What did the Chinese sage Confucius teach? Project. Confucius - genius, great thinker and philosopher of Ancient China

Abstract to methodological development.

teacher of history and social studies of the educational educational institution "Secondary school in the village of Oktyabrsky Gorodok" in the village of Karamyshka

The purpose of this lesson: form an idea of the life of Chinese society, the philosophical teachings of Confucius, using active forms education and information technology. Designed for 5th grade students.

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Separate division Branch of the municipal educational institution "Secondary secondary school the village of Oktyabrsky town" in the village of Karamyshka

Abstract open lesson on History of the Ancient World

What did he teach? chinese sage Confucius

5th grade

Prepared by: Gavrilova Elena Alekseevna

history and social studies teacher

2012

Lesson topic: Plague was taught by the Chinese sage Confucius.

“Learn! For life always reminds us that all our knowledge is not enough. When a person stops learning, he may lose what he learned before.”

Confucius.

Target: to form an idea of the life of Chinese society, the philosophical teachings of Confucius, using active forms of learning and information technology.

Tasks:

Cognitive tasks:

mastering the system theoretical knowledge: main events, historical figures and practical knowledge of maps;
formation historical approach to events;
creating conditions for adequate assessment of learning outcomes and self-esteem among 5th grade students

Developmental tasks:

development creative thinking students;
development of independence;
development of abilities to analyze, systematize and generalize historical facts and events;
development of ability to use information technology in the learning process.

Educational task:

nurturing students' interest in the culture of countries Ancient East and people's respect for each other.

Key learning outcomes:

Students, getting acquainted with the basics of Confucianism, gain experience and form ideas about ancient civilizations and the forms and rules of human interaction.
Practicing the skill of working with a map (emphasis on marking historical sites on the map);
Mastering the technology of problem-based learning educational material. Analyzing, systematizing and summarizing historical facts and events proved the problem posed at the beginning of the lesson “China - amazing, wise, unique”;
Formation of skills to work with various sources information (textbook, reference books Internet resources) Students prepare their own messages on a new topic (advanced learning);
Express survey, in the form test task used at the end of the lesson optimizes testing of learning material new topic and motivates students to work with electronic textbooks

Structure: lesson learning new material.

Control and evaluation system:

a) frontal work, survey;
b) express survey;
c) self-control

Equipment:

Computer, presentation
History textbook for grade 5 (authors Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S. year of publication - 2000)
Handouts

Board design:

Great Chinese Plain, Yellow River, Yangtze River, sayings of the Chinese sage Confucius, image of the god Brahma, bamboo book, hieroglyph.

Before the lesson, the guys receive tasