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For the treatment of mental disorders, forced or voluntary sleep deprivation is used in medicine. The patient consciously stays awake for more than a day. A single use of the method leads to improved mood and performance. Partial deprivation, when a person suffers from chronic lack of sleep, is dangerous to health.

Every day a person needs from 6 to 8 hours of good sleep. An incorrect regimen for several weeks can lead to psycho-emotional disorders and physical exhaustion. During a night's rest, the following processes occur in the body:

1. Production of growth hormone somatotropin. During sleep, children grow, and in adults, metabolic processes are regulated and fat deposits are redistributed.
2. Slowing down the aging process. At night, the body rests, the face and eyes are not subject to constant stress.
3. Strengthening the immune system. People who get enough sleep are less susceptible to viral, infectious and cancer diseases.
4. Strengthening memory. During the night's rest, the brain continues to process information and consolidate the skills learned during the day.
5. Reducing stress. To relax, calm down and relieve nervous tension, you need to get a full and good night's sleep.

Sleep is the main mechanism for restoring the entire body. The human body and many vital systems shut down.

Advice! If you do not need to rest, and you are able to stay awake for more than two days, it is recommended to consult a somnologist.

Sleep deprivation concept

Sleep deprivation (from English word deprivation - deprivation) is a voluntary or forced 24-hour wakefulness, which is studied in psychology and used in therapy nervous disorders. A person in this state does not react to external stimuli and has hallucinations.

With a long absence of rest, the brain actively works and the sleepless person can remember bright moments of the past. A person’s creativity increases, he is able to perceive things around him in a bright and extraordinary way, and regenerate new ideas. However, in addition to the positive aspects, deprivation has a negative impact on the psyche, provoking irritability, aggressiveness, loss of memory and consciousness.

Definition of the term

In medicine, there are several concepts that define what sleep deprivation is. All of them describe forced or voluntary absence of night rest. This condition is also induced artificially to treat serious mental disorders.

1. Long-term lack of sleep, which is caused by a personal desire to have time to do necessary things. External influence on a person for the purpose of torture and abuse.
2. Sleep disturbance or partial absence. Caused by a nervous breakdown, mental disorder, stress, overwork, and the arrival of a newborn child in the family.
3. Short-term deprivation, the purpose of which is to treat depression. It is used in psychiatry under the supervision of doctors.

It is important to know! It is not recommended to limit yourself in your sleep. Since prolonged lack or complete absence of rest leads to physical and emotional malaise, clouding of consciousness, and hallucinations.

Varieties of the condition

Deprivation is described not only as a state of total insomnia. Violation also occurs in case of sleep less than 4 hours a day or rest that does not coincide with human biorhythms.

Partial deprivation

This condition is encountered by a person who has been sleeping about 3-4 hours a day for 2-3 weeks. The first few days the body undergoes a restructuring in a new way. For some people this becomes normal. They are able to get enough sleep in a short amount of time, while they are happy, cheerful and energetic.

Partial deprivation is observed in students during the session or office workers who need to submit reports once a quarter. After reducing the load and returning the person to normal mode, the body is rebuilt again.

Selective

This type of deprivation is intended to improve performance. It is recommended to stay awake during REM sleep, as during this period the brain is able to react and process information received more quickly.

Deliberate sleep deprivation without prior experience should not exceed more than two days in a row. Otherwise, the person will begin to feel unwell, become aggressive, nervous and absent-minded.

Full

With complete deprivation, a person is deprived of sleep for 36 hours. After such a period of wakefulness, twelve hours of sound sleep is imperative. Longer absence of rest has a bad effect on brain function and leads to general exhaustion of the body. Do not practice this technique more than several times a week.

Attention! If a therapist has diagnosed you with depression, do not try to self-treat through sleep deprivation. In most cases, medication and medical supervision are required.

Purposes of use

Many people during active work and if there is not enough time to complete it, they use the sleep deprivation method. In psychiatry, such a condition can pull a person out of post-traumatic syndrome And cure serious mental disorders. Medical purposes of depriving a patient of sleep:

• depression;
• loss of identity;
• memory impairment;
• aggressiveness, nervousness, hot temper;
• depression, confusion and confusion;
• hyperactivity of children.

Deprivation is also used to study severe forms of epilepsy. During prolonged sleep deprivation, electroencephalography is performed, which makes it possible to determine hidden elliptical activity. An EEG will determine the presence of problems with memory, vision, the cause of impaired coordination, speech, and the presence of tumors in the brain.

Features of treatment of depression with deprivation

Twice sleep deprivation is used for depression. To prevent exacerbation of the disease, it is necessary to deprive sleep once a week. This method not intended for home treatment. It is used under the supervision of specialists.

Deprivation is effective in 70% of cases of manic-depressive disorder. It is also used in the treatment of symptoms of neurotic depression, schizophrenia and psychosis against a background of deep melancholy.

A simple treatment regimen has been developed over the years: 36 hours awake, 12 rest and another 36 without sleep. Already after two times of deprivation, the condition improves, depression goes away, and the patient begins to have good dreams.

It is important to know! To completely get out of a depressed state, you need to deprive yourself of sleep once a week for several months under the supervision of a specialist. During deprivation, you should not be physically overtired, drive, or perform complex processes that require increased attention.

Voluntary decision

If you are depressed, you have no vitality and the desire to do something, conduct a two-day deprivation yourself. It is very important not to harm your body when using the technique. Follow the basic rules:

1. Don't sleep or nap at all for 36 hours.
2. At midnight and 4 am it is not recommended to watch TV or read books; at this time you do the most active work.
3. It is advisable not to eat at night, and also give up tea and coffee.

If you feel very sleepy after a night out, do some exercise or take a short walk in the fresh air. For better results, psychotherapists recommend using deprivation together with fasting.

Violent methods

For serious mental disorders, forced deprivation is carried out. It is imperative to take medications at the same time. During treatment the patient is under constant control doctor, his actions are active. The period of immersion in a dream should not exceed 12 hours.

After a night's rest, it is imperative to interpret dreams, but not look at what they mean according to the dream book. The scenes and pictures that appear in the dream directly characterize the patient’s state of mind.

Results of deprivation

Sleep deprivation has consequences that affect the psychological, neurological, endocrine and cognitive functions of the body. If you are suffering from high blood pressure, vegetative-vascular dystonia or chronic diseases, be sure to consult a psychotherapist. Remember that partial wakefulness and constant sleep deprivation are much more dangerous and less productive than complete sleep deprivation.

Chronic affects human health in the following ways:

• development of diabetes mellitus;
• obesity;
• visual impairment, color blindness;
• problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
• hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder;
• neurological disorders;
• development of malignant tumors.

When deprivation lasts longer than 48 hours, there is a lack of coordination, vomiting, nausea, and hallucinations. People who don't get enough rest for a long time have pale skin, dull hair, they age earlier and get tired faster.

Emotional background

The consequences of prolonged wakefulness are the appearance of aggression, increased excitability, lack of the ability to think critically and regulate one’s emotional background. In a state of deprivation, a person becomes easily suggestible. He also reacts more vividly to events happening around him, and ceases to distinguish between important and unimportant things.

Intellectual abilities

Without sleep, a person cannot perform new job and learn. He remembers previously acquired skills and copes with assignments according to a well-known pattern. According to reviews from people who have experienced deprivation for 24 hours, the condition is similar to alcohol intoxication.

The patient loses attention and has difficulty reading, sewing, or putting together puzzles. Several days of wakefulness leads to the appearance of hallucinations. After proper rest, normalization of cognitive function occurs.

The immune system

Sleep deprivation is a serious threat to health, so the number of white blood cells in the body increases. Lack of rest throughout the day leads to the activation of protective functions, as at the onset of the disease. Prolonged wakefulness results in decreased immunity. The patient becomes susceptible to viruses and infections.

Deprivation and various diseases: what is the connection

Deprivation has been actively used by psychotherapists to treat depression since the 80s. Since then, experiments have been conducted annually to confirm the safety and effectiveness of chronic sleep deprivation or complete absence sleep.

1. Diabetes. In the absence of adequate sleep, the process of glucose digestion slows down, as well as a disruption in the production of hormones. Therefore, there is an opinion that deprivation leads to the development of endocrine gland pathologies.
2. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. If a man long time is without sleep, brain cells swell and toxins accumulate in them. The functioning of the cerebrospinal fluid system is disrupted, which leads to the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles. All this provokes the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Injuries. If coordination in the work of the body is impaired due to wear and tear, a person can independently injure himself. Therefore, psychotherapists do not recommend driving or using electrical appliances while treating depression using deprivation.

Clouding of consciousness and the presence of hallucinations lead to many serious consequences. A person in this state is not responsible for his actions, he does not eat, does not drink, and ceases to feel the urge to go to the toilet.

Treatment of depressed mood and depression using sleep deprivation is effective. It is carried out under the supervision of specialists; in parallel, the patient is prescribed antidepressants. If you are experiencing writer's block, you can practice staying awake for 36 hours, but no more than once a week.

The concept of deprivation. It should be noted that the concept of “deprivation” is interpreted differently in the scientific literature. D. Hebb reveals it as a specific condition associated with a biologically complete, but mentally insufficient environment. I. Bowlby in his monograph “Maternal Care and Mental Health” emphasized that deprivation is a situation in which the subject suffers from a lack of emotional connections, which leads to a number of mental health disorders different degrees sustainability. R. Spitz and V. Goldfarb emphasized mainly severe consequences Long-term complete deprivation, its dramatic course, stability and deep interference in the personality structure, causes a predisposition to delinquency or even psychosis.

I. Lagmeyer, 3. Matejcek note: “Deprivation is a mental state when the subject is not able to satisfy some of his basic (vital) mental needs sufficiently for a long time.” That is, we are talking about the loss of something that an individual needs to satisfy certain important needs. This leads to various moral and psychological deviations in behavior and activity.

In science, the problem of social deprivation remains insufficiently studied.

Mental deprivation is a mental state that occurs as a result life situations, the subject is not given the opportunity to satisfy some of his basic (vital) mental needs for a long time. In psychology, there are several theories of mental deprivation. The term “mental deprivation” refers to various adverse effects that occur in life situations.

Manifestations of mental deprivation can cover a wide range of personality changes - from mild ones, which do not go beyond the normal emotional picture, to very severe damage to the development of intelligence and character. Mental deprivation can manifest a certain pattern of neuropathic signs, and sometimes pronounced somatic features.

Various forms of mental deprivation occur simultaneously in life. They can only be identified in isolation experimentally.

The most common forms of mental deprivation are:

Stimulus (sensory) deprivation: reduced number of sensory stimuli or limited variability;

Deprivation of meanings (cognitive): too variable chaotic structure of the external world without clear ordering and content, does not allow understanding, anticipating and regulating information that comes from the outside (I. Langmeyer, 3. Majeczek)

Deprivation of emotional relationship (emotional): insufficient opportunity to establish an intimate emotional relationship with any person, or to dissolve a similar emotional connection, if one has already been created;

Identity deprivation (social): limited opportunity to acquire an independent social role.

Manifestation of deprivation, its types and consequences. Deprivation is a temporary or permanent, complete or partial, artificial or life-related isolation of a person from the interaction of his internal psyche with the external psyche. Deprivation is a process and a result.

Sensory;

Emotional;

Psychomotor;

Spiritual;

Social;

Cognitive;

Psychocultural.

Depending on the duration of deprivation, it can be:

Short-term (diver’s work for several hours at the bottom of the sea, rest on desert island, illness, etc.);

Prolonged (for example, the stay of astronauts in low-Earth orbit)

Long-term (lack of physical activity over the years, renunciation of secular life through self-isolation in a monastery, membership in cult organizations (sects), etc.).

Any deprivation depends on the level of development: high, medium, low.

A high level of deprivation exists when a person’s isolation has reached complete isolation, that is, there is a complete absence of interaction between his internal psyche and the external psyche of a corresponding nature; medium - when a person’s interaction with an external psychic of a corresponding nature is carried out either rarely, from time to time and in a small volume; low - when interaction with an external psychic of a corresponding nature is carried out systematically, although not in full and inactively.

Sensory deprivation- this is a long-term, more or less complete deprivation of a person’s sensory impressions. Under conditions of sensory deprivation, the need for sensations and affective experiences is actualized, which is realized in the form of sensory and emotional hunger. In response to insufficient afferentation, imagination processes are activated, influencing figurative memory in a certain way. Vivid ideas of eidetic, projection from the outside arise, which are assessed as defensive reactions (compensatory).

As the time spent in conditions of sensory deprivation increases, at the stage of unstable mental activity, emotional lability appears with a shift to low mood - lethargy, depression, apathy, which a short time change into euphoria and irritability. Existing memory impairments, directly dependent on the cyclical nature of emotional states. The rhythm of sleep is disturbed, they develop hypnotic states with the appearance of hypnotic ideas; Unlike pre-sleep states that occur under normal conditions, they drag on for a relatively long time, are projected from the outside and are accompanied by the illusion of involuntariness. The more severe the conditions of sensory deprivation, the faster the thinking processes are disrupted, which manifests itself in the inability to concentrate on anything and consistently think through problems. A decrease in the extrapolation function and performance when performing simple mental actions is recorded.

If the time of exposure to deprivation increases, the eidetic idea may escape the control of the actual “I” and manifest itself in the form of hallucinations. In the genesis of this process, the disposal of the nervous system and the development of hypnotic phases in the cerebral cortex are clearly visible.

Spiritual, emotional and psychomotor deprivation is also a negative factor. In our opinion, the mental health of people in society is influenced by excessive materialization of social life, which requires a lot of time, and refusal to master spiritual values. Some citizens often work in several places without a break for rest, for 10-14 hours, without days off or vacation. Others are forced to travel for long periods of time to work in foreign countries. Still others limit themselves only to the material, not being interested in either the spiritual, physical state, or state of the soul. For many people, rest is limited to sitting for long periods in front of the TV, eating a meal, and the like.

In all these situations, people limit the quantity and quality of spiritual, emotional and physical activity, which leads, in our opinion, to spiritual, emotional and psychomotor deprivation.

Lack of positive spiritual (dzhovna deprivation) and emotional ( emotional deprivation) the load on the human psyche is caused by a gradual increase in the negative psychoenergetic potential formed as a result of the action of negative emotions (due to conflicts, worship of money, quarrels, failures, disappointments, fears, inability to get rich quickly, loss of loved ones, injustice, negativism, deception for the sake of material enrichment , lack of perspective, dissatisfaction with one’s position in society, etc.). This negative psychoenergetic potential causes mental disorders, nervous breakdowns, depressive states, etc., reduces a person’s mental health.

No wonder L.A. Bogdanovich focuses on the fact that mental hygiene “means maintaining mental health. It concerns only the state of the brain, but also a person’s feelings.” This was also noted by the Roman physician Galen, who wrote about “hygiene of the passions, or moral hygiene.”

The negative psychological impact is also the lack of physical activity necessary for the body. In total, to maintain a person’s mental health, it is necessary that she constantly receive a balanced positive cognitive (mental), spiritual, emotional and physical stress. their disproportion or absence necessarily negatively affects a person’s mental health.

Social deprivation- this is a deviation from real social norms in society and in various social communities, which reflect a certain degree of isolation of the individual from the social circle and social environment.

The social development of a subject occurs not only through the training of certain types social activities. In fact the subject is integral part all social system. He always gradually assimilates the formula of the entire organized social system with all its many roles (behavior that corresponds to certain social positions and statuses). The subject learns not only those roles that he himself gradually takes over and carries out, but also those that concern other persons. The subject acquires knowledge of these roles by direct participation in social interactions.

Therefore, if in social structure subject there is no essential element that defines a clear social role other subjects of social reality (for example, if there is no father or mother, brother or sister in the family, or there is not enough communication with peers), then the individual does not gain experience interacting with them. In this case, deprivation can be regarded primarily as a lack of knowledge of social roles. The consequences of such deprivation influence the course of socialization: the deprived subject is poorly prepared to appropriately perform a number of roles that are expected of him in society.

Social deprivation depends significantly on the degree to which a person's needs are met. More precisely, it arises when needs cannot be satisfied or they are satisfied partially, one-sidedly, and the like.

Long-term observations of scientists have shown that people with behavioral disorders experience serious difficulties in various life situations. These social situations influence the occurrence of social deprivation. Such life situations include: a) suspension by various reasons already created connection between the subject and his social environment; b) insufficient receipt of social, sensory, sensory stimuli when the subject developed and lived in conditions of social isolation.

Similar isolation affects almost all social situations, for example: a child is sent to kindergarten; change of personnel; birth of younger family members "; transfer of the subject from one institution to another; divorce of parents; death of at least one of the parents; conscription into the army; influence on the subject or his family of economic, sociocultural and social factors (families with a low economic or cultural level , asocial families, socially discriminated families, families of so-called privileged persons, families of immigrants, membership in sects, etc.), natural disasters, floods, earthquakes, social events, war, government disasters, evacuation, abnormal traumatic positions in which they were adults during the development and upbringing of a child, the presence of an individual among people who speak a different language, the group’s rejection of the individual for some reason, a long stay in solitary confinement cells, physical disabilities (fat, long, short), etc.

The development of social deprivation is largely influenced by the socio-psychological state of society, the level of its development and the process of socialization of a particular individual.

Social deprivation is specific deviations from real social norms of behavior and communication, which were formed on the basis of the absence of certain conditions of socialization and opportunities to comprehensively assimilate sociocultural public VALUES.

Research shows the varying effects of social deprivation on human behavior and performance.

Cognitive deprivation consists of isolation (self-isolation) of a person from the processes of solving various mental tasks. We are talking about “mental load”, the absence of which leads to inhibition of mental development or even its regression. Mental “laziness” develops.

Psychocultural deprivation consists in the long-term alienation of the individual from the assimilation of purely human cultural values, first of all, works of art, literature, folklore, customs, rituals, traditions, etc.

Control questions:

What is meant by the term “socialization”?

What are the views of scientists on the socialization of personality?

How does the process of socialization of a person occur?

What are the features of personality socialization?

Reveal the factors of personality socialization.

What are the features of personality socialization at different age periods?

What institutions carry out the socialization of the individual?

What is deprivation?

Name the forms of mental deprivation.

Describe the characteristics of sensory, emotional and psychomotor deprivation.

What causes cognitive, social, psychocultural and spiritual deprivation?

Literature:

Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K.A. Life strategy. - M., 1991. Asmolov A.G. Psychology of Personality. - M.: Education, 1990. Berne R. Development of self-concept and education. - M., 1986.

Variy M.I. General psychology: Textbook. allowance / For students pshel. and teacher, specialties. - Lviv: land, 2005.

Langmeyer I, Matejcek 3. Psychological deprivation V childhood. - Avicenum Med. Publishing house Prague, 1984.

Martynyuk E.I. Reflection as a way of self-regulation and optimization of activity // Activity: philosophical and psychological aspects. - Simferopol, 1988. - P.28-30.

Maslow A. Self-accualization of personality and education: trans. from English - Kyiv, Donetsk: Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, 1994.

Morsanova V.I. Individual style of self-regulation. - M.: Science, 1998..

Osnitsky A.K. Self-regulation of schoolchildren’s activities and the formation of active

personality. - M., 1986.

Psychology of the 21st century: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.N. Druzhinina. - M.: PER SE, 2003. Self-regulation and forecasting social behavior personality / Ed. VAYADOVA.-L., 1979.

Stolin V.V. Personal self-awareness. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1983.

We are all social creatures. Each person belongs to a specific social group. Developing normally, a child communicates with parents, peers and other children and adults, and his basic needs are met. If physical or difficult, then such a child’s communication will suffer, therefore, he will not be able to communicate his needs and will not receive their satisfaction. But there are situations when, seemingly normal, there is a limitation of personal contacts and other needs. This phenomenon is called “deprivation”. In psychology, this concept is considered very carefully. A deprived personality cannot live and develop harmoniously. What does this concept mean and what types of deprivation are there? Let's figure it out.

What is deprivation in psychology?

In psychology, deprivation means a certain mental state in which a person cannot satisfy his basic needs. This also occurs in the case of depriving a person of any benefits to which he is already very accustomed. It should be noted that this state does not arise for all rejected needs. There are a large number of desires and aspirations of a person, but if he does not achieve them, there is no significant damage to his personal structure. What is important here is the satisfaction of vital needs and requirements. In psychology, deprivation is not any deviation from a person’s usual life activities. This state is a deep experience.

The difference between frustration and deprivation

These two concepts are close in meaning, but are not identical. Frustration is considered in science as a reaction to a personal stimulus. A person can feel sad, withdraw into himself for several hours or even days after some stressful situation, then return to normal life. Deprivation in psychology is a much more severe and painful condition. It can affect the individual with destructive force. It differs from frustration in intensity, duration and severity. Deprivation can combine several unmet needs at once; in this case, various types of this condition are observed.

What causes deprivation?

There are certain internal reasons occurrence of deprivation. This condition affects people who, for some reason, have an internal vacuum of values. What does deprivation have to do with this? In psychology, this condition and many others are interconnected. After all, personality is holistic in its versatility. If a man for a long time was alone, in prison, in a sick state, he loses the ability to follow all the norms, rules and values ​​of society. As a result, his concepts do not coincide with the hierarchy of values ​​of the people around him, and an intrapersonal vacuum arises. He cannot be in this state all the time, since life goes on and a person needs to adapt to its course and the demands that society places on him. As a result, the individual stands on the path to the formation of new ideals on the basis of an already destroyed hierarchy of needs and values.

Deprivation in human psychology has long been considered by scientists in search of methods to neutralize it. After all, such feelings as deprivation, hopelessness, a sense of lost personal dignity and others do not bring positive aspects for personal development.

What are the types of this concept?

Deprivation in domestic psychology there are three types:

• emotional;
• sensory;
• social.

These are the main types of deprivation, but in reality there are many more. Probably, as many suppressed and unsatisfied needs exist, there are as many types of this condition. But many of them are identical in their manifestation. In mental terms, deprivation is in psychology such sensations as fear, constant anxiety, loss of vital activity, in one’s own life and those around you, prolonged depression, outbursts of aggression.

But despite the similarity of sensations and experiences, the degree of immersion of the individual in this state is different for everyone. This depends on a person’s resistance to stress, the degree of hardening of his psyche, as well as on the power of the deprivation effect on the individual. But how do the compensatory capabilities of the human brain exist in physiological level, this is how the same property of the psyche manifests itself. When other human needs are fully satisfied, the deprivation state regarding one unsatisfied one will be less intense.

Emotional deprivation in psychology

It happens that this condition occurs due to unexpressed emotions with complete or partial deprivation of a person of various emotional reactions. Most often it is a lack of attention from other people. This condition rarely occurs in adults, but the psychology of childhood deprivation pays quite a lot of attention to this phenomenon. In the absence of love and affection, the child begins to experience the sensations described above. Emotional deprivation is very closely related to maternal deprivation, which we will talk about below.

For adults, much greater destruction is caused by so-called motor deprivation. This is a condition in which a person is limited in his movement due to injury or illness. Sometimes a disease or physical abnormality is not as terrible as a person’s reaction to it. It is very difficult for specialists to return to active life people in this condition.

Sensory deprivation

Sensory deprivation in psychology involves depriving a person of various sensations. Most often, it is provoked artificially to study a person’s ability to withstand difficulties. Such experiments are carried out to train aviation professionals, government power plant workers, intelligence officers, military specialists, and so on.

In most cases similar experiences carried out by immersing a person to depth in a box or other limited device. When a person spends a long time in this state, a state of mental instability is observed: lethargy, low mood, apathy, which after a short time are replaced by irritability and excessive excitability.

Social deprivation

Deprivation manifests itself in different ways in psychology. Various groups of society are also susceptible to this condition. There are such societies or social groups who deliberately deprive themselves of communication with the outside world. But this is not as scary as complete social deprivation for one person. All members of youth organizations, sects and national minorities who have separated themselves from society at least communicate with each other. Such people do not have irreversible effects on their psyche caused by social deprivation. The same cannot be said about long-term prisoners in solitary confinement or people who have experienced psychotic disorders.

Being alone with oneself for a long time, a person gradually loses social skills communication and interest in other people. There are also cases where a person stopped speaking because he forgot the sound of his voice and the meaning of words. Social deprivation can also affect people who are sick and can become infected. Therefore, there is a law on non-disclosure of such diagnoses.

Maternal deprivation - what is it?

Phenomena such as deprivation are studied quite carefully, since the consequences of such a condition for an immature personality can be detrimental. When an adult feels uncomfortable, bad and lonely. In a child it evokes emotions that are much more intense than those listed. Children are like receptive sponges that absorb negativity much faster and stronger than adults.

Bright by clear example maternal deprivation is hospitalism. This is the state of loneliness of a child due to his separation from his mother. This syndrome began to be noticed especially strongly after the war in the 50s, when there were many orphans. Even with good care and proper feeding, children experienced a revitalization complex much later; they began to walk and talk late, they had much more problems with physical and mental development than those who were raised in families. After this phenomenon, experts noted that deprivation in the psychology of children entails great changes in the psyche. Therefore, methods to overcome it began to be developed.

Consequences of deprivation in children

We have already decided that the main types of deprivation in the psychology of children are emotional and maternal. This condition has a detrimental effect on the child's brain development. He grows up unintelligent, deprived of a sense of confidence in love, support and recognition. Such a child smiles and shows emotions much less often than his peers. Its development slows down, and dissatisfaction with life and oneself forms. To prevent this condition, psychologists have determined that a child needs to be hugged, kissed, stroked and supported (patted on the shoulder or arm) at least 8 times a day.

How does deprivation affect the behavior of adults?

Deprivation in the psychology of adults can arise on the basis of a long-standing childhood or due to unmet needs of adulthood. In the first case, the harmful effects on the psyche will be much stronger and more destructive. Sometimes when working with such adults, specialists feel powerless. In the second case, behavior correction is possible by searching for ways to satisfy a deprived need. A person can get out of a state of self-dislike, apathy and depression with the help of a specialist.

Deprivation is a special mental state of a person that occurs when it is impossible to satisfy one’s own vital needs, which can be absolutely anything (sleep, eating, motor and auditory activity, communication with parents, etc.). Deprivation is also spoken of when a person finds himself deprived of his usual benefits. This term is used in a fairly wide range of meanings in various sciences, including psychology, and it originated from Latin word“deprivatio”, which means “deprivation”.

Causes

In scientific circles, the concept became more widespread in the early 20th century. At that time there were active physiological studies, aimed at studying the functioning of the human body under conditions of deprivation, for example, food or motor deprivation. For psychology, the main result of such research was that a person, deprived of the ability to satisfy his own needs, experiences severe psychological and physical discomfort.

Sleep deprivation has formed a separate area of ​​research. Experiments conducted on people have proven that with insufficient sleep or its complete absence, certain changes in consciousness occur, a decrease in willpower, and the occurrence of auditory and visual hallucinations. Thus, sleep deprivation, like depriving the body of food, is a way to induce an unnatural state of consciousness in a person, although in some mystical practices there is still a misconception that such deprivation is a path to “purification.”

The so-called sensory deprivation, associated with a reduction in sensory stimuli reaching the senses, has an equally rich history. History knows of cases when people voluntarily deprived themselves of sight or imprisoned themselves in caves, thereby trying to escape from the world and find solitude. In reality, consciousness, completely deprived of external stimulation, also undergoes changes: a person in a state of sensory deprivation experiences implausible sensations that can be identified as hallucinations. Research in this area is carried out using specially built devices. So, there is a special chamber equipped with sound insulation. The subject is placed in it, whose movements are also constrained. As experiments have shown, people’s reactions to this kind of isolation from external stimuli can be very different, but almost never the subjects experienced any pleasant sensations, and subsequently completely refused to participate in similar experiments, since sensory and social deprivation is the path to degradation of personality and thought processes.

IN modern psychology deprivation is talked about in a slightly different way. This term refers to a lack of social and sensory stimuli that can lead to inhibition of normal intellectual and emotional development child.

Classification

If we classify the concept of deprivation, then it can be absolute and relative. We are talking about an absolute form of deprivation when an individual, due to some social or material factors, is unable to satisfy his basic needs for food, housing, education, etc. Here's the concept relative deprivation lies between the norm and pathology. In fact, in such a state, a person does not feel satisfied with the benefits he has. The concept of relative deprivation is in many ways similar to frustration, but frustration is a short-term phenomenon.

Today, scientists identify the following types of deprivation:

• Sensory (stimulus). Sensory deprivation is the inability to satisfy the need for impressions. This includes visual, auditory, tactile, sexual and other forms;
• Cognitive. In essence, this is a person’s lack of ability to effectively and rationally understand the world, and this also includes a cultural form of deprivation;
• Emotional. This group includes the so-called maternal deprivation(parental), as well as any other types of deprivation associated with limited opportunities to establish emotional connections or their severance, for example, in the event of death loved one. A paternal form of deprivation often occurs when a child is raised in an incomplete family;
• Social. This concept means that a person is deprived of the opportunity to fulfill his own social role due to social isolation. Social deprivation occurs among prisoners in prisons, children in orphanages, etc.

A little about each type of disease

Sensory deprivation can be triggered by both extreme circumstances, so physical disabilities person. Separately, maternal deprivation is considered, which contributes to mental and physical retardation in the first years of children’s lives due to lack of communication with the mother or other adults. Such sensory and emotional deprivation leads to mental development disorders and emotional impoverishment.

Social deprivation occurs due to forced, involuntary or voluntary exclusion. However, the boundaries of this type of deprivation are quite wide, as they may include, among other things, pedagogical deficits. In conditions of forced isolation, a person finds himself cut off from his usual environment against his own will, for example, by getting lost in the deep forests of the taiga, etc. Forced isolation involves the purposeful placement of an individual in closed groups (hospitals, correctional facilities, etc.). There are also individuals who choose voluntary isolation for themselves, becoming hermits. It is worth emphasizing that even complete social isolation does not mean that a person truly feels unhappy due to fatal deprivation. Individuals, distinguished by perseverance and maturity of character, endure such conditions relatively easily with virtually no negative consequences for the psyche.

From the point of view of various sciences, the phenomenon of sleep deprivation is of particular interest. Insufficient or absent satisfaction of sleep needs often occurs when the body is influenced by factors such as insomnia, various mental disorders leading to sleep disorders, etc. There is also a theory that sleep deprivation can be used as a very effective treatment for depression. Previously, depriving a person of sleep was used as a method of torture during interrogations. In any case, it should be understood that voluntary or forced sleep deprivation can lead to exhaustion of the body and other extremely negative consequences.

Sensory, emotional, maternal deprivation, like its other types, can be obvious and hidden. Thus, obvious deprivation can be observed in all prisoners in prisons or children in orphanages, but one may not even be aware of hidden deprivation, since it arises under apparently favorable circumstances. Also, one person can experience several hardships at once.

General manifestations

Although there are many different types of deprivation, they all have some common manifestations:

• increased anxiety;
• heightened feeling of dissatisfaction with oneself;
• decreased vital activity;
• frequent mood changes;
• unmotivated aggression, etc.

It is also worth taking into account that emotional deprivation and any other forms of it can have varying degrees of severity. As a rule, in most cases, a person succeeds in unidirectional influence by satisfying his other needs.

Possible complications

The consequences that can be caused by various kinds of deprivation and restrictions are quite diverse. Sensory deprivation often leads to unmotivated aggression, insomnia, loss of appetite and, as a result, exhaustion of the body. Sleep deprivation, emotional deprivation, and other types of it are fraught with similar consequences. In the most severe cases, when a person is forced to be in strict isolation, the mental side of health can suffer greatly. So, for example, prisoners in solitary confinement, people in certain extreme conditions, often suffer from hysterical and delusional disorders, psychosis, and depression.

Almost always, a person in conditions of deprivation experiences outbursts of aggression, which can spread to others or himself. This can be expressed in attempts to harm oneself, commit suicide, as well as hidden forms of auto-aggression, manifested in bad habits, addictions, somatic diseases (hypertension, peptic ulcers, etc.). People with a certain character may try to harm others. As a rule, the objects of aggression are people who have what the patient is deprived of.

It is interesting that social deprivation and some other types of it can trigger peculiar defense mechanisms. So, if an individual is alone for a long time, it is likely that he will begin to talk to himself. Hallucinations in such situations often become a way to compensate for sensory deprivation.

Fighting methods

Specific treatment for this condition has not yet been developed. If we are talking about its relative form, then you can completely get rid of this condition and its accompanying consequences by eliminating the main causes. As a rule, long-term work with a qualified psychotherapist or psychologist helps eliminate the problem.

The situation is much more complicated with absolute deprivation, since the only way its elimination can be by providing a person with those benefits that he is deprived of or assistance for their independent achievement. However, in this case, competent psychotherapy and psychological assistance are also recommended.

In addition, there are several ways to temporarily turn off deprivation mechanisms. It is believed that the development of aggression caused by deprivation stops under stress, as well as intense physical activity. The consequences of motor and sensory limitations can be quite successfully compensated for in creative activities, while with a lack of maternal attention, the problem becomes much deeper. Moreover, the earlier a person experienced such restrictions, the more negative consequences arise and the more difficult it is to cope with them in the future.

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Ural State Pedagogical University

on the topic: “Main stages psychological counseling»

Introduction

1. The essence of psychological counseling

2. Stages of psychological counseling

3. Features of the stages of psychological counseling by different authors

Conclusion

Introduction

The relevance of the chosen topic of work is determined by the fact that

Psychological counseling as a professional activity appeared relatively recently and is still at the stage of development. However, the degree of its influence on people and society is rapidly increasing. The number of people seeking help from a psychological consultant is increasing. These are problems of everyday life associated with difficulties in the development and adaptation of personality, disharmony in interpersonal relationships, addiction (drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.), age-related crises. And recently, practical psychologists have become especially in demand due to the so-called man-made disasters and the spread of terrorism throughout the world.

Thus, the demand and potential capabilities of a consultant today cover all spheres of human life and become practically inexhaustible.

Psychological counseling includes many various directions work with people in which professional psychologists participate or psychological knowledge is used. Thus, the first component of this type of professional activity is the theory and practice of psychological counseling. The second component includes knowledge of the specifics of professional activity, which has a huge impact on both human psychology and the conditions in which counseling is carried out. Consulting psychologists have to work in the mode of individual and mass (collective) counseling of subjects and objects of activity. Each of them requires special knowledge and skills from the psychologist, especially knowledge of the stages and principles of implementing psychological counseling.

The purpose of the work is to study the stages of psychological counseling.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1. Study the scientific literature on the problem of psychological counseling.

2. Consider the concept of psychological counseling.

3. Determine the stages of psychological counseling.

4. Consider the features of the stages of psychological counseling by different authors.

The theoretical basis of the work was made up of textbooks on psychodiagnostics and management psychology.

Chapter 1. The essence of psychological counseling

Psychological counseling is one of the most popular types of work of a practical psychologist and is actively used in all “ psychological schools" Considering the history of the emergence of consulting, experts associate its emergence with the industrial revolution of the 19th century. and intensive development of career guidance, and, accordingly, career counseling. Here, the consultant was seen as a specialist who helped the client develop the necessary problem-solving skills and correctly understand himself, using psychological methods, primarily psychological testing and sound scientific information. In fact, counseling was seen as providing the client with the necessary skills and knowledge.

By the middle of the 20th century. counseling is already more often considered in the context of psychotherapeutic practice.

The term “consultation” itself, regardless of the field of activity, is usually used in the following meanings:

* assistance from the teacher to the student before the exam or in the process of mastering the subject;

* an institution where specialists in any field of activity provide assistance (legal consultation, women's consultation, etc.).

However, in modern psychology there is no single view on

the essence, place and role of counseling as one of the types psychological practice. This state of affairs reflects the general state of development of psychology as a science and practice, in which different views on the problem of the subject of psychology, psychological practice, and, accordingly, various professional “schools” naturally arise and coexist.

Comparing different points of view on the essence of what is designated

The term “psychological counseling” can reveal both what brings these views together and what significantly distinguishes them. Each of the known definitions emphasizes one or another aspect of this type of work, most often the following:

* positions and degree of activity of the parties;

* focus, actual subject and specificity of work methods.

Some experts conditionally divide all known ideas about counseling into two main groups:

1) counseling as influence;

2) counseling as interaction.

A comparison of some specific definitions makes it possible

verify this directly.

1. “The essence of psychological counseling is psychological assistance psychologically healthy people in coping with various kinds of intra- and interpersonal difficulties in the process of specially organized interaction (conversation)" [Kolpachnikov V.V., 1998, P. 35]

2. “...psychological consultation includes three important aspects:

The activity of the counselee to resolve his own difficulties through internal psychological change(growth);

The consultant’s activities to identify and provide assistance in resolving life problems (difficulties) that are significant for the person being counseled;

Psychological new formations in mental life, changes in relationships, methods, self-esteem, self-perceptions, the emergence of new experiences, plans, the discovery of new opportunities” [Kuznetsova I.V., 1996, P. 48].

Yu. E. Aleshina, considering psychological counseling in the context of methods of psychological influence, notes the difficulty of its precise definition. In her opinion, the specificity of counseling appears in comparison with psychological correction and psychotherapy. She defines psychological counseling as “...direct work with people aimed at solving various kinds of psychological problems associated with difficulties in interpersonal relationships, where the main means of influence is a conversation constructed in a certain way.” [Aleshina Yu. E., 1994, P. 5].

The authors of the “Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia”, published under the editorship of B. D. Karvasarsky, in the article “Psychological Counseling” (the subtitle of which is “ Professional help in search of a solution to a problem situation”), note: “Professional counseling can be carried out by psychologists, social workers, teachers or doctors who have undergone special training. Patients can be healthy or sick people presenting with problems of existential crisis, interpersonal conflicts, family difficulties or professional choices. In any case, the patient is perceived by the consultant as a capable subject responsible for solving his problem. This is the main difference between psychological counseling and psychotherapy. Psychological counseling differs from the so-called “friendly conversation” by the neutral position of the consultant...” [Karvasarsky B.D., 1998, p. 410].

3. Psychological counseling as a profession is relatively new area psychological practice that emerged from psychotherapy. This profession arose in response to the needs of people who do not have clinical disorders, but are seeking psychological help. Therefore, in psychological counseling, we primarily encounter people experiencing difficulties in everyday life. [Kochyunas R., 1999, P.5].

4. P. P. Gornostay and S. V. Vaskovskaya dwell on this issue in more detail, writing: “Counseling is one of the forms of providing professional psychological assistance to a person... By the nature of providing assistance, counseling is closest to psychotherapy. Some specialists do not draw a clear line between them at all, considering counseling to be an abbreviated or simplified version of psychotherapy. However, we are of the opinion that counseling has the right to independent existence as a separate branch of practical psychology, because despite its substantive and technological proximity to other types, it also has its own specifics...” [Ermine P. P., Vaskovskaya S. V., 1995, pp. 9--11].

Some manuals define psychological counseling

in the following way:

1) “Professional assistance to the patient in finding a solution to a problem situation.” [Karvasarsky B.D., 1998, p. 413].

2) “…a learning-oriented process that takes place between two people, when a professionally competent consultant in the field of relevant psychological knowledge and skills strives to facilitate the client using methods that are relevant to his (the client’s) current needs and within the context of his (the client’s) general personal program learn more about yourself, learn to connect this knowledge with more clearly perceived and more realistically defined goals so that the client can become a happier and more productive member of his society” [Gulina M. A., 2000, p. 37].

As can be seen from the above examples in the definition of the actual

There is no certainty about counseling as a type of practice and professional activity. The range of opinions on this matter is quite significant. This state of affairs is typical not only for domestic practice. A variety of interpretations of psychological counseling also exist in foreign practical psychology.

To summarize, we can say that psychological counseling is a type of short-term psychological assistance (from one to ten meetings) aimed at resolving a specific problem and restoring emotional balance. The joint work of the psychologist and the client at the level of the subconscious sphere ensures, along with the restoration of the “mental immune system,” the restoration of immunity and improved well-being.

Psychological counseling is widely used in the treatment of diseases such as depression, neurosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as psychosomatic diseases.

Consulting a psychologist can be useful for all adults,

who feel:

· anxiety, fears or powerlessness;

· irritability;

· Bad mood, apathy;

· insomnia

· suicidal thoughts

gaming and other addictions

· a feeling of dissatisfaction with life, work, marital status, and oneself.

Psychological consultations are often necessary for adolescents:

· who feel incomprehensible in their environment and family;

· suffer from a lack of self-confidence;

· have difficulty communicating with peers;

· doubt their abilities;

· afraid of the future, worried about their appearance and sexual relationships.

· experience a lack of love.

· suffer from various kinds of fears, study poorly, and often get sick.

Psychological counseling can help families and couples

· who experience difficulties and conflicts in relationships with each other, with children, with parents;

· as well as those who decided to break up and rebuild their personal lives.

In several meetings with a psychologist, through joint efforts, you can

clearly formulate the problem, look at it from the perspective different sides and clearly define the boundaries of its influence on life.

Often, after the first psychological consultation, the reasons for what is happening become clear to the client and the ways out are clear. crisis situation, a person begins to better navigate what is happening, and in the future, he himself can successfully overcome difficulties.

In our “progressive” age, when, along with technical progress

are thriving various dependencies, fears, competition, which leads to stress and various psychosomatic diseases, the need for qualified psychological help is great. But, despite the fact that in the West a psychologist or psychoanalyst is almost a family doctor, here in Russia psychological counseling is poorly developed.

Firstly, many people think that they can cope with their problems and difficulties themselves, and, having reached the point of chronic illness or neurosis, they end up not seeing a doctor in a timely manner.

Secondly, having encountered so-called “psychoanalysts”, “psychologists” or “healers” once, they know how difficult it is to find a good specialist. In this area, like in no other, the formal professional credentials of a psychologist are not capable of ensuring success. Soul healing is not pure technical problem. Psychological assistance is a joint soulful work, which requires time and desire to become healthy and happy.

Thirdly, some people think that psychological counseling is a simple, non-binding and non-leading conversation, like conversations with friends and colleagues. This is a common misconception, since conversation is one of the ways or methods of finding the causes of a disease or problem. Already during the conversation, an experienced psychologist begins treatment, in particular at the level of working with the subconscious sphere.

A real, effectively practicing psychologist always feels a sincere desire to help a patient, who very often turns out to be not as sick as he himself thinks or not sick at all.

We can talk about “magical” transformations,” about healing the soul and body, about changes in personal life and business, about finding one’s “half” and harmonizing relationships with the outside world, about solving one’s problems and finding a way out of a crisis situation only when when there is Team work interested client and professionalism of the psychologist-consultant.

Chapter 2. Stages of psychological counseling

The entire process of psychological counseling from beginning to end can be represented as a sequence of main stages of counseling, each of which is necessary in its own way during counseling and solves some problem. private problem and has its own specific features. The word “Stage” denotes a separate moment, a stage in the development of something. The ideas of various authors about the stages of psychological counseling have a lot in common, however, there are also some differences associated mainly with the detail, logic, and completeness of the presentation. Excessive completeness, however, is not always a virtue, since it obscures the main idea and logic of the author. The stages of psychological counseling were described and analyzed by Aleshina Yu.E., Abramova G.S., Ermine P.P. and Vaskovskaya S.V., Kociunas R.-A. B. and many others.

It should be noted that in real psychological counseling it is rarely possible to fully and consistently fulfill the requirements of any one model. But it is necessary to focus on some model of the sequence of steps, since this increases the degree of reflexivity of the consultant’s attitude towards the advisory process. [Aleshina Yu. E., 1994, pp. 22-33].

It is important to note that each stage of psychological counseling is characterized by certain psychological counseling procedures. Psychological counseling procedures are understood as groups of psychological counseling techniques united by purpose, with the help of which one of the particular problems of psychological counseling is solved. Its effectiveness directly depends on the thoughtfulness of psychological counseling procedures. [Veresov N.N., 2001, p. 198].

The main stages of psychological counseling are as follows:

1.Preparatory stage.

At this stage, the psychologist-consultant gets acquainted with the client according to a preliminary record available about him in the registration journal and in the file cabinet, as well as information about the client that can be obtained from third parties, for example, from a person in an enterprise, the head of an organization, work colleagues, psychological consultation worker who accepted an application from a client for consultation.

At this stage of work, the psychologist-consultant, in addition, prepares himself for the consultation: he develops a plan for the consultation, taking into account the individual characteristics of the client and the problem that concerns him, prepares materials and equipment that may be needed during the psychological consultation.

At the first stage of psychological counseling, as a rule, no special procedures are identified or applied. The work time of a consultant psychologist at this stage is usually from 20 to 30 minutes.

2. Setup stage.

At this stage, the consulting psychologist personally meets the client, gets to know him and gets ready to work together with the client. The client does the same for his part. During this stage, the consultant psychologist performs the following actions:

You can stand up to meet the client or meet him at the door of the office, which will be perceived by the client as a demonstration of goodwill and interest.

It is advisable to encourage the client with words like “Please come in”, “Make yourself comfortable.”

After a pause, it is advisable to begin the actual acquaintance. You can say

to the client: “Let's get acquainted. What should I call you? After this, you need to introduce yourself to the client. It is best to introduce yourself the way the client introduced himself. You can discuss whether the client would be comfortable being called this way.

As Kociunas R.-A writes. B. (1999), the client must decide to enter into the counseling process quite consciously, therefore, before the start of the counseling process, the consulting psychologist is obliged to provide the client with maximum information about the counseling process, namely: about the main goals of counseling, about his qualifications, about payment for consultation, about the approximate duration of consultation, about the advisability of consultation in a given situation, about the risk of a temporary deterioration in the client’s condition during the consultation process, about the limits of confidentiality. Some of this information is provided upon the client's request, so as not to frighten the client before the start of the consultation with the flow of information. But it is advisable to raise some questions, for example, the question of payment, to the consulting psychologist himself. You should not instill in the client hope for help that the psychologist is unable to provide. The result of this part of the conversation should be a conscious decision by the client to enter into the counseling process. This is usually clearly visible on both verbal and non-verbal levels. [Kochinas R., 1999, p. 35]

It is important to agree in advance with the client on the possibilities of audio and video recording, observation through a one-way mirror, and the presence of other persons (trainees, students) at the consultation. This is excluded without the client's consent.

It is important not to allow the client to use the consultant for his own purposes that are far from counseling. You should not agree to call somewhere at the client’s request, write letters, invite you to a consultation, that is, do not do anything that could be designated as interference by a consulting psychologist at the client’s request in the private lives of other people.

After solving all the above issues, you can proceed to questioning the client, which will mark the beginning of the second stage of psychological counseling. It is important to have a pre-prepared phrase that would allow you to make this transition, so as not to suddenly get confused under the impressions of your first meeting with a client, and not to get into a situation where you don’t know where to start. An example of such a standard phrase: “What brought you to me?” Saying this phrase marks the beginning of the next stage of psychological counseling.

On average, this stage takes time if everything else is already prepared

for a consultation can take from 5 to 7 minutes.

At the second stage, procedures for meeting with a person, general,

emotional and positive attitude of a person to conduct a consultation, removing psychological barriers to communication between a consultant psychologist and a person. This procedure includes other specific techniques and actions with the help of which the psychologist-consultant, from the very beginning of the consultation, tries to make the most favorable impression on the person and create in him a mood that ensures the success of the consultation. [Revenko N.V., 2001, p. 250].

3. Diagnostic stage.

At this stage, the consulting psychologist listens to the person’s confession and, based on its analysis, clarifies and clarifies the person’s problem. The main content of this stage is the person’s story about himself and his problem (confession), as well as psychodiagnostics of the person, if the need arises for it.

During confession, a psychologist-consultant can ask the client questions, clarifying something for himself, but without interfering with the client in his confession. It is necessary to ensure that the psychologist-consultant’s questions do not confuse the client’s thoughts, do not cause him irritation, tension, resistance, or create a desire to interrupt the conversation or simply transfer it to a formal framework or to another topic.

While listening to the client, the consultant must remember names, dates, facts, events and much more, which is important for understanding the client’s personality, for finding the optimal solution to his problem, developing correct and effective conclusions and recommendations.

It is best to remember information coming from the client without recording it in writing. However, if the consulting psychologist is not completely confident in his memory, then, having asked the client’s permission, he may well make short written notes of what he heard from the client, including during confession.

Sometimes it is not enough for a consulting psychologist what the client told about himself and his problem in confession. In order to draw more correct conclusions and formulate informed recommendations regarding the essence and solution of the client’s problem, a consulting psychologist sometimes needs Additional Information about him.

In this case, before formulating his findings and conclusions, the consulting psychologist conducts an additional conversation with the client or other persons related to the problem that has arisen with the client and who are able to provide information useful for counseling.

The fact that the psychologist-consultant is going to talk with other people about the client’s problem, he must inform the client in advance and ask his permission to do so.

Sometimes, in order to make a decision about a client’s problem, a consulting psychologist may need to conduct an additional examination of the client using a number of psychological tests. In this case, the consultant must explain to the client the need for such an examination, indicating, in particular, what it will consist of, how much time it will take, how it will be carried out and what results it can give. It is also important to tell the client in advance how, where and by whom the results of his psychological examination can be or will actually be used.

If the client does not consent to psychological testing, then the consulting psychologist should not insist on this. At the same time, he is obliged - if this is in fact the case - to warn the client that his refusal to participate in psychological testing may make it difficult to understand his problem and find its optimal solution.

It is not possible to accurately determine the time required to carry out this stage of psychological counseling, since much in its determination depends on the specifics of the person’s problem and his individual characteristics. In practice, this time is at least one hour, excluding the time required for psychological testing. Sometimes this stage of psychological counseling can take from 4 to 6-8 hours.

At the third stage of psychological counseling, the so-called empathic listening procedure actively works, as well as procedures for activating a person’s thinking and memory, reinforcement procedures, clarifying a person’s thoughts and psychodiagnostic procedures.

The procedure of empathic listening includes two interrelated aspects: empathy and listening, which in in this case complement each other mutually. Listening means that, having temporarily detached himself from his own thoughts and experiences, the consulting psychologist completely focuses his attention on the client and on what he is saying.

The task of empathic listening is to have a sufficiently deep, emotional understanding of the client - one that would allow the consulting psychologist to personally perceive and fully understand everything that the client is telling him, as well as to acquire the ability to think and experience what is happening in the same way as he himself experiences it. client (empathic listening moment).

During empathic listening to the client, the consulting psychologist psychologically identifies himself with the client, but at the same time, remaining in his role, continues to think, analyze, and reflect on what the client is telling him. These, however, are reflections of a special kind - those during which the psychologist-consultant, getting used to the image of the client, experiencing and feeling what he says, psychologically evaluates and tries to understand not himself in the image of the client, but the client in his own image. This is what is called empathic listening. It represents the main procedure of the second stage of psychological counseling.

The procedure for activating the client’s thinking and memory is a system of techniques, as a result of which the client’s cognitive processes are activated, becoming more productive, in particular his memory and thinking related to the problem under discussion, with the search for its optimal practical solution. As a result of applying this procedure, the client begins to more accurately and completely remember events and facts related to his problem, discovers for himself and the consulting psychologist who listens attentively to him what was previously hidden from consciousness.

The procedure for activating thinking may include such techniques as confirmation by the listener, in this case a psychologist-consultant, of the point of view of the speaker - the client, expression of a certain, most often positive, attitude towards what he is reporting, providing the client with practical help if he has difficulties in correctly formatting the statement. This also includes the psychologist-consultant filling in unjustified, confusing pauses in the client’s speech to ensure its coherence and remove psychological barriers, asking the client leading questions, reminding him of what to say next, stimulating the client’s memory and thinking.

The reinforcement procedure consists in the fact that, while listening to the client, the psychologist-consultant from time to time - most often when the client himself is looking for support from the consultant - through words, gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes and other available extra and paralinguistic means, expresses agreement that what the client says, approves, supports him.

The procedure for a psychologist-consultant to clarify the client’s thoughts is that the consultant from time to time enters into dialogue with the client in the process of listening to his confession in cases where the client’s thought is not entirely clear to him or is inaccurately expressed by the client himself, clarifies the client’s thought out loud for himself or helps him formulate it more accurately. The need to use this procedure most often arises when it is obvious that the client himself is not entirely satisfied with what and how he tells the psychological consultant.

Psychologist-consultant, having collected at the previous stages necessary information about a person and his problem, at this stage, together with the person, develops practical recommendations for solving his problem. Here these recommendations are clarified, clarified, and specified in all essential details. At this stage, the consulting psychologist must help the person formulate possible alternatives to habitual behavior, and then, carefully analyzing and critically evaluating them, choose the option that is most suitable for the person.

At the fourth stage of psychological counseling, the following procedures can be used: persuasion, explanation, search for a mutually acceptable solution, clarification of details, specification. All these procedures are associated with bringing to the consciousness of a person those tips and practical recommendations, which the consultant psychologist develops together with him. The purpose of the relevant procedures is to achieve the most complete and deep understanding by a person of the conclusions and decisions that the psychologist-consultant comes to, as well as to motivate the person to carry out these decisions

Persuasion is a procedure based on logically impeccably reasoned proof to the client of the correctness of what he received as a result long work A psychologist-consultant offers to work with him. Persuasion includes arguments, facts, logic of evidence that is understandable, accessible and sufficiently convincing for the client.

Explanation is a procedure that includes a detailed, specific presentation and explanation to the client of the thoughts that the psychologist-consultant has in connection with his problem. Here, the consulting psychologist consciously conducts a dialogue with the client in such a way as to stimulate various questions on his part and give detailed answers to these questions. By offering these answers, the counseling psychologist simultaneously carefully observes the client and looks for obvious confirmation on his part that the client understands what he is being told.

The procedure called “searching for a mutually acceptable solution” means the following. Often in the process of psychological counseling a situation arises when the client is not satisfied with the consultant’s proposals. In this case, it is necessary to look for another, more acceptable solution to the client’s problem.

This procedure includes such techniques as offering alternative solutions, leaving the client the right to make the final choice of the solution that suits him, clarifying, clarifying the details of what does not suit the client in the proposed solution, inviting the client to speak out about a possible solution to his Problems.

The next procedure - “clarification of details” - is associated with explaining to the client small but significant details related to the implementation of practical recommendations jointly developed by the consulting psychologist and the client. In order to make sure that the client not only understands him correctly, but also knows well what to do and how to implement the recommendations received, the consulting psychologist asks the client questions and, based on his answers, determines whether the client understands correctly what they are discussing . If something in the client’s understanding of the issues under discussion does not completely satisfy the consulting psychologist, then he offers the client additional clarification of his thoughts, and tries to do this as specifically and practically oriented as possible.

5. Control stage.

At this stage, the consultant psychologist and the person agree with each other on how the person’s practical implementation of what he has received will be monitored and evaluated. practical advice and recommendations. The final stage of psychological counseling includes the following points: summing up the results of the consultation and parting with the person. Summing up, in turn, contains a brief repetition of the results of the consultation, the essence of the problem, its interpretation and recommendations for solving the problem. This is due to the fact that what is repeated at the end of the conversation is remembered better. If a person wishes, these recommendations can be offered to him not only orally, but also in writing. It is also important, summing up the results of the psychological consultation, together with the person to outline a well-thought-out program for the implementation of the recommendations developed, noting in it the following: what, how, to what specific date, and in what form should be made by man. It is advisable that from time to time a person informs a psychological consultant about how things are going and how his problem is being solved. Here the question of how, where and when the consultant psychologist and the person will be able to discuss in the future is resolved. additional questions problems that may arise in the process of implementing the recommendations made.

At the end of this stage, if the need arises, the counseling psychologist and the person can agree with each other about where and when they will meet next. It is formulated what tasks will be solved during subsequent meetings and how many specific meetings may be needed for this. It is better that the place and time of the appointment be constant. The issue of redirecting the client to another consultant is decided if there is reason to believe that he will be more competent in this situation, or if the consulting psychologist is forced to leave somewhere in the near future.

When saying goodbye, you should at least escort the client to the door and say a few warm goodbye words. It is advisable to mention the client by name several times. A good final impression on the client is usually made by a situation in which the psychologist-consultant, upon parting with him, gives the client something as a keepsake, for example, his business card or some souvenir reminiscent of working together in psychological consultation.

Finally, the very last words spoken by the consulting psychologist at the moment when he parted with the client are very important. Here are the approximate beginnings of some suitable phrases for this case, which correspond to the accepted norms of Russian speech etiquette:

* I am quite satisfied with our meeting.

* We had a pleasant time with you.

* It was interesting for me to communicate with you.

* It's good that we agreed on everything.

* It’s great that we found a common language.

* I am pleased that you and I have reached mutual understanding.

*Thank you for listening to my advice.

*Thank you for agreeing to meet and talk with me.

* Thank you for the pleasure of communicating with you.

* I can't keep you any longer.

* Goodbye.

* See you!

* Best wishes!

* All the best!

* Be healthy!

*Happy!

* We'll see you again!

* I'm not saying goodbye to you!

* Don't forget us!

* Come!

* Come in!

* Don't disappear, let us know about you!

* You are welcome to visit us again!

It is undesirable for one client to immediately enter

next. This can alienate those who need a trusting relationship.

On the fifth final stage psychological counseling, the same procedures are used that were used in the fourth stage. However, this time they mainly concern assessments of the expected effectiveness of the person’s practical implementation of the advice that he received from the consultant. The special procedure here is to strengthen a person’s confidence that his problem will definitely be solved, as well as his readiness to begin a practical solution to his problem immediately after completion of the consultation. At this stage, techniques of persuasion, suggestion, emotional-positive stimulation and a number of others can also be used.

Thus, the stages and accompanying procedures are aimed at

achieving the goals of psychological counseling.

Chapter 3. Features of the stages of psychological counseling by different authors

In the literature on the problems of psychological counseling, the stages

consultation conversation are somewhat different, but their content and final result identical. Let us consider the features of the stages of psychological counseling by different authors.

Features of the interview stages with G.S. Abramova:

1. Structuring - lasts up to 10 minutes.

The peculiarity of this stage is that the psychologist determines the topic

interaction with the client, receives information about his capabilities (how he can help). This solves the problems of establishing contact. This stage, according to G.S. Abramova, ends when:

Psychologist: “I understand him, I feel him”

Client: “They listen to me, I trust this person”

2. Gathering information in the context of the topic.

At this stage of psychological counseling, the problem is identified and the issue of identifying the client’s potential capabilities is resolved.

3. Desired result - “What do you want to achieve?”

Here the psychologist helps the client determine his ideal, resolve the issue of

what he wants to be. If the consultant is already clear about the client’s goals, then G.S. Abramova advises to immediately give recommendations.

4. Development of alternative solutions - “What else can you do?”

Work is underway on various solutions to the problem in order to avoid rigidity.

5. Summary of previous stages - “Will you do this?”

There is a transition from discussion to action. [Abramova G.S., 2001, p. 142].

Yu.E. Aleshina suggests dividing psychological counseling into four stages:

1. Start of conversation (duration 5-10 minutes).

The psychologist meets the client. At the dating stage, Yu.E. Aleshina draws attention to the position of equality of names, and also suggests that the consulting psychologist avoid “unfortunate words” (problem) and “expressions” (“Don’t be afraid.”) “In whatever form such remarks may be heard, it follows from them that something can be done here "to be afraid."

2. Questioning the client, telling the client about himself (25-35 minutes).

In order to “talk” the client, the psychologist is recommended to ask open-ended questions. For example: "What is your family like? When did this start?" In order to fully participate in the dialogue with the client, the consulting psychologist should remember the names, titles, dates, details mentioned by the client. This stage can be divided into two substages: 1. Formation of advisory hypotheses. 2. Testing advisory hypotheses.

3. Corrective influence.

At this stage Yu.E. Aleshina allocates from 10 to 15 minutes, but it is necessary to understand that the time allocated for all stages of the consultation process is determined conditionally. There are many ways of corrective action, for example, paradoxical questions that call into question adherence generally accepted standards(“Why not...?”); and paraphrasing - what was negative becomes the cause of positive emotions, emphasizing the contradictions of the client’s story, that is, emphasizing them, making them noticeable, conscious, and analyzed.

4. End of the conversation (5-10 minutes).

At this stage, the consultant psychologist usually performs the following actions:

Summing up the conversation (a brief summary of everything that happened during the reception). This is due to the fact that what is repeated at the end of the conversation is remembered better.

Discussion of issues related to the client’s future relationship with the consultant or others necessary specialists. [Aleshina Yu.E., 1994, p. 122].

Stages of psychological counseling according to V.Yu. Menovshchikov look like this:

1. Establishing contact and orienting the client to work.

Motivation has a huge impact on the success of counseling. exist various ways motivate the client to work: this includes the use of various types of charisma (the charisma of a stranger, the charisma of inferiority, the charisma of vocation, the charisma of a fighter, the charisma of the game and the charisma of novelty), the ability of a consulting psychologist to clearly explain what the client will learn in the course of work (“ possible benefit"), "possible damage" - what the client will deprive himself of if he resists counseling; help the client take responsibility for the events taking place, since it is known that the ability to influence events reduces stress and helps restore the body's strength.

2. Research and awareness of the task.

3. Enumeration of hypotheses, here special meaning has developed creativity as a consultant.

4. Solution.

5. Leave contact.

[Menovshchikov V. Yu., 1998, p. 165].

American psychologist and psychotherapist, classic existentialist

humanistic psychology, R. May, offers four stages of psychological counseling:

1. Establishing rapport, i.e. establishing a trusting relationship with a client can be done through mirroring (reflecting the client’s gestures, repeating the endings of phrases, etc.) and cross-work. The goal of this stage is to join so that the person opens up.

2. Reading character - express compilation psychological portrait the client by his manners, habits, tone of voice and other characteristics.

3. Confession and interpretation of results. At this stage of consultation there is a process active listening and the psychologist’s interpretation of the information heard, events and feelings that the client describes.

4. Personality transformation. The consultant’s goal is “not only to alleviate the client’s experiences, but also to direct them in a constructive direction”

[May R., 1994, p.62].

So, ideas about the stages of psychological

consulting with such authors as G.S. Abramova, Yu.E. Aleshina, V.Yu. Menovshchikov and R. May. Some of them offer four stages of consultation, others five, but despite the different names, the essence of psychological counseling, the tasks of each stage of psychological counseling are the same, but they are solved within the framework of a certain philosophy, from the point of view of a certain concept.

Conclusion

At the end of the work, let us summarize.

Psychological counseling is the practical provision of effective psychological assistance with advice and recommendations to people in need of this help from professionally trained specialists, psychologists-consultants.

Psychological counseling is a process of professional interaction between a psychologist-consultant and a person - a working person (manager, team member, team) with the aim of effectively carrying out adequate and effective work.

The purpose of psychological counseling is to help people understand and clarify their own views on their living space and teach them to achieve their own, self-determined goals through conscious choice and problem solving of an emotional and interpersonal nature. The goals of psychological counseling are: - facilitating behavior change; - improving a person’s ability to establish and maintain relationships; - increasing a person’s productivity and his ability to overcome difficulties; - assistance in the decision-making process; - promoting the disclosure and development of human potential

Psychological counseling in the process of its development goes through a number of successive stages, which are characterized by their tasks, goals and procedures of psychological counseling.

Stages of psychological counseling are sequential steps in conducting psychological counseling, designed to achieve the specific goals of counseling that are pursued in its process. The stages of psychological counseling include, in particular, the person’s mood for confession, the psychologist-consultant listening to the person’s confession, clarifying the essence of the person’s problem, searching for and formulating recommendations for its practical solution.

Psychological counseling helps a person choose and act at his own discretion, and learn new behavior. promotes personality development. Counseling emphasizes the responsibility of the individual, i.e. it is recognized that an independent, responsible individual is capable of making independent decisions in appropriate circumstances, and the consultant creates conditions that encourage the person’s volitional behavior. The core of the psychological is the “advisory interaction” between a person and a consultant, based on the principles of humanistic philosophy.

List of used literature

psychological counseling practice

Abramova G.S. Psychological consultation. Theory and experience. - M.: Academy, 2001. - 240 p.

Aleshina Yu.E. Individual and family psychological counseling. - M.: Academic project, 1994. - 164 p.

Aleshina Yu.E. Specifics of psychological counseling // Bulletin of psychosocial and correctional rehabilitation work. 1994. - No. 4.

Veresov N.N. Psychology of management, textbook. - M., 2001.- 304 p.

Ermine P. P., Vaskovskaya S. V. Theory and practice of psychological counseling. Problematic approach. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1995. - 128 p.

Gulina M. A. Fundamentals of individual psychological counseling. St. Petersburg, 2000. - 325 p.

Elizarov A.N. Introduction to psychological counseling - M., 2001.-620 p.

Karvasarsky B. D. “Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia”, St. Petersburg, 1998. - 521 p.

Kolpachnikov V.V. General Introduction in individual psychological counseling // Questions of psychology. 1998. No. 6.

Kociunas R. Fundamentals of psychological counseling. - M.: Institute of Practical Psychotherapy, 1999. - 214 p.

Kuznetsova I. V. Psychological counseling for adolescents with disabilities / Ed. I. V. Kuznetsova. Yaroslavl, 1996.

Menovshchikov V.Yu. Introduction to psychological counseling. - M.: Academy, 1998. - 302 p.

May R. The Art of Psychological Counseling. - M.: Aventa, 1994. - 126 p.

Nemov R.S. Basics of psychological counseling. - M., 1999.- 528 p.

15. Revenko N.V. Psychology of management. - St. Petersburg, 2001. - 270 p.

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