LANGUAGE NORM, totality linguistic means and the rules of their use, adopted in a given society in a given era. The norm is opposed to the system, understood as the inherent possibilities for expressing meanings in a particular language. Not everything that a language system “can do” is “allowed” by the language norm. For example, the Russian language system provides for the formation of 1st person forms singular from all verbs capable of having personal forms; however, the norm “does not allow” the formation of the 1st person form from the verbs win, convince (* victory, * victory, * convince, * persuade) and “prescribes” to make do with descriptive phrases: I will be able (will be able) to win (convince), I will win and etc.

The process of fixing the norm, i.e. introducing certain rules the use of linguistic means in dictionaries and reference books is called codification. The language system has a level structure, depending on the level of the language there are various types norms and, accordingly, types of dictionaries: norms of pronunciation and stress are recorded in orthoepic and accentological dictionaries, norms of word usage - in explanatory and phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, etc., morphological and syntactic norms - in special reference books and grammars.

8. Correlation of concepts “ literary language" and "language fiction».

(poetic language), a supranational type of language, many of its characteristic features, however, are revealed only within the framework of the work of writers of a certain nation and only when compared with the norms and characteristics of the corresponding national language. The language of any nation manifests itself in two ways. Firstly, it is used when people communicate in everyday life - and in this case it turns out to be colloquial, “live” (i.e., relatively free from many literary norms). Secondly, it is used in all types of written texts, and this application imposes a number of restrictions on the language, in other words, it normalizes it so that native speakers representing the population of different regions of the country have different social groups(including age and professional) could understand each other. Such a language turns out to be literary; it strives to become that perfect language, which would be convenient for society as a whole to use. Elements of the literary language form the basis of national speech. They are also used in everyday life, but in combination with elements spoken language, the use of which contradicts general literary stylistic standards. Thus, literary vocabulary within the everyday oral speech can be combined with dialectisms, jargon, vernacular. Consequently, the boundaries of the spoken language are significantly wider than the boundaries of the literary one.
In turn, the boundaries of poetic language turn out to be even wider. The basis of poetic language, as well as colloquial language, is made up of elements of literary language. But the language of fiction does not always oblige writers to follow standards literary style speech. For example, each author is free to compile his own poetic dictionary, including not only literary, but also colloquial, foreign language, and other vocabulary. This is how the language of fiction differs from the language of literature.
At the same time, it is also different from the spoken language. First of all, in poetic language, authors exploit conversational elements with an eye to literary speech norms. Every true writer's own speech is literary. But, being the creator epic work, the author can endow colloquial speech your character not only to complement him artistic image, but also in order to create an artistic image of the language used by that part of society of which this character is a typical representative.
In addition, poetic (the language of fiction) language provides the writer with a wider arsenal speech means, the use of which is not prescribed by the rules of the national literary language. Thus, a science fiction author can create languages ​​of non-existent nations, unearthly or magical creatures, etc. For example, J.R.R. Tolkien developed vocabulary and word formation rules in his works and grammatical connection languages ​​of the elves, gnomes and orcs inhabiting its worlds. Within a literary language, at every stage of its development, there are words that modern society recognizes how neologisms, but the author of works of art, describing the world of the future and “creating” objects not yet created by humanity, invents individual neologisms. Therefore, we can conclude that in fiction, along with the real, the potential vocabulary of the national language is also used.
If the normalization and “correctness” of literary language is its undoubted advantage, then the manifestation of similar features in poetic language is a clear disadvantage. The language of fiction is focused on all possible deviations from known standards, because every writer strives to develop an individual speech style. The loss of individual characteristics in the author's language is equal to the loss of artistry. Any deviation of the writer from the rules of literary language forces readers to pay closer attention to his speech, forcing them to read slowly. Thus, the early poems of V.V. Mayakovsky and B.L. Pasternak abound in bright metaphors, to some readers the style of each of the poets may seem dark, but it is the non-trivial use of words that determines the unusualness of the images they created. So, the language of fiction allows deviations from general literary norms, and they can manifest themselves at all levels of language. In addition, the language of fiction as such is a supranational language: poetic language All rhythmic and intonation phenomena also apply, in particular those related to the form of verse (prosody in some monuments of world poetry is not subject to national linguistic norms, but to non-national verse forms).

Language norm- historically determined a set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as most suitable in a particular historical period. Language norm is the result collective representation about language, but is based on the private, individual use of linguistic means in the process speech activity each native speaker individually. Language norm- This literary norm + norm of extraliterary varieties(dialects, adverbs, etc.). That is, the literary norm does not include the norms of extra-literary varieties; they are not recorded in dictionaries, uncodified.

The norm of the national language and the norm of the literary language may differ. The national norm is much broader than the norm of the literary language.

Literary language- this is a processed form of the national language, which is perceived by speakers as exemplary.

The processing of the national language to create a literary one is selected according to certain criteria. In Poland, literary language primarily refers to the languages ​​of fiction.

Codification of a norm is the fixation of norms (rules) in various types of normative works.

Only norms of literary language are codified. This means that these rules are fixed. Codification of norms is carried out philologists, linguists, writers, masters of artistic expression. When creating norms, the peculiarities of the language are always taken into account. The norms of the language are derived from usage.

Uzus- these are the most common speech habits of the educated part of the population.

Mandatory norm- a norm that knows no exceptions; violation of it is evidence that a person does not speak the literary language well enough.

Optional rule– i.e. two normative options (this is not particularly typical for the norm). Lately, the literary language has not been as unified as we would like. Usually the options are different semantically, stylistically, etc. If the options are absolutely similar, then they are doublets.

Now they talk about two literary languages: book-written and oral-spoken. However, the carriers are the same people. Book and writing is prepared. Oral speaking is performed in spontaneous situation ( informal) and allows some deviations. There is vocative case(mom), colloquial forms(you got me). In syntax - elliptical construction (predominance of the Nominal case).

Problems of codification of literary norms:

No government agency, fixing the literary norm

discrepancies in dictionaries

mandatory and optional norm

the possibility of changing the language norm, inflexibility, conservatism of the literary norm

8. Phonetics as a branch of linguistics

Phonetics - the doctrine of sound composition individual languages and about phonetic changes(see) sounds in the history of these languages.

It studies the processes occurring with sounds in the flow of speech, the sound structure of the language (syllables, sound combinations, patterns of combining sounds into a speech chain), the sound side of the language.

Phonetics sections:

General phonetics examines the patterns characteristic for the sound structure of all world languages.

Comparative phonetics compares the sound structure of the language with others (most often related) languages.

Historical phonetics traces the development of language over a fairly long period of time (diachronic approach, sometimes since the appearance of one specific language- its separation from the parent language).

Descriptive phonetics reviews sound system specific language at a certain stage(most often the phonetic structure of the modern language).

Orthoepy is engaged normalization of the practical side of phonetics and individual cases of pronunciation of individual words

Articulatory phonetics explores human activity speech apparatus , as a result of which sounds are produced. Speech sounds are studied from the point of view of their production. The structure and operation of the human speech apparatus is studied.

Comparative phonetics. The relationship of languages ​​does not matter. She compares sound structure of different languages. General features, characteristic of all languages, some universal things (everywhere there are vowels and consonants).

Acoustic phonetics. Sounds human speech, like any other sounds, can be studied from an acoustic point of view (height, frequency)

Sometimes isolated perceptual phonetics. Explores sounds in terms of how they perceived.

The subject of phonetics includes close connection between oral, internal and written speech. Unlike other linguistic disciplines, phonetics studies not only the linguistic function, but also the material side of its object: work of the pronunciation apparatus, and also acoustic characteristics of sound phenomena and perception by their native speakers. Phonetics serves to embody words and sentences into material sound form. Phonetics distinguishes between phonetics (sounds) and phonology (phonemes). All units of phonetics are divided into segmental and supersegmental. 1) Segmental units - these are units that can be distinguished in the flow of speech: sounds, syllables, phonetic words (rhythmic structures, beats), phonetic phrases (syntagms). Phonetic phrase- a segment of speech that represents an intonation-semantic unity, highlighted on both sides by pauses. Syntagma- a combination of two members, related topics or another relationship with an unequal orientation of members, where one member is determined and the other is determining. Phonetic word(rhythmic structure, beat) - part of a phrase united by one word stress. Syllable- the smallest unit of a speech chain. Sound- minimum phonetic unit.2) supersegmental units (intonation means) - units that are superimposed on segmental ones: melodic units (tone), dynamic (stress) and temporal (tempo or duration). Accent- highlighting in speech a certain unit in a series of homogeneous units using the intensity (energy) of sound. Tone- rhythmic and melodic pattern of speech, determined by a change in the frequency of the sound signal. Pace- speed of speech, which is determined by the number of segmental units spoken per unit of time. Duration- sound time of a speech segment. There are three aspects of phonetic research: 1) anatomical and physiological(articulatory) - explores the sound of speech from the point of view of its creation: Which speech organs are involved in its pronunciation; Active or passive vocal cords; Are the lips pulled forward, etc. 2) acoustic(physical). Considers sound as air vibration and records its physical characteristics: frequency (height), strength (amplitude), duration. 3) functional aspect (phonological). Studying sound functions in language, operates with phonemes.

