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Consonants- Consonants are a class of speech sounds that are opposite in properties to vowels. Articulatory properties consonants: obligatory presence of an obstruction in the vocal tract; from an acoustic point of view, consonants are characterized as sounds in the formation of which ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Sonorant- SONORAL. Sounds in which the voice plays a role main role. S. sounds represent musical tones, differing in timbre depending on various shapes oral cavity or simultaneously the oral and nasal cavity, resonating with the fundamental tone of the voice.... ... Literary encyclopedia
Sonorant- SONORAL. Sounds in the formation of which the voice plays a major role. S. sounds represent musical tones that differ in timbre, depending on the different shape of the oral cavity or simultaneously the oral cavity and nose, resonating with the fundamental tone... ...
CONSONANTS- speech sounds, opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise that is formed in the oral cavity, where a stream of air encounters various obstacles. Consonants are classified: according to the participation of voice and noise, for example. sonorous... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Consonants- CONSONANTS. Sounds, characteristic feature which is a non-musical noise produced by the convergence of the organs of pronunciation (S. fricatives, see) or the rupture of closely closed organs of pronunciation under the pressure of exhaled air (S. plosives, see).... ... Literary encyclopedia
Consonants- CONSONANTS. Sounds, the characteristic feature of which is a non-musical noise produced by the convergence of the organs of pronunciation (S. fricatives, see) or the rupture of closely closed organs of pronunciation under the pressure of exhaled air (S. plosives, see) ... Dictionary of literary terms
consonants- speech sounds, opposed to vowels and consisting of voice and noise or only noise that is formed in the oral cavity, where a stream of air encounters various obstacles. Consonants are classified: according to the participation of voice and noise, for example sonorants ([m], ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
consonants- Speech sounds, consisting either of noise alone, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the oral cavity, where the stream of air exhaled from the lungs encounters various obstacles. The classification of consonants is based on: 1) participation of voice and noise. Consonants... ... Dictionary linguistic terms
consonants- (background) Sounds in the formation of which the voltage is localized (focused) at the point of formation of the obstacle, strong air jet overcomes the barrier at the focus of consonant formation, exploding it and passing through the gap. These noises make up... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
To begin with, it is important to note which consonants are sonorant in the Russian language. These are sounds that are pronounced using the voice, with virtually no noise. These include [l], [m], [p], [l’], [m’], [p’], [j].
Features of sonorant consonants
They are unique in that they are similar to both vowels and consonants. From ringing sounds They are distinguished by the fact that when they are pronounced, the noise is practically inaudible. They do not have paired voiceless or voiced sounds. This is why sonorant consonants are never pronounced voiceless either at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant. A perfect example the word lamp can become, where [m] is pronounced loudly before a deaf [n]. Noisy voiceless consonants are not pronounced loudly before similar sounds, as happens, for example, in the word request, which we pronounce as [proz’ba]. However, it should not be classified as a vowel. Still, when they sound, an obstacle appears in the oral cavity. This is how noise appears, and this is not at all characteristic of Also such sounds do not have another important characteristic, which defines vowels. You can't form a syllable from them. It should be noted that this is typical specifically for the Russian language, since, for example, in Czech, sonorant sounds have such features. Such sounds can be either hard or soft and have various ways education.
How is the sound [l] formed?
In order for the sound to be correct, the tip of the tongue should be behind the upper front teeth. And if it does not reach the designated place, then its sound is distorted and what comes out instead is a boat - “vodka”.
If the sound is in a soft position, then the tongue should be pressed against the alveoli. It happens that the hard sound [l] is quite difficult to correct. Then you can try holding your tongue between your teeth and pronouncing this sound. But such an action can only be performed during training. Thus, we see that not all sonorant consonants in the Russian language can be corrected.
The need for exercises for the correct pronunciation of sonorant consonants
Many people are absolutely convinced that exercises for correcting pronunciation individual sounds don't make any sense. They are convinced that this method is not at all effective. It is enough just to understand the principle itself, how to correctly pronounce sonorous consonants, and everything will return to normal. In fact, this is not true. Practice is simply necessary here. And it usually starts with the sound [m]. This is because it is pronounced very naturally, and even yoga mantras use it.
Why sonorant consonants?
Translated from Latin, Sonorus means “sonorous.” Such sounds do not have paired voiceless sounds and are also called nasal and smooth. After all, they are all formed with the help of a flow of air that passes through the tongue, teeth and lips. Nothing interferes with it, and the sound is pronounced smoothly. [n] and [m] are considered transitional. To produce such sounds, the lips close tightly, but the air escapes through There are three most effective exercises to practice pronunciation of sonorant consonants:
- The first is the repetition of a phrase that contains large number similar sounds. Quite often in such sentences you can see strange words, which are never used, but they are necessary for practicing pronunciation. It is better if it is performed in one breath and with a nasal sound.
- The next sentence should be much more complex. It is usually longer, so it is quite difficult to say it in one breath. It is better to immediately divide it into parts and also pronounce it with a nasal sound.
- The last sentence is even longer. But it is better to divide it into two parts. Do the first one like the first two exercises, but before the second one you need to take a deep breath and say it as if you are sending something into the distance. This is how the “flight” of the voice should develop. All these exercises will help you learn to pronounce sonorant consonants correctly if you do them systematically.
The Russian language system has 42 phonemes. Of these, 6 phonemes are vowels, and 36 are consonants. All phonemes classified by type of phonation; the number of organs involved in articulation; place of sound formation and so on.
Thus, according to the method of sound formation, the following categories of phonemes are distinguished: noisy, sonorant, vowels, lateral. Let's take a closer look at the group of sonorant phonemes.
In phonetics and phonology Only sounds can be called sonorant, not letters. Sonorant elements are those elements of speech whose articulation occurs without the participation of turbulence in the vocal tract. The group of such sonorous sounds includes the consonants [l], [m], [n], [r], [th], [l’], [m’], [n’], [r’].
English language has a different number of sonants: [m], [n], [l], [ŋ], [h], [j], [r], [w].
Group of sonorous sounds includes the following subgroups:
- approximant;
- nasal phonemes;
- trembling;
- single-strike.
How to distinguish sonants:
- Sonorant phonemes or sonants phonetically contrast with aspirated consonants, when pronounced, a turbulent flow is formed in the vocal tract.
- Sonorant elements of speech are only voiced. This is because when these sounds are articulated, the noise is suppressed by the vocal tone and becomes virtually silent. This feature allows us to talk about proximity of sonorant consonants and vowels. When articulating aspirated consonants, as well as fricative phonemes, on the contrary, the core of the sound is noise, not tone.
- That is why at the end of a word sonorant phonemes are never pronounced dull. The same pattern is observed when a sonant precedes a voiceless consonant. Thus, in the Russian word “company” [m] is pronounced voiced before the voiceless [p]. At the same time, noisy voiceless consonants in similar situation will be pronounced with the following pronunciation: mowing - [koz’ba]. For the same reason, sonants do not have paired voiceless phonemes.
- Sonorant sounds, like other consonants, can form a syllable, which makes them similar to both consonants and vowels at the same time.
Characteristics of sonorant consonants
The classification of sonants is based on several principles. Sounds are distinguished by the place and method of their formation, as well as by the type of phonation.
According to the place of formation, labial-labial ([m], [m']), lingual-labial ([n], [n']), lingual-alveolar ([l], [l'], [r], [ p']) and lingual-mid-palatal consonants ([th]).
According to the method of formation, sonants can be: closed-passive ([n], [n'], [m], [m']), tremulous ([l], [l'], [r], [r']) and slotted ([th]).
Based on the type of phonation (strength of sound output), the vast majority of sonorant consonants are voiced.
Articulation exercises
Clearly defined articulation- the key to beautiful and correct diction. Many children have difficulty pronouncing certain sounds during the period active development their speech apparatus.
If a person has diction defects (burr, lisp, distorted pronunciation of individual sounds, etc.), it is necessary to correct such defects with the help of special exercises.
Speech gymnastics can be performed both in classes with a speech therapist and independently.
Note that pronouncing sonorant consonants causes the greatest difficulties for both children and adults. Such corrective exercises to develop the right way articulations can completely rid a person of speech defects.
All exercises must be performed in front of a mirror. Pledge correct articulation– performing movements only with the speech organs. Often, people with diction defects have the following feature: when articulating certain phonemes, movement is transferred to the limbs or parts of the body (for example, arms or legs).
Therefore, when executing corrective exercises it is necessary to use a mirror in full height to identify excessive gestures in time.
In a good way development of pronunciation can become tongue twisters using words in which specific unpronounceable sounds. After a persistent improvement in the articulation of the necessary sounds begins to appear, you can move on to pronouncing tongue twisters with an obstacle in the mouth. These could be small pebbles, nuts, candies or a wine cork.
Difficulties in Russian
What about the sonants that cause the greatest difficulty in pronunciation for Russian-speaking people? The consonants [th], [m] and [n] do not cause any particular problems. But incorrect articulation of [l] and [r] occurs in almost every third child.
Pay attention!
- The articulation of Russian [l] is different from the articulation of this sonant in other language systems.
- Russian [r], unlike English, is hard and has clearer articulation.
During the development of the speech apparatus, these phonemes are the most difficult for a child. If you do not seek help from a speech therapist in early age and starting a problem, fixing it in adulthood will be much more difficult. As a rule, adults who have such a defect no longer undertake to correct it.
Video
From this video you will learn what sonorous sounds are.
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Few people in ordinary life thinks about the classification of sounds that people use in speech. Some of school course The Russian language remembers that there are, and the latter also come in pairs and are divided into voiced and unvoiced, and there are also hissing ones. But this is far from full list. Will an ordinary schoolchild answer the question of what a sonorous sound is? Hardly.
Classification of speech sounds
Those who are interested in philology and receive specialized education find out during the learning process that sounds are also divided according to the method of extraction, localization and others. characteristic features. They are best known by specialists - speech therapists-defectologists, as well as linguists specializing in phonetics.
There are several classifications based on various criteria, both acoustically and physiologically. This is the main division used by phoneticians. It is precisely the physiology of sound production that includes the division of sounds into vowels, consonants and their further fragmentation into subcategories. The classification from the point of view of acoustics is not known to everyone. That is why it will be extremely interesting to consider it.
Acoustic classification
First of all, a distinction is made between vocal and non-vocal sounds. When pronouncing the former, the voice is used, so that all vowels and some consonants are vocal. Next, a distinction is made between consonant and non-consonant sounds. The first includes all consonants, and the rest - vowels. There is also a category of sharp ones, which includes those that are distinguished by the heterogeneity of the sound spectrum, for example, [ts] or [r]. The rest are classified as unsharp. Even from school, we are familiar with the division into voiced and voiceless, but from the point of view of acoustics, voiced also includes vowels and consonants that are not paired. There are several other criteria, but they mostly depends on the vocal apparatus specific person and the intonations he uses.
One of the first in speech and, perhaps, the simplest to form are sonorant sounds. They are only consonants and are classified as vocal. When pronouncing such sounds, there are practically no obstacles to the exhaled air. Why are they so interesting?
Sonorant
The name of this category comes from Latin, where sonorus means "sonorous". And they really cannot be called deaf. According to the theory, a sonorant sound, when pronounced, does not create a turbulent air flow in the vocal tract, that is, in the larynx, pharynx, oral cavity and nose. In fact, the voice simply dominates the noise, that is, the movements of the lips, tongue, and cheeks are minimal. In Russian, such sounds include [m], [n], [l], [r] and [j]. All of them, except the last one, form a soft pair - [m"], [n"], [l"] and [r"].
The peculiarities of sonorant sounds are such that, despite belonging to consonants, their structure is very close to vowels. In addition, they sound more pleasant and melodious to the ear. This feature is used by poets and writers in a technique called sound writing. It is the sonants, as they are also called, that become the first spoken by children. And this is due precisely to the ease of their articulation and formation. By the way, it is sonorants that most often form the “core” of a syllable, its most sonorous and noticeable part.
Sonants in other languages
Naturally, sonorant sounds are used not only in Russian speech. Examples can be found in many other languages, especially Italian and Spanish, which make them sound smooth and beautiful. There are two sonants in English, which have no analogues in Russian. It's about o [ŋ] and [w]. The sonorant sound [ŋ] belongs to the voiced nasals and is pronounced completely differently than the usual [n], and [w] is very reminiscent of a vowel and is pronounced with the lips so that it turns out something like a short [ue]. IN German There are few sonants, plucking, whistling sounds and affricates predominate, which is why many people think that it is so harsh to the ear. In non-European languages there is also such a category as “sonorant sound”, and the variety of phonemes included there is amazing.
The Russian language has 21 consonants and 36 consonant sounds. Consonant letters and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], g - [g], d - [d], g - [g], j - [th], z - [z], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], p - [p], p - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], ch - [ch], sh - [sh], sch - [sch].
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are a total of 36 different combinations of consonants by pairing and unpairing, hard and soft, voiceless and voiced: voiceless - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonants and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon’] - kon [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l’uk].
For understanding, let’s explain it “on the fingers”. If the consonant is in in different words means either soft or solid sound, then the sound belongs to pairs. For example, in the word cat the letter k denotes the hard sound [k], in the word whale the letter k denotes soft sound[To']. We get: [k] - [k’] form a pair in terms of hardness and softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be classified as a pair, for example [v] and [k’] do not form a pair in terms of hardness-softness, but they do form a pair [v]-[v’]. If a consonant sound is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [zh] is always hard. There are no words in the Russian language where it would be soft [zh’]. Since there is no pair [zh]-[zh’], it is classified as unpaired.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. Thanks to voiced and voiceless consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Voiceless consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered when pronouncing them. vocal cords don't work. Voiced consonants require more air, the vocal cords work.
Some consonants have similar sound according to the method of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - dull or voiced. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of a voiceless and a voiced consonant.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, z-s, zh-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, r, y, c, x, h, shch.
Sonorant, noisy and sibilant consonants
Sonorants are voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are 9 sonorant sounds: [y’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’].
Noisy consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k"], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonant sounds (11): [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z ], [z'].
Hissing consonant sounds (4): [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sch’].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonant sounds (soft and hard, voiceless and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonant sounds. To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonant sounds, you need to know
