1. The purpose of creating the Council for Religious Affairs in 1944
strengthening of ideological and political influence parties to religious organizations
uniting peoples of different religions in the fight against fascism
providing foreign support Orthodox Church in the fight against Germany
correcting previous mistakes regarding the church
2. The CPSU (b) was renamed the CPSU at ... the party congress.
XX
XIX
XXII
XXY
3. The Council of Ministers appeared in the USSR in ... year.
1946
1948
1953
1943
4. Decrees of the State Defense Committee ...
had the force of law and were subject to unquestioning execution by all government bodies
approved by the Presidium Supreme Council USSR
approved by the Council People's Commissars USSR
approved at a joint meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
5. State Defense Committee was headed by...
G. K. Zhukov
I. V. Stalin
K. E. Voroshilov
S.K.Timoshenko
6. Supreme body state power during the Great Patriotic War
Headquarters of the Supreme High Command
State Defense Committee
Council of People's Commissars.
Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
7. Main role played in ensuring victory over fascism...
CPSU(b)
Komsomol
trade unions
women's organizations
8. Emergency authorities during the Great Patriotic War
State Defense Committee
Council of Ministers of the USSR
Headquarters of the Supreme High Command
Supreme Military Council
Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
Main Directorate of Logistics and the position of Chief of Logistics of the Red Army
9. Characteristics control systems during the Great Patriotic War
centralization of management within the framework of state bonds
iron discipline at all levels of management
greater independence of local authorities
mobilization management methods
lack of bureaucracy in decision making
refusal of elected authorities
10. The headquarters of the Supreme High Command was headed by...
I. V. Stalin
G. K. Zhukov
S. K. Timoshenko
A.M.Vasilevsky
11. The main reason for the renaming of the CPSU (b) to the CPSU
unification of republican party organizations into a single party
loss of any significance of the historical split of the party into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks
intention to create a new International of communist and leftist parties
the need to unite the party as a result of growing opposition sentiments
12. On behalf of the Soviet government, the act of unconditional surrender Germany signed on May 9, 1945...
I. V. Stalin
G. K. Zhukov
A. M. Vasilevsky
K.K. Rokossovsky
13. Characteristic features of the management system in 1945-53.
strengthening of Stalin's personality cult
refusal of elected authorities
Stalin's adoption of sole decisions in the field of management
elimination of prominent leaders (N. Voznesensky, A. Kuznetsov, M. Rodionov, etc.)
resignation of V. Molotov, K. Voroshilov, L. Beria
the predominance of command-administrative, mobilization management methods
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the country's governance system was radically restructured. On June 23, 1941, the Headquarters of the High Command of the Armed Forces was formed (on July 10, it was renamed the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command). It included members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the People's Commissariat of Defense. The headquarters of the Supreme High Command had its representatives at the fronts; The General Staff of the Red Army was subordinate to her. In addition, the bodies of the Headquarters were the departments of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the Navy, and the command of the fronts.
The fronts were divided into formations, operational formations and corps. The structure of the armed forces included fronts, armies, corps, divisions, and brigades. During the war (1943), a division of military personnel into privates, officers and generals was introduced. New insignia were introduced.
On June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee (GKO) was created, headed by I.V. Stalin. This supreme emergency body concentrated all power in the country. The State Defense Committee included: V.M. Molotov, K.E. Voroshilov, G.M. Malenkov, L.M. Kaganovich, L.P. Beria, NA. Bulganin, N.A. Voznesensky. All organizations and individuals were required to comply with the orders of the State Defense Committee. In the allied and autonomous republics ah, the State Defense Committee acted through its representatives. The State Defense Committee also acted through existing state, party and public bodies. In addition, committees and commissions were created locally. In 65 cities of the USSR in the period 1941 - 1942. city defense committees were created, which included representatives of Soviet party bodies, executives bodies of the NKVD and military command. The Council of People's Commissars and the Soviets retained their functions. Party bodies at all levels began to play an even greater role in the state.
For relocation industrial enterprises and the population from the front-line areas to the east under the State Defense Committee, a Council for Evacuation Affairs was created (chairman - N.M. Shvernik, deputy - A.N. Kosygin). In addition, in October 1941, the Committee for the Evacuation of Food Supplies, Industrial Goods and Industrial Enterprises was formed. In December 1941, these bodies were reorganized into the Directorate for Evacuation Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In the republics and regional (territorial) councils, appropriate evacuation departments have been created, and railways- evacuation points.
The military situation determined the transformation of the structure of the sectoral people's commissariats. The People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry and the People's Commissariat of the Mortar Industry were formed, and the structure and work of the People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Communications were rebuilt.
In accordance with the situation, the position of the USSR State Planning Committee, which was evacuated to Kuibyshev, changed. Instead of small sectors, departments of ammunition, weapons, aviation, tanks and self-propelled guns, shipbuilding, military and naval supplies were formed. Methods of centralized planning for the production of finished products (aircraft, tanks and ammunition), as well as operational regulation of the supply of raw materials and components, began to be used. Planning national economy was transferred to quarterly and monthly periods, and for certain types military equipment and decisive raw materials and products - on five-day and even daily production schedules. Along with general production plans, for each type of military equipment and the executing ministries, plans were developed for the main factories with a plan for their material and technical support for a wide range of products attached1.
The problem of providing the national economy with personnel required the creation of a Committee for Accounting and Distribution of Labor under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (June 1941). Accordingly, bureaus for registration and mobilization of the working population were created under the regional and regional executive committees.
Occupation of Donbass and exit German troops to the North Caucasus, the fuel problem has become extremely aggravated. To ensure an uninterrupted supply of energy resources to the front and rear, the Main Directorate for the Supply of Coal was created in 1942, and in 1943 the Main Directorate for the Supply of Oil, Artificial Fuel and Gas.
During the war years, military construction required special attention, i.e. providing the army with military personnel and personnel. Since the beginning of the war, mobilization was carried out at once for 14 ages (from 19 to 55 years). In the army at the first stage there was an institute of military commissars, and at the company level - political instructors. In the fall of 1942, the positions of deputy commanders for political affairs were introduced, whose functions were ideological control and education.
During the Great Patriotic War, a special system of military justice operated. In accordance with the decree of 1941, military tribunals functioned in areas under martial law and in areas of military operations. From military units, tribunals were formed under armies, corps, divisions, garrisons, and brigades. In addition, they operated on railways and river (sea) basins. Supervision over the actions of the tribunals was carried out by the military, military railway, military water transport Collegiums of the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR.
Some territorial courts and prosecutorial bodies were also transformed into military tribunals, primarily in areas declared under a state of siege. The composition of the tribunals until 1943 included three permanent members, and then assessors began to participate in them.
The wartime situation determined extremely short deadlines for the consideration of cases. The verdicts of the tribunals could be reviewed only by way of supervision and were not subject to cassation appeal. The trial was conducted behind closed doors. Judicial sentences could be suspended only by the commanders of armies and districts, as well as military councils.
The activities of military tribunals were subsequently used in the work of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of Atrocities, formed by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council in November 1942 Nazi invaders with the creation of appropriate units in republics, territories, regions, cities.
According to the resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, adopted in July 1941, a partisan movement was organized in the country in enemy-occupied territories. Party bodies, sabotage groups and NKVD bodies took part in this. At the end of 1941, headquarters and departments of the partisan movement began to be created under the political departments of the fronts. In May 1942, the Central Headquarters was formed at the Commander-in-Chief Headquarters partisan movement, and in the fall of this year - a special Main Command of the partisan movement1.
9.4. Transformations of the state apparatus in the post-war period (1945-1977)
State apparatus in the 40-50s During the period of restoration of the national economy (1945-1950) there were no significant changes in the structure and methods public administration did not happen, except for the abolition of military government bodies. In September 1945, the State Defense Committee was abolished, the functions of which were transferred to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. A number of departments of the executive committees of local Soviets were also liquidated (department for accounting and distribution of labor, bureau of food and manufactured goods cards, etc.). In March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was renamed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics - into the Councils of Ministers of the corresponding levels, and the People's Commissariats - into ministries.
During the war years, the influence of party bodies on all aspects of the country's life increased significantly. Appointment to elective positions was widely practiced, which led to the actual removal of the Soviets from performing state functions. Therefore, improving the activities of the Soviets was put forward as the most important task. In 1947, elections were held to the Supreme Councils of the union and autonomous republics, and at the end of 1947 - beginning of 1948. - next elections to local councils. In March 1950, due to the expiration of the term of office of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation established by the Constitution of the USSR, regular elections to the highest body of power were held.
In February 1947, permanent Commissions for legislative proposals of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation were created. These commissions were entrusted with the task of preliminary consideration and preparation of bills for sessions of the Supreme Council.