Phonetics as a language level.Phonetic system, like any system (structure), determined not only their own physical properties, but above all relationship between its constituent elements(for the first time this principle in relation to linguistic description was formulated by linguistic universals), namely:

articulation method: presence or absence of an obstacle on the way air jet(it is the method of articulation that separates the class of vowels, or vocal sounds);

degree of participation in sound production vote(tones) - this is how consonant sounds are distinguished, identical in method and place of articulation; in addition, according to the degree of participation in the production of sounds of the vocal source ( vocal cords) there is a special class of consonant sounds, which are called sonants;

place of articulation of sounds(or articulatory focus of sound), due to which consonant sounds that are identical both in the method of articulation and in the participation of the voice are distinguished;

formation by articulatory organs special resonating cavities in the articulatory tract, which are used to vary sound and form a system of vowel sounds.

The existence of literary and non-literary (colloquial, colloquial) forms, their interrelation and mutual influence determine the emergence and existence of the problem of language uniformity and its normativity. The problem of language normativity is one of the long-standing problems of linguistics. Even though the norm is central concept theory of speech culture, there is still no generally accepted definition of it. Stand out following definitions language norm: a) a language norm is an exemplary one, fixed by literary and scientific works, a rule protected by science and the state that regulates the formation of words, their stress, pronunciation, etc.; b) a language norm is the use of language units recommended by dictionary and reference publications and supported by authority famous figures literature, art, science, education; c) a language norm is a generally accepted model of word formation, inflection, word usage, and formation in a given language community syntactic units(phrases and sentences). Thus, a linguistic norm should be understood as a rule, a model of word formation, inflection, and word usage. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of language elements, the rules for their use in a certain period. The main sources of the norm include the works of classical writers; works modern writers, continuing classical traditions; publishing funds mass media; generally accepted modern usage; linguistic research data. However, we note here that compliance with authoritative sources (works famous writers or the works of famous scientists) is often considered almost the most important feature literary norm. However, it should be remembered that, for example, in work of art Not only the literary language can be reflected, but also dialects and vernacular language, therefore, when identifying norms based on observations of literary texts, it is necessary to distinguish between, on the one hand, the actual author’s speech, and on the other hand, the language of the characters. Some researchers believe that the most important feature of a literary norm is purely quantitative factor- the degree of use of a linguistic phenomenon. However, it should be kept in mind that high degree usage language variant, being important in determining the language norm, can also characterize speech errors. Norms are not invented by linguists, but reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them. It can be argued that a linguistic phenomenon should be considered normative if it is characterized the following signs: compliance with the structure of the language; massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers; public approval and recognition.

Language levels- these are subsystems of the general language system, each of which is characterized by a collection of relatively homogeneous units and a set of rules governing their use and grouping into various classes. The following units are usually distinguished: phonetic (units - sounds and phonemes), morphemic (units - morphemes), lexical (units - lexemes), morphological (units - forms and classes of words), syntactic (units - sentences and phrases).

Language norm- these are the rules speech behavior native speakers, socially approved, objectified by speech practice and reflecting the laws of the language system.

Reasons for changing the norm:
Language reasons:
1) law of speech economy = law least effort
2) Law of analogy
3) Law of speech tradition
Non-linguistic (extralinguistic) reasons for changing the norm - various kinds social and historical factors, as well as linguistic fashion and linguistic taste.

Signs of normality:

1) the norm is static in a certain period of time and dynamic in its development. The dynamics of a norm are associated with the existence of a triad of systems (a language system is a set and a way of expressing special ones in a given language).
2) the norm is variantless and variant. By option we mean parallel methods expression of the same thing linguistic content. Options give more possibilities during their implementation: neutral and outdated (film, sanatorium); neutral conversational (on vacation - on vacation); neutral vernacular (theirs - theirs); neutral vernacular (compAs, Alcohol, drug addiction); neutral folk-ethical (gate - gate, maiden - red maiden)
3) universality and locality. Locality can be professional and territorial.

There are the following types (types) of structural linguistic norms:

1) Ya. n. pronunciations regulate the choice of acoustic variants of a phoneme or alternating phonemes - at each step of speech development and in each syllable single word. It is possible - (golden), it is not possible - (golden); it is possible - (agarot, usad "ba), it is impossible - (agarod, usad "ba").

