Human physiology, edited by Pokrovsky. Functions and properties of skeletal muscles

Educational literature for students medical universities

PHYSIOLOGY

PERSON

Edited by

V.M. Pokrovsky,

G.F.Korotko

Second edition, revised and expanded

UDC612.1/.8(O75) BBK 28.903

REVIEWERS:

V.B. Brin, prof., head. Department of Normal Physiology, North Ossetian State Medical Academy; S.A. Chesnokova, prof. Department of Physiology, Russian Peoples' Friendship University.

Human physiology: Textbook/Ed. V.M. PokrovF50sky, G.F. Briefly. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.:

Medicine, 2003. - 656 p.: ill.: l. ill. - (Educational literature. For students of medical universities). ISBN 5-225-04729-7

The second edition of the textbook (the first was published in 1997 and was printed three times in 1998, 2000 and 2001) has been revised in accordance with the latest scientific achievements. New facts and concepts are presented. The authors of the textbook are highly qualified specialists in the relevant fields of physiology. Special attention addressed to the description of methods quantification functional state of the most important systems of the human body. The textbook corresponds to the program approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia.

For students of medical universities and faculties.

POKROVSKY Vladimir Mikhailovich, dr med. Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Medical Academy

BRIEFLY Gennady Feodosievich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Medical Academy

Avdeev Sergey Nikolaevich, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Institute of Pulmonology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Aisanov Zaurbek Ramazanovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Institute of Pulmonology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Vodolazhskaya Margarita Gennadievna, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Stavropol State University

Gurfinkel Viktor Semenovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Degtyarev Vitaly Prokofievich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Moscow State Medical and Dental University

Kobrin Vladimir Isaakovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Russian State Medical University

Kositsky Grigory Ivanovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member RAMS, Russian State Medical University

Kuznik Boris Ilyich, MD. Sciences, Professor, Chita State Medical Academy

Kuraev Grigory Asvandurovich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member RAO, Rostov State University

Kutsenko Irina Igorevna, MD. Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Medical Academy

Levin Yuri Sergeevich, Ph.D. biol. Sciences, Institute of Information Transmission Problems RAS

Maligonov Evgeniy Antonovich, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Associate Professor, Kuban State Medical Academy

Natochin Yuri Viktorovich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg State University

Nozdrachev Alexander Danilovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg State University

Orlov Ratmir Sergeevich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Osadchiy Oleg Evgenievich, Dr. med. Sciences, Kuban State Medical Academy

Ostrovsky Mikhail Arkadevich,

Perov Yuri Mitrofanovich, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Professor, Kuban State Medical Academy

Lustfully Alexander Georgievich, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Kuban State Medical Academy

Pyatin Vasily Fedorovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Samara State Medical University

Tkachuk Vsevolod Arsenievich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member RAS, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow State University

Khananashvili Yakov Abramovich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Rostov State Medical University

Chernyak Aleksandr Vladimirovich, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Institute of Pulmonology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Chorayan Hovhannes Grigorievich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Rostov State University

Chuchalin Alexander Grigorievich, Dr. med. Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pulmonology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Shevelev Igor Alexandrovich, Dr. Biol. Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University

3.1. Mechanisms of activity of the central nervous system. - O.G. Chorayan. . . 97

3.3. Physiology of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system, - A.D. Nozdrachev 171

3.3.4. Synaptic transmission of excitation in the autonomic nervous system 182

3.3.5. The influence of the autonomic nervous system on the functions of tissues and organs 187

Chapter 6. Blood and lymph circulation.- V.M. Pokrovsky, G. I. Kositsky. . . 21A

6.2.3.6. Regulation of circulating blood volume. Blood depots. . . 329

6.2.3.7. Changes in activity of cardio-vascular system

Textbook for higher educational institutions physical culture. 7th edition

Approved by the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture

The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National state university physical culture, sports and health named after. P. F. Lesgafta, St. Petersburg

Reviewers:

V. I. Kuleshov, doctor med. sciences, prof. (VmedA named after S. M. Kirov)

I. M. Kozlov, Doctor of Biology and doctor ped. sciences, prof. (NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)

© Solodkov A. S., Sologub E. B., 2001, 2005, 2008, 2015, 2017

© Publication, LLC Publishing House "Sport", 2017

Aleksey Sergeevich Solodkov – Professor of the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after. P. F. Lesgafta (head of the department for 25 years, 1986–2012).

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts, Honorary Worker of the Higher vocational education RF, Chairman of the section “Physiology of Sports” and member of the Board of the St. Petersburg Physiological Society named after. I. M. Sechenov.

Sologub Elena Borisovna – doctor biological sciences, Professor. Since 2002 he has lived in New York (USA).

At the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health. P.F. Lesgafta worked since 1956, from 1986 to 2002 - as a professor of the department. Was elected academician Russian Academy Medical and Technical Sciences, Honorary Worker higher education Russia, member of the Board of the St. Petersburg Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists named after. I. M. Sechenov.

Human physiology is the theoretical basis of a number of practical disciplines(medicine, psychology, pedagogy, biomechanics, biochemistry, etc.). Without understanding the normal course physiological processes and the constants characterizing them, various specialists cannot correctly assess the functional state of the human body and its performance in different conditions activities. Knowledge of physiological regulatory mechanisms various functions the body has important in understanding the move recovery processes during and after intense muscular work.

By revealing the basic mechanisms that ensure the existence of an entire organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology makes it possible to clarify and study the conditions and nature of changes in the activity of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is the science that carries out systems approach in the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem relationships of complex human body and bringing them together specific functional formations and a unified theoretical picture.

It is important to emphasize that domestic researchers play a significant role in the development of modern scientific physiological concepts. Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for correct understanding the place, role and significance of the discipline in the content of the socio-political status of society, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical path of development of individual branches of physiology, mention of its most prominent representatives and analysis of the natural science base on which the basic concepts and ideas of this discipline were formed make it possible to evaluate current state subject and determine its further promising directions.

Physiological science in Russia in the 18th–19th centuries is represented by a galaxy of brilliant scientists - I. M. Sechenov, F. V. Ovsyannikov, A. Ya. Danilevsky, A. F. Samoilov, I. R. Tarkhanov, N. E. Vvedensky and etc. But only I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov deserve the credit for creating new directions not only in Russian, but also in world physiology.

Physiology as an independent discipline began to be taught in 1738 at the Academic (later St. Petersburg) University. The Moscow University, founded in 1755, also played a significant role in the development of physiology, where the Department of Physiology was opened within it in 1776.

In 1798, the Medical-Surgical (Military Medical) Academy was founded in St. Petersburg, which played an exceptional role in the development of human physiology. The Department of Physiology created under her was successively headed by P. A. Zagorsky, D. M. Vellansky, N. M. Yakubovich, I. M. Sechenov, I. F. Tsion, F. V. Ovsyannikov, I. R. Tarkhanov, I. P. Pavlov, L. A. Orbeli, A. V. Lebedinsky, M.P. Brestkin and other outstanding representatives of physiological science. Behind each named name there are discoveries in physiology that are of global significance.

Physiology was included in the curriculum of physical education universities from the first days of their organization. Created by P.F. Lesgaft in 1896 Higher courses physical education A physiology cabinet was immediately opened, the first head of which was Academician I.R. Tarkhanov. In subsequent years, physiology was taught here by N.P. Kravkov, A.A. Walter, P.P. Rostovtsev, V.Ya. Chagovets, A. G. Ginetsinsky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, L. A. Orbeli, I. S. Beritov, A. N. Krestovnikov, G. V. Folbort and others.

Rapid development of physiology and acceleration scientific and technological progress in the country led to the emergence in the 30s of the 20th century of a new independent section of human physiology - sports physiology, although individual works, devoted to the study of body functions during physical activity, were published in late XIX century (I. O. Rozanov, S. S. Gruzdev, Yu. V. Blazhevich, P. K. Gorbachev, etc.). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching the physiology of sports began in our country earlier than abroad, and were more focused. By the way, we note that only in 1989 the General Assembly International Union Physiological Sciences decided to create a commission under it “Physiology of Sports”, although similar commissions and sections in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the All-Union Physiological Society named after. I. P. Pavlova of the USSR State Sports Committee have existed in our country since the 1960s.

The theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of sports physiology were created by the fundamental works of I. M. Sechenov, I. P. Pavlov, N. E. Vvedensky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, K. M. Bykov and others. However, the systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began much later. Particularly great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L. A. Orbeli and his student A. N. Krestovnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of the University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft and his department of physiology - the first such department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.

After the creation in 1919 of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Physical Education. P. F. Lesgaft teaching this subject carried out by L. A. Orbeli, A. N. Krestovnikov, V. V. Vasilyeva, A. B. Gandelsman, E. K. Zhukov, N. V. Zimkin, A. S. Mozzhukhin, E. B. Sologub, A. . S. Solodkov and others. In 1938, A. N. Krestovnikov published the first “Textbook of Physiology” in our country and in the world for physical education institutes, and in 1939 – the monograph “Physiology of Sports”. Important role V further development The teaching of the discipline was played by three editions of the “Textbook of Human Physiology” edited by N.V. Zimkin (1964, 1970, 1975).

Year of issue: 2003

Genre: Physiology

Format: DjVu

Quality: Scanned pages

Description: When preparing the textbook “Human Physiology,” the authors set themselves the following tasks: to supplement the textbook with scientific achievements beyond last years; introduce modern methods research of functions in humans, replacing outdated ones with them; improve the logic of presenting material in order to facilitate students’ understanding of the patterns of physiological functions. The basis for ideas about life activity is the integration of modern data obtained from molecular, organ, systemic and organismal levels. The human body is considered in the textbook “Human Physiology” as complete system, which is in constant interaction with the diversity of influences from the surrounding, including social, environment.

The textbook “Human Physiology” is intended for students of medical universities and faculties.

