Udmurt Republic Nature, plants and animals of Udmurtia

The city of Izhevsk with a population of about 650 thousand people is one of the most major cities Eastern Europe and the Urals region, the capital of the Udmurt Republic. The city is located on the Izh River (Kama basin) with a large artificial reservoir - the Izhevsk Pond, created in the 18th century.

Timezone

In Izhevsk, as well as throughout Udmurtia, time is 1 hour ahead of Moscow (Samara time).

Relief

The area on which Izhevsk is located is flat; There are several elevated areas with absolute altitudes up to 200 meters and above. In general, the territory of the city gradually decreases in the direction from north to south. The central part of Izhevsk is located on a hill with relatively gentle northern and southern slopes, and in the west it drops steeply to the shore of a pond. South part the city where the Izh receives a small right tributary, the Pozim, is the lowest; The water line at the mouth of Pozimi is 85 meters.

Izhevsky Pond, built in 1760 - 1763, is located in the central and northwestern parts of the city and has a total area of ​​12 square kilometers. In terms of its size, it is one of the largest factory ponds and reservoirs in the Urals. Greatest depth pond - 12 meters.

Climatic conditions

The area is located in a temperate continental climate zone with an average annual temperature of +3°C. All four main seasons are clearly expressed; Winters are usually long and frosty, summers are short but warm. The lowest monthly air temperature is in January, the highest in July.

The Izh River freezes, as a rule, in the second or third week of November, and opens in April; The duration of freeze-up is approximately four months. South-westerly winds predominate throughout the year.

origin of name

The modern name of the city is given by the Izh River, on which it is located. In 1984 - 1987, the city was officially called Ustinov, after which the old name was returned to it.

Residents of Izhevsk are Izhevsk residents. In the past, they were traditionally designated by the word “Izhevsk”; According to one common version, the replacement that took place in the 20th century took place in conditions of active support from the Soviet political leadership, which sought to erase the unwanted memory of the participants in the anti-communist Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising of 1918, who, even after the defeat of the resistance, were known among the people for a long time as Izhevsk rebels .

Tribes and settlements

The first permanent settlements in the area within the city limits probably appeared at the beginning - middle of the first millennium AD. Two settlements date back to this time, found and explored in a pine forest near the Metallurg sanatorium. The ancient inhabitants of these settlements, as scientists believe, were the ancestors of modern Udmurts, speakers of the languages ​​of the Perm branch of the Ural language family. The settlements were surrounded by protective earthen and wooden fortifications.

Traces of another object of that time - the Izhevsk burial ground - have been preserved near the Podborenka River and the Palace of Children's Creativity. The first objects in the ancient burial were discovered by local children; in the same year, scientist Vladimir Gening organized the first excavations of the archaeological site. Later, already in 1975, when it was decided to build a city Palace of Pioneers in the lower part of the Podborenka, an expedition led by Taisiya Ivanovna Ostanina conducted further research of the object, but a full-scale scientific study of the burial ground has remained unfinished to this day.

A variety of household items and decorations discovered in Izhevsk indicate the presence of close cultural and trade relations ancient inhabitants of the area both with other Finno-Ugric peoples of eastern Europe, and with many other peoples. The same is stated by linguistic data based on the analysis of toponymy and, in particular, the names of natural objects. It is still impossible to say precisely about the origin of the name of the Izh River; researchers believe that it came from the Permian languages, once widespread across the vast territory of the Ural region; there are even suggestions about its Ugric (can be compared with the city of Izsak in Hungary) or Slavic origin.

There is almost no reliable information about the early medieval history of the region: local peoples did not have their own written language, and travelers from neighboring countries rarely visited these lands, located far from all the major and most significant roads connecting Europe and Asia.

Already in the first half of the last millennium, Russian and Tatar settlements began to emerge in the Udmurt region. While developing new territories in the east, the Slavic rulers sought to subjugate the Perm peoples by including the historical Vyatka land in Moscow Rus'. At the same time, the southern Udmurts, including those living along the banks of the Izh and its tributaries, fell into the sphere of influence of the Volga Bulgaria, and then the growing power of the Kazan Khanate. After the capture of Kazan in 1552 by Russian troops, the lands of all the peoples of the Middle Volga and Urals, including the Cheremis (Mari) and Votyaks (Udmurts), became the possessions of the Russian state. In 1582, the tsar granted it to the Tatar prince from the family of Arsky princes Yaushev. In the 18th century, the Yaushevs gave their Udmurt possessions to Alexei Tevkelev, who remained the owner of these lands until the founding of Izhevsk.

Factory village

According to the Senate decree of October 20, 1757 on the construction of an iron forging plant on the Izh River, on April 10, 1760, the construction of the first dugouts for the builders of the future industrial center of the Urals began. About a thousand peasants were recruited to harvest and transport timber, clay, rubble stone, and earthworks - members of Count P.I. Shuvalov (1710-1762), owner of the Goroblagodat factories in the Urals. 3 years later new plant released the first product - flashy iron.

A workers' settlement grew up at the plant, and the city on Izha originated from there.

June 10, 1807 is the day of the second birth of the village on Izha. By decree of Emperor Alexander I, on the basis of the ironworks, construction of a weapons factory began to produce up to 70 thousand units of cold and firearms. The construction and organization of weapons production was supervised by the talented mining engineer A. F. Deryabin (1770-1820), main boss Goroblagodatsky factories. Since that time, Izhevsk has become a military forge of Russia. Today, on the dam of the pond opposite the main factory tower with the chimes, there is a bust of the founder of the arms production, and in the upland part of the city on the Gunsmiths Square, a monument to gunsmiths was erected in 2007. Nearby is the restored St. Michael's Pillar.

Civil War

In October 1917, Soviet power was established in Izhevsk. By this time, the Bolsheviks already had the support of a majority in the local council, so the October Revolution initial stage took place without bloody armed clashes. Having taken power into their own hands, the Bolshevik leadership began to create Red Guard detachments, whose task was to defend revolutionary achievements in the territory of the Middle Volga and Cis-Urals, where fighting continued.

Receiving weapons from the arsenals of Izhevsk and Votkinsk, the worker and peasant detachments of the Red Army were sent to the front, while in Izhevsk itself there were no large detachments or experienced Red commanders left. The temporary weakness of the Izhevsk communists, as well as protest sentiments in connection with the dissolution of the Soviet by the Bolsheviks, were able to take advantage of opponents of Soviet power, who launched mass agitation among the workers. On August 8, 1918, the Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising began with an unexpected attack on an armory, during which the rebels managed to completely take control of a significant part of Udmurtia, along with Izhevsk, Votkinsk and Sarapul. The uprising continued until mid-November, when soldiers of the Red Army division under the command of Vladimir Azin took Izhevsk by storm. The surviving rebels joined Kolchak's army.

In 1919, the Kolchakites advancing to the west again captured the Izhevsk plant and held it until the beginning of June. Fights for largest center weapons production became one of the key events of the Civil War, and their loss caused serious damage to the combat effectiveness of the White movement and largely predetermined the early end of the civil war.

Since the 1920s, when Izhevsk acquired the status of a capital, there has been an explosive growth in population, due to the increasing political role of the city and the active expansion of industry. In 1920 - 1925, on the initiative of local workers, the first serious reorganization of the Izhevsk plant took place in the post-revolutionary period, after which local gunsmiths even managed to get ahead of Tula ones in many respects. New residential buildings appeared in the city, roads were improved with new sidewalks. The living and economic conditions of Izhevsk residents were improved; In the early 1930s, the first buses appeared in the city, and in 1935 the first tram line opened.

After receiving capital status, the city quickly began to turn into a significant cultural center for the entire region. Newspapers and books were published in Izhevsk, courses were opened Udmurt language, Udmurt libraries and schools. The initiators of the changes were the most famous Udmurt public figures, in particular, the outstanding poet and writer Kuzebay Gerd. In the 1940s - 1960s, the Udmurt education in Izhevsk and throughout the republic was mostly liquidated, largely with the consent of a significant part local population, and educational institutions became Russian-language.

The city's military enterprises played a major role in the war of 1941 - 1945. They supplied millions of weapons to the front and accepted production equipment evacuated from the West. To supply factories necessary resources During the war years, a railway line was built connecting the capital of Udmurtia with the Balezino station of the main (northern) direction of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

After the war, the formation of Izhevsk as an industrial center of national importance continued. In 1966, the first car produced by the Izhevsk Automobile Plant was released. In the 1970s, the Izhevsk plant was reorganized, becoming the Izhmash production association. By the mid-1970s, the population of Izhevsk reached half a million inhabitants.

In 1984, the political leadership decided to rename Izhevsk to Ustinov in honor of the Soviet Minister of Defense Dmitry Ustinov. However, the introduction of the new name caused significant protests from Izhevsk residents, and in 1987 the capital of the Udmurt ASSR again began to be called Izhevsk.

In 1978, Izhevsk was awarded the Order of the October Revolution. On May 27, 1997, the capital of Udmurtia acquired its coat of arms, and on April 21, 2000, a flag. The author is a creative team consisting of S. L. Bekhterev and N. A. Bykov.

In September 2010, the city's 250th anniversary was celebrated.

Throughout its history, the administrative division of the city has undergone changes several times. For a long time there were 3 districts. There are currently five districts:

• October
• Industrial
• Leninist
• Pervomaisky
• Ustinovsky

The layout of the city of Izhevsk is determined by the entire history of the development of the area. The buildings that have survived to this day reflect the historical characteristics of both Izhevsk itself and almost two dozen neighboring villages that were absorbed by the expanding urban space in the middle and end of the last century.

The geographical and historical center of the city is located near the Izhevsky Pond dam, where the Izh River flows from the reservoir. The center houses the most important administrative, cultural and educational facilities Izhevsk. The central part consists mainly of rectangular blocks formed by a grid of main streets - Maxim Gorky, Pushkinskaya, Sovetskaya, Kirova Street. One of the most picturesque places in Izhevsk is the pond embankment, reconstructed and opened to Izhevsk residents in 2010. On Maxim Gorky Street, not far from the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, an intact pre-revolutionary urban development has been preserved, in which several notable buildings of the nineteenth century stand out. Vast areas of low-rise private houses adjoin the center from the south and east.

On the opposite bank of the Izh from the center is the Zarechye area, where the main industrial facilities of the city, including NPO Izhmash and OJSC Izhstal, are located on a large area adjacent to the pond. There is a pier near South Embankment Street and Deryabina Passage.

In the northeast and east there are new residential areas of Izhevsk with dense multi-storey buildings.

The dam offers an amazing view of Izhevsky Pond. Mirror of the “artificial sea” 24 km 2. It stretches along the valley of the Izh River for 11 km, the maximum width is 2.5 km. During the navigation period, passenger boats ply along the pond.

Within the city, the area near the pond stands out, where there are numerous recreation areas with large wooded areas along the entire shore. In the northwestern part of the pond, farthest from the center, the village of Volozhka stands out, formally representing a distant microdistrict of Izhevsk. Volozhka has beaches and other recreational facilities; the village is connected by transport links by water (water trams) and by rail (near the village there is a railway platform where commuter trains stop).

Population

The total population of Izhevsk in 2017 is about 650 thousand inhabitants, the density is 2.1 thousand people per square kilometer. In terms of population, Izhevsk ranks 20th in the Russian Federation and 8th in the Volga Federal District (after Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Ufa, Perm, Saratov and Tolyatti). In the mid-twentieth century, from the 1920s to the 1970s, the population of the capital of Udmurtia increased almost tenfold, reaching maximum value- 655 thousand people, decreased monotonically over the next ten years; Since the 2010s, the city's population has begun to increase again.

Modern geographers and sociologists often use the concept of “Izhevsk agglomeration”, applied to Izhevsk and the suburban rural areas around the city, as well as - more broadly - to the entire densely populated part of the south of Udmurtia, which in socio-economic and transport terms gravitates towards the capital of the republic. In this case it can be argued that total population agglomeration exceeds 900 thousand people. On the other hand, such a designation is considered controversial: currently Izhevsk is the only large and steadily developing settlement in the region, and even the second largest city in the southern part of the republic has a population of less than 100 thousand people, and its population has been declining in recent years.

The growth in the number of residents of Izhevsk occurs simultaneously with housing construction, especially massive over the past few years. According to statistics, Izhevsk accounts for almost half of the housing stock commissioned in the Udmurt Republic, and about 90% of it is multi-apartment housing.

Izhevsk is characterized by a predominance of the female population over the male population: according to Federal service government statistics, men make up approximately 45% of the city's residents, women - almost 55%. The working-age population is 60.4%, younger - 17.7%, older - 21.9%.

Linguistically, the majority are Russians (70% of the total population); among other peoples - Udmurts (about 15%), Tatars, Mari. The largest religious communities are Sunni Muslims and Orthodox Christians; in the city there are more than ten Orthodox churches, the most important of which can be considered the St. Michael's Cathedral (on Red Square) and the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (on Maxim Gorky Street), and three mosques - in the Leninsky, Pervomaisky and Ustinovsky districts.

There are about 100 secondary schools and several universities (including both public and private) in the city. There are 72 libraries of various profiles in Izhevsk.

Local government

The City Duma consists of 42 deputies elected for a five-year term; The Duma is responsible for the adoption of normative documents, approval of the city budget, territorial planning, controls the work of officials, and organizes municipal elections. Deputies, by a majority vote, elect the Chairman of the Duma, who directs its activities.

The head of the municipality, elected by the City Duma from among the deputies, is the head of the city; his responsibilities include approving and promulgating regulations adopted by the Duma, appointing leaders structural divisions, forming the city administration, organizing regular interaction between local authorities and the population.

Izhevsk is divided into five administrative districts - Industrial, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky, Ustinovsky. All districts have approximately equal numbers of inhabitants. Each district has its own administration, which deals with local issues, the head of which is appointed by the Head of the city.

Economy

The basis of Izhevsk's economy is developed industry. To key directions industrial production in Izhevsk include the production of cars, machines and equipment, equipment for the GLONASS navigation system, ferrous metallurgy, woodworking, chemical and food industries. The military industry is of particular importance in economic activity, including the production of small arms, air defense systems, and electronic military equipment.

The most important production enterprises include Izhmash (since 2013 - Kalashnikov concern), Izhevsk Plastics Plant, Izhneftemash OJSC (production of equipment for oil production), Kupol OJSC (military products), Izhstal OJSC (metallurgical production of various profiles), OJSC Milkom (dairy products). Feature of modern economic organization the predominance of large companies has become, combining individual production facilities into multi-industry complexes producing a large number of different types products.

There are 2.3 thousand retail trade enterprises in Izhevsk. IN Lately objects have appeared in the city that sell goods from large retail chains that operate and are widely known in many large cities of the Russian Federation - “Auchan”, “Eldorado”, “M-Video”, “Karusel”; Food chains include Pyaterochka, Magnit, Dixie and others.

The city has more than forty hotels and about five hundred catering outlets.

Transport

Izhevsk is one of the largest transport hubs in the Urals region.

The main highway passing through Izhevsk is the Elabuga - Perm highway, which is part of the M7 Volga federal highway and represents the entrance from its main direction (Kazan - Ufa) to Izhevsk and Perm. To relieve congestion on the streets in the central part of the city, a bypass road known as the Western Half-Ring was built; it passes mainly through suburban areas in the Zavyalovsky district of Udmurtia, bypassing the Izhevsky pond from the north-west. In subsequent years, it is planned to launch the Izhevsk Ring Road on its basis, which will connect all the outlying areas of the city and create convenient detour opportunities for transit transport.

In 2017, the Government of the Udmurt Republic adopted a resolution on the implementation of the Izhevsk Urban Agglomeration program, aimed at modernizing the road infrastructure of Izhevsk and the suburban area of ​​the city. As part of the implementation of the adopted program, it is provided for the repair and reconstruction of existing roads, as well as (after completion of the main repair work) construction of new routes and transport interchanges. The Izhevsk Urban Agglomeration program is designed until 2025.

Most long-distance bus routes depart from the Central Bus Station, located in the city center on Krasnoarmeyskaya Street. From Izhevsk you can reach Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Cheboksary, Perm, and Ufa without transfers. Another important departure point is the Southern bus station, with frequent flights to many nearby settlements, including the regional centers of Agryz (Republic of Tatarstan), Vavozh and Kiyasovo.

To travel around the city, passengers use a network of tram, trolleybus and bus routes. The first buses and trams ran along the streets of Izhevsk in the 1930s, and trolleybus service was launched in 1968. In recent years, the idea has sometimes been expressed about the possibility of future construction of new transport systems at the expense of private owners, in particular, an elevated rail line.

The railway transport of Izhevsk is represented by the lines Agryz - Izhevsk and Izhevsk - Balezino, which run in the meridional direction and connect the capital of the Udmurt Republic with two directions of the Trans-Siberian Railway - southern (via Agryz) and northern (via Balezino and Glazov). Transportation is provided by the Gorky Railway.

The main passenger station is located in the south of the city, in the Leninsky district; besides it, there are several passenger platforms in various parts Izhevsk. Izhevsk is connected by direct rail communication with St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yekaterinburg, and the cities of the Krasnodar Territory. Suburban connections across the territory of Udmurtia, with the Kirov region (Vyatskie Polyany) and Tatarstan (to Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny) are well developed. Another line, running from east to west, connects the capital with the regional center of Uva; An electric train runs along this line from Izhevsk to Uva 1-2 times a day.

Air passenger traffic is provided by Izhevsk Airport, located in the Zavyalovsky district near the village of Staroye Martyanovo, 15 kilometers east of the center of Izhevsk. It sends and receives several flights per day, most from Moscow; planes also fly to Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Penza, Sochi, St. Petersburg, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod. You can get from Izhevsk to the airport by suburban bus No. 331.

A special type of transport characteristic of the capital of the Udmurt Republic and being one of the most widely famous to travelers The main attraction is the navigation on the factory pond. During the navigation period - from May to October - small vessels (river trams) run from the pier near the dam to Volozhka, a remote microdistrict located near the western shore of the pond. The river tram makes several stops along the way.

Temples of Izhevsk

Izhevsk arose as a workers' settlement. But it has always been famous for its temples. According to the design of the first architect of the city S.E. Dudin, the Trinity Cemetery Church was built (1814, went through three reconstructions), according to the design of another architect - A.D. Zakharov - the St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1820-1823) was built. The architect I. A. Charushin also left his mark on the city on Izha. He is the author of the Intercession Church (1903, restored in 1991-1996), St. Michael's Cathedral (1906), and the Assumption Church (1916). In 1885, in the mountainous part of the future city (modern Shirokiy Lane), the Holy Cross Chapel appeared, built in memory of the liberation of artisans from compulsory labor.

The temple in honor of the Kazan Icon has become a real decoration of modern Izhevsk Mother of God(1996-2001) next to St. Michael’s Cathedral, St. Panteleimon Church (2002) on Udmurtskaya Street, Church of the Holy Royal Martyrs at the Northern Cemetery (2005). The mosque on Azin Street is never empty either.

6 kilometers southwest of the village of Mashinostroiteley there is the Chekeril ski complex. It includes 8 different tracks - one of them is illuminated for evening skiing. The tracks have a total length of about 5 kilometers, where both beginners (training track) and experienced skiers (sports track) feel comfortable.

For extreme snowboarders, there is a snowboard park of increased difficulty with artificial figure obstacles. Children will definitely enjoy three tubing runs of varying degrees of difficulty.

Izhevsk is developing, becoming more and more beautiful. In the year of the 250th anniversary of the capital of Udmurtia (2010), an original monument-talisman of Izhevsk, the cute Izhik, appeared on the Central Square of the city, for the installation of which city residents collected more than 80 thousand old keys weighing over 180 kg.

It should be noted that the city already has several original steles and monuments:

• this is a dumpling at the Pozim cafe (2004);
• a crocodile in a green caftan at the intersection of Sovetskaya and Kommunarov streets (2005);
• iron goat in Birch Grove (2006);
• the astronaut dog Zvezdochka in the area of ​​the Old Airport (2006);
• bronze wolf Akela at the entrance to the zoo (2008) and others.

The Udmurt Republic lies in northwestern part of the Urals, in the interfluve of the Kama and its large tributary Vyatka. Square republics slightly more than 42 thousand km 2. Her neighbours : on south Tataria and Bashkiria (which is also adjacent to the southeast), on north And west Kirovskaya, and on east Perm region. Among the cities of Udmurtia, the following stand out: Izhevsk (capital of the republic) , Glazov, Sarapul, Votkinsk, Mozhga.

Landscape calm and welcoming

Climatic conditions

What is the republic rich with?

Nature of Udmurtia

The air in the forest at dawn is delicious,
And the colors in the forest are beautiful here…
Vladimir Gerun

Most of the surface north Republic is covered with a dark green carpet southern taiga , often interrupted by significant sections arable land and light greens riverine meadows . Here they prevail fir-spruce forests, giving way to saturated light pine forests.
Against a gloomy background Siberian firs the trunks of the merry trees also turn white birch trees. Found everywhere aspen, in the undergrowth wild rosemary, honeysuckle, needle hips, in grass and shrub cover blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, northern linnaea. Mosses are poorly developed, as they are suppressed by herbaceous plants.
The resinous smells of the taiga are mixed with the aroma of blooming clearing. In the grass cover there are plants characteristic of deciduous forests: European hoofweed, spiky crow, male shieldweed, sweet woodruff, forest chickweed and others. Forests and copses are replaced by expanse meadows.
IN southern parts of Udmurtia, the taiga is gradually giving way to mixed forests . Here arable land occur in continuous masses. Moreover, in the south it is no longer the fields, but the forests that look like islands. Here small-leaved linden goes to the first tier. Appear next to her common oak, elm And elm. Coniferous species are represented fir And spruce. Found in the undergrowth common hazel And Euonymus warty.

Forest dwellers

The constant alternation of watershed spaces with valley depressions and seemingly insignificant changes in the composition of rocks, microclimate, soils and vegetation greatly diversify the Udmurt landscape.

Water resources

Kama the largest tributary of the Volga. Her path within Udmurtia is interesting. The Kama begins at an altitude of 331 m above sea level. The source of the huge river is modest. He is located at villages of Karpushata. Under the old birch tree there is a transparent spring, enclosed in a log house with a plank roof. The gurgling water runs down the pipe into a wooden block, overflows over its edge and hurries on. This tiny drain is the beginning of the Kama. After 100 m it receives its first tributary, the same spring Further, and after another 200 m Upper key. The Kama is already running like a stream in its own shallow valley, merging with bystroushka river. After a few kilometers the first Kama trails begin "reservoirs" — chain of mill ponds. Even at the origins, even in “infancy”, Kama begins his work for the benefit of man. Further, receiving more and more new tributaries, it flows through the territory of the Kirov region, first to northwest And northeast, entering the Perm region, gradually changing its direction to eastern, southeastern And southern, and from Perm up to the point of flowing into Volga invariably rests on southwest. The Kama describes a huge arc in its upper and middle reaches. Beginning in Udmurtia as a modest stream, it returns to the borders of the republic as a mighty river . From its sources to Sarapul, the Kama covers a distance of 1.5 thousand km, while in a straight line these points are separated by only about 200 km.

Late autumn , after the frosts hit, the rivers long time covered ice . Duration freeze-up approximately six months. In second half of April begins ice drift , it continues for several days and leaves indelible impression.

Land of ancient settlement

Already in the XXI centuries. cultural ties arose between the Udmurts and the northeastern Russian principalities. Russians began to penetrate here in the 12th century. In those days, the Udmurt lands were part of Volga-Kama Bulgaria. WITH late XIII beginning of the 14th century. The Udmurts became tributaries of the Tatar-Mongols. After the fall of the Tatar yoke at the end of the 15th and mid-16th centuries. Udmurts voluntarily joined Moscow State.

In the 18th century, the mining industry developed rapidly in the Urals. In the Udmurt Kama region, the Votkinsk and Izhevsk metallurgical plants appeared, which played a big role in the economic development of the region. At these factories, Ural cast iron was processed into iron and steel, and into various metal products. However, in those days, in general, the economy, culture and life of the Udmurt people were extremely backward.
The oppression of the tsarist administration, the burden of factory work, and national oppression caused repeated uprisings of the Udmurts. They took part in peasant wars, led Stepan Razin And Emelyan Pugachev, in the "potato riots".

Under Soviet rule, in 1920 Udmurtia became an autonomous region, and in 1934 an autonomous republic. Since 1990, it was transformed and became known as the Udmurt Republic.

National composition

National dishes

Folk arts and crafts

Izhevsk artisan city

IN old quarters There is still a lot of Izhevsk preserved wooden, less often semi-stone (with the first floor of brickwork) two-story mansions With carved window frames. But the new Izhevsk has spread widely, its outskirts have grown and replaced the suburban forests, meadows and fields.
The city has extensive pond 15 km long and 2.5 km wide. A long time ago, the water wheels at the factory dam stopped spinning. Now the pond supplies Izhevsk with water. On its green shores in hot weather summer days townspeople and guests of the capital are relaxing. This place is worthy for poets to write about it:

Your pearl Izhevsky Pond
shakes clouds and emerald,
And the sun spreads, blinding the eye,
between the banks there is a fiery carpet.

On the elevated eastern shore of the pond is located central part cities. From the cast iron staircase that connects the dam to Sovetskaya street (the main city highway), there is a wide view of the bustle of factory buildings, of the distant Zarechye, framed by a bluish border of the forest. The measured sounds of bells float it’s the clock striking ancient tower , which has been rising above the “dry” slope of the dam for almost two centuries, giving classical completeness ensemble hydraulic structures . The tower is crowned five-fathom column with a square capital and a gilded ball. It is visible from Sovetskaya Street and closes the perspective of this highway. Right there, on the dam, but at the slope leading to the water, under the canopy centuries-old poplars — bust a remarkable Russian engineer who founded the arms business in Izhevsk in the 19th century, A. F. Deryabina.

The importance of Izhevsk for the Udmurts is enormous. cultural center. There are many places where you can get acquainted with the cultural heritage of Udmurtia. The doors are always open for residents and guests of the city theaters :State National, State Russian Drama named after V. G. Korolenko, State Opera and Ballet, State Puppet Theater And Theater "Young Man". In addition, connoisseurs of beauty can visit State Philharmonic And Academic choir , listen State Symphony Orchestra And State Wind Instruments Orchestra of the Ministry of Culture of the Udmurt Republic . Those who are close folklore , can enjoy creativity State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble "Italmas", in whose repertoire works of national art occupy a prominent place, State Theater of Folklore Song "Aikai", State Ensemble of Folk Song, Music and Dance "Tanok", Folklore Ensemble "Zarni Shep" and others. For lovers of spectacular entertainment, a beautiful State Circus And city ​​zoo .

Connoisseurs of historical heritage also have something to visit and see. For example museums : National Udmurt Republic named after K. Gerd, Udmurt Republican Fine Arts, Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms named after M. T. Kalashnikov and others. For those who just like to wander around the green alleys, ride on attraction or sit on a bench in a quiet, beautiful place, city “oases” are suitable parks And gardens , such as Gorky Summer Garden, Kirov Park, Cosmonauts Park And Birch Grove (or whatever they call it Goat Park).

Among architectural landmarks stand out St. Michael's Cathedral, St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Trinity Church And mosque.

Land of craftsmen

Votkinsk. In 1759, a conversion plant was built on the Votka River metallurgical plant. Near it lies a village, transformed into a city under Soviet rule. The high production culture of the Votkinsk people is evidenced by the fact that in the middle of the 19th century they were entrusted with the manufacture of the metal frame of the “golden needle” - the spire of the cathedral of the famous Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.

Healing places of Udmurtia

IN the village of Uva operates under the same name sanatorium . Sources mineral water, therapeutic peat mud, crystal clear air, surrounded by coniferous and birch forests, a beautiful pond this combination makes this health resort a truly unique healing place. People come here with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, cardiovascular and nervous system, urological and gynecological diseases. They all receive quality treatment. It offers visitors bathhouse, sauna with swimming pool And horseback riding.

The republic is rich in its health resorts. When you visit here, you will be able to experience the healing powers of Udmurt nature.

Attractive places in Udmurtia

Natural monuments. Of the natural monuments located on territory of the national park , we can highlight landscape tracts "Sidorovy Gory" And "Galevo", mouth of the Siva River, Kemulskoe swamp And Makarovsky mineral spring. There are also archaeological sites. The park includes Votkinsk city.

Museum of P.I. Tchaikovsky in Votkinsk. Votkinsk is famous not only for its plant. Here in 1840, a son was born into the family of the mining chief I. P. Tchaikovsky - the future great composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . An old house with a mezzanine on the shore of the factory pond, where the Tchaikovskys lived, became a place of pilgrimage for many thousands of people from all over the country. Now in it museum . In front of the museum bust of Peter Ilyich. The exhibition includes furnishings from the Tchaikovsky family, the composer’s belongings, and stands telling about his life and creative path.

Music festivals in Votkinsk. Large music festivals, which are held every year on May days (Pyotr Ilyich was born on May 7), have become traditional. Invariably participate in festival concerts biggest performers And symphony orchestras.

Architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve "Ludorvai". Not far from Izhevsk there is an architectural and ethnographic museum-reserve "Ludorvai", where you can get acquainted with life, everyday life And customs of the Udmurts late XIX early XX centuries. It is still under construction; in the future, according to the plan, it will include 5 sectors: Udmurts northern, central And southern, Tatars And Russians. But even now there is something to see there. The museum-reserve is already included two monuments: windmill of the late 19th century. And estate at the beginning of the 20th century . Moreover, the estate, unlike other museums, is operational. A peasant lives in it with a full household and pets. The estate has barns, barn, black bath, ancestral pagan sanctuary “Kuala”. The interior of the house itself South Udmurt. Guests are greeted national dishes — perepechas, herds with zyret And kumyshka (bread wine). Here you can attend folk festivals, holidays, and those who wish can try it for themselves bathhouse. This experience will remain in your memory for a long time.

Historical and cultural museum-reserve "Idnakar". A few kilometers from city ​​of Glazov on Mount Soldir At the confluence of the Cheptsa and Pyzep rivers the historical and cultural museum-reserve “Idnakar” is located. It includes the territory of a unique ancient settlement of Finno-Ugric tribes of the 9th-13th centuries. By visiting the museum, you will get acquainted with the life of the ancestors of modern Udmurts.

Ski resort." On on the outskirts of the Nechkinsky National Park, 40 km from Izhevsk , right in the middle of the southern taiga you can visit a ski resort! He belongs sports and tourist center "Nechkino". Modern ski resort, framed the most beautiful places, has excellent, trails of varying degrees of difficulty, the height difference of which reaches 115 meters (the longest route is up to 1.5 km). You will rise to the top Austrian 4-seater chairlift, enjoying a wonderful panorama of protected areas from a bird's eye view.

In Udmurtia there are 403 monuments of architecture, history and culture under state protection

There are many places in Udmurtia that are worth visiting. Of course, it is impossible to cover them all on these pages. In the republic hundreds of architectural and historical monuments And culture . In addition, you are also welcome to ski resorts , and various clubs : aero, paragliding, horse riding, And boat excursions, and wonderful fishing, and all kinds tourist routes, and many many others. But the most important thing: Hospitable hosts and an unforgettable experience await you.

Located in the Urals, between the Kama and Vyatka rivers. Udmurtia is surrounded by 3 regions, as evidenced by the online map with borders:

• Kirov region - in the north and west;
• Perm - in the east;
• Bashkortostan and Tatarstan are in the south.

The climate in the region is temperate continental, with average temperatures:

• In winter – the average temperature is 12 degrees;
• In summer - +20.

Logistics of Udmurtia - routes passing through the region, railway transport

Logistics transport links are important for economic stability and free movement to any corner of the world. There are trails throughout the region federal significance: M7, P320, P321, P322. Also, many highways have been laid through the region, connecting various municipalities and regions of the republic - there are about 6 thousand km of such routes. You can examine them in detail and select the desired route on the satellite map of Udmurtia.

Air routes are represented by one airport in the capital of Udmurtia.

The most widely represented routes railway transport. They connect Udmurtia with:

• Tatarstan and its capital Kazan;
• Ural Federal District - Yekaterinburg;
• Perm and Perm region etc.

Popular routes: “Balezino-Izhevsk-Alnashi”, “Kazan-Agryz-Ekaterinburg”, “Kirov-Balezino-Perm”, “Izhevsk-Votkinsk”, “Lyukshudya-Kilmez”.

Map of the Republic of Udmurtia with cities and villages

A map with districts, large and small settlements shows that about 70% are urbanized settlements, and 30% are agricultural areas. On an area of ​​42 thousand square meters. km live just over one and a half million people. There are 25 municipal districts in the republic with the capital in the city of Izhevsk. The municipalities are united into 5 urban districts with their centers - cities of republican significance:

• Izhevsk;
• Glazov;
• Votkinsk;
• Mozhga;
• Sarapul.

In each region there are cities of republican significance, towns, urban-type settlements, villages, villages. In total, the Republic of Udmurtia has 6 cities and 5 towns and many villages. So, for example, in the Zavyalovsky municipal district there are 16 villages, 94 hamlets and 17 repairs.

The Russian Federation includes more than twenty republics. One of them is Udmurtia. The capital of this federal subject is Izhevsk.

Basic information

About 640 thousand people live in Izhevsk. It is the twentieth largest city in the country. It is known for its defense and weapons businesses. Much of this industry appeared in the city during the Great Patriotic War. Izhevsk is the unofficial weapons capital of Russia. This status can only be challenged by Tula.

Story

The city was founded in 1760 on the banks of the Izh River, from which it got its name. In the 18th century there was only a lone iron factory here. The metal was discovered in the Kama interfluve several decades earlier. This was the era when Russian settlers actively populated the Urals, which became the country's Stone Belt. Industry began to develop under Peter I; it was he who exploited all the resources within the state for the development and reorganization of the outdated army.

His descendants continued this policy, giving privileges to industrialists who decided to open factories in the outback. Some of them became influential and wealthy tycoons, for example the Demidovs. The Ural deposits temporarily obscured the discovery of ore in what is now modern Udmurtia. The capital of the republic, Izhevsk, began as a small steel mill.

Initially, the metal that was produced in these places was sent to Tula, where cannons, rifles, etc. were made from it. Most of the time it was state-owned; government officials, rather than independent industrialists, were in charge here. In 1774, the Izhevsk plant was captured by the army of Emelyan Pugachev. The rebels executed the leaders of the enterprise. Pugachev was also supported by the Udmurts - the indigenous inhabitants of these lands. The national question in this province has not been resolved for centuries. All Udmurt land was on the territory

After the revolution of 1917 and the victory in civil war The Bolsheviks began to form republics. These entities were part of the RSFSR. At first, the Votsk Autonomous Region was located in the region. Its capital was Glazov, later - Izhevsk. In 1934, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet was formed Socialist Republic. Soon the Constitution of the state entity was adopted.

At the same time, Izhevsk was being settled, which finally became the capital of the republic. In 1935, the first trams appeared in the city. The electrification of houses has been completed. This is how the Republic of Udmurtia developed. Its capital did not lag behind other Soviet cities.

During the war

During the Great Patriotic War, the country's leadership had to urgently shelter factories that were located in the western occupied regions. Equipment from enterprises was transported piece by piece to the regions in the rear, one such place was Udmurtia. The capital of the republic received about 40 new factories, most of which remained here in peacetime. The choice of Izhevsk was not accidental. This city historically grew up on the site of an iron and steel factory.

Enterprises that could help the country in the fight against the Wehrmacht were evacuated to the east first. These were arms and automobile factories that were being rebuilt to produce tanks and other armored vehicles.

After the war

During the war years, more than 12 million units of various weapons were produced in Izhevsk. Many specialists evacuated to the city stayed here and started families. In 1948, industrial mass production of the Kalashnikov assault rifle began. His AK-47 model became a universal weapon - the most popular around the world in the second half of the 20th century.

Other industries also developed in the city. In 1966, the first Izhevsk cars appeared. Their mass production began a few years later. In 1984, Izhevsk was renamed Ustinov, in honor of the marshal who, during and after the war, did a lot to ensure that new industry appeared in the city. Nevertheless government decision the proposal to rename the city was not popular among citizens. During the years of perestroika, a public campaign began for the return of the historical name. As a result, in 1987 the city was returned to its old name Izhevsk.

In Russian federation

The modern capital, which continues to develop, is part of Izhevsk, divided into five administrative districts. There are several universities in the city that produce a large number of specialists, thanks to which Udmurtia does not stand still. The capital of the republic is famous for its city festivals, where residents get acquainted with the culture of the indigenous people.

A quarter of modern industry in Izhevsk consists of production Vehicle and equipment for them. The city actively maintains connections with regional centers, including Glazov. This former capital Udmurtia (in 1921), when the region was the Votsk region. Another important district center Sarapul also has its own industry, which meets local needs.

For Russian Federation a region like the Udmurt Republic is important. The capital and regional centers of the subject are developing, despite any difficulties. This is done thanks to the influx of capital. Various investments are attracted to Izhevsk. The capital of Udmurtia works closely with the Tolyatti VAZ and other enterprises of the country that open their branches in the city.