2) Ya. n. accents regulate the choice of placement and movement options stressed syllable among the non-strikers. You can - (quarter), you can't - (quarter). N. Russian modern stress in the literary language is closely related to morphological properties parts of speech and turn out to be one of their formal indicators. The mobility and diversity of modern Russian stress makes it difficult to master, especially by persons for whom Russian is not a native language and is not learned by them early childhood, which leads to the “overlapping” of new accentological languages. to old ones already acquired in their native language.

3) Ya. n. lexical ones regulate word usage - they do not allow violation of the traditionally established correlation of the name with a certain subject, phenomenon real world. So, for example, it is forbidden to call a loaf of white or black bread a bun, because the word bun has a traditionally fixed correlation with another object: a bun is a product made from wheat flour that has a round or oval shape. Lexical Ya. n. determine reproducibility in literary texts and in oral forms communication of a certain word from a number of possible ones, having the same subject relevance in various forms existence of the Russian language. So, for example, the first word of the indicated series is literary-standardized, although all the words of this series denote the same object or the same phenomenon: yesterday, the other day; eyes, peepers, zenks, eyesores, cataracts, balls; slap in the face, slap in the face; thank you, thank you; cold, cold, freezing; generous, torpid, etc. Phraseological Ya. n. regulate the use of figures of speech traditionally associated with the characteristics of certain phenomena. So, for example, the expression goosebumps are running as a figurative characteristic of the state of a person who feels an attack of some chills or trembling is considered codified, but the expression goosebumps are jumping (or crawling) is considered unacceptable.

4) Ya. n. word formations do not allow the use in literary texts of words whose structure violates the principles of combining morphemes. Consequently, these Ya. n. inhibit the influx into the literary vocabulary words that do not correspond to the word-formation structure of the models.

5) Ya. n. morphological ones determine the literary status of certain word forms and do not allow the use of other word forms, although they are a means of speech in various types"talking". So, for example, the following word forms are recognized as literary and correct: officers (not an officer), engineers (not an engineer), elections (not a choice), professors (not professors), shurya (not brothers-in-law), brothers-in-law (not brothers-in-law), zvonche (not louder), sweeter (not sweeter), a pair of socks (not a sock), a pair of stockings (not stockings), a cup of coffee (not coffee), etc.

6) Ya. n. syntactic ones require compliance with the rules of agreement: big kangaroo, big sconce (but not big kangaroo and not big sconce), control: laugh through tears (but not through tears), rules for the arrangement of words in the structure of a sentence, expression various relationships between parts complex sentence etc.

7) Ya.n. stylistic ones cover certain aspects (features) of the use of speech means in various fields literary-standardized communication: they predetermine the attachment of a particular means of speech to certain area speech activity, i.e. the use of words, expressions, word forms, ways of combining words, types syntactic constructions in certain contexts and speech situations.

Ya.n.s differ. imperative and dispositive. Imperative (i.e. strictly obligatory) Ya. n. - these are those, the violation of which is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). Such Ya.n. do not allow options (non-variable Ya. n.), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, unacceptable, for example: alphabet (not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken (not chicken), due to which (not due to which). In contrast to imperative Ya.n., dispositive (i.e., complementary, not strictly obligatory) allow options - stylistically different or completely neutral (variable Ya.n.), for example: barge and barge, on vacation (neutral) - on vacation (colloquial), compass - for sailors: compass. A literary norm can be a fact of codification or be in the stage of realizing codification possibilities, and also act as a potential for normalizing tendencies in the sphere of communication. That is why researchers consider it necessary to focus attention on the dynamic nature of the literary norm, on the dialectical nature of the very process of codification of means of communication.

