What the student's story revealed to me. “Truth and beauty have always been the main thing in human life...” Philosophical issues in the story by A.P.

Main character of this work - 22-year-old student Ivan Velikopolsky, returning home late in the evening and reflecting on life. Everything around him seems gloomy, frightening and dull. He does not want to return home, and all of life and even all of history appears before him as something invariably negative. Ivan thinks that under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, everything was the same: poverty and hopelessness. There is only darkness and bitterness in his head and soul, because “... all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.”

By the end of the work, the thoughts and moods of Ivan Velikopolsky change to the exact opposite. What influenced the young student so much? Maybe this was the effect of meeting two widows on him? Or a story from the Gospel? Or perhaps Vasilisa’s tears and Lukerya’s embarrassment?

The meeting with the widows Vasilisa and her daughter Lukerya is the central episode of the entire story. Ivan approaches the women to say hello and warm up a little by the fire, and at that moment he remembers an episode from the Gospel about how the Apostle Peter denied Jesus three times. He tells this to two women, and this story brings tears and pain to them. And, probably, it is these emotions that turn everything in a student’s soul.

He continues on his way and reflects. He thinks that Vasilisa was crying, and Lukerya looked embarrassed and tense because they felt sorry for Peter, because they were imbued with his fate, and perhaps she is very close to them and somehow relates to them. An event that happened nineteen centuries ago is not forgotten, and, moreover, is continuously connected with the present. Ivan realizes that one thing follows from the other, the present is a continuation of the past. And these thoughts fill him with joy, make him take a fresh look at everything around him. The world is ruled by truth and beauty, and he himself is young and full of strength, which means that unknown happiness awaits ahead.

Perhaps the realization that he is not alone, that after all he is not just a grain of sand in this huge world, fills Ivan Velikopolsky with a feeling of happiness. An understanding of the “high meaning” of existence descends upon him. A person gains inner harmony and harmony between each other and outside world. And harmony brings peace.

The mood of the main character A.P. Chekhov conveys through description surrounding nature. The reader sees the landscape through the prism of Ivan's feelings, and it is not difficult to notice how different these pictures are at the beginning and at the end of the story. At first everything is gloomy and dull, the darkness is scary. The entire environment: forest, meadow, village is literally drowning in darkness. And this is precisely the mood that possesses the student: pessimistic and hopeless. But afterwards the surroundings are transformed - illuminated by the emerging light of a new day. The morning dawn symbolizes the renewal of the soul of Ivan Velikopolsky.

The story “The Student” is very different from the writer’s other works. Here the hero finds harmony, peace, understands that life has a huge and great meaning; The plot has a positive dynamic. It was not for nothing that critics at one time said that this story was a new turn in Chekhov’s work, and the writer himself claimed that it was his favorite piece. Most likely, “Student” was influenced by A.P.’s father. Chekhov was a pious man who forced his children to sing in the church choir at night.

"Student" is piece of art, in a direction more related to realism. In this story the author describes the change life position person and calls on everyone to follow the example of the main character - a student, the son of the sexton Ivan Velikopolsky, even whose surname hints at his acquiring a new spiritual status...

Review of Chekhov's work "Student"
The work begins with a description of the landscape. Chekhov begins his story precisely with this in order to show the internal state of mind of the main character. At first, the weather is “good, calm,” and the student’s mood is also joyful. But it got dark and a piercing wind blew, Ivan remembered how sad it was when he left home for the academy, the theme of eternity and constantly bad life excited his brain at all times. Gloomy thoughts led to philosophical considerations, and he remembered God. My fingers were numb and my face was hot from the wind.
Winter and spring are in the balance of nature, justice and betrayal are in the soul. The cold outweighed, which meant despair and the consciousness of a meaningless existence.
Nature has been portrayed as inhospitable for many centuries, with the same prickly wind, darkness and man’s desire to warm himself by the saving fire.
Wielkopolski, wandering home, shrugged, immersed in thoughts about kings and God, the state and the horrors of severe poverty: hunger and need, even the desire to go to native home he was missing. He was irritated by ignorance, melancholy and the desert of darkness all around.
The student developed a gloomy mood of hopelessness and confidence that this would be the case in a thousand years; a feeling of detachment from the world and an indifferent perception of the world appeared in him. Ivan went to the fire in the widows’ gardens because he was frozen, and the fire burned so attractively and hotly, illuminating everything around him; besides, his familiar neighbors were busy working there. It was Vasilisa, the mother, and Lukerya, the daughter. The mother was tall and plump, all in thought, a soft, sedate smile never left her face, she was more cultured than her daughter, because... worked as a nanny for the master's children. She was embarrassed to reveal her feelings. Lukerya had an undistinguished appearance, downtrodden by a tyrant husband, a pockmarked village woman, needed only for work. She had an expression on her face like that of a deaf-mute - detached. She also hid her experiences, hiding them, as if she was holding back severe pain.
We stop distinguishing between Vasilisa and Lukerya because... even though they of different ages and upbringing, yet live in the same conditions and also suffer from the blows of fate, both are devout and sensitive to stories about God, for example, which their neighbor tells them.
I believe that the culmination of the entire story is the tears caused human compassion and understanding of the prophetic and holy gift of the Savior. He came to save people from suffering and grief, but he himself was tested and destroyed. Widows see that they are unhappy, perhaps even because of this. But tears, large and abundant, bashful and sincere, allow the soul to be cleansed and the vision of a mistake partially corrects it. Ivan decided to tell the story about Peter because the fire burning in the darkness reminded him of this story. He could not even imagine that he would touch the sensitive strings of the tightly slammed hearts of these women. Vasilisa is crying, I think, because she feels sorry not only for Jesus, but also for herself, for the days she has lived that are not always easy and pleasant. Their destiny is dishes, kitchen, vegetable gardens and no one needs them in this cold night and world. The student discovered the sadness of their hearts - the sadness of loneliness and melancholy. But the student’s mood changes to joyful, peaceful because he remembered that he is only twenty-two years old and the whole world in front of him, he is full of youth and health, strength. The belief that God exists and how cruelly he was not betrayed, he forgives and helps people, gave him confidence in tomorrow and he was overcome by a feeling of “inexpressibly sweet anticipation of unknown, mysterious happiness.” Life seemed delightful, wonderful and complete to him. Consciousness self-importance, delighted him. Times changed, but people's behavior was always perceived as something new, although everything was repeated and repeated. Nature also responded to his request to the heavens with a narrow, glowing crimson dawn. Having rethought everything, Wielkopolsky decided that beauty and truth guide human life. I think that this is the main idea of the story by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. At first glance, the work is incomprehensible, but it carries deep philosophical meaning the fact that the present and the past, like two ends of a chain, sometimes interlock in events that affect the soul both in old times and today.

Analysis of Chekhov's story Student

The story The Student was written when the writer had already recovered from his lungs humorous stories, but had not yet discovered his talent as a playwright. During this period of creativity, Chekhov discovered the theme of relationships inner world person with others. Human nature shown from an unusual angle. The student, who is the main character of this story, from a feeling of pessimism comes to harmony and understanding of the highest meaning of life. Truth and beauty have always been the main thing in human life and on earth in general. The composition of the story is subordinated to this idea. Central location The work is occupied by a scene of Wielkopolski's conversation with peasants, mother and daughter, around the fire. The student tells the widows one of the most dramatic episodes of the Gospel, the story of how one of the twelve apostles, Peter, denied his teacher three times on the night when he was delivered into the hands of the Jewish high priests. The student's story takes place on the eve of Easter. IN
This is the time when a person’s soul must be cleansed of evil. Suddenly the student understands what a change has happened to him, he feels the connection of himself with the past, which represents a continuous chain of events that flowed from one another. He touched one end as the other trembled. Having reached the truth, the hero gains good mood, a range of feelings merged in his soul: and feeling
youth, health, strength, an inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness. The depth of his feelings is shown through contrast. Chekhov describes identical landscapes, each of which mirror reflection another. Both are colored by Ivan's mood. At first he sees only darkness, melancholy, horror, ignorance around him, and it seems to him that another thousand years will pass, life will not get better. At the end of the story, he again looks at his native village, the thatched roofs, but now life seems to him delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning. A person ceases to be lonely, lost in a huge world, in the end everything
falls into place: he is Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the theological seminary, the son of a sexton, this is a small link complex chain existence, a piece of a single whole, just like Vasilisa and Lukerya, Rurik and Ivan the Terrible, the Apostle Peter and Jesus, like everyone who lived and lives on Earth. Chekhov changes colors from blue, dark green, brown to blue, orange, pink. Human life is full of hope for a colorful future. The Eternal connects these lives into one single chain. And mine, and yours, and the life of others is only one of the links in a long chain, connected by truth and beauty.

Plot
Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the Theological Academy, the son of a sexton, was returning home. Everything around was deserted and gloomy. The young man “thought that exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was exactly the same severe poverty, hunger, the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, such the desert all around, the darkness, the feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better. And he didn’t want to go home.”

The student approached the garden, where the old woman Vasilisa and her daughter Lukerya were burning a fire. The young man said: “In the same way, on a cold night, the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire. Oh, what was it? scary night, grandmother! An extremely dull, long night!” Then he remembered the Last Supper, when Peter said to Jesus: “With you I am ready to go to prison and to die.” And the Lord responded to him: “I tell you, Peter, if the rooster does not crow today, you will deny three times that you do not know me.” The student continued to tell the gospel story. Vasilisa began to cry. The young man said goodbye to them and moved on.

“The student thought about Vasilisa: if she cried, then everything that happened on that terrible night with Peter had something to do with her...” The young man thought about “that if Vasilisa cried, and her daughter was embarrassed, then , obviously, what he was just talking about, what happened nineteen centuries ago, is relevant to the present - to both women and, probably, to this deserted village, to himself, to all people. If the old woman cried, it was not because he knew how to tell a touching story, but because Peter was close to her, and because she was interested with all her being in what was happening in Peter’s soul.” The hero reflects on the events of antiquity, on people who lived many centuries ago. The young man understands the connection between centuries and generations. He understands that everything that happened once has meaning for his contemporaries. Ivan realized that day that truth and beauty are the main things in a person’s life.

Story Analysis
1. Name style features Chekhov's prose.
2. The main problem of the story. The idea of the work.
3. What is the nature of the conflict in the work? How is it resolved?
4. What biblical motifs are heard in the work?
5. What means does the author use to reveal the image of the main character and the idea of the work?

The story “Student” was written by A.P. Chekhov in 1894. From the memoirs of the writer’s relatives and friends it is known that “The Student” was his favorite work. It reflects some of the author's childhood impressions, raised in a family that strictly observed church traditions. The story is distinguished by features characteristic later works Chekhov: deep spiritual content, philosophical. The laconicism of Chekhov’s prose is also surprising, his ability to describe in one detail the character, situation or appearance of a person; in a small story the writer manages to say something big - about the meaning of human life.

“The Student” is a philosophical story; it poses a problem that can be described as follows: a person in the face of existence. The main character, from the feeling of pessimism that overwhelms him at the beginning, comes to harmony and understanding of the highest meaning of life. The composition of the story is subordinated to this idea of spiritual enlightenment

According to Chekhov's artistic principles There is no intense action or external entertainment in the story. There are few events: a student at the Theological Academy, Ivan Velikopolsky, returns home from a hunt, having met two peasant women, tells them the Gospel story about Peter’s abdication, the women, touched by this story, cry. However, Chekhov's story is full deep meaning. The main thing in this work is the development of internal conflict. The reader is presented with a story mental life a hero, an attempt to navigate the world, to find that point of support that will allow him to live in harmony with the world. Using internal monologues, psychological landscapes, and the motif of the repetition of events, the author reveals the hero’s anxious sense of time, his search for and discovery of the truth of life.

From the exposition of the story we learn that the event takes place on the eve of Easter. The work opens with a picture of gloomy spring nature: “The weather was good at first... then the forest became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable... nature itself was eerie, and that’s why the evening darkness thickened faster than necessary. All around it was deserted and somehow especially gloomy.” The student’s dejected mood is conveyed not only by the psychological landscape, but also by the subsequent internal monologue. The hero is overcome by thoughts of “the gloom and desolation of the world around him,” “severe poverty, hunger, a sense of oppression.” A conflict is brewing in his soul, a feeling of emptiness within himself. He remembered how at home “his mother, sitting on the floor in the hallway, barefoot, was cleaning the samovar, and his father was lying on the stove and coughing; On the occasion of Good Friday, nothing was cooked at home, and I was painfully hungry.” And, shivering from the cold, he still thought that “exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was the same severe poverty, hunger, the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.”

The central place in the story is occupied by Wielkopolski's conversation with peasant women - mother and daughter around the fire. The student tells the widows one of the most dramatic episodes of the Gospel, the story of how one of the twelve apostles, Peter, denied his teacher three times on the night he was delivered into the hands of the Jewish high priests. The student’s story about Peter’s denial is not accidental. The emphasis in the story is on heavy state of mind a disciple of Christ, who saw the torment of his teacher and worried about his renunciation. The student’s words resonate in the hearts of Vasilisa and Lukerya: tears flowed down Vasilisa’s cheeks, Lukerya, too, could barely contain the pain. The lively, emotional response of kind women to the story about Peter amazed the hero, set him up for painful thoughts, their result was spiritual insight. It does not happen immediately, but a little later, after Ivan broke up with the widows.

The climax of the story comes. Nothing has changed around the hero. It is no coincidence that the writer again returns to the theme of bad weather, bad weather: “A cruel wind was blowing, winter was actually returning, and it didn’t look like the day after tomorrow was Easter.” Chekhov thereby emphasizes that the turning point event occurs not in the surrounding world, which is still in a state of disharmony, but in the soul of the hero. Ivan is trying to establish a connection between the gospel story and the feeling that it evoked in the hearts of two women.

The reader is presented with the hero's internal monologue. The internal conflict is coming to an end. “The past,” he thought, “is connected with the present by a continuous chain of events that flowed one from the other”... The means of connecting this chain are Vasilisa’s tears, which appeared because “Peter is close to her, and because she is interested with all her being in the fact that what was happening in Peter’s soul.”

A young man discovers the most important values in life: “Truth and beauty, which guided human life there, in the garden and in the courtyard of the high priest, continued uninterrupted to this day and, apparently, always constituted the main thing in human life and in general on earth.” Having reached the truth, the hero acquires a good mood, in his soul there is a range of feelings: youth, health, strength, an inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness: “... he was only 22 years old, and an inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, an unknown, mysterious happiness took possession of him little- little by little, and life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning.” Everything in the hero’s mind falls into place: he is Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at a theological seminary, the son of a sexton - this is a small link in a complex chain of existence, a piece of a single whole, just like Vasilisa and Lukerya, Rurik and Ivan the Terrible, the Apostle Peter and Jesus, like everyone who lived and lives on Earth.

In that a short story the author managed to lead the heroes and readers to a wise, philosophical understanding of life. Following truth, beauty, and eternal biblical values gives a person faith, perseverance, and helps him realize the meaning of his existence. A person ceases to be lonely, lost in a huge world.

Biblical motives. The student’s story falls on the eve of Easter, the holiday of the Resurrection of Christ. At this time (according to biblical beliefs) the human soul must be cleansed of evil. The hero of the story returns to understanding the meaning of life, a rebirth and resurrection of the soul occurs.

Undoubtedly, an important place in the story is occupied by a passage from the Gospel retold by Peter. The biblical motif expands the artistic time and space of the work. Let us pay attention to the obvious parallels between the gospel realities in the student’s story and the details of the situation surrounding the narrator and his interlocutors. These are the following recurring images: “the workers, meanwhile, lit a fire in the middle of the yard, because it was cold, and warmed themselves” - sounds in the student’s story (Ivan also went to the women’s fire to warm up, “In the same way, on a cold night, the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire” - he says). All this causes an involuntary comparison of Ivan Velikopolsky with Peter, and the widows Vasilisa and Lukerya remind the reader of the gospel widows, of the myrrh-bearing women, of Martha and Mary - the sisters of the righteous Lazarus. The Gospel story about the suffering and torment of Christ, about the betrayal of Judas, about Peter’s denial, his weakness and tears is involuntarily associated with the state of the student himself: at some point, he, too, like Peter, succumbed to despair, lost faith in the truth of life, but regained her.

It is also necessary to mention the image-symbol, which in this story is fire. The fire mentioned at the very beginning burns in the widows’ gardens, but it is unable to disperse the evening darkness. Then, the hero approaches this fire, into the light, to bask not only from the warmth of the fire, but also from human participation (Let us remember Vasilisa’s soft smile and subsequent tears). But at the same time, this fire reminds Wielkopolska of another, which is mentioned in the Gospel. The fire of the gospel fire illuminated Ivan’s soul, becoming an image-symbol of spiritual enlightenment.

The main character of this work is 22-year-old student Ivan Velikopolsky, returning home late in the evening and reflecting on life. Everything around him seems gloomy, frightening and dull. He does not want to return home, and all of life and even all of history appears before him as something invariably negative. Ivan thinks that under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, everything was the same: poverty and hopelessness. There is only darkness and bitterness in his head and soul, because “... all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.”

Perhaps the realization that he is not alone, that he is not just a grain of sand in this huge world, fills Ivan Velikopolsky with a feeling of happiness. An understanding of the “high meaning” of existence descends upon him. A person gains inner harmony and harmony between himself and the outside world. And harmony brings peace.

The mood of the main character A.P. Chekhov conveys it using a description of the surrounding nature. The reader sees the landscape through the prism of Ivan's feelings, and it is not difficult to notice how different these pictures are at the beginning and at the end of the story. At first everything is gloomy and dull, the darkness is scary. The entire environment: forest, meadow, village is literally drowning in darkness. And this is precisely the mood that possesses the student: pessimistic and hopeless. But afterwards the surroundings are transformed - illuminated by the emerging light of a new day. The morning dawn symbolizes the renewal of the soul of Ivan Velikopolsky.

The story “The Student” is very different from the writer’s other works. Here the hero finds harmony, peace, understands that life has a huge and great meaning; The plot has a positive dynamic. It was not without reason that critics at one time said that this story was a new turn in Chekhov’s work, and the writer himself claimed that this was his favorite work. Most likely, “Student” was influenced by A.P.’s father. Chekhov - a pious man who forced his children to sing in the church choir at night.

“Student” is a work of art, in a direction more related to realism. In this story, the author describes a change in a person’s life position and calls on everyone to follow the example of the main character - a student, the son of the sexton Ivan Velikopolsky, even whose last name hints at his acquiring a new spiritual status...

Analysis of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych"
“Tosca”, analysis of Chekhov’s work, essay

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AnalysisstoryA.P. Chekhov's "Student"

This story is about a man who came to understand true faith and the surrounding world. With this work, Chekhov wanted to show the path of human rebirth.

The main conflict in Chekhov's story is ethical - human error. The student doubted the harmony of nature and existence. The son of a sexton and future priest dared to retreat from the recognition of Divine goodness: “it seemed to him that this sudden cold had disrupted order and harmony in everything, all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better " Thus, he commits betrayal of the First Apostle. This is the internal, at the subconscious level, motivation for Ivan Velikopolsky’s appeal to the events in Garden of Gethsemane and to the image of Peter.

The main character in this story is Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the Theological Academy, he is only 22 years old, but he is already disappointed with life and thinks that there is only “ignorance, melancholy, darkness, a feeling of oppression.” And he is convinced that this has always been the case. At the end of the story, we have before us a completely different person, who has found hope for happiness, has found his revenge in life, for whom the world around him has cleared up and incomprehensible things have become simple. In addition to the main characters, the story contains secondary characters - this is Vasilisa and her daughter Lukeria - this is simple women, but they have the most important virtue of faith in God. They relate to what Peter experienced because they themselves felt the same. They also experienced terrible torment, but they managed to maintain their faith despite all the trials of life.

Quite a lot important role in the story there is a description of space and time: a swamp, a forest, a meadow, vegetable gardens - at the beginning of the story, replaced by a river, a mountain, and a wide space at the end. Heaven and earth are practically invisible to the student and the reader. The hero appears in the three-dimensional world of a horizontally organized artistic space. He goes from the forest to the expanse of the river crossing, from dusk to the fire, from darkness to the pale dawn; Accordingly, he moves from the darkness of pessimism to the light of hope, to the expectation of happiness.

In general, almost the entire story consists of descriptions of nature, place, time, etc. This makes the story more vivid and understandable.

I liked this story, despite such a small volume of the story, Chekhov touches on quite global moral problems.

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Student

Chekhov story student plot

But when it got dark in the forest, a cold, piercing wind blew inappropriately from the east, and everything fell silent. Ice needles stretched across the puddles, and the forest became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable. It smelled like winter. Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the Theological Academy, the son of a sexton, returning home from work, walked all the time along a path through a flooded meadow.

His fingers were numb and his face was hot from the wind. It seemed to him that this sudden cold had disrupted the order and harmony in everything, that nature itself was terrified, and that is why the evening darkness thickened faster than necessary. All around it was deserted and somehow especially gloomy. Only in the widows' gardens near the river did the fire glow; Far all around and where the village was, about four miles away, everything was completely buried in the cold evening darkness.

The student remembered that when he left home, his mother, sitting on the floor in the hallway, barefoot, was cleaning the samovar, and his father was lying on the stove and coughing; On the occasion of Good Friday, nothing was cooked at home, and I was painfully hungry. And now, shivering from the cold, the student thought that exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was exactly the same severe poverty and hunger; the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.

And he didn't want to go home. The gardens were called widow's gardens because they were maintained by two widows, a mother and daughter. The fire burned hotly, with a crackling sound, illuminating the plowed ground all around. The widow Vasilisa, a tall, plump old woman in a man's sheepskin coat, stood nearby and thoughtfully looked at the fire; her daughter Lukerya, small, pockmarked, with a stupid face, sat on the ground and washed the cauldron and spoons. Apparently they had just had dinner.

“So winter has come back to you,” said the student, approaching the fire.

Hello! Vasilisa shuddered, but immediately recognized him and smiled welcomingly.

I didn’t recognize it, God be with you,” she said. “To be rich.”

We talked. Vasilisa, an experienced woman who once served as a mother for her masters and then as a nanny, expressed herself delicately, and a soft, sedate smile never left her face; her daughter Lukerya, a village woman, beaten down by her husband, only squinted at the student and was silent, and her expression was strange, like that of a deaf-mute.

“In the same way, on a cold night, the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire,” said the student, stretching out his hands to the fire.

So it was cold then too. Oh, what a terrible night it was, grandma! An extremely dull, long night!

He looked around at the darkness, shook his head convulsively and asked: Perhaps you were on the twelve gospels? “Yes,” answered Vasilisa. If you remember, during the Last Supper Peter said to Jesus: “I am ready with you to go to prison and to death.” And the Lord responded to him: “I tell you, Peter, if the rooster does not crow today, you will deny three times that you do not know me.” After the supper, Jesus was mortally sad in the garden and prayed, and poor Peter was weary in soul, weakened, his eyelids became heavy, and he could not overcome sleep. Slept.

Then, you heard: Judas kissed Jesus that same night and handed him over to his tormentors. They led him bound to the high priest and beat him, and Peter, exhausted, tormented by melancholy and anxiety, you know, not getting enough sleep, sensing that he was about to earth will happen something terrible, he followed... He passionately, madly loved Jesus and now saw from afar how they beat him... Lukerya left the spoons and fixed her motionless gaze on the student.

“They came to the high priest,” he continued, “they began to interrogate Jesus, and meanwhile the workers lit a fire in the middle of the courtyard, because it was cold, and warmed themselves. Peter stood with them near the fire and also warmed himself, just like I am now. One woman, seeing him, said: “And this one was with Jesus,” that is, that he, too, should be brought in for questioning.

And all the workers who were near the fire must have looked at him suspiciously and sternly, because he became embarrassed and said: “I don’t know him.” A little later, again someone recognized him as one of Jesus’ disciples and said: “And you are one of them.” But he again denied. And for the third time, someone turned to him: “Didn’t I see you with him in the garden today?” He denied for the third time. And after this time, the rooster immediately crowed, and Peter, looking at Jesus from afar, remembered the words that he had said to him at the supper... He remembered, woke up, left the yard and wept bitterly and bitterly. The Gospel says: “And he went out, weeping bitterly.”

I imagine: a quiet, quiet, dark, dark garden, and in the silence you can barely hear muffled sobs... The student sighed and thought. Continuing to smile, Vasilisa suddenly sobbed, large, abundant tears flowed down her cheeks, and she shaded her face from the fire with her sleeve, as if ashamed of her tears, and Lukerya, looking motionless at the student, blushed, and her expression became heavy, tense, like a person holding back severe pain.

The workers were returning from the river, and one of them on horseback was already close, and the light from the fire trembled on him. The student wished the widows Good night and moved on. And darkness came again, and my hands began to feel cold. A fierce wind was blowing, winter was indeed returning, and it didn’t look like the day after tomorrow was Easter. Now the student was thinking about Vasilisa: if she cried, then it means that everything that happened on that terrible night with Peter had something to do with her... He looked around.

A lone fire blinked calmly in the darkness, and no people were visible near it. The student again thought that if Vasilisa cried and her daughter was embarrassed, then, obviously, what he had just talked about, which happened nineteen centuries ago, has something to do with the present - with both women and, probably, with this deserted village, to himself, to all people. If the old woman began to cry, it was not because he knew how to tell a touching story, but because Peter was close to her, and because she was interested with all her being in what was happening in Peter’s soul.

And joy suddenly stirred in his soul, and he even stopped for a minute to catch his breath. The past, he thought, is connected with the present by a continuous chain of events that flow from one another. And it seemed to him that he had just seen both ends of this chain: he touched one end, and the other trembled.

And when he crossed the river on a ferry and then, climbing the mountain, looked at his native village and to the west, where a cold crimson dawn shone in a narrow strip, he thought that the truth and beauty that guided human life there, in the garden and in the courtyard of the high priest, continued continuously to this day and, apparently, always constituted the main thing in human life and in general on earth; and the feeling of youth, health, strength - he was only twenty-two years old - and the inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, unknown, mysterious happiness, took possession of him little by little, and life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning.

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Literary and lexical analysis works by A.P. Chekhov's "Rothschild's Violin". Assessment of the character system and characteristics of the heroes of this story, the semantics of their names, identification of problems. Comparison later stories A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.

test, added 06/14/2010

Brief Analysis A.P. Chekhov's story "Gooseberry", characterization of the image of the main character - landowner Nikolai Ivanovich. The conflict of the story, its main thoughts and ideas. Outstanding Quotes from the work "Gooseberry". Chekhov's attitude to Nikolai Ivanovich's dream.

presentation, added 06/03/2013

Theoretical basis studying the creativity of A.P. Chekhov. The writer’s development of the concept of “love” in his works. a brief description of story by A.P. Chekhov's "Lady with a Dog". Features of the development of the concept of “love” in the story “The Lady with the Dog”.

course work, added 10/31/2012

“Ward No. 6” is one of Chekhov’s most fascinating stories with an interesting plot, which was created by the author to identify any vice in society, its causes and consequences. The life of Doctor Ragin is the story of a man’s worldview struggling with reality.

report, added 04/29/2008

Place of the genre short story in a system of prose forms. The problem of periodization of A. Chekhov's creativity. The main characteristic of the writer’s socio-philosophical position. Architectonics and artistic conflict of short narratives by M. Gorky.

thesis, added 06/02/2017

During the accelerated development of capitalism, most people live only for themselves, not doing good to anyone other than themselves. Chekhov's idea in this story is life not for one's own well-being, but life for the sake of life itself.

essay, added 12/21/2002

The end of the 70s of the 19th century is the beginning of the journalistic activity of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Humor and characteristic feature stories and heroes of Antoshi Chekhonte. Analysis of the story "Thick and Thin". Reasons and consequences of A.P.’s trip Chekhov to Sakhalin Island.

abstract, added 07/09/2010

Chekhov's story "Gooseberry" is imbued with the theme of moral degradation and spiritual emptiness of the Russian intelligentsia, its inability to socially and personally organize its life. Definition of the subject, compositional parts, characters, motives of the work.

I think that Chekhov called his story this way because a student is a person who knows how to feel the suffering of others, he understands what most people are not given the opportunity to understand in their entire lives. Also, through the image of a student, the main idea of the story is expressed, which the author wanted to convey to the reader: “The past is connected with the present by a continuous chain of events that flow from one another.”

The student talks about the change of times, about those things that do not change even after centuries: “The student thought that exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was exactly the same severe poverty, hunger; the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.”

A.P. Chekhov, one of the most interesting writers for me, considered this story the most perfect in form.

Indeed, although the story “Student” is small in size, there is nothing superfluous in it, only the most important is expressed.

