The Big Bang Theory in simple words. Big bang

The Big Bang and the Origin of the Universe

There is another theory of the origin of the Universe. According to it, the origin of the Universe, the entire universe, life and man is a rational creative act carried out by God, the creator and omnipotent, the nature of which is incomprehensible to the human mind. “Convinced” materialists are usually inclined to ridicule this theory, but since half of humanity believes in it in one form or another, we have no right to pass it over in silence.

Explaining origin of the universe and man from a mechanistic position, treating the Universe as a product of matter, whose development is subject to the objective laws of nature, supporters of rationalism, as a rule, deny non-physical factors, especially when we're talking about about the existence of some kind of Universal or Cosmic Mind, since this is “unscientific”. What can be described using mathematical formulas should be considered scientific.

Since this barrier has not yet been overcome, in popular science publications for the general public the topic of the “phenomenon” is usually omitted altogether, but in specialized scientific publications and publications whose authors are trying to somehow cope with this mathematical problem, the “phenomenon” is spoken of as a thing that is unacceptable with scientific point vision. Stephen Hawking, professor of mathematics from Cambridge University, and J.F.R. Ellis, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cape Town, in his book "Long Scale Space-Time Structure" point out: "Our results support the concept that the Universe began final number years ago. However starting point theory of the origin of the Universe - the so-called "phenomenon" - is beyond the known laws of physics." Then we have to admit that in the name of justifying the "phenomenon", this cornerstone big bang theory, it is necessary to allow the possibility of using research methods that go beyond the scope of modern physics.

“Phenomenon,” like any other starting point of the “beginning of the Universe,” which includes something that cannot be described in scientific categories, remains an open question. However, there is next question: where did the “phenomenon” itself come from, how was it formed? After all, the problem of the “phenomenon” is only part of a much bigger problem, problems of the very source of the initial state of the Universe. In other words, if the Universe was originally compressed into a point, then what brought it to this state? And even if we refuse the caller theoretical difficulties"phenomenon", then the question will still remain: how did the Universe form?

In an attempt to get around this difficulty, some scientists propose the so-called "pulsating universe" theory. In their opinion, the Universe endlessly, over and over again, either shrinks to a point, or expands to some boundaries. Such a Universe has neither beginning nor end, there is only a cycle of expansion and a cycle of contraction. At the same time, the authors of the hypothesis claim that the Universe has always existed, thereby seemingly completely eliminating the question of the “beginning of the world.” But the fact is that no one has yet provided a satisfactory explanation of the pulsation mechanism. Why does the Universe pulsate? What are the reasons for it? Physicist Steven Weinberg in his book “The First Three Minutes” points out that with each successive pulsation in the Universe, the ratio of the number of photons to the number of nucleons must inevitably increase, which leads to the extinction of new pulsations. Weinberg concludes that thus the number of pulsation cycles of the Universe is finite, which means that at some point they must stop. Consequently, the “pulsating Universe” has an end, which means it also has a beginning...

And again we run into the problem of the beginning. Einstein's general theory of relativity creates additional trouble. The main problem This theory is that it does not consider time as we know it. In Einstein's theory, time and space are combined into a four-dimensional space-time continuum. It is impossible for him to describe an object as occupying a specific place in certain time. A relativistic description of an object determines its spatial and temporal position as a single whole, stretched from the beginning to the end of the object’s existence. For example, a person would be depicted as a single whole along the entire path of his development from embryo to corpse. Such structures are called “space-time worms.”

But if we are "space-time worms", then we are only an ordinary form of matter. What a man sentient being, is not taken into account. By defining man as a "worm", the theory of relativity does not take into account our individual perception past, present and future, and considers a number individual cases, united by space-time existence. In reality, we know that we exist only in today, while the past exists only in our memory, and the future - in our imagination. This means that all concepts of the “beginning of the Universe”, built on the theory of relativity, do not take into account the perception of time human consciousness. However, time itself is still little studied.