At the level of speech activity, there are different types of language such as embodied, or realized, and disembodied, potential, realizable. Realized Ya.n. consists of two parts: 1) the updated part (modern, productive, active, well-recognized and practically codified), 2) the non-actualized part (it includes archaisms, obsolete variants of the language, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). RealizableI. n. also falls into two parts: 1) becoming Ya. n. - neologisms and new formations on different levels language and 2) a fundamentally non-codable area of ​​speech activity (individual, occasional, created for the occasion, etc., but formations necessary in the process of communication). General literary Ya. n. can vary in different ways, that is, appear in the form of options as a consequence of the functional-dynamic existence of means of communication. Thus, in the accentological state of the modern literary language, there is a competing activity of variants with the stress moving to the beginning of the word bondar vm. cooper, butt vm. butt, glider vm. glider, born Vm. born), as well as variants with the stress moving to the end of the word (need vs. need).
Significant groups of words are drawn into the sphere of morphological variation. This is due to a number of factors: the presence of sonorant sounds in the outcome of the stem of nouns (aubergine. eggplant, roe deer vm. roe deer, similar vm. gangway, manger vm. manger), movement of stress (winds vm. winds, barge vm. barzha), etc. .p.
The increase in variability in the sphere of literary standardized communication is a complex and multifaceted process associated with the development of the literary language and its role in society; this may be a consequence of evolutionary transformations in the structure of language, the aging of some languages. and the emergence of others, the interaction of oral (spoken) and written (book) forms of speech, the competition of systemic capabilities of one or another means of communication within the literary language. And yet, the tendency towards expediency in acts of speech activity predetermines the direction of the structural-linguistic preference of the speech variant, which is expressed in the development and codification of literary norms (interaction and interpenetration of functional-speech variants, expansion of the scope of the normative weight of the variant, neutralization of functional-speech markings as a consequence of the convergence of the variants of oral and written speech, the normalization of variants as a fact of stylistic differentiation).

Codification of the norm– fixation of norms in dictionaries, reference books, grammar, etc.
Language system- a set of units of a given language level in their unity and interconnectedness; classes of units and rules for their formation, transformation and combination. In this sense, they talk about a phonological, morphological, word-formation, syntactic, lexical, semantic system of this language or (more narrowly) about systems (subsystems) of declension and conjugation, verb and name, aspect and tense, gender and case, etc. A distinction is made between the core of the system, which includes the basic linguistic units and rules, and its periphery - rarely used facts that stand on the border of a literary language (obsolete, slang, dialect, etc.); distinguish between core and periphery grammatical system. In connection with the functional and stylistic stratification of language (colloquial, official, newspaper-journalistic, scientific, etc.) and the fundamental admissibility of discrepancies in norms in different styles language is sometimes defined as a system of systems (or subsystems).
Uzus- (from Latin usus - use, use, custom) - in linguistics, generally accepted usage linguistic unit(words, phraseological units, etc.) in contrast to its occasional (temporary and individual) use (for example, neologisms are not common units of language). Uzus is a speech practice actual use language in different areas of communication. The concept of language is closely related to the concepts of linguistic norms and language systems. The linguistic norm captures only some of the possibilities provided by language and reflects only some of the possibilities for the usual consumption of language. Usually, the usual use of language units is recorded in dictionaries (explanatory, phraseological, spelling, spelling, etc.).

from the teeth (jaws), and in the speech of accountants, the word payment is used instead of the word

combinations payment receipt.

Of all the varieties of jargon (see Table 5.7), professional less than others negatively affects general condition speech culture, since the use of professionalisms, as a rule, does not go beyond labor activity team. An exception, perhaps, can be called jargon computer scientists, which is rapidly being adopted - first by young people, and then by the majority of users, regardless of age. The reasons for this phenomenon are still the same: brevity, metaphorical nature, expressiveness of professionalism, and, moreover, a sense of humor manifested in these names. Let us recall some of these professionalisms: Emelya (from e-mail) - email address; drove - Excel program; bug - error in the program; hardware - everything that does not belong to the program (case, board); crib - panel for the microcircuit; sharpen - configure the program; rummage (share) - provide for sharing; dupostrel - a program that finds duplicate mail.

Is it acceptable, in your opinion, to use slang words in the media? If yes, then in what cases, if not, then why?

Do you use jargon in your speech practice? In what situations?

Do you agree that foul language in public places should be prohibited by law? Give reasons for your position.

5.4. Language norms. Codification of norms

We remind you that the language norm (from Latin norma) is key concept normative aspect of speech culture, and compliance with the norm is mandatory feature literary language

ka, These are the rules adopted in social linguistic practice for the use of speech means during a certain period of development of the literary language . To language norms from-

rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means. These rules presuppose a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements: sounds, words, phrases, sentences. The norms usually develop for more late stage development of a literary language, and it is the existence of linguistic norms that is one of the main conditions for the unity (and therefore the existence) of not only a literary, but also a national (popular) language.

From the definition of a linguistic norm it follows that it has a dual nature: strictly linguistic (objective) and socio-historical (subjective). The subjective side means that the norm must be recognized and accepted by native speakers as correct and exemplary.