To give the management system a more democratic look and to intensify the activities of local Soviets, the creation of permanent commissions under them was of a certain importance. They included both deputies and activists of local Soviets. Standing commissions prepared issues submitted for discussion at sessions of the Soviets, organized verification of the implementation of decisions adopted by the Soviets, and monitored the work of local industry, the state of trade and public services for the population.
The changing situation in the country has led to the need for some reorganization of the state apparatus. In 1947, the State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was transformed into the State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. His tasks included planning, accounting and monitoring the implementation of national economic plans.
The State Committee for the Supply of the National Economy of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the State Committee for the Implementation of new technology to the national economy of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. At the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation, the composition of the Supreme Court of the USSR was elected. Elections of people's judges and people's assessors were held.
By the beginning of the 50s. in connection with the completion of the restoration of the national economy, the expansion of the scale of production and the complication of economic relations, the improvement of the qualifications and culture of the people, the command-administrative system, which was fully consistent with extreme situations, began to come into conflict with real relationships. First of all, the inefficiency of the system began to manifest itself in farm management.
At the same time, one cannot ignore the political processes associated with the death of Stalin (March 5, 1953).
At a joint meeting of the Plenum of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Council, a decision was made on changes in the leadership of the country. The Council of Ministers was headed by G.M. Malenkov, L.P. was appointed his deputy. Beria. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security merged, and Beria was elected head. NA became the Minister of the Armed Forces. Bulganin, V.M. remained the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Molotov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council - K.E. Voroshilov.
The new leadership - the so-called "triumvirate" - first of all took a number of steps aimed at eliminating the most obvious manifestations of the repressive system. On March 27, 1953, an amnesty decree was adopted (about 1,000 people were released from prison by the end of the year), and in June the rights of the Special Meeting under the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs were limited.
At the same time, a struggle for leadership unfolded, the core of which was determined by the relationship between Malenkov, Khrushchev and Beria. March 1953 - February 1955 defined as a period of "collective leadership". In September 1953 N.S. Khrushchev was elected to the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, which significantly strengthened his position of power, since the country was actually governed through the party apparatus. Nevertheless, the government under the leadership of Malenkov (until February 1955, when he was removed from his duties as Presovminmin) managed to carry out some changes in the economy.
In August 1953, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Malenkov formulated the main directions of the new economic course. The content of this course was determined by the social reorientation of the economy, an attempt to turn the practice of political and economic leadership “face to the people”, to unleash local initiative (a program for raising the people’s well-being was proclaimed, the dictates of the center in agricultural production were somewhat weakened, measures were outlined to accelerate scientific and technological progress and expand the struggle with bureaucracy).
NIKITA SERGEEVICH KHRUSHCHEV Since 1928, he studied at the Industrial Academy (Moscow). In 1953-1964. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, 1958-1964. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. One of the initiators of the “thaw” of the 2nd half of the 50s - early 60s. in domestic and foreign policy, rehabilitation of victims of repression, made an attempt to modernize the party-state system, improve the financial situation and living conditions of the population. The dissatisfaction of the state and party apparatus led to the removal of Khrushchev from all his posts in October 1964 (History of the Fatherland: Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia,
1999). In 1954, changes were made in the organizational structure of ministries and management staff was reduced.
As a result of the conclusion made at the XXI Congress of the CPSU (January-February 1959) about the complete and final victory of socialism and the completion of the development of the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a socialist state of the entire people, a campaign was launched to increase the role of the Soviets (although in fact they continued to be under the control of party officials).
The policy of overcoming Stalin's personality cult led the country's leadership to the need to change the economic management system - an integral part of the existing command-administrative system based on strict centralization. In 1957, the sectoral management structure was replaced by a territorial one, which was expressed in the liquidation of ministries and the creation of Regional National Economy Councils and economic regions. To justify the prospects of these measures, reference was made to the experience of the Supreme Economic Council of the first years of Soviet power. But at the same time the need for coordination of activities was ignored local authorities
at the national level. This led to the development of parochial aspirations in the regions and a violation of the proportions and internal connections of the national economic complex. Therefore, in the early 60s. Republican economic councils were formed, and then the Council of the National Economy of the USSR (1963). At the same time, sectoral state committees were created. This led to more great difficulties in management due to the multi-stage nature of the system and the intersection of the functions of its individual links. As a result, after the removal of N.S. Khrushchev (1964) a return was made to the sectoral structure of economic management (1965), i.e. There was a regeneration of the command-administrative system. The economic reform of the 60s, designed to increase the efficiency of social production through the widespread introduction of economic accounting and the provision of economic independence to enterprises, by the beginning of the 70s. was practically curtailed, which is explained by the steady increase in centralized bureaucratic management methods.
The Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee held in October 1964 dismissed N.S. from leadership positions. Khrushchev. The Plenum found it inappropriate
combining in one person the duties of the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. L.I. was elected first secretary. Brezhnev, and A.N. was appointed head of government. Kosygin.
At the same time, the territorial production structure of the Soviet authorities, which existed before 1962, was restored.
LEONID ILYICH BREZHNEV IN 1964 First and since 1966 General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1960-1964, 1977-1982). During Brezhnev's tenure as General Secretary, conservative tendencies prevailed in the country, and negative trends in the economy, social and spiritual spheres of society grew. Periods of easing tension in the international situation, associated with the conclusion of a series of agreements with the USA, Germany and other countries, as well as with the development of measures for security and cooperation in Europe, were followed by a sharp aggravation of international contradictions. (History of the Fatherland: Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1977).
Constitution of 1977. Even at the XXII Party Congress, Khrushchev announced the need to prepare a new Constitution that would reflect the country’s transition to communism and the creation of a “state of the whole people” in the USSR. In 1962, the Constitutional Commission was created. But the events of the second half of the 60s. weakened the relevance of the question of the Constitution. A consequence of the maturation of stagnation in the economy in the 70s. there was an increase in activity in the field of ideology. One of the results of various ideological and political campaigns was the emergence of the thesis about the USSR entering a new historical stage - the period of developed socialism as a natural stage on the path to communism. The development and theoretical justification of this thesis failed political leadership country to the idea of the need to develop a new Constitution that reflects and legislates the changes that have taken place in society.
CONSTITUTION (BASIC LAW) OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (1977, October 7) (Extract)
A developed socialist society has been built in the USSR. At this stage, when socialism develops on its social basis, the creative forces new system, the advantages of the socialist way of life, working people are increasingly enjoying the fruits of the great revolutionary achievements.
This is a society in which powerful productive forces have been created, advanced science and a culture in which the well-being of the people is constantly growing, and increasingly favorable conditions are being created for the comprehensive development of the individual. This is a society of mature socialist social relations, in which, on the basis of the rapprochement of all classes and social strata, the legal and actual equality of all nations and nationalities, their fraternal cooperation, a new historical community of people has emerged - the Soviet people.
This is a society of highly organized, ideological and conscious workers - patriots and internationalists. This is a society whose law of life is the concern of everyone for the welfare of everyone and the concern of each for the welfare of all.
This is a society of true democracy, the political system of which ensures the effective management of all public affairs, the increasingly active participation of workers in state life, a combination of real rights and freedoms of citizens with their duties and responsibilities to society.
A developed socialist society is a natural stage on the path to communism. The new Constitution was adopted on October 7, 1977 at the extraordinary seventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the tenth convocation.
The introductory part gave a brief description of the main stages of the country's history from the Great October Socialist Revolution. Here the concept of a developed socialist society is defined and it is stated that a new historical community of people has emerged - the Soviet people, which “consolidates the foundations of the social system and policy of the USSR, establishes the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of citizens, the principles of organization and goals of the socialist nation-wide state and proclaims them in of this Constitution."
The Constitution consisted of nine sections, including 21 chapters and 174 articles. The first section presents the main provisions characterizing the country's political and economic systems, social and cultural relations, as well as the principles of foreign policy
and defense of the fatherland. Chapter 1 of the Constitution determined the nature and content political system, In Art. 2 and 3 stated that state power
in the country is carried out by the people through the Councils of People's Deputies, which form the political basis of the USSR and act on the principles
democratic centralism. It is important to note that this chapter defined the role of the CPSU and public organizations (Komsomol, trade unions, labor collectives) in public administration. Art. 6 is more specific than Art. 126 of the 1936 Constitution, fixed the leading role of the CPSU in the construction of communism.
Sections II and III define the rights and responsibilities of citizens, their relationship with the state, as well as the structure of the national state structure of the USSR, based on a free union of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics. Section IV was devoted to the characteristics of the Soviet system (principles of activity, electoral system, status of people's deputy).
Sections V and VI described the structure and functions of the highest bodies of state power and administration in the USSR, Union republics and local authorities. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR, consisting of two equal chambers - the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities, was proclaimed the highest body of state power, competent to resolve all issues within the jurisdiction of the USSR. The permanent body of the Supreme Council was the Presidium of the Supreme Council, which exercised the functions supreme body state power in the periods between its sessions. The working bodies of the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities were permanent commissions elected from among the deputies.
The highest executive and administrative body of the state was the Council of Ministers - the Government of the USSR.
The last sections of the Constitution were devoted to the organization of legal proceedings, arbitration, advocacy, prosecutorial supervision, as well as issues of state attributes (coat of arms, flag, anthem) and the procedure for amending the Constitution.
The Constitution (Basic Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics came into force from the date of its adoption - October 7, 1977.
Profound changes in the socio-economic life of the country led to a change in the political regime in October 1917 and the emergence of a new type of republic in the form of the Soviet state. Its basis was the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People,” included in the first Constitution of 1918. The republican democratic political system of the country, which met modern standards, was legally formalized. The executive (Council of People's Commissars and sectoral commissariats) and legislative (All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Council of Workers', Soldiers', Peasants' and Cossacks' Deputies) branches of government were formed. Class, national, and religious barriers have been eliminated in the country;
women had equal rights with men, the church was separated from the state, and the school was separated from the church.
At the same time, in the conditions of instability of the new system, a tendency arose to increase the influence of the Bolsheviks on the activities of state bodies, which ultimately led to the actual party monopolization of power.
In its classic form, the Soviet model of public administration was formed in the 30s under the leadership of I.V. Stalin and was formalized in the Constitution of the USSR of 1936 and the Constitutions of the Union republics. Councils have become a universal form of government from the lowest level to the highest authority. However, given the monopoly position of the Bolshevik Party, which turned out to be the only bearer of power in the country, and the cult of the leader, the proclaimed democratic principles could not be realized in life, which predetermined the practically uncontrolled actions of a narrow group of the party-state elite (nomenklatura).
Attempts to reform the command-administrative system in the 50s - early 60s. were unsuccessful because they did not affect the conditions of its existence. In the early 70s. the previous system was regenerated according to its main parameters. The need for changes in the system of social relations became obvious in the early 80s. But the country's political leadership turned out to be unprepared, either theoretically or organizationally, for a radical change of course, and the transformations it began led to a deepening of the economic and political crisis in the country.
EMERGENCY BODIES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.
All the changes in the control system could not solve the wartime problems. Therefore, along with traditional forms power and administration were created at the beginning of the warspecial emergency bodies with special powers. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the inadequacy of the measures taken to repel aggression became visible.
The need to concentrate all power in one hand became obvious, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. It became such a bodyState Defense Committee(GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941. Initially, the GKO included 5 people, and then was expanded to 9 people, and by the end of the war was reduced to 8. Headed GKO Stalin.
On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR,” according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local authorities. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense, it was formedDirectorate of General Military Training(Vseobuch).
Through the People's Commissariats of the State Defense Committee he supervised the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command he directed the armed struggle against the invaders. The GKO was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945.The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition indicated that it contained the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies endowed with legitimate powers of power. Despite the small number of the State Defense Committee, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the State Defense Committee.
Resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The Committee made do with its own small administrative apparatus. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet structures authorities. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military and industrial people's commissariats, positions of State Defense Committee commissioners were established.
In front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united party, Soviet and military power in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction defensive structures, repairing military equipment, carried out social and educational work, established peaceful life in areas liberated from the occupiers.
The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the State Defense Committee, theTransport Committee. This committee became a unified management body for all types of transport. He mobilized the resources of the country’s railway workers, watermen, and aviators, and ensured the interaction of all links transport system. The Transport Committee included the People's Commissars of Communications, Maritime and river fleet, representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942 it was createdGKO Operations Bureau. This body monitored the work of the industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans for the most important industries, and monitored the timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The Operations Bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.
The Armed Forces of the USSR also underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) createdHeadquarters of the High Command. On July 10, 1941 it was converted intoHeadquarters of the Supreme High Command. The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
On June 24, 1941, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was formedEvacuation advice. The council worked closely with the People's Commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, under the Evacuation Council, it was createdDepartment of Evacuation of the Population. Along with the Evacuation Council in October and December 1941, there was alsoEvacuation Committee. The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, supplies of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities. Along with the Council and the Evacuation Committee, on June 22, 1942, the State Defense Committee was created by DecreeEvacuation Commission. The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Such emergency management bodies were also created and operated asCommittee on Food and Clothing Supply And Transport Cargo Unloading Committee.
At the first stage of the war, due to the country’s insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR found themselves occupied by fascist troops. Despite severe repression, the Nazis failed to completely paralyze and eliminate the Soviet system of government in the occupied territory. In the zone German occupation continued to operate or were created again party and Soviet authorities. They relied on underground movement Andpartisan formations.
The partisan movement arose soon after the occupation of the part Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Resolution “On the creation at Headquarters of the Supreme High CommandCentral headquarters of the partisan movement" In the republics, territories and regions, corresponding headquarters were created to direct the partisan movement. Partisan headquarters were also created under the Military Councils of the fronts. In the rear of the Nazi troops, partisan regions were created, zones where organs were restored Soviet power, collective farms, local industrial enterprises, medical, cultural and other institutions.
Emergency bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governing bodies.
On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formedExtraordinary State Commission for the identification and investigation of atrocitiescommitted by the Nazi invaders, and determining the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, government agencies USSR. This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused to Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in republics, territories, regions, and cities.
The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from traditional levels of leadership. They were required not only to be diligent, but also to be proactive and fully dedicated to their efforts. Government bodies, like the whole country, operated in a state of emergency.
The Great Patriotic War brought significant changes to the composition, structure and management of the armed forces. The attack on our country by a multi-million fascist army required immediate mobilization. In accordance with the mobilization plan, already on June 22, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, guided by the Constitution of the USSR, announced the mobilization of military personnel of 14 ages in 14 military districts of the country. In the first days of the war, 5 million people were drafted into the army. Later, mobilization was carried out in other districts, and men aged 18 to 55 were subject to conscription. By the end of the war, the number of Soviet armed forces reached 11,365 thousand people. In total, during the war, about 31 million people, born before 1927 inclusive, served in the Red Army.
One of most important tasks military construction was a massive training of defenders of the Motherland for replenishment active army. Soviet state took measures to ensure that each new recruit came to the army and navy already with military skills. In accordance with the resolutions of the State Defense Committee "On the preparation of reserves in the system of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat Navy"dated July 16, 1941 and "On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR" dated September 18, 1941. compulsory education All men aged 16 to 50 years were eligible. In total, during the war years, about 18 million people went through the military preliminary general training system.
Military mobilizations were not the only source of replenishment of the armed forces. In the very first days of the war, a patriotic upsurge gripped everyone. Soviet citizens. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers joined the army. People's militia divisions, fighter battalions, and volunteer women's units began to form. At the beginning of July 1941, the creation of militia divisions was authorized by the State Defense Committee. These divisions were formed on a voluntary basis in areas that were directly threatened fascist troops, from citizens not subject to mandatory mobilization. Providing assistance to the personnel army, militia covered itself with unfading glory.
In the territory temporarily captured by the Nazis, the number of partisan formations grew - a clear indication of activity masses V liberation struggle against the occupiers. According to official data alone, there were more than 1 million fighters in partisan detachments and formations. The peoples of the USSR consciously went into battle, made sacrifices and hardships in order to bring victory over the fascist invaders closer.
Much has been done to improve the system of training command personnel. During the war, about 2 million military personnel passed through it.
In January - February 1943, new insignia were introduced for personnel of the Red Army and Navy, and shoulder straps were restored.
At the hardest initial period war was born in battles soviet guard. Military units, ships, formations and associations (armies) that showed heroism, high organization and the ability to defeat the enemy were given the names of Guards and awarded them Guards Red Banners. Special distinctions were established for personnel in the form of military guards ranks and badge. To encourage soldiers and officers who particularly distinguished themselves in battle during the war, nine new military orders were established, including the Order of Suvorov, Kutuzov, Alexander Nevsky, the Patriotic War, Glory, and many medals.
The beginning of the Great Patriotic War brought significant changes to the organization military administration .
In June–August 1941, the system of strategic and operational management bodies of the Armed Forces was rebuilt. On June 23, 1941, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Headquarters of the Main Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR was created as the body of the country's highest military leadership. On July 10, 1941, it received the name of the Supreme Command Headquarters, and on August 8 - Headquarters of the Supreme High Command . It included members of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee and leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defense: S.K. Tymoshenko (chairman), SM. Budyonny, K.E. Voroshilov, G.K. Zhukov, N.G. Kuznetsov, V.M. Molotov, I.V. Stalin.
During the war, Stalin held a number of senior party and government posts. He was at the same time Secretary General Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (from May 6, 1941), Chairman of the GKO, Supreme Commander-in-Chief (from August 8, 1941), People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR (from July 19, 1941), Chairman of the Transport Committee of the GKO.
The working apparatus of the Headquarters was the General Staff, the Offices of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy. The decisions made by the Headquarters were communicated to the command of the fronts and fleets in the form of directives of the Supreme High Command. In its activities, the Headquarters relied on the military councils of the fronts. Communication with the fronts was also carried out through representatives of the Headquarters, whose tasks included: coordinating the actions of the fronts, monitoring the implementation of the directives of the Supreme High Command, and assisting the fronts in planning, preparing and carrying out operations. Most often, the Headquarters was represented by G.K. Zhukov, appointed first deputy in August 1942 Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and the boss General Staff A.M. Vasilevsky.
The highest formations of troops since July 1941 were the three most important strategic directions led by their Main Command (North-Western - K.E. Voroshilov, Western - S.K. Timoshenko, South-Western - S.M. Budyonny), and after the reform of directions in July 1942, the fronts, led by commanders and military councils, became the highest formations of troops. They led military operations.
The military councils of the fronts and armies were constantly associated with the State Defense Committee and Supreme High Command, bore full responsibility to them for fighting, military training, political and moral state and logistical support of troops.
During the war, formations included corps, divisions, and brigades. Commanders of fronts and armies, commanders of formations who directly supervised combat operations were granted the right to assign military ranks, appointment to positions of command and commanding staff, awarding orders and medals to those who distinguished themselves in battle on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Units in the Red Army were regiments, as well as special category divisions called “separate” ( separate battalion, separate division), whose command enjoyed rights one step higher.
Important role Political organs played in the army and navy. General Guide Party political work in the army was carried out by the Main political administration(GPU) of the Red Army and the Main Political Directorate of the Navy (both as military departments of the Central Committee of the party. By the end of the war, more than 2 thousand political agencies and about 78 thousand primary organizations operated in the army.
On July 16, 1941, the institution of military commissars was introduced in units and formations, who, while leading party-political work, along with commanders, bore full responsibility for combat training and combat effectiveness of troops. But unlike times civil war control functions over command staff the commissioners did not have. The positions of political instructors were introduced in the units. After the successful deployment of a multimillion-strong army, the rise of its moral and political spirit and combat effectiveness, and the accumulation of experience by commanders in political work, it became possible to strengthen unity of command in command and control of troops. In October 1942, the institution of military commissars in the army and navy was abolished. The positions of deputy commanders for political affairs were introduced. Military commissars were retained in the partisan detachments. There were partisan departments under the Main Political Directorate and at the political departments of the fronts.
May 30, 1942 to unite the leadership of the partisan struggle behind enemy lines on an all-Union scale and coordinate actions partisan detachments with units of the Red Army at Headquarters, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created (headed by the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus (Bolsheviks) P.K. Ponomarenko) and republican (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian) headquarters. Special departments for communication with partisan detachments were created at army headquarters.
From this moment on, the partisan movement acquired a more organized character and coordinated its actions with the army (Belarus, northern part Ukraine, Bryansk, Smolensk and Oryol region). By the spring of 1943, underground sabotage work was carried out in almost all cities in the captured territory. Large partisan formations (regiments, brigades) began to emerge, led by experienced commanders: S.A. Kovpak, A.I. Saburov, A.F. Fedorov, N.Z. Kolyada, S.V. Grishin and others. Almost all partisan formations had radio contact with the Center. Since the summer of 1943 large connections partisans carried out combat operations as part of combined arms operations. Particularly large-scale partisan actions were during Battle of Kursk, operations " Rail War" and "Concert". As it comes Soviet troops partisan units were reorganized and merged into units of the regular army.
In total, during the war years, the partisans disabled 1.5 million enemy soldiers and officers, blew up 20 thousand enemy trains and 12 thousand bridges, destroyed 65 thousand vehicles, 2.3 thousand tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of communication lines.
More than 1 million partisans fought behind enemy lines throughout the war. The central headquarters of the partisan movement established contacts with partisan formations, directed and coordinated their activities, spread the partisan struggle again, trained personnel, supplied the partisans with weapons, ammunition, medicine, and most importantly, organized their interaction with the troops. For some time (from September 6 to November 19, 1942) there was a position of Commander-in-Chief of the partisan movement (Marshal Soviet Union K.E. Voroshilov).
The combat experience of all branches of the military during the war was regularly summarized and was clearly reflected in new regulations and manuals, including the 1942 Infantry Combat Manual, the 1942 Staff Field Service Manual, and the 1942 Military Intelligence Manual.
At 3:30 am, when the Nazi troops received the pre-arranged signal "Dortmund", according to Soviet border posts and the fortifications were suddenly struck by an artillery strike, and a few minutes later enemy hordes invaded the USSR.
In June 1941 (a week after the start of the war), the Presidium of the Supreme Council, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a resolution on the creation of a supreme emergency body - the State Defense Committee (GKO), which concentrated all power in its hands. All organizations and individuals were obliged to comply with his orders.
The State Defense Committee acted through existing state, party and public bodies, special committees and commissions and its authorized representatives. Local defense committees were created in some regional and city centers. They included representatives of Soviet and party bodies, senior officials of the NKVD and military command. The State Defense Committee bodies acted in parallel, simultaneously and through the constitutional bodies of power and administration.
In the summer of 1941, the evacuation of industrial enterprises to the eastern regions of the country began. For this work, the Council for Evacuation Affairs under the State Defense Committee was created. In October 1941, the Committee for the evacuation of food supplies, industrial goods and industrial enterprises was formed. Both bodies functioned until the end of December 1941, when instead of them, the Directorate for Evacuation Affairs was created under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and evacuation departments were created under the Council of People's Commissars of the republics and regional (territorial) councils, and evacuation points were created on the railways.
In July 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution on the organization of the partisan movement in enemy-occupied territories. The local organizers of the movement were party bodies, sabotage military groups and the NKVD. By the end of 1941, headquarters and departments of the partisan movement began to be created under the political departments of the fronts. In May 1942, the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement was formed at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, and in September the Special Main Command of the Partisan Movement was formed.
At the beginning of November 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Council formed an Emergency State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices and the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, public organizations, state enterprises and institutions of the USSR. Local commissions were formed in republics, territories, regions and cities. In their work, the commissions used the results of the activities of military tribunals.
At the beginning of the war, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed a number of new people's commissariats: in September 1941 - the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry, in November 1941 - the People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons. The structure and work of the People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Communications were restructured.
Speaking about the State Defense Committee, it should be emphasized that a similar form of organization of power already existed in the Soviet state. A kind of prototype of the State Defense Committee was created during the civil war and foreign intervention Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense.
However, emergency authorities during the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War differed significantly. Main feature The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was that it did not replace party, government and military bodies. Fundamental issues of conducting an armed war were considered at the same time at the Politburo and the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee, at meetings of the Council of People's Commissars.
During the Great Patriotic War, no plenums, much less party congresses, were held; everything cardinal issues were decided State Committee Defense (GKO).
An emergency form of party leadership was also introduced in the armed forces. It became the Institute of Military Commissars. Simultaneously with the creation of the institution of military commissars, the Party Central Committee reorganized the army and navy political propaganda bodies into political departments, which supervised both organizational-party and political-mass work. With the beginning of the war, the importance of military councils among the troops increased. In the first six months, 10 military councils of the fronts and about 30 military councils of the armies were created. They included large number experienced workers, major party and government figures.
From the first days of the war, another emergency institution was expanded - the institute of party organizers of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, as well as party organizers of the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the union republics, regional committees, regional committees at the most important enterprises.
During the war, the authorities carried out two important measures, aimed at strengthening national unity in the country, while abandoning some ideological postulates.
In May 1943, the abolition of the Comintern was announced. The arguments given in the statement boiled down to the following: in a war situation, each national communist party faces different tasks. In the battle against fascism, each communist party can best act “within the framework of its state”; the need for the existence of a single center of the communist movement has disappeared.
The second most important event was the restoration of the governing church bodies in September 1943: a Council was convened, which elected the Patriarch (whose place had been empty since 1925), and a Synod was formed. At the same time it was created government agency, called to cooperate with the Church - Council for the Affairs of the Orthodox Church. Was overcome church schism, artificially created in the 20s.
As noted by the outstanding Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov: “It was an incomparable labor epic, without which our victory over the strongest enemy would have been absolutely impossible.”