Analyzing alternative, non-mechanistic concepts of the origin of the Universe, John Gribbin in the book "White Gods" emphasizes that in recent years there is a "series of takeoffs" creative imagination thinkers whom today we no longer call either prophets or clairvoyants." One of such creative upswings was the concept of “white holes,” or quasars, which “spit out” entire galaxies from themselves in the flow of primary matter. Another hypothesis discussed in cosmology is the idea the so-called space-time tunnels, the so-called “space channels”. This idea was first expressed in 1962 by physicist John Wheeler in the book “Geometric Dynamics”, in which the researcher formulated the possibility of superspace, unusually fast intergalactic travel, which, when moving at the speed of light, took millions of years. Some versions of the concept of “supradimensional channels” consider the possibility of moving with their help into the past and future, as well as into other universes and dimensions.

God and the Big Bang

One cannot argue, writes O. V. Tupitsyn in his Notebooks, that life, including rational life, is always a strictly ordered process. Life is based on order, a system of laws according to which matter moves. Death, on the contrary, is disorder, chaos and, as a consequence, destruction of matter. Without external influence, and reasonable and purposeful influence, no order is possible - the process of destruction immediately begins, meaning death. Without understanding this, and therefore without recognizing the idea of ​​God, science will never be destined to discover the root cause of the Universe, which arose from primordial matter as a result of strictly ordered processes or, as physics calls them, fundamental laws. Fundamental means basic and unchangeable, without which the existence of the world would be completely impossible.

However to modern man, especially those brought up on atheism, it is very difficult to include God in the system of their worldview - due to undeveloped intuition and complete absence concepts about God. Well, then, you have to believe in big bang...

Paul 11.03.2017 20:46
Alexander Kozlov. You are absolutely right. Making such large-scale conclusions based only on the Doppler effect, without taking into account other glaring contraindications, is simply childish frivolity. Belopolsky and Zwicky explained the reddening of spectra from distant objects by the effect of photon aging. The so-called acceleration of galaxy recession is associated with the mass of exploding stars and can be attributed to gravitational redshift. The contradictions of BV are discussed in more detail in the book: " Big bang: fairy tale or reality", authors: Shpakov P. D., Degtyarev G. M., Tsvetkov O. V., available in libraries. Since all constants are related to the energy of space (vacuum), then with the expansion of space a drift of constants would be observed and sizes space objects, including the size of the Earth. The frivolity of the "explosives" is simply amusing. An American astrophysicist, a lady, unfortunately, I forgot her name, gave her arguments about the impossibility of B.V. - according to her calculations, the probability of such an event is 10 minus 500 degrees.

Paul 11.03.2017 11:03
The Big Bang (BB) is a big misconception. The BB is refuted simply: for 2 billion years, the world constants have not changed, this is confirmed by the analysis of isotopes of natural nuclear reactor in the Oklo region (Gabon). With the expansion of space, the speed of light should have changed, since it is directly related to the energy of the vacuum. Any wave process in nature is characterized by the properties of the medium in which it propagates, but WB theorists, not knowing anything about the physical properties of space and the nature of the speed of light, touchingly lie about BW. Physical properties spaces clearly manifest themselves in the values ​​of physical fields, in the values ​​of all constants that form a logically consistent system. The birth of matter from vacuum energy occurs in strong gravitational fields There is an article on the Internet “Sources of the birth of matter in the universe”, about the sources cosmic rays it is said there in the article "About physical phenomena, generating an excess of positrons in space."

Alexander Kozlov 21.12.2016 21:22
Astronomical observations still need to be able to be interpreted correctly, and not try to adjust and adjust, as current and past supporters of the “Big Bang” do. In addition, questions regarding matter, the universe, space and time belong to philosophy rather than astrophysics. And philosophy gives an unambiguous answer - the universe is eternal in time and space, it has always existed and no “Big Bang” could give rise to something that exists eternally and infinitely. Accordingly, if the universe is eternal in time and infinite in space, then it simply has nowhere to expand. Being unfamiliar with materialistic philosophy, physicists and astrophysicists come up with “black holes”, “dark energy”, “gravity”, “curved space” in order to somehow cover up my complete misunderstanding of the world order.
There is no real evidence confirming the Big Bang theory due to all of the above.