The norm is mandatory for both oral and written speech and covers all levels of language. The types of norms of the modern Russian literary language are presented in table. 5.9:

As we can see, the names of the varieties of norms use the same adjectives as in the name language levels(orthoepic norms are also called phonetic norms). (More detailed characteristics spelling, grammatical and lexical norms presented in appendix. 1 – 3. Many people believe that only written speech requires strict adherence to lexical or, say, syntactic norms. This point of view is wrong.

Orthoepic norms are specific to oral speech; for written speech – spelling and punctuation. We must comply with other types of norms (word-formation, lexical and grammatical) both in written and oral speech. All language norms, without exception, differ slightly important properties, which can be found in table. 5.10:

The last property seems to require additional comment.

The fact is that most language norms are strict (imperative), recognizing only one version of pronunciation, spelling, etc. The most strict are spelling, orthoepic and morphological norms. But there are more

“liberal”, variable norms, especially this applies to the norms of word usage and syntactic norms. This is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that the majority of synonyms in the language are lexical and syntactic. Probably, the existence of synonymous words does not require special evidence, so let’s give an example syntactic synonymy– different norm-corresponding ways of expressing the same information;

tions: If dangerous symptoms occur, consult a doctor - Having discovered dangerous symptoms, consult a doctor - If dangerous symptoms are detected, you should consult a doctor.

The difference between imperative and variable types of norms is demonstrated in Table. 5.11:

It is important to understand that the norm is not a figment of the imagination of linguists, and neither they nor writers (nor any individuals or even collectives) are unable to change the norm. Relying on traditional ways of using language, being wary of linguistic innovations - this trait is called conservatism, – the language norm ensures the understandability of the language for representatives of different generations.

However, the conservatism of norms does not mean their complete immobility, “ossification.” Their change is due to the constant development of language. In its development, the literary language draws resources from other varieties of the national language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons, as well as from other languages ​​(this was already mentioned above), but does this extremely carefully. The norm itself plays the role of a filter in this process, letting into the literary language everything that is most expressive, communicatively necessary, and delaying, weeding out everything random. A change in norms is preceded by the emergence of coexisting variants that actually exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers: mattress and mattress, reach And reach eight and eight, Japanese-Russian And Japanese-Russian etc. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of the modern literary language. But the pace of change in language norms is much slower than the development of the national language as a whole.

For example, in the 15th century. spelling norm there was an okanye, and now it, being characteristic feature Northern Russian dialect, is regarded as a deviation from the norm. While reading classical literature attract attention and linguistic phenomena other levels. Thus, we unwittingly recode Pushkin’s “I ran you” into modern "I was running from you." And the title of the story by A.P. The modern reader (of course, before reading it) perceives Chekhov’s “Pharmacist” as a designation of a woman working in a pharmacy, while in the 19th century. this noun had something else lexical meaning- the pharmacist's wife.

So, the historical change in the norms of literary language is natural, objective phenomenon, independent of the will and desire of individual language speakers. Public

New changes, the emergence of new traditions, new forms of relationships between people, the development of literature and other types of art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and linguistic norms.

Of course, a language norm is not a dogma that claims to be strictly followed. And there are few of us, native speakers, who always comply with language norms. But it should be borne in mind that violation of norms is carried out according to various reasons and not always consciously.

Generally speaking, three main cases of deviation from the norms can be distinguished.

1. Unconscious deviation from the norm, which is called error(" I didn’t even know that it’s correct to say “put” and not “lie”).

2. Deliberate violation of norms due to neglect of them (motivation like “In our class (at work) everyone says “lie.” I know that this is wrong, but the correct thing to do is “put it down.” But I don’t want to stand out, so I say like everyone else: “lay down.”), which also qualifies as an error.

3. Deliberate (conscious, thoughtful) violation of language norms in order to create language game. So, educated person, a teacher, can jokingly say

Tell your family: “I take my briefcase, put notebooks and documents in there and go to college.”

However, even in the latter case Deviations from the linguistic norm must be situationally and stylistically justified, and not dictated solely by the desire of the speaker (writer), which is not based on anything. One of the most common language game techniques

– destruction of speech stereotypes (phraseologisms, newspaper cliches, phrases any professional language, bureaucracy, etc.) is widely used in the language of the media, for example

measures: Beware of politicians who bring gifts, day of judgment, gentlemen of bad luck, etc.

How do we learn about the norms of a literary language? Of course, most of them are acquired in childhood on an intuitive-imitative basis along with the acquisition of speech. But all of them are enshrined in special publications: dictionaries, grammars, reference books.