Physiology: subject, methods, significance for medicine. Short story. - V.M. Pokrovsky, G.F. Briefly
Physiology, its subject and role in the medical education system
Formation and development of methods of physiological research
Principles of organizing function management - V.P. Degtyarev

Control in living organisms
Self-regulation of physiological functions
System organization of management. Functional systems and their interaction

Organism and environment. Adaptation
A Brief History of Physiology
Excitable tissues
Physiology of excitable tissues - V.I. Kobrin

Structure and main functions of cell membranes.
Basic properties of cell membranes and ion channels
Methods for studying excitable cells
Resting potential
Action potential.
The effect of electric current on excitable tissues

Physiology of nervous tissue - G.L. Kuraev

Structure and morphofunctional classification of neurons
Receptors. Receptor and generator potentials
Afferent neurons
Interneurons
Efferent neurons
Neuroglia
Conducting stimulation along nerves

Physiology of synapses - G.L. Kuraev
Physiology of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscles - V.I. Kobrin

Classification of skeletal muscle fibers
Functions and properties of skeletal muscles
Mechanism of muscle contraction
Modes of muscle contraction
Muscle work and power
Energy of muscle contraction
Heat generation during muscle contraction
Musculoskeletal interaction
Assessment of the functional state of the human muscular system

Smooth muscles - R.S. Orlov

Classification of smooth muscles
The structure of smooth muscles
Innervation of smooth muscles
Functions and properties of smooth muscles

Physiology of glandular tissue - G.F. Briefly

Secretion
Multifunctionality of secretion
Secretory cycle
Biopotentials of glandulocytes
Regulation of glandulocyte secretion

Neural regulation of physiological functions
Mechanisms of activity of the central nervous system - O.E. Chorayan

Methods for studying the functions of the central nervous system
Reflex principle of regulation of functions
Inhibition in the central nervous system
Properties of nerve centers
Principles of integration and coordination in the activity of the central nervous system
Neuronal complexes
Blood-brain barrier
Cerebrospinal fluid
Elements of cybernetics of the nervous system

Physiology of the central nervous system - G. A. Kuraev

Spinal cord

Morphofunctional organization of the spinal cord
Features of the neural organization of the spinal cord
Spinal cord pathways
Reflex functions of the spinal cord

Brain stem

Medulla
Bridge
Midbrain
Reticular formation of the brainstem
Diencephalon

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Limbic system

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus

Basal ganglia

Caudate nucleus. Shell
Pale ball
Fence

Cerebral cortex

Morphofunctional organization
Sensory areas
Motor areas
Associative areas
Electrical manifestations of cortical activity
Interhemispheric relationships

Coordination of movements - B.C. Gurfinkel, Yu.S. Levik

Physiology of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system - A.D. Nozdrachev

Functional structure of the autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic part
Parasympathetic part
Metasympathetic part

Features of the design of the autonomic nervous system
Autonomic (vegetative) tone
Synaptic transmission of excitation in the autonomic nervous system
The influence of the autonomic nervous system on the functions of tissues and organs

Hormonal regulation of physiological functions - V.A. Tkachuk, O.E. Osadchiy
Principles of hormonal regulation

Research methods

Formation, excretion from endocrine cells, blood transport and mechanisms of action of hormones

Hormone synthesis
Removal of hormones from producing cells and transport of hormones in the blood
Molecular mechanisms of hormone action

Endocrine glands and the physiological role of their hormones

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads

Endothelium as endocrine tissue

Blood system - B.I. Kuznik
Concept of the blood system

Basic functions of blood
Amount of blood in the body

Blood plasma composition

Physicochemical properties of blood

Formed elements of blood

Red blood cells

Hemoglobin and its compounds

Color index
HemolysisFunctions of red blood cells

Hematopoiesis

Basic conditions for normal hematopoiesis
Physiology of erythropoiesis
Factors providing erythropoiesis

Leukocytes

Physiological leukocytosis Leukopenia
Leukocyte formula
Characteristics of individual types of leukocytes
Physiology of leukopoiesis
Factors providing leikopoiesis
Nonspecific resistance
Immunity

Blood groups

AVO system
Rh system (Rh-hr) and others
Blood groups and morbidity

Platelets
Hemostasis system

Vascular-platelet hemostasis
Blood clotting process

Plasma and cellular coagulation factors
Blood clotting mechanism

Natural anticoagulants
Fibrinotis
Regulation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis

Instrumental methods for studying the blood system
Blood and lymph circulation - V.M. Pokrovsky, G. I. Kositsky
Heart activity

Electrical phenomena in the heart, the occurrence and conduction of excitation

Electrical activity of myocardial cells
Functions of the cardiac conduction system
Dynamics of myocardial excitability and extrasystole
Electrocardiogram

Pumping function of the heart

Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Mechanical and sound manifestations of cardiac activity
Methods for studying cardiac functions

Regulation of heart activity

Intracardiac regulatory mechanisms
Extracardiac regulatory mechanisms
The influence of the central nervous system on the activity of the heart
Reflex regulation of heart activity
Conditioned reflex regulation of heart activity
Humoral regulation of heart activity

Integration of cardiac regulation mechanisms

Endocrine function of the heart

Functions of the vascular system

Basic principles of hemodynamics. Classification of vessels
Movement of blood through vessels