Anton Pavlovich wrote this story in 1894, when he was 34 years old. After reading the story, I immediately realized that it was written by a mature man who thought a lot about life and the things that make it up.

The character of student Ivan Velikopolsky consists of many traits. In my opinion, he is mentally developed, intelligent, even wise, good-natured and a bit of a dreamer: “... and the inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, unknown, mysterious happiness took possession of him little by little, and life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning.”

And his last name also speaks for itself. It sounds beautiful and sublime.

Vasilisa is “a tall, plump old woman in a man’s sheepskin coat,” a woman who also feels deeply. She may have gone through a lot of suffering in her life and met a lot of people. Her daughter Lukerya is also a widow, “small, pockmarked, with a stupid face.” She suffered a lot of troubles: “... the village woman, beaten by her husband, only squinted at the student and was silent, and her expression was strange, like that of a deaf-mute.” She keeps to herself and, it seems to me, is wary of all men, because she has already been “burned” once and does not want to make any more mistakes.

And the story of Jesus and Peter helps reveal the idea. Of course, these characters play an important role. In my opinion, the conflict that arises in this story is that society did not accept Jesus; and everyone who interacted with him was considered sinners. In the end, almost everyone renounced him and did not extend their hand to him.

Time and place don't matter here. Because what the story says is eternal; it “was, is and will be” at all times and in all places.

The style of the story is artistic, the language is simple and easy to understand. I think this is a realistic work. There are a wide variety of language tools. For example, an allegory: it tells about the denial of Peter; but of course it happens to others and will always happen. There is also symbolism: the student symbolizes young people who are thinking about eternal questions. And the mother and daughter are those who have suffered, endured a harsh, cruel life.

I was surprised how one could write on such a topic in such a laconic language. Of course, to fully understand the meaning, you need to think carefully about the story. But after reading it I can't think; I want all people, like this student, to hope for a bright future, and for them to experience life as “delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning.”

Updated: 2012-01-20

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State budget educational institution

Average vocational education

Rostov region

"October Agricultural and Technological College"

Educational and methodological manual on the discipline

"Literature"

Topic: “Analysis of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Student"

The key to happiness is the ability to occasionally direct your inner gaze to the past,

to the eternal concepts of goodness, love, beauty …

In the ability to touch this eternal...

Oktyabrsky district, Kachkan village

2015

The teaching aid was approved at a meeting of the methodological commission “ General education disciplines»,

Developer: teacher of Russian language and literature GBOU SPO RO OATT Makarova N.I.

Given teaching aid is a training and testing material in the discipline “Literature” and is intended for students in secondary vocational education and research programs. The manual includes materials for studying the work of A.P. Chekhov.

Content

1. Story by A.P. Chekhov “Student”….……..………………………...…..……..4

2. Analysis of the story “Student”……………………..……………………….……..8

3. Applications…………..…………………………………………………………….……18

4. List of sources of information and literature……………………….….19

A. P. Chekhov
Student

At first the weather was good and calm. The blackbirds were calling, and in the swamps nearby something living was humming pitifully, as if blowing into an empty bottle. One woodcock held out, and the shot at it sounded loud and cheerful in the spring air. But when it got dark in the forest, a cold, piercing wind blew inopportunely from the east, and everything fell silent. Ice needles stretched across the puddles, and the forest became uncomfortable, deaf and unsociable. It smelled like winter.

Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the Theological Academy, the son of a sexton, returning home from work, walked all the time along a path through a flooded meadow. His fingers were numb and his face was hot from the wind. It seemed to him that this sudden cold had disrupted the order and harmony in everything, that nature itself was terrified, and that is why the evening darkness thickened faster than necessary. All around it was deserted and somehow especially gloomy. Only in the widows' gardens near the river did the fire glow; Far all around and where the village was, about four miles away, everything was completely buried in the cold evening darkness. The student remembered that when he left home, his mother, sitting on the floor in the hallway, barefoot, was cleaning the samovar, and his father was lying on the stove and coughing; On the occasion of Good Friday, nothing was cooked at home, and I was painfully hungry. And now, shivering from the cold, the student thought that exactly the same wind blew under Rurik, and under Ivan the Terrible, and under Peter, and that under them there was exactly the same severe poverty, hunger, the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better. And he didn't want to go home.

The gardens were called widow's gardens because they were maintained by two widows, a mother and daughter. The fire burned hotly, with a crackling sound, illuminating the plowed ground all around. The widow Vasilisa, a tall, plump old woman in a man's sheepskin coat, stood nearby and thoughtfully looked at the fire; her daughter Lukerya, small, pockmarked, with a stupid face, sat on the ground and washed the cauldron and spoons. Apparently they had just had dinner. Men's voices were heard; It was the local workers who watered the horses on the river.
“So winter has come back to you,” said the student, approaching the fire. - Hello!
Vasilisa shuddered, but immediately recognized him and smiled welcomingly.
“I didn’t recognize it, God bless you,” she said. - To be rich.
We talked. Vasilisa, an experienced woman who once served as a mother and then as a nanny for her masters, expressed herself delicately, and a soft, sedate smile never left her face; her daughter Lukerya, a village woman, beaten down by her husband, only squinted at the student and was silent, and her expression was strange, like that of a deaf-mute.
“In exactly the same way, on a cold night, the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire,” said the student, stretching out his hands to the fire. “So it was cold then too.” Oh, what a terrible night it was, grandma! An extremely dull, long night!
He looked around at the darkness, shook his head convulsively and asked:
– Probably, you were at the twelve gospels?
“It was,” Vasilisa answered.
– If you remember, during the Last Supper Peter said to Jesus: “I am ready with you to go to prison and to death.” And the Lord answered this: “I tell you, Peter, today the rooster will not crow until you deny three times that you do not know me.” After the supper, Jesus was mortally sad in the garden and prayed, and poor Peter was weary in soul, weakened, his eyelids became heavy, and he could not overcome sleep. Slept. Then, you heard, Judas kissed Jesus that same night and handed him over to his tormentors. They led him bound to the high priest and beat him, and Peter, exhausted, tormented by anguish and anxiety, you know, not getting enough sleep, sensing that something terrible was about to happen on earth, followed after... He passionately, madly loved Jesus , and now I saw from afar how they beat him...

Lukerya left the spoons and fixed her fixed gaze on the student.
“They came to the high priest,” he continued, “they began to interrogate Jesus, and meanwhile the workers lit a fire in the middle of the courtyard, because it was cold, and warmed themselves.” Peter stood with them near the fire and also warmed himself, just like I am now. One woman, seeing him, said: “And this one was with Jesus,” that is, that he, too, should be brought in for questioning. And all the workers who were near the fire must have looked at him suspiciously and sternly, because he became embarrassed and said: “I don’t know him.” A little later, again someone recognized him as one of Jesus’ disciples and said: “And you are one of them.” But he again denied. And for the third time someone turned to him: “Didn’t I see you with him in the garden today?” He denied for the third time. And after this time, the rooster immediately crowed, and Peter, looking at Jesus from afar, remembered the words that he had said to him at the supper... He remembered, woke up, left the yard and wept bitterly and bitterly. The Gospel says: “And he went out, weeping bitterly.” I imagine: a quiet, quiet, dark, dark garden, and in the silence you can barely hear muffled sobs...

The student sighed and thought. Continuing to smile, Vasilisa suddenly sobbed, large, abundant tears flowed down her cheeks, and she shaded her face from the fire with her sleeve, as if ashamed of her tears, and Lukerya, looking motionless at the student, blushed, and her expression became heavy, tense, like a person holding back severe pain.
The workers were returning from the river, and one of them on horseback was already close, and the light from the fire trembled on him. The student wished the widows good night and moved on. And darkness came again, and my hands began to feel cold. A fierce wind was blowing, winter was indeed returning, and it didn’t look like the day after tomorrow was Easter.

Now the student was thinking about Vasilisa: if she cried, then everything that happened on that terrible night with Peter had something to do with her...

He looked back. A lone fire blinked calmly in the darkness, and no people were visible near it. The student again thought that if Vasilisa cried and her daughter was embarrassed, then, obviously, what he had just talked about, which happened nineteen centuries ago, has something to do with the present - with both women and, probably, with this deserted village, to himself, to all people. If the old woman began to cry, it was not because he knew how to tell a touching story, but because Peter was close to her, and because she was interested with all her being in what was happening in Peter’s soul.
And joy suddenly stirred in his soul, and he even stopped for a minute to catch his breath. The past, he thought, is connected with the present by an unbroken chain of events that flow from one another. And it seemed to him that he had just seen both ends of this chain: he touched one end, and the other trembled.

And when he crossed the river on a ferry and then, climbing the mountain, looked at his native village and to the west, where a cold crimson dawn shone in a narrow strip, he thought that the truth and beauty that guided human life there, in the garden and in the courtyard of the high priest, continued continuously to this day and, apparently, always constituted the main thing in human life and in general on earth; and the feeling of youth, health, strength - he was only 22 years old - and the inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, unknown, mysterious happiness took possession of him little by little, and life seemed to him delightful, wonderful and full of high meaning.

It seems to me that a person must be a believer or must seek faith, otherwise his life is empty, empty...

Analysis of the story “Student”

What is the meaning of the word "concept""? (Relationships between the individual and the world - attitude)

The desire of Russian writers to find the only correct position in life, Nikolai Berdyaev sensitively perceived and accurately expressed: “In Russian literature, great Russian writers have religious themes and religious motives were stronger than in any literature in the world... All our literature XIX centuries wounded by the Christian theme, all of it is looking for salvation, all of it is looking for deliverance from evil, suffering ." S Bulgakov wrote: “This is clearly reflected in Chekhov’s works.Russian search for faith, longing for the highest meaning of life, restless anxiety of the Russian soul and its sick conscience”

2. How you understand the meaning of the words “seeking faith.” Why does a person need this? Why can’t a Russian person live without faith? Faith in what?

3Let us turn to the epigraph. " It seems to me that a person must be a believer or must seek faith, otherwise his life is empty, empty ... "

Chekhov's heroine also talks about the importance of faith. From here, we can conclude that for the writer the search for the meaning of life, faith, first of all, in person, was the main thing in life. Chekhov’s story “The Student” is about the search for the meaning of life, about man’s faith in man, in God.

3.Let's turn to the definition of genre short stories

Novella - (from sleepers, novella - news) close to a story genre form, distinguished by the clarity of the depiction of events, the unexpectedness of their development and denouement, “the short story is nothing more than an unheard-of incident that happened” (Goethe). A type of short form of storytelling that arose during the Renaissance, characterized by dynamic intrigue and attention to the personality of the hero, his individual consciousness and actions. A short story is one of the genres of epic literature.

(brief dictionary literary terms M.I. Meshcheryakova. M., 1998)

No one, either before or after Chekhov, could write so vividly and succinctly, fitting an entire human life into a few pages. I invite you to an open discussion, a free exchange of opinions about the novel you read, and let the motto of our today’s conversation be the words of V.G. Belinsky: “Let everyone express their opinion, without worrying that others think differently from him. You cannot force everyone thinks the same."

4. The meaning of the name

It is customary to begin the analysis of any text with consideration meaning of the name, which contains condensed information about the entire text. Why was the story called “Evening” at first, and then Chekhov changed the title.

“In the evening” - evening, twilight, night, darkness, cessation of life. This is the chain of associations that is built in connection with the meaning of this word. Twilight and night - movement into darkness, emptiness, lifelessness, which could not in any way become signs of this story.

“Student” is a vector directed towards spiritual growth, this desire to know and know; a student is a person on a difficult and long path to acquiring knowledge (metaphorically, the path is indicated in the story by the word “path” - road).

-What problems does the author address in this work?

5.Hero

-Who and what is the subject of the image in the story?

Let's reverse Special attention to the fact that the hero of the story is a student of the theological academy, and this emphasizes the movement of the main character of the story towards the acquisition of divine truth.

The main character is called by name only once - at the very beginning: “Ivan Velikopolsky, student of the Theological Academy.” In this name is the Ivan the Great bell tower; fabulous Ivan the Fool; Saint John of Constantinople. But then the hero is referred to simply as a “student” everywhere, growing to the size of a symbol. This is emphasized by the title of the story itself.

-What does the name of the main character mean?

Symbolism divine revelation also expresses the name of the main character (Ivan - John), which literally means “God has mercy” when translated from Hebrew. The moment of despondency that Ivan experiences (by analogy with Peter) goes away without a trace, and the hero is resurrected spiritually - God has mercy on him with faith in grace and God's creation

- Is the hero's state of mind the same at the beginning and end of the story??
(It is changing dramatically, let’s try to understand how and why)

-Briefly retell the plot of the story.

6. Landscape. Let's turn to the exhibition of the work. The story begins with a description of the landscape.

-Is Chekhov's landscape homogeneous? Bring keywords, proving its internal dialogic nature.

-What weighs on the natural scales?: good orevil?

7. "Good" And Evil"

-What does Ivan Velikopolsky feel, wearily wandering “home from the urge” and, by the author’s will, finding himself in the arena of a struggle between two elements?

Why was the hero in a gloomy mood? Describe the hero's attitude.

At the beginning of the work, Chekhov places the student’s bleak thoughts about the “fierce” poverty of Russian life: “... the same leaky thatched roofs, ignorance, melancholy, the same desert all around, darkness, a feeling of oppression - all these horrors were, are and will be, and just because another thousand years will pass, life will not get better.” Evil as it seems Chekhov's character, not only lies at the basis of the social structure, the stamp of imperfection also marks the royal world of nature: “It seemed to him... it would not get better.” Such gloomy pessimism, historical and philosophical, the writer explains not only real state Russian life, but also bad mood the student himself. In the morning he left home to hunt and after a whole day of lonely wandering through the forest he was tired and very hungry. However, “he didn’t want to go home,” because there, he knew, he wouldn’t be given a hot dinner. On Good Friday of Lent one must remember the sufferings of Christ and fast in the strictest way - and Ivan’s mother did not cook anything all day. In addition, the weather was not cold like spring, “ice needles stretched across the puddles.”

All these circumstances (loneliness, evening twilight, fatigue, hunger, cold, Good Friday) had a depressing effect on Ivan,

The above examples inexorably demonstrate that the forces of evil, darkness and cold significantly outweigh the natural scales. On the day of Christ’s bright resurrection, the power of goodness and light will triumph, but for now: “a hard wind was blowing, winter was actually returning, and it didn’t look like the day after tomorrow was Easter.” Next to the names of Rurik, John, Peter - great figures of Russian history - there are the eternal “wind”, “hunger”, “feeling of oppression”.