25.07.2016 02:35
+

20.05.2016 12:40
“And God said: let there be light. And there was light...” Today we know that light is both electromagnetic radiation, and energy. That is, the very basis of the creative act is the creation of energy. Although according to theory the first particles began to appear even before light, it is curious that in the period of time from 10^-32 seconds after birth the Universe was practically filled with photons. This happened due to the fact that the symmetry between the quantities of ordinary matter and antimatter was broken in favor of the former, and as a result, when ordinary particles came into contact with anti-particles, they annihilated and formed those same photons, particles of light. That is, a real light show was happening in the Universe.

01.03.2016 21:20
Logically complete cosmological concept. In order to represent infinite space initially elementally: 1. varied (homogeneous) complete – it is enough to postulate the presence in it of two elements with SIMPLE and COMPLEX
/closed by systemically manifested entities 2. heterogeneously complete - it is enough to postulate the presence of one more in it
element – ​​the Most High and Almighty God – with an openly systematically manifested
essence.
It is not difficult to assume that even with the minimum possible development of the non-material component of the essence of God - the Spirit of God - beyond the level
initial downward directed constant deployment from the material
component of the essence of God, there is a collapse of SIMPLE and COMPLEX / i.e.
their disintegration occurs due to blocking the outflow in an upward direction
constantly unfolding intangible components of their essences / as
as heterogeneous as possible to God's essence as minimally possible numerically
elemental homogeneity (1H), and God, on the basis of material components from 1H, deploys the minimally possible heterogeneous to His essence as numerically as possible
elemental homogeneity (2H). The process of folding 2H will begin at a time known to God, starting from the moment its unfolding is completed. Coagulation
The Spirit of God again unfolds 1H to the level of initial unfolding - God’s potential for carrying out the transformations of 1H into 2H and 2H into 1H is limitless!

Huseyn Gurbanov, Baku, Azerbaijan 01.03.2016 21:18
It is impossible to disguise the absurd conjectures about the “self-origin of the Universe” even if they take the absurd basis as their basis.
"singularity" mine with a thermal clock mechanism.

Huseyn Gurbanov, Baku, Azerbaijan 01.03.2016 21:17

Huseyn Gurbanov, Baku, Azerbaijan 01.03.2016 21:17
Logically complete cosmological concept. /due to lack of knowledge of the English language was not
able to correct the translation Implemented by Google/ Inorder to present the unlimited space originally:1.homogeneous - enough to postulate the presence in it of two elements with Simple
and Complex /closed systematically/ 2.heterogeneous - enough to postulate the
presence in it of one more element - the Most High and Almighty God - with
open systematically.It is easy to assume that even at the lowest possible deployment of the intangible
component of the essence of God - the Spirit of God - for the level of the
original downwardly directed the permanent deployment of the material component
of the essence of God, there is a curtailment of Simple and Complex/i.e..It
is their decay due to blocking of origin upwardly directed constantly deploy
intangible components of the entity / as much as possible heterogeneous to
God's essence minimum possible number of cell uniformity (1H), and God on the
basis of the material components of the 1H deploys the minimum possible
heterogeneous to its essence as possible numerically elemental homogeneity
(2H). Coagulation process will begin in 2H known God start time since the completion
of its deployment. curtailment of the Spirit of God to the level of initial
deployment again unfolds 1H - God potential for transformation 1H into 2H and 1H into 2H limitless!

Even modern scientists cannot say with certainty what was in the Universe before the Big Bang. There are several hypotheses that lift the veil of secrecy over one of the most complex issues of the universe.

Origin of the material world

Until the 20th century, there were only two theories of the origin of the Universe. Proponents of the religious point of view believed that the world was created by God. Scientists, on the contrary, refused to acknowledge the man-made nature of the Universe. Physicists and astronomers were supporters of the idea that space has always existed, the world was static and everything will remain the same as billions of years ago.

However, the accelerated scientific progress at the turn of the century led to the fact that researchers had opportunities to study extraterrestrial spaces. Some of them were the first to try to answer the question of what was in the Universe before the Big Bang.

Hubble Research

The 20th century destroyed many theories of past eras. In the vacated space, new hypotheses appeared that explained hitherto incomprehensible mysteries. It all started with the fact that scientists established the fact of the expansion of the Universe. This was done by Edwin Hubble. He discovered that distant galaxies differed in their light from those cosmic clusters that were closer to Earth. The discovery of this pattern formed the basis of Edwin Hubble's law of expansion.

The Big Bang and the origin of the Universe were studied when it became clear that all galaxies “escape” from the observer, no matter where he was. How could this be explained? Since galaxies move, it means that they are pushed forward by some kind of energy. In addition, physicists have calculated that all worlds were once located at one point. Due to some push, they began to move in all directions with unimaginable speed.

This phenomenon was called the “Big Bang”. And the origin of the Universe was explained precisely with the help of the theory of this ancient event. When did it happen? Physicists determined the speed of movement of galaxies and derived a formula that they used to calculate when the initial “push” occurred. Exact numbers No one will undertake to name it, but approximately this phenomenon took place about 15 billion years ago.

The emergence of the Big Bang theory

The fact that all galaxies are sources of light means that the Big Bang released huge amount energy. It was she who gave birth to the very brightness that the worlds lose as they move away from the epicenter of what happened. The Big Bang theory was first proven by American astronomers Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias. They discovered an electromagnetic temperature whose temperature was three degrees on the Kelvin scale (that is, -270 Celsius). This find supported the idea that the Universe was initially extremely hot.

The Big Bang theory answered many questions formulated in the 19th century. However, now new ones have appeared. For example, what was in the Universe before the Big Bang? Why is it so homogeneous, while with such a huge release of energy the substance should scatter unevenly in all directions? The discoveries of Wilson and Arno cast doubt on classical Euclidean geometry, as it was proven that space has zero curvature.

Inflationary theory

New questions posed showed that modern theory the origin of the world is fragmentary and incomplete. However for a long time it seemed that it would be impossible to advance beyond what was discovered in the 60s. And only very recent research by scientists made it possible to formulate a new important principle for theoretical physics. This was the phenomenon of ultra-fast inflationary expansion of the Universe. It has been studied and described using quantum field theory and general theory Einstein's relativity.

So what was in the Universe before the Big Bang? Modern science calls this period “inflation.” In the beginning there was only a field that filled all imaginary space. It can be compared to a snowball thrown down a hill snowy mountain. The lump will roll down and increase in size. In the same way, the field, due to random fluctuations, changed its structure over an unimaginable time.

When a homogeneous configuration was formed, a reaction occurred. It contains the biggest mysteries of the Universe. What happened before the Big Bang? An inflationary field that was not at all like current matter. After the reaction, the growth of the Universe began. If we continue the analogy with a snowball, then after the first one, other snowballs rolled down, also increasing in size. The moment of the Big Bang in this system can be compared to the second when a huge block fell into the abyss and finally collided with the ground. At that moment, a colossal amount of energy was released. It still can't run out. It is due to the continuation of the reaction from the explosion that our Universe is growing today.

Matter and field

The Universe now consists of an unimaginable number of stars and other cosmic bodies. This aggregate of matter exudes enormous energy, which contradicts physical law energy conservation. What does it say? The essence of this principle comes down to the fact that over an infinite period of time the amount of energy in the system remains unchanged. But how can this fit in with our Universe, which continues to expand?

Inflationary theory was able to answer this question. It is extremely rare that such mysteries of the Universe are solved. What happened before the Big Bang? Inflationary field. After the emergence of the world, matter familiar to us took its place. However, in addition to it, there also exists in the Universe which has negative energy. The properties of these two entities are opposite. This compensates for the energy coming from particles, stars, planets and other matter. This relationship also explains why the Universe has not yet turned into a black hole.

When the Big Bang first happened, the world was too small for anything to collapse. Now, when the Universe has expanded, local black holes have appeared in certain parts of it. Their gravitational field absorbs everything around them. Not even light can get out of it. This is actually why such holes become black.

Expansion of the Universe

Even though theoretical basis inflationary theory, it is still unclear what the Universe looked like before the Big Bang. The human imagination cannot imagine this picture. The fact is that the inflation field is intangible. It cannot be explained by the usual laws of physics.

When the Big Bang occurred, the inflation field began to expand at a rate that exceeded According to physical indicators, there is nothing material in the Universe that could move faster than this indicator. Light spreads across the existing world with incredible numbers. The inflationary field spread with even greater speed, precisely due to its intangible nature.

Current State of the Universe

The current period in the evolution of the Universe is ideally suited for the existence of life. Scientists find it difficult to determine how long this time period will last. But if anyone undertook such calculations, the resulting figures were no less than hundreds of billions of years. For one human life such a segment is so large that even in mathematical calculus it has to be written using powers. The present has been studied much better than the prehistory of the Universe. What happened before the Big Bang will, in any case, remain only the subject of theoretical research and bold calculations.

In the material world, even time remains a relative value. For example, quasars (a type of astronomical object), existing at a distance of 14 billion light years from Earth, are 14 billion light years behind our usual “now”. This time gap is enormous. It is difficult to define even mathematically, not to mention the fact that it is simply impossible to clearly imagine such a thing with the help of human imagination (even the most ardent).

Modern science can theoretically explain the entire life of our material world, starting from the first fractions of seconds of its existence, when the Big Bang had just occurred. Full story The universe is still being replenished. Astronomers are discovering new amazing facts with modernized and improved research equipment (telescopes, laboratories, etc.).

However, there are also phenomena that are still not understood. Such a white spot, for example, is her dark energy. The essence of this hidden mass continues to excite the consciousness of the most educated and advanced physicists of our time. In addition, no single point of view has emerged about the reasons why there are still more particles in the Universe than antiparticles. Several have been formulated on this matter. fundamental theories. Some of these models are the most popular, but none of them has yet been accepted by the international scientific community as

On the scale of universal knowledge and colossal discoveries of the 20th century, these gaps seem quite insignificant. But the history of science shows with enviable regularity that the explanation of such “small” facts and phenomena becomes the basis for mankind’s entire understanding of the discipline as a whole (in in this case we are talking about astronomy). Therefore, future generations of scientists will certainly have something to do and something to discover in the field of knowledge of the nature of the Universe.

IN scientific world It is generally accepted that the Universe came into being as a result of the Big Bang. This theory is based on the fact that energy and matter (the foundations of all things) were previously in a state of singularity. It, in turn, is characterized by infinity of temperature, density and pressure. The state of singularity itself rejects all known modern world laws of physics. Scientists believe that the Universe arose from a microscopic particle, which, for reasons still unknown, came into an unstable state in the distant past and exploded.

The term “Big Bang” began to be used in 1949 after the publication of the works of the scientist F. Hoyle in popular science publications. Today, the theory of the “dynamic evolving model” is so well developed that physicists can describe the processes occurring in the Universe within 10 seconds after the explosion of a microscopic particle that laid the foundation for all things.

There are several proofs of the theory. One of the main ones is cosmic microwave background radiation, which permeates the entire Universe. It could have arisen, according to modern scientists, only as a result of the Big Bang, due to the interaction of microscopic particles. It is the relict radiation that allows us to learn about those times when the Universe was like a burning space, and there were no stars, planets and the galaxy itself. The second proof of the birth of all things from the Big Bang is considered to be the cosmological red shift, which consists in a decrease in the frequency of radiation. This confirms the removal of stars, galaxies from milky way in particular and from each other in general. That is, it indicates that the Universe was expanding earlier and continues to do so to this day.

