded the Sultan to transfer the throne to his son Mahmud, an additional reason was a letter from one soothsayer, given to Mahmud’s mother, and intercepted by Safiye Sultan, that within 6 months the Sultan would die and Mahmud would ascend the throne. As a result, on June 7, 1603, the mother and her son Mahmud were executed. *The throne was accepted by the 13-year-old son Ahmed, who was very serious and independent. Which soon everyone saw. He personally girded himself with a sword without the help of the sheikhislam and sat on the throne * At the time of his death, the Sultan had another living son, Mustafa, who suffered from dementia, so Ahmed spared him and did not execute him. *Mehmed III was buried in a luxurious tomb in the garden of Hagia Sophia, thereby making this tomb the last to stand near Hagia Sophia. In addition to the three sultans, numerous wives, concubines and their children are buried there. *Ahmed immediately after ascending the throne sent his grandmother Safiye Sultan to the old palace where she died 15 years later in 1618. Victims during the ascension to the throne (19 brothers, 2 sons): 01/28/1595: Sehzade Selim (1567-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Aladdin (1582-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Abdullah (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Mustafa (1585-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Bayezid (1 586-1595 ) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Jihangir (1587-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ali (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hasan (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Hussein (? -1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Ishak (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Korkud (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Mahmud (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Murad (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade lsman (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Omar (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: shehzade Yakub (?-1595) - brother 01/28/1595: Shehzade Yusuf (? -1595)-brother 01/28/1595: Shekhzade Vabdurakhman (1595-1595)-brother 04/20/1597: Shekhzade Selim (1580-1597)-son 06/07/1603: Shekhzade Mahmud (1587-1603)-son 14. Ahmed - 18.04 1590-22.11.1617, reign -1595-1617 Father-Mehmed III and mother Handan Sultan Valide Wives: 1. Mahfiruz Sultan mother of Osman II 2.. Mahpeyker (Kosem Sultan) - ?-1651 - mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I and daughters Aishe, Fatma, Atike and Khanzadeh 3. Fatma Haseki Sons: Osman II, Murad IV, Ibrahim, Bayazid, Suleiman, Kasim, Mehmed, Hasan, Khanzadeh, Ubeyba, Selim Daughters: Jeverkhan, Aisha, Fatma, Atike. - these daughters from official wives *Upon accession to the throne, Ahmed immediately sent his younger, weak-minded brother Mustafa to the old palace along with his mother, whose name remained unknown in history. At the age of 14.5, Ahmed had a son, Osman II, from Mahfiruz, also nicknamed Khatice. *during 1605, Ahmed had another son, Mehmed, and a daughter, Jeverkhan, from concubines whose names have not been preserved. *Over the course of 10 years from 1605 to 1615, he had 15 more children from various concubines, including 10 sons and 5 daughters. Of these, 6 sons and 4 daughters from official wives. *in 1596, one of the first concubines in the harem was the Greek Anastasia, who was nicknamed Kesem, which translated meant Leader of the Pack. She was also given the middle name Machcaper. She soon became Ahmed's favorite concubine and gave birth to his second daughter, Aishe, in 1605. *within 10 years, Kesem gave birth to another daughter, Fatma, and 4 sons - Murad IV - 08/29/1609, Suleiman - 1611, Kasym - 1613 and Ibrahim - 11/9/1615 * Kesem became the stepmother of Shehzade Osman, whose mother, The Sultan sent one to the old palace to live out her life. Osman loved his stepmother very much. *Ahmed twice wanted to strangle his brother Mustafa, but he was prevented by natural disasters and partially by Kesem Sultan, in the hope that later her children would be spared. *In 1603, Ahmed arranged the marriage of his 8-year-old daughter Jeverkhan with the commander Kara-Mehmed Pasha, 55 years old. *the day after the wedding, he almost killed the bride’s mother, who strangled his favorite. *In the same 1603, Ahmed married his second 7-year-old daughter Aisha to the chief vizier Nasuh Pasha, a middle-aged man. Two years later he executed him. After this, Aishe Sultan married 6 more times. The 3rd husband, also from 1562, was the Grand Vizier Hafiz Ahmed Pasha, and the 6th husband, Halet Ahmed Pasha, died when Aisha was 39 years old. All her husbands died either from old age or in war, only one was killed * in the same way, Kesem gave away her other daughter Fatma in order to strengthen ties between the sultans and high-ranking officials, and in order to have influence on them. *Osman’s mother Mahfiruz never became valid under her son, who succeeded Ahmed, as she remained to live in the old palace, where she died in 1620; she was buried near the Ayub mosque. *after death from typhus (written in Turkish sources) Ahmed, Kesem with her sons and other sons from various concubines were sent to the old palace, and thus saved their lives, since the Fatih law had not yet been abolished.
Here's what she was like:
Ottoman Empire: from dawn to dusk
The Ottoman Empire arose in 1299 in the north-west of Asia Minor and existed for 624 years, managing to conquer many peoples and become one of the greatest powers in human history.
From place to quarry
The position of the Turks at the end of the 13th century looked hopeless, if only because of the presence of Byzantium and Persia in the neighborhood. Plus the sultans of Konya (the capital of Lycaonia - a region in Asia Minor), depending on whom, albeit formally, the Turks were.
However, all this did not prevent Osman (1288-1326) from territorially expanding and strengthening his young state. By the way, the Turks began to be called Ottomans after the name of their first sultan.
Osman was actively involved in the development internal culture and treated strangers with care. Therefore many greek cities, who were in Asia Minor, preferred to voluntarily recognize his supremacy. In this way they “killed two birds with one stone”: they received protection and preserved their traditions.
Osman's son, Orhan I (1326-1359), brilliantly continued his father's work. Having announced that he was going to unite all the faithful under his rule, the Sultan set out to conquer not the countries of the east, which would be logical, but western lands. And Byzantium was the first to stand in his way.
By this time, the empire was in decline, which the Turkish Sultan took advantage of. Like a cold-blooded butcher, he "chopped off" area after area from the Byzantine "body". Soon the entire northwestern part of Asia Minor came under Turkish rule. They also established themselves on the European coast of the Aegean and Seas of Marmara, as well as the Dardanelles. And the territory of Byzantium was reduced to Constantinople and its environs.
Subsequent sultans continued the expansion of Eastern Europe, where they successfully fought against Serbia and Macedonia. And Bayazet (1389 -1402) was “noted” by the defeat of the Christian army, which Crusade King Sigismund of Hungary led against the Turks.
From defeat to triumph
Under the same Bayazet, one of the most severe defeats of the Ottoman army occurred. The Sultan personally opposed Timur's army and in the Battle of Ankara (1402) he was defeated, and he himself was captured, where he died.
The heirs tried by hook or by crook to ascend to the throne. The state was on the verge of collapse due to internal unrest. Only under Murad II (1421–1451) did the situation stabilize and the Turks were able to regain control of the lost Greek cities and conquer part of Albania. The Sultan dreamed of finally dealing with Byzantium, but did not have time. His son, Mehmed II (1451-1481), was destined to become the killer of the Orthodox empire.
On May 29, 1453, the hour of X came for Byzantium. The Turks besieged Constantinople for two months. Such a short time was enough to break the city's inhabitants. Instead of everyone taking up arms, the townspeople simply prayed to God for help, without leaving their churches for days. The Last Emperor Constantine Palaiologos asked the Pope for help, but he demanded in return the unification of churches. Konstantin refused.
Perhaps the city would have held out longer if not for the betrayal. One of the officials agreed to the bribe and opened the gate. He didn't take one thing into account important fact- In addition to the female harem, the Turkish Sultan also had a male harem. That's where the pretty son of the traitor ended up.
The city fell. The civilized world froze. Now all the states of both Europe and Asia realized that the time had come for a new superpower - the Ottoman Empire.
European campaigns and confrontations with Russia
The Turks did not even think of stopping there. After the death of Byzantium, no one blocked their path to rich and unfaithful Europe, even conditionally.
Soon Serbia was annexed to the empire (except for Belgrade, but the Turks would capture it in the 16th century), the Duchy of Athens (and, accordingly, most throughout Greece), the island of Lesbos, Wallachia, Bosnia.
IN Eastern Europe The territorial appetites of the Turks intersected with the interests of Venice. The ruler of the latter quickly gained the support of Naples, the Pope and Karaman (Khanate in Asia Minor). The confrontation lasted 16 years and ended in complete victory for the Ottomans. After that, no one stopped them from “getting” the remaining Greek cities and islands, as well as annexing Albania and Herzegovina. The Turks were so keen on expanding their borders that they even successfully attacked the Crimean Khanate.
Panic began in Europe. Pope Sixtus IV began to make plans for the evacuation of Rome, and at the same time hastened to declare a Crusade against the Ottoman Empire. Only Hungary responded to the call. In 1481 Mehmed II died and the era of great conquests came to a temporary end.
In the 16th century, when internal unrest in the empire subsided, the Turks again turned their weapons on their neighbors. First there was a war with Persia. Although the Turks won it, their territorial gains were insignificant.
After success in North African Tripoli and Algeria, Sultan Suleiman invaded Austria and Hungary in 1527 and besieged Vienna two years later. It was not possible to take it - bad weather and widespread illness prevented it.
As for relations with Russia, the interests of states collided for the first time in Crimea.
The first war took place in 1568 and ended in 1570 with the victory of Russia. The empires fought with each other for 350 years (1568 - 1918) - one war occurred on average every quarter of a century.
During this time there were 12 wars (including the Azov, Prut campaign, Crimean and Caucasian Front during the First World War). And in most cases, victory remained with Russia.
Dawn and sunset of the Janissaries
The Last Janissaries, 1914
When talking about the Ottoman Empire, one cannot fail to mention its regular troops - the Janissaries.
In 1365, by personal order of Sultan Murad I, the Janissary infantry was formed. It was staffed by Christians (Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, and so on) aged from eight to sixteen years. This is how the devshirme worked - the blood tax - which was imposed on the non-believing peoples of the empire. It is interesting that at first life for the Janissaries was quite difficult. They lived in monasteries-barracks, they were forbidden to start a family or any kind of household.
But gradually the Janissaries from an elite branch of the army began to turn into a highly paid burden for the state. In addition, these troops took part in hostilities less and less often.
The decomposition began in 1683, when Muslim children began to be taken into the Janissaries along with Christian children. Rich Turks sent their children there, thereby deciding the issue of their successful future - they could do good career. It was the Muslim Janissaries who began to start families and engage in crafts, as well as trade. Gradually they turned into a greedy, impudent political force, which intervened in state affairs and participated in the overthrow of unwanted sultans.
The agony continued until 1826, when Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissaries.
Death of the Ottoman Empire
Frequent unrest, inflated ambitions, cruelty and constant participation in any wars could not but affect the fate of the Ottoman Empire. The 20th century turned out to be especially critical, in which Turkey was increasingly torn apart by internal contradictions and the separatist spirit of the population. Because of this, the country has fallen far behind in technically from the West, and therefore began to lose the once conquered territories.
The fateful decision for the empire was its participation in the First World War. The Allies defeated Turkish troops and arranged a division of its territory. On October 29, 1923, a new state appeared - Turkish Republic. Its first president was Mustafa Kemal (later, he changed his surname to Ataturk - “father of the Turks”). Thus ended the history of the once great Ottoman Empire.