Moreover, the author emphasizes the immutability of human misfortunes, regardless of time, repeating similar syntactic constructions: "exactly the same wind", "exactly the same fierce poverty", "the same desert all around." This immutability is emphasized by three verb forms: "were, are and will be." The past, present and future are united by wind, hunger and suffering.

From this, Ivan draws a disappointing conclusion: life will never get better, no matter what people do. This discovery chills the soul and heart of the hero. However, it is impossible to stop at this conclusion; it inevitably entails a question, not directly formulated by either the author or the hero, but implying: what to live for? What's the point human existence, if it is so fleeting and fleeting that it does not change anything in the overall picture of the world? If neither Rurik, nor Ivan, nor Peter could save people from “horrors,” what should I do, why should I live? Full of such thoughts, Ivan does not want to return to his life, in which he cannot change anything. "He didn't want to go home"- a truly terrible phrase.

Melancholy, hopelessness, despondency - this is how one can describe the state of the young man. The hero becomes despondent.

A gloomy picture appears in the hero’s imagination.

- How would you draw an image of the world that appears before a student? Language has its own colors, and before you formulate a thought, you, wittingly or unwittingly, create in your imagination an image or picture of what you will then formalize verbally.

8. "Tree". I. Ganikovsky. 1988

Reproduction of a painting by avant-garde artist I. Ganikovsky "Tree". Try to express the author's philosophical concept. How do you perceive the picture? Try to describe the reproduction in one phrase, what comes to mind? (The color scheme is dark, black, gloomy. Decent chaos, a beautiful mess, an image of the whole world through a pile of trunks and branches. A world in which everything complements each other. The world is chaos and it is diverse and united; and everything in it is bad and good, and life and death, are interconnected.The green leaf on the right is a symbol of the birth of a new life, hope for revival, the seed of a new life) .

But then, in the ocean of cold darkness, the light of a fire dawned, burning “hotly, with a crackling sound, illuminating the plowed ground far away all around.” Let's see if it warms the soul of our restless hero. Why does the hero go to the fire?

After his gloomy thoughts about the hopeless and endless horrors of life, the hero got into conversation with two poor widows, a meeting with whom, logically, should only confirm his gloomy conviction of the inescapable poverty and endless misfortunes of the Russian people.

9. . Vasilisa and Lukerya.

- Compare the appearance of the widow and her daughter. What does the author emphasize in their appearance: similarity or difference?

(Appearance women are depicted in contrast)

Behind the external opposition there is a deep internal unity images It is thanks to the contrast in the image of the two heroines that their moment spiritual unity is perceived more sharply, brighter.

10 . Parable.

-For what purpose does Ivan Velikopolsky tell Vasilisa and Lukerya the legend of the Apostle Peter? What meaning does he give to the legend?

All these circumstances (loneliness, evening twilight, fatigue, hunger, cold, Good Friday) had a depressing effect on Ivan, and he, warming himself by the widow’s fire, remembered that nineteen centuries ago “in exactly the same way on a cold night the Apostle Peter warmed himself by the fire. (...) So it was cold then too. Oh, what a terrible night it was (...)! An extremely dull, long night!” In other words, the biblical episode appears in the story according to associations, which was born in the head of a student at the Theological Academy. Ivan tells the widows how the Apostle Peter, out of fear, denied Jesus three times.

The past, present, and future are united by wind, hunger, and suffering. Ivan seeks to prove to his interlocutors that there is no place left on earth for goodness, fidelity, and devotion. Presenting the canonical plot, Ivan tries to find an excuse for Peter, retelling, trying to let the gospel story pass through himself. He seeks to prove to himself and his interlocutors that there is no place left on earth for goodness, fidelity, and devotion. ( Let's remember the 10 moral commandments.) If even “passionately, without memory,” the disciple who loved Jesus renounces his Teacher three times, it means that the most important universal ideas about morality have been lost, without which a person ceases to be a person. The cold seems to have chilled people’s hearts, which is why the world is ruled by petty and cowardly selfishness.

The student was so carried away that even the Gospel seemed not enough to him, and he adds a picture of himself, which, in his opinion, should touch the soul of the listeners even more (“I imagine: quiet, quiet, dark dark garden, and in the silence one can barely hear muffled sobs... The student sighed and thought.”)

What should we call what happened between the Student and the two poor widows? He told them the story of Peter. But they had known her for a long time, especially since just last night they listened to the reading of the Twelve Gospels in church. (12 passages from the Gospel - a description of the “passion of Christ”, which is read in Orthodox Church on Holy Thursday.)

Did they remember the events of that tragic night? But why remember if you already remembered it just yesterday?

(Yes, he, like Peter, doubted the power of Christ. Ivan Velikopolsky knows for certain what was happening in the soul of the apostle that night. The student himself almost betrayed Christ when he was overcome by gloomy feelings, when he doubted the justice of his life. Reflecting about the suffering of Jesus and Peter, he seemed to feel remorse for his recent dark thoughts - did Jesus suffer in vain? Did Peter believe in him in vain?)

That is why, by the way, the hero spoke to the women about Peter’s denial, and not about the execution of Christ itself (which is the main content of the Gospel readings of Maundy Thursday and Friday). Ivan Velikopolsky, like Peter, doubted, but having doubted, he repented.

11. "The Kiss of Judas"", E. Keller 1989

-Determine the author's idea, philosophical aspect paintings.

(The color scheme is cold, green is poisonous. The idea of betrayal is a snake bite, betrayal is based on calculation, hence the numbers in the picture, betrayal turns a person into zero. Colorless traitor (snake) white, i.e. none) - it’s hard to pick him out in a crowd, he’s faceless, he’s hard to recognize. Betrayal can be voluntary (Judas) and involuntary (due to human weakness); betrayal from Satan, that’s why the background is black, because all betrayals are committed with the tacit consent of others, from their indifference).

12. Peter's denial.

-What is it like? reaction to the tale told by two various women? Why did Vasilisa cry and Lukerya’s face change?

The story of what took place several centuries ago equally shocked these women, so different from each other. Events of the distant past in the legend of Peter are perceived by Vasilisa and Lukerya as a phenomenon today. For them, Peter’s mental suffering is not a historical “distant”, not a mythological past. Peter's torment worries them just like the worries of today. And Peter is not a fictional character for them ancient legend, but alive sinful man worthy of compassion. This is the same “neighbor” who, according to the commandment of Christ, should "to love as yourself." For them it is immutable life principle. Without further ado and without even fully realizing their moral heights, they live in accordance with the teachings of Christ. Fulfilling the first commandments is a matter of course for them, because they are people, and therefore they must live and feel like humans.

13. Miracle of resurrection. Lukerya.

-When and under what influence did the spiritual unity of the heroines arise?