A Brief History of the Universe

• 10 -45 - 10 -37 sec- inflationary expansion


• 10 -6 sec- emergence of quarks and electrons


• 10 -5 sec- formation of protons and neutrons


• 10 -4 sec - 3 min- emergence of deuterium, helium and lithium nuclei


• 400 thousand years- formation of atoms


• 15 million years- continued expansion of the gas cloud


• 1 billion years- the birth of the first stars and galaxies


• 10 - 15 billion years- the appearance of planets and intelligent life


• 10 14 billion years- cessation of the process of star birth


• 10 37 billion years- energy depletion of all stars


• 10 40 billion years- evaporation of black holes and birth elementary particles


• 10 100 billion years- completion of the evaporation of all black holes

The Big Bang theory was a real breakthrough in science. It allowed scientists to answer many questions regarding the birth of the Universe. But at the same time, this theory gave rise to new mysteries. The main one is the cause of the Big Bang itself. The second question that has no answer modern science- how space and time appeared. According to some researchers, they were born along with matter and energy. That is, they are the result of the Big Bang. But then it turns out that time and space must have some kind of beginning. That is, a certain entity, constantly existing and independent of their indicators, could well have initiated the processes of instability in the microscopic particle that gave birth to the Universe.

The more research is carried out in this direction, the more questions astrophysicists have. The answers to them await humanity in the future.

The grandeur and diversity of the surrounding world can amaze any imagination. All objects and items surrounding a person, other people, various types plants and animals, particles that can only be seen with a microscope, as well as incomprehensible star clusters: they are all united by the concept of “Universe”.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have been developed by man for a long time. Despite the absence of even initial concept about religion or science, in the inquisitive minds of ancient people questions arose about the principles of the world order and about the position of man in the space that surrounds him. It is difficult to count how many theories of the origin of the Universe exist today; some of them are studied by leading world-famous scientists, others are downright fantastic.

Cosmology and its subject

Modern cosmology - the science of the structure and development of the Universe - considers the question of its origin as one of the most interesting and still insufficiently studied mysteries. The nature of the processes that contributed to the emergence of stars, galaxies, solar systems and planets, their development, the source of the appearance of the Universe, as well as its dimensions and boundaries: all this is just short list issues studied by modern scientists.

The search for answers to the fundamental riddle about the formation of the world has led to the fact that today there are various theories origin, existence, development of the Universe. The excitement of specialists looking for answers, building and testing hypotheses is justified, because a reliable theory of the birth of the Universe will reveal to all humanity the probability of the existence of life in other systems and planets.

Theories of the origin of the Universe have the character scientific concepts, individual hypotheses, religious teachings, philosophical ideas and myths. They are all conditionally divided into two main categories:

1. Theories according to which the Universe was created by a creator. In other words, their essence is that the process of creating the Universe was a conscious and spiritual action, a manifestation of the will of the higher mind.
2. Theories of the origin of the Universe, built on the basis of scientific factors. Their postulates categorically reject both the existence of a creator and the possibility of conscious creation of the world. Such hypotheses are often based on what is called the mediocrity principle. They suggest the possibility of life not only on our planet, but also on others.

Creationism - the theory of the creation of the world by the Creator

As the name suggests, creationism (creation) is a religious theory of the origin of the universe. This worldview is based on the concept of the creation of the universe, planet and man by God or the Creator.

Idea long time was dominant until late XIX century, when the process of accumulation of knowledge in various fields of science (biology, astronomy, physics) accelerated, and also widespread evolutionary theory. Creationism has become a peculiar reaction of Christians who hold conservative views on the discoveries being made. The dominant idea at the time evolutionary development only strengthened the contradictions that exist between religious and other theories.

What is the difference between scientific and religious theories?

The main differences between theories of various categories lie primarily in the terms used by their adherents. So, in scientific hypotheses instead of the creator - nature, and instead of creation - origin. Along with this, there are issues that are covered in similar ways by different theories or even completely duplicated.

Theories of the origin of the Universe, belonging to opposite categories, date its very appearance differently. For example, according to the most common hypothesis (the big bang theory), the Universe was formed about 13 billion years ago.

In contrast, the religious theory of the origin of the Universe gives completely different figures:

• According to Christian sources, the age of the Universe created by God at the time of the birth of Jesus Christ was 3483-6984 years.
• Hinduism suggests that our world is approximately 155 trillion years old.

Kant and his cosmological model

Until the 20th century, most scientists were of the opinion that the Universe was infinite. They characterized time and space with this quality. In addition, in their opinion, the Universe was static and homogeneous.

The idea of ​​the boundlessness of the Universe in space was put forward by Isaac Newton. This assumption was developed by someone who developed a theory about the absence of time boundaries. Taking his theoretical assumptions further, Kant extended the infinity of the Universe to the number of possible biological products. This postulate meant that in the conditions of ancient and huge world without end or beginning there can exist an innumerable number possible options, as a result of which the emergence of any biological species is realistic.

As a result of the search for evidence, more than 40 characteristics were identified and tested, the observance of which is necessary for the development of civilization. American astrophysicist Hugh Ross assessed the likelihood of such an unintentional coincidence. The result was the number 10 -53.

Our Universe contains a trillion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars. According to calculations made by scientists, total quantity planets should be 10 20. This figure is 33 orders of magnitude less than previously calculated. Consequently, none of the planets in all the galaxies can combine conditions that would be suitable for the spontaneous emergence of life.

The Big Bang Theory: The Origin of the Universe from a Tiny Particle

Scientists who support the big bang theory share the hypothesis that the universe is a consequence of a grand explosion. The main postulate of the theory is the statement that before this event, all the elements of the current Universe were contained in a particle that had microscopic dimensions. Being inside it, the elements were characterized by a singular state in which indicators such as temperature, density and pressure could not be measured. They are endless. Matter and energy in this state are not affected by the laws of physics.

The cause of the explosion, which occurred 15 billion years ago, is said to be instability within the particle. The scattered tiny elements laid the foundation for the world we know today.

In the beginning the Universe was a nebula formed tiny particles (smaller than an atom). Then, combining, they formed atoms that served as the basis star galaxies. Answering questions about what happened before the explosion, as well as what caused it, are the most important tasks of this theory of the origin of the Universe.

The table schematically depicts the stages of formation of the universe after the big bang.

As follows from the above data, the Universe continues to expand and cool.

The constant increase in the distance between galaxies is the main postulate: what makes the big bang theory different. The emergence of the Universe in this way can be confirmed by the evidence found. There are also reasons to refute it.

Problems of theory

Given that the big bang theory has not been proven in practice, it is not surprising that there are several questions that it cannot answer:

1. Singularity. This word denotes the state of the Universe, compressed to one point. The problem with the big bang theory is the impossibility of describing the processes occurring in matter and space in such a state. General law relativity is not applicable here, so compose mathematical description and equations for modeling are not possible.
   The fundamental impossibility of obtaining an answer to the question about original condition Universe discredits the theory from the very beginning. Its popular science expositions prefer to hush up or mention only in passing this complexity. However, for scientists working to provide a mathematical basis for the Big Bang theory, this difficulty is recognized as a major obstacle.
2. Astronomy. In this area, the big bang theory faces the fact that it cannot describe the process of the origin of galaxies. Based on modern versions theories, it is possible to predict how a uniform cloud of gas appears. Moreover, its density by now should be about one atom per cubic meter. To get something more, you cannot do without adjusting the initial state of the Universe. Lack of information and practical experience in this area become serious obstacles to further modeling.

There is also a discrepancy between the calculated mass of our galaxy and the data obtained by studying the speed of its attraction to. Apparently, the weight of our galaxy is ten times greater than previously thought.

Cosmology and quantum physics

Not today cosmological theories, which would not rely on quantum mechanics. After all, it deals with describing the behavior of atomic and subatomic particles. Difference quantum physics from the classical one (expounded by Newton) in that the second observes and describes material objects, and the first assumes an exclusively mathematical description of the observation and measurement itself. For quantum physics, material values ​​are not the subject of research; here the observer himself is part of the situation under study.

Based on these features, quantum mechanics has difficulty describing the Universe, because the observer is part of the Universe. However, speaking about the emergence of the universe, it is impossible to imagine outside observers. Attempts to develop a model without the participation of an outside observer were successful quantum theory the origin of the Universe by J. Wheeler.

Its essence is that at every moment of time the Universe splits and the formation infinite number copies As a result, each of parallel universes can be observable, and observers can see all quantum alternatives. Moreover, the original and new worlds are real.

Inflation model

The main task that the theory of inflation is designed to solve is the search for answers to questions left unanswered by the big bang theory and expansion theory. Namely:

1. For what reason is the Universe expanding?
2. What is a big bang?

To this end inflation theory the origin of the Universe involves extrapolation of the expansion to the zero point in time, the confinement of the entire mass of the Universe at one point and the formation cosmological singularity, which is often called the big bang.

The irrelevance of the general theory of relativity, which cannot be applied at this moment, becomes obvious. As a result, to develop a more general theory (or " new physics") and solutions to the problem of cosmological singularity can only be applied theoretical methods, calculations and conclusions.

New alternative theories

Despite the success of the cosmic inflation model, there are scientists who oppose it, calling it untenable. Their main argument is criticism of the solutions proposed by the theory. Opponents argue that the resulting solutions leave some details missing, in other words, instead of solving the problem initial values, the theory only skillfully drapes them.

An alternative is several exotic theories, the idea of ​​which is based on the formation of initial values ​​before the big bang. New theories of the origin of the Universe can be briefly described as follows:

• String theory. Its adherents propose, in addition to the usual four dimensions of space and time, to introduce additional dimensions. They could have played a role in the early stages of the Universe, and in at the moment be in a compacted state. Answering the question about the reason for their compactification, scientists offer an answer that says that the property of superstrings is T-duality. Therefore, the strings are “wound” into additional dimensions and their size is limited.
• Brane theory. It is also called M-theory. In accordance with its postulates, at the beginning of the formation of the Universe there exists a cold, static five-dimensional space-time. Four of them (spatial) have restrictions, or walls - three-branes. Our space acts as one of the walls, and the second is hidden. The third three-brane is located in four-dimensional space, it is bounded by two boundary branes. The theory considers the collision of a third brane with ours and the release large quantity energy. It is these conditions that become favorable for the appearance of a big bang.

1. Cyclic theories deny the uniqueness of the big bang, arguing that the universe moves from one state to another. The problem with such theories is the increase in entropy, according to the second law of thermodynamics. Consequently, the duration of the previous cycles was shorter, and the temperature of the substance was significantly higher than during the big explosion. The likelihood of this happening is extremely low.

No matter how many theories there are about the origin of the universe, only two have stood the test of time and overcome the problem of ever-increasing entropy. They were developed by scientists Steinhardt-Turok and Baum-Frampton.

These relatively new theories of the origin of the Universe were put forward in the 80s of the last century. They have many followers who develop models based on it, search for evidence of reliability and work to eliminate contradictions.

String theory

One of the most popular theories of the origin of the Universe is string theory. Before moving on to the description of her idea, it is necessary to understand the concepts of one of her closest competitors. She suggests that matter and interactions can be described as a certain set of particles, divided into several groups:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

These particles are, in fact, the building blocks of the universe, since they are so small that they cannot be divided into components.

A distinctive feature of string theory is the assertion that such bricks are not particles, but ultramicroscopic strings that vibrate. At the same time, oscillating at different frequencies, the strings become analogues of various particles described in the standard model.

To understand the theory, you should realize that strings are not any matter, they are energy. Therefore, it concludes that all elements of the Universe are composed of energy.

A good analogy would be fire. When looking at it, one gets the impression of its materiality, but it cannot be touched.

Cosmology for schoolchildren

Theories of the origin of the Universe are briefly studied in schools during astronomy lessons. Students are described the basic theories about how our world was formed, what is happening to it now and how it will develop in the future.

The purpose of the lessons is to familiarize children with the nature of the formation of elementary particles, chemical elements And celestial bodies. Theories of the origin of the Universe for children are reduced to a presentation of the Big Bang theory. Teachers use visual material: slides, tables, posters, illustrations. Their main task is to awaken children's interest in the world that surrounds them.