Blood pressure and peripheral resistance
Arterial pulse
Volumetric blood flow velocity
Movement of blood in capillaries. Microcirculation
Movement of blood in veins
Blood circulation time

Regulation of blood movement through vessels

Innervation of blood vessels
Vasomotor center
Humoral influences on blood vessels
Physiological systems of blood pressure regulation
Redistribution reactions in the circulatory regulation system
Regulation of circulating blood volume. Blood depots
Changes in the activity of the cardiovascular system during work

Regional blood circulation - Ya.L. Khaianashvili

Coronary circulation
Blood supply to the brain and spinal cord

Pulmonary circulation

Lymph circulation - R.S. Orlov

Structure of the lymphatic system
Lymph formation
Composition of lymph
Lymph movement
Functions of the lymphatic system

Breath - A.B. Chuchalin, V.M. Pokrovsky
The essence and stages of breathing
External respiration - A. V. Chernyak

Biomechanics of respiratory movements
Respiratory muscles
Changes in lung pressure
Pleural pressure
Elastic properties of the lungs
Lung compliance
Elastic properties of the chest
Resistance in the respiratory system
Work of breathing

Ventilation - Z.R. Aisanov, E.A. Maligonov

Lung volumes and capacities
Quantitative characteristics of lung ventilation
Alveolar ventilation

Gas exchange and gas transport - S.I. Avdeev, E.A. Maligonov

Gas diffusion
Oxygen transport
Oxymoglobin dissociation curve
Oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption by tissues
Carbon dioxide transport

Regulation of external respiration - V.F. Pyatin

Respiratory center
Reflex regulation of breathing
Coordination of breathing with other body functions

Peculiarities of breathing during physical activity and with altered partial pressure of gases - Z.R. Aisanov

Breathing during exercise
Breathing when climbing to altitude
Breathing pure oxygen
Breathing at high pressure.

Non-respiratory functions of the lungs - E.A. Maligonov, A.G. Lustfully

Protective functions of the respiratory system

Mechanical protection factors
Cellular protective factors
moral protective factors

Metabolism of biologically active substances in the lungs

Digestion - G.F. Briefly
Hunger and satiety
The essence of digestion and its organization

Digestion and its importance
Types of digestion
Conveyor principle of organizing digestion

Digestive functions

Secretion of the digestive glands
Motor function of the digestive tract
Suction

Regulation of digestive functions

Digestive management
The role of regulatory peptides and amines in the activity of the digestive tract
Blood supply to the digestive tract and its functional activity
Periodic activity of the digestive organs

Methods for studying digestive functions

Experimental methods
Methods for studying digestive functions in humans

Oral digestion and swallowing

Eating
Chewing
Salivation
Swallowing

Digestion in the stomach

Secretory function of the stomach
Motor activity of the stomach
Evacuation of stomach contents into the duodenum
Vomit

Digestion in the small intestine

Pancreatic secretion

Formation, composition and properties of pancreatic juice

Bile formation and bile secretion
Intestinal secretion
Cavity and parietal hydrolysis of nutrients in the small intestine
Motor activity of the small intestine
Absorption of various substances in the small intestine

Functions of the colon

Entry of intestinal chyme into the large intestine
The role of the colon in digestion
Motor activity of the colon
Colon gases
Defecation
Microflora of the digestive tract

Liver functions
Digestive functions and human motor activity

Effect of hypokinesia
The influence of hyperkinesia

Non-digestive functions of the digestive tract

Excretory activity of the digestive tract
Participation of the digestive tract in water-salt metabolism
Endocrine function of the digestive tract and the release of physiologically active substances in secretions
Incretion (endosecretion) of enzymes by the digestive glands
Immune system of the digestive tract

Metabolism and energy. Nutrition - V.M. Pokrovsky
Metabolism

Protein metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Exchange of mineral salts and water

Heat transfer - physical thermoregulation
Isotherm regulation

Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Selection. Physiology of the kidney - Yu.V. Natochin
general characteristics
Kidneys and their functions

Methods for studying kidney function
Nephron and its blood supply
The process of urine formation

Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

Determination of the magnitude of renal plasma and blood flow
Synthesis of substances in the kidneys
Osmotic dilution and concentration of urine
omeostatic kidney function
Excretory function of the kidneys
Endocrine function of the kidneys
Metabolic kidney function
Principles of regulation of reabsorption and secretion of substances in renal tubular cells
Regulation of kidney activity
Quantity, composition and properties of urine
Urination
Consequences of kidney removal and artificial kidney
Age characteristics kidney structures and functions

Reproductive function - I. I. Kutsenko
Sexual differentiation
Puberty
Human sexual behavior
Physiology of female genital organs
Physiology of male genital organs
Physiology of pregnancy
Physiology of childbirth and the postpartum period
Adaptation of the newborn’s body to the conditions of extrauterine life
Lactation
Sensory systems - M.A. Ostrovsky, I.A. Shevelev
General physiology sensory systems

Methods for studying sensory systems
General principles structure of sensory systems
Basic functions of the sensor system
Mechanisms of information processing in the sensory system
Adaptation of the sensory systemTypes of conditioned reflexesRegulation biological clock mammals

Literature

Name: Human physiology.

In the first volume of the textbook, taking into account latest achievements in the field of normal physiology, a brief history, subject and methods of physiological research are outlined, as well as the physiology of excitable tissues, mechanisms of regulation of physiological functions, physiology of the central nervous system, blood systems, circulatory, and respiration. The second volume of the textbook, taking into account the latest advances in the field of normal physiology, covers issues of digestion, metabolism, thermoregulation, excretion and kidney function, as well as sexual behavior, reproduction and lactation; outlines the physiology of sensory systems and integrative brain activity.

PREFACE
Chapter 1. PHYSIOLOGY. SUBJECT AND METHODS. IMPORTANCE FOR MEDICINE. SHORT STORY. - G. I. Kositsky, V. M. Pokrovsky, G. F. Korotko.
1.1. Physiology, its subject and role in the medical education system
1.2. Methods of physiological research
1.3. Physiology of the whole organism
1.4. Organism and external environment. Adaptation
1.5. A Brief History of Physiology
Chapter 2. EXCITABLE TISSUE
2.1. Physiology of excitable tissues. - V.I. Kobrin
2.1.1. Structure and basic properties of cell membranes and ion channels
2.1.2. Methods for studying excitable cells
2.1.3. Resting potential
2.1.4. Action potential
2.1.5. The effect of electric current on excitable tissues 48
2.2. Physiology of nervous tissue. - G. A. Kuraev
2.2.1. Structure and morphofunctional classification of neurons
2.2.2. Receptors. Receptor and generator potentials
2.2.3. Afferent neurons, their functions
2.2.4. Interneurons, their role in the formation of neural networks
2.2.5. Efferent neurons
2.2.6. Neuroglia
2.2.7. Conducting stimulation along nerves
2.3. Physiology of synapses. - G. A. Kuraev
2.4. Physiology of muscle tissue
2.4.1. Skeletal muscles. - V.I. Kobrin
2.4.1.1. Classification of skeletal muscle fibers
2.4.1.2. Functions and properties of skeletal muscles
2.4.1.3. Mechanism of muscle contraction
2.4.1.4. Modes of muscle contraction
2.4.1.5. Muscle work and power
2.4.1.6. Energy of muscle contraction
2.4.1.7. Heat generation during muscle contraction
2.4.1.8. Musculoskeletal interaction
2.4.1.9. Assessment of the functional state of the human muscular system
2.4.2. Smooth muscles. - R. S. Orlov
2.4.2.1. Classification of smooth muscles
2.4.2.2. The structure of smooth muscles
2.4.2.3. Innervation of smooth muscles
2.4.2.4. Functions and properties of smooth muscles
2.5.1. Secretion
2.5.2. Multifunctionality of secretion
2.5.3. Secretory cycle
2.5.4. Biopotentials of glandulocytes
2.5.5. Regulation of glandulocyte secretion
Chapter 3. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF FUNCTION MANAGEMENT. - V. P. Degtyarev
3.1. Control in living organisms
3.2. Self-regulation of physiological functions
3.3. System organization of management. Functional systems and their interaction
Chapter 4. NERVOUS REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
4.1. Mechanisms of activity of the central nervous system. - O. G. Chorayan
4.1.1. Methods for studying the functions of the central nervous system
4.1.2. Reflex principle of regulation of functions
4.1.3. Inhibition in the central nervous system
4.1.4. Properties of nerve centers
4.1.5. Principles of integration and coordination in the activity of the central nervous system
4.1.6. Neuronal complexes and their role in the activity of the central nervous system
4.1.7. Blood-brain barrier and its functions
4.1.8. Cerebrospinal fluid
4.1.9. Elements of cybernetics of the nervous system
4.2. Physiology of the central nervous system. - G. A. Kuraev 134
4.2.1. Spinal cord
4.2.1.1. Morphofunctional organization of the spinal cord
4.2.1.2. Features of the neural organization of the spinal cord
4.2.1.3. Spinal cord pathways
4.2.1.4. Reflex functions of the spinal cord
4.2.2. Brain stem
4.2.2.1. Medulla
4.2.2.2. Bridge
4.2.2.3. Midbrain
4.2.2.4. Reticular formation of the brainstem
4.2.2.5. Diencephalon
4.2.2.5.1. Thalamus
4.2.2.6. Cerebellum
4.2.3. Limbic system
4.2.3.1. Hippocampus
4.2.3.2. Amygdala
4.2.3.3. Hypothalamus
4.2.4. Basal ganglia
4.2.4.1. Caudate nucleus. Shell
4.2.4.2. Pale ball
4.2.4.3. Fence
4.2.5. Cerebral cortex
4.2.5.1. Morphofunctional organization
4.2.5.2. Sensory areas
4.2.5.3. Motor areas
4.2.5.4. Associative areas
4.2.5.5. Electrical manifestations of cortical activity
4.2.5.6. Interhemispheric relationships
4.2.6. Coordination of movements. - V. S. Gurfinkel, Yu. S. Levik
4.3. Physiology of the autonomic (vegetative) nervous system. - A. D. Nozdrachev
4.3.1- Functional structure of the autonomic nervous system
4.3.1.1. The sympathetic part
4.3.1.2. Parasympathetic part
4.3.1.3. Metasympathetic part
4.3.2. Features of the design of the autonomic nervous system
4.3.3. Autonomic (vegetative) tone
4.3.4. Synaptic transmission of excitation in the autonomic nervous system
4.3.5- Influence of the autonomic nervous system on the functions of tissues and organs
Chapter 5. HORMONAL REGULATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. - V. A. Tachuk, O. E. Osadchiy
5.1. Principles of hormonal regulation
5.2. Endocrine glands
5.2.1. Research methods
5.2.2. Pituitary
5.2.3. Thyroid
5.2.4. Parathyroid glands
5.2.5. Adrenal glands
5.2.6. Pancreas
5.2.7. Gonads
5.3. Education, secretion and mechanisms of action of hormones 264
5.3.1. Regulation of hormone biosynthesis
5.3.2. Secretion and transport of hormones
5.3.3. Mechanisms of action of hormones on cells
Chapter 6. BLOOD. - B.I. Kuzink
6.1. Concept of the blood system
6.1.1. Basic functions of blood
6.1.2. Amount of blood in the body
6.1.3. Blood plasma composition
6.1.4. Physicochemical properties of blood
6.2. Formed elements of blood
6.2.1. Red blood cells
6.2.1.1. Hemoglobin and its compounds
6.2.1.2. Color index
6.2.1.3. Hemolysis
6.2.1.4. Functions of red blood cells
6.2.1.5. Erythron. Regulation of erythropoiesis
6.2.2. Leukocytes
6.2.2.1. Physiological leukocytosis. Leukopenia 292
6.2.2.2. Leukocyte formula
6.2.2.3. Characteristics of individual types of leukocytes
6.2.2.4. Regulation of leukopoiesis
6.2.2.5. Nonspecific resistance and immunity
6.2.3. Platelets
6.3. Blood groups
6.3.1. AVO system
6.3.2. Rh system (Rh-hr) and others
6.3.3. Blood groups and morbidity. Hemostasis system
6.4.1. Vascular-platelet hemostasis
6.4.2. Blood clotting process
6.4.2.1. Plasma and cellular coagulation factors
6.4.2.2. Blood clotting mechanism
6.4.3. Natural anticoagulants
6.4.4. Fibrniolysis
6.4.5. Regulation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis
Chapter 7. BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION. - E. B. Babsky, G. I. Kositsky, V. M. Pokrovsky
7.1. Heart activity
7.1.1. Electrical phenomena in the heart, conduction of excitation
7.1.1.1. Electrical activity of myocardial cells
7.1.1.2. Functions of the conduction system of the heart. . .
7.1.1.3. Refractory phase of the myocardium and extrasystole
7.1.1.4. Electrocardiogram
7.1.2. Pumping function of the heart
7.1.2.1. Phases of the cardiac cycle
7.1.2.2. Cardiac output
7.1.2.3. Mechanical and abnormal manifestations of cardiac activity
7.1.3. Regulation of heart activity
7.1.3.1. Intracardiac regulatory mechanisms
7.1.3.2. Extracardiac regulatory mechanisms. .
7.1.3.3. Interaction of intracardiac and extracardiac nervous regulatory mechanisms
7.1.3.4. Reflex regulation of heart activity
7.1.3.5. Conditioned reflex regulation of heart activity
7.1.3.6. Humoral regulation of heart activity
7.1.4. Endocrine function of the heart
7.2. Functions of the vascular system
7.2.1. Basic principles of hemodynamics. Classification of vessels
7.2.2. Movement of blood through vessels
7.2.2.1. Blood pressure
7.2.2.2. Arterial pulse
7.2.2.3. Volumetric blood flow velocity
7-2.2.4. Movement of blood in capillaries. Microcirculation
7.2.2.5. Movement of blood in veins
7.2.2.6. Blood circulation time
7.2.3. Regulation of blood movement through vessels
7.2.3.1. Innervation of blood vessels
7.2.3.2. Vasomotor center
7.2.3.3. Reflex regulation of vascular tone
7.2.3.4. Humoral influences on blood vessels
7.2.3.5. Local mechanisms of blood circulation regulation
7.2.3.6. Regulation of circulating blood volume.
7.2.3.7. Blood depots
7.2.4. Regional blood circulation. - Y. A. Khananashvili 390
7.2.4.1. Cerebral circulation
7.2.4.2. Coronary circulation
7.2.4.3. Pulmonary circulation
7.3. Lymph circulation. - R. S. Orlov
7.3.1. Structure of the lymphatic system
7.3.2. Lymph formation
7.3.3. Composition of lymph
7.3.4. Lymph movement
7.3.5. Functions of the lymphatic system
Chapter 8. BREATHING. - V. CD. Pyatin
8.1. The essence and stages of breathing
8.2. External breathing
8.2.1. Biomechanics of respiratory movements
8.3. Pulmonary ventilation
8.3.1. Lung volumes and capacities
8.3.2. Alveolar ventilation
8.4. Mechanics of breathing
8.4.1. Lung compliance
8.4.2. Airway resistance
8.4.3. Work of breathing
8.5. Gas exchange and gas transport
8.5.1. Diffusion of gases through the airborne barrier. . 415
8.5.2. Content of gases in alveolar air
8.5.3. Gas exchange and O2 transport
8.5.4. Gas exchange and CO2 transport
8.6. Regulation of external respiration
8.6.1. Respiratory center
8.6.2. Reflex regulation of breathing
8.6.3. Coordination of breathing with other body functions
8.7. Peculiarities of breathing during physical exertion and with altered partial pressure of O2
8.7.1. Breathing during physical exertion
8.7.2. Breathing when climbing to altitude
8.7.3. Breathing at high pressure
8.7.4. Breathing pure O2
8.8. Dyspnea and pathological types of breathing
8.9. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs. - E. A. Maligonov, A. G. Pokhotko
8.9.1. Protective functions of the respiratory system
8.9.2. Metabolism of biologically active substances in the lungs
Chapter 9. DIGESTION. G. F. Korotko
9.1. Physiological basis hunger and satiety
9.2. The essence of digestion. Conveyor principle of organizing digestion
9.2.1. Digestion and its importance
9.2.2. Types of digestion
9.2.3. Conveyor principle of organizing digestion
9.3. Digestive functions of the digestive tract
9.3.1. Secretion of the digestive glands
9.3.2. Motor function of the digestive tract
9.3.3. Suction
9.3.4. Methods for studying digestive functions
9.3.4.1. Experimental methods
9.3.4.2. Study of digestive functions in humans?
9.3.5. Regulation of digestive functions
9.3.5.1. Systemic mechanisms for controlling digestive activity. Reflex mechanisms
9.3.5.2. The role of regulatory peptides in the activity of the digestive tract
9.3.5.3. Blood supply and functional activity of the digestive tract
9.3.5.4. Periodic activity of the digestive organs
9.4. Oral digestion and swallowing
9.4.1. Eating
9.4.2. Chewing
9.4.3. Salivation
9.4.4. Swallowing
9.5. Digestion in the stomach
9.5.1. Secretory function of the stomach
9.5.2. Motor function of the stomach
9.5.3. Evacuation of stomach contents into the duodenum
9.5.4. Vomit
9.6. Digestion in the small intestine
9.6.1. Pancreatic secretion
9.6.2. Bile secretion and bile secretion
9.6.3. Intestinal secretion
9.6.4. Cavity and parietal digestion in the small intestine
9.6.5. Motor function of the small intestine
9.6.6. Absorption of various substances in the small intestine
9.7. Functions of the colon
9.7.1. Entry of intestinal chyme into the large intestine
9.7.2. The role of the colon in digestion
9.7.3. Motor function of the colon
9.7.4. Defecation
9.8. Microflora of the digestive tract
9.9. Liver functions
9.10. Non-digestive functions of the digestive tract 87
9.10.1. Excretory activity of the digestive tract
9.10.2. Participation of the digestive tract in water-salt metabolism
9.10.3. Endocrine function of the digestive tract and the release of biologically active substances in secretions
9.10.4. Increment (endosecretion) of enzymes by the digestive glands
9.10.5. Immune system of the digestive tract
Chapter 10. METABOLISM AND ENERGY. NUTRITION. E. B. Babsky V. M. Pokrovsky
10.1. Metabolism
10.1.1. Protein metabolism
10.1.2. Lipid metabolism
10.1.3. Carbohydrate metabolism
10.1.4. Exchange mineral salts and water
10.1.5. Vitamins
10.2. Energy conversion and general metabolism
10.2.1. Methods for studying energy exchange
10.2.1.1. Direct calorimetry
10.2.1.2. Indirect calorimetry
10.2.1.3. Gross Exchange Study
10.2.3. BX
10.2.4. Surface rule
10.2.5. Energy exchange during physical labor
10.2.6. Energy exchange during mental work
10.2.7. Specific dynamic action of food
10.2.8. Regulation of energy metabolism
10.3. Nutrition. G. F. Korotko
10.3.1. Nutrients
10.3.2. Theoretical basis nutrition
10.3.3. Nutrition standards
Chapter 11. THERMOREGULATION. E. B. Babsky, V. M. Pokrovsky
11.1. Body temperature and isothermia
11.2. Chemical thermoregulation
11.3. Physical thermoregulation
11.4. Isotherm regulation
11.5. Hypothermia and hyperthermia
Chapter 12. ALLOCATION. KIDNEY PHYSIOLOGY. Yu. V. Natochin.
12.1. Selection
12.2. Kidneys and their functions
12.2.1. Methods for studying kidney function
12.2.2. Nephron and its blood supply
12.2.3. The process of urine formation
12.2.3.1. Glomerular filtration
12.2.3.2. Kayalceous reabsorption
12.2.3.3. Kayal secretion
12.2.4. Determination of the magnitude of renal plasma and blood flow
12.2.5. Synthesis of substances in the kidneys
12.2.6. Osmotic dilution and concentration of urine
12.2.7. Homeostatic functions of the kidneys
12.2.8. Excretory function of the kidneys
12.2.9. Endocrine function of the kidneys
12.2.10. Metabolic kidney function
12.2.11. Principles of regulation of reabsorption and secretion of substances in renal tubular cells
12.2.12. Regulation of kidney activity
12.2.13. Quantity, composition and properties of urine
12.2.14. Urination
12.2.15. Consequences of kidney removal and artificial kidney
12.2.16. Age-related features of the structure and function of the kidneys
Chapter 13. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR. REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION. LACTATION. Yu. I. Savchenkov, V. I. Kobrin
13.1. Sexual development
13.2. Puberty
13.3. Sexual behavior
13.4. Physiology of sexual intercourse
13.5. Pregnancy and maternal relations
13.6. Childbirth
13.7. Major changes in the body of a newborn
13.8. Lactation
Chapter 14. SENSORY SYSTEMS. M. A. Ostrovsky, I. A. Shevelev
14.1. General physiology of sensory systems
14.1.1. Methods for studying sensory systems
4.2. General principles of the structure of sensory systems
14.1.3. Basic functions of the sensor system
14.1.4. Mechanisms of information processing in the sensory system
14.1.5. Adaptation of the sensory system
14.1.6. Interaction of sensory systems
14.2. Particular physiology of sensory systems
14.2.1. Visual system
14.2.2. Auditory system
14.2.3. Vestibular system
14.2.4. Somatosensory system
14.2.5. Olfactory system
14.2.6. Taste system
14.2.7. Visceral system
Chapter 15. INTEGRATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN. O. G. Chorayan
15.1. Conditioned reflex basis of higher nervous activity
15.1.1. Conditioned reflex. Education mechanism
15.1.2. Methods for studying conditioned reflexes
15.1.3. Stages of formation of a conditioned reflex
15.1.4. Types of conditioned reflexes
15.1.5. Inhibition of conditioned reflexes
15.1.6. Dynamics of basic nervous processes
15.1.7. Types of higher nervous activity
15.2. Physiological mechanisms of memory
15.3. Emotions
15.4. Sleep and hypnosis. V. I. Kobrin
15.4.1. Dream
15.4.2. Hypnosis
15.5. Basics of psychophysiology
15.5.1. Neurophysiological foundations of mental activity
15.5.2. Psychophysiology of the decision-making process. . 292
15.5.3. Consciousness
15.5.4. Thinking
15.6. Second signaling system
15.7. The principle of probability and “fuzziness” in the higher integrative functions of the brain
15.8. Interhemispheric asymmetry
15.9. Influence motor activity on the functional state of a person. E. K. Aganyats
15.9.1. Are common physiological mechanisms influence of physical activity on metabolism
15.9.2. Autonomic support of motor activity 314
15.9.3. The influence of physical activity on the regulatory mechanisms of the central nervous system and hormonal link
15.9.4. The influence of physical activity on the functions of the neuromuscular system
15.9.5. Physiological significance fitness level
15.10. Fundamentals of the physiology of mental and physical labor. E. K. Aganyants
15.10.1. Physiological characteristics mental labor
15.10.2. Physiological characteristics of physical labor
15.10.3. The relationship between mental and physical labor
15.11. Fundamentals of chronophysiology. G. F. Korotko, N. A. Agad-zhanyan
15.11.1. Classification biological rhythms
15.11.2. Circadian rhythms in humans
15.11.3. Ultradian rhythms in humans
11/15/4. Infradian rhythms in humans
15.11.5. The biological clock
11/15/6. Pacemakers of mammalian biological rhythms
Basic quantitative physiological indicators of the body
List of recommended literature.

ORGANISM AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. ADAPTATION.
A complete organism is inextricably linked with its external environment, and therefore, as I.M. Sechenov wrote, in scientific definition The organism must also include the environment that influences it. The physiology of the whole organism studies not only the internal mechanisms of self-regulation of physiological processes, but also the mechanisms that ensure continuous interaction and inextricable unity of the organism with the environment. An indispensable condition and manifestation of such unity is the adaptation of the body to these conditions. However, the concept of adaptation has more broad meaning and meaning.

Adaptation (from Latin adaptatio - adaptation) - all types of congenital and acquired adaptive activities that are provided on the basis of physiological processes occurring at the cellular, organ, systemic and organismal levels. This term is used to describe wide range adaptive processes: from adaptive protein synthesis in the cell and adaptation of receptors to a long-acting stimulus to human social adaptation and the adaptation of peoples to certain climatic conditions. At the level of the human body, adaptation is understood as its adaptation to constantly changing conditions of existence.

The human body is adapted to adequate conditions environment as a result long evolution and ontogenesis, creation and improvement in the course of their adaptive mechanisms (adaptogenesis) in response to pronounced and fairly long-term changes environment. To one factor external environment the body is fully adapted, to others - partially, to others - it cannot adapt due to their extreme extremity. Under these conditions, a person dies without special means life support (for example, in space without a spacesuit outside spaceship). A person can adapt to less severe - subextreme influences, however, prolonged exposure of a person to subextreme conditions leads to overexertion adaptation mechanisms, illness, and sometimes death.