The heroes, snatched by the light of the flame from the darkness that surrounded the whole world, are destined by the author's will to experience "moment of truth"

If in the Gospel no one reacts to the tears of the unfortunate Peter (“And he went away, crying bitterly”), then in Chekhov’s story, “with all her being” sympathizing with Peter, Vasilisa cries, and Lukerya looks as if she is having difficulty holding back severe pain . Heading home and pondering the widows' reaction to his story, Ivan already comes to an optimistic view of the world: “If the old woman cried, it was not because he knew how to tell a touching story, but because Peter was close to her, and because she was interested with all her being in what was happening in Peter’s soul.” And if so, then, the student thinks, “the past (...) is connected with the present by a continuous chain of events that followed one from the other,” which means that man is not separated, but is included in the world of nature and people. This is how Ivan overcomes the feeling of loneliness, and although twilight, fatigue, cold, hunger, and Good Friday do not disappear anywhere, life begins to seem “wonderful” to the student.

Obviously, the retelling biblical story distinguished between philosophical pessimism and student optimism in the work. What did the young man understand on the evening of Good Friday that made him change his attitude towards the world so radically? Ivan’s pessimism was due to the fact that he looked at life from the outside, separating himself from the world around him, that is, as an egoist. With this point of view, all the good is concentrated in the egoist himself, and the world, of course, is extremely bad, and invariably and always bad. Optimism appeared in Ivan when he placed his unique personality inside the world and, like Pierre Bezukhov, felt his immortality, because the world around us is “all this is mine, and all this is in me, and all this is me” (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, 4, 2, XIV). Thus, a person, without losing his individuality, finds himself connected with the whole world and with all people, past, present and future, that is, he becomes a necessary link in the great historical chain of humanity.

- What unites people? Conclusion: All heroes are united by extraordinary sensitivity, compassion, acute perception of events of the distant past and a sense of personal involvement in them.. In the garden of the high priest, Christ suffers for his humanistic religious teaching (truth) and, despite the beatings and the threat of crucifixion, does not renounce it (beauty). The Apostle Peter, denying his teacher in the courtyard of the high priest, becomes convinced that he himself - weak person(true), although a few hours ago he proudly separated himself from ordinary mortals and said to Christ: “With you I am ready to go to prison and to death.” Realizing his cowardice and insignificance in comparison with Christ, Peter simultaneously sympathizes with the teacher, crying for him (beauty). Vasilisa, not with her mind, but with her soul, comprehends the feat of Christ and the behavior of Peter (truth) and cries for them, pitying both of them (beauty).

- But was the hero really worried about Vasilisa’s unrequited experiences? Or was he looking for answers to own questions?

- How and why does his state of mind change?Why does he feel joy?

After talking with the widows about the Apostle Peter, Ivan “felt that he had just seen both ends... of the chain” connecting all the people in the world - both outstanding heroes (Christ’s beloved disciple) and ordinary villagers (Vasilisa, Lukerya, and student himself): Ivan “touched one end, as the other” end of the chain trembled. Love for one's neighbor is the force that has guided human life from time to time, constituting “the main thing in human life and in general on earth.” The ending of the story confirms that the young man (at least temporarily) chooses an optimistic view of the world, because on the way home “life seemed delightful to him.”

- What colors would you use to express the return of the soul from darkness to light?

14. « An angel crossed my soul" reproduction of a painting by E. Gorchakova. 1986

-What is the philosophical meaning of this painting?

(The color scheme is warm, cheerful. The beautiful in our souls is something sublime, ideal, inaccessible to vanity, petty feelings and aspirations. But the beautiful is life itself, its true essence, without comprehending which a person perishes morally. Meeting with an angel fills the soul with beautiful, sublime feelings.)

15 - What is the key to happiness, according to Chekhov?

The student had the insight that we are in this world not by chance, that all generations before us and after us will be unhappy because they do not burn with that divine fire of the soul, the fire of compassion and spiritual improvement.

And the key to happiness, it seems, is not in things, material world, and in the ability to occasionally direct the inner gaze to the past, to the eternal concepts of goodness, love, beauty … In the ability to touch this eternal

16.- So, what is philosophical concept story by A.P. Chekhov"Student"? What did A.P. Chekhov want to tell the world by writing his short novel?

(Approximate conclusions. The connection of times brings together humanity and compassion. A person cannot live without faith. Love for one’s neighbor is the force that has “guided human life” from centuries, constituting “the main thing in human life and in general on earth.”)

17.- Why did Chekhov call this story his favorite?

It was in this story that Chekhov was able to present his original understanding of “eternal” worldview issues. Man is not alone in the world - he is connected with many people in space (Ivan and the widows) and in time (Ivan and the Apostle Peter). This spiritual connection gives to an individual strength and fills his life with high meaning. Ivan Velikopolsky does not specifically think about the meaning of life, like the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy or F.M. Dostoevsky, but the life circumstances themselves prompt Chekhov’s hero to philosophical reflections, outwardly (but only outwardly) very simple and inconclusive.

Chekhov's heroes from stories later than "The Student" try to find this general idea- support in love (“Little Trilogy”), in the family (“Darling”), in work (“Ionych”), but all to no avail. Therefore, in some literary works you can even read that Chekhov did not find his “general idea” at all

-Do you think our hero has become stronger in his faith once and for all? At the end of Chekhov's story, doubt is expressed that the hero has once and for all determined the meaning of life for himself. It is enough to pay attention to the author’s reservations - “he was only twenty-two years old”, “life seemed to him...” - and the fact that the young man never reaches home: the writer leaves him on the way to his native village. Thus, Chekhov emphasizes the relativity of the philosophical idea of the story and, therefore, does not impose on the reader the understanding of life formulated by the student of the Theological Academy Ivan Velikopolsky.

The story is very short, but it contains thoughts and vivid images that are very important for the author. By what means of language is this achieved?

Write examples in your notebook and read them out. For example:

metaphors: chain of events; smelled of winter; the face flared up; everything was completely buried in the cold evening darkness;

epithets: piercing wind, severe poverty, sweet expectation of happiness, icy needles;

personifications: nature is creepy;

comparisons: ...something living hummed pitifully, as if blowing into an empty bottle...

Give a detailed written answer to one of the questions:

“The dynamics of the hero’s perception of the world in Chekhov’s story “Student”

The role of counterpoint in the short story “Student”.

Annex 1

“If you are indifferent to the suffering of others, you do not deserve to be called a human being.”

Saadi

“For the secret of human existence is not only in living, but in why to live”

F.M. Dostoevsky

“Here the devil fights with God, and the battlefield is the hearts of people”

F.M.Dostoevsky

“A person should always be joyful. If joy ends, look for where you went wrong.”

L. N. Tolstoy

"Chekhov is a poet" the most tender touches to the suffering soul of man"

MM. Prishvin

“It seems to me that a person must be a believer or must seek faith, otherwise his life is empty, empty...”

A.P. Chekhov. "Three sisters"

“He who destroys one soul destroys the whole world, and he who saves the innocent saves all mankind.”

Bible

Appendix 2

I am the Lord your God; you shall have no other gods before Me.

Do not make yourself an idol; You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I am the Lord your God.

Do not take the name of the Lord your God in vain.

Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy.

Honor your father and your mother.

Don't steal.

Do not bear false witness against your neighbor.

Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house; You shall not covet your neighbor's wife or anything that your neighbor has.

Information sources

Bakhtin M. Questions of literature and aesthetics. – M., 1975.

Golovacheva A.G. To a life full of high meaning. Chekhov's story “Student” // Literature at school. – 1998. - No. 4. – pp. 45-51.

Kharitonova O.n. Philosophical short story by A.P. Chekhov’s “Student” at a literature lesson in the 10th grade // Literature at school. – 1993. - No. 6. – P. 51-54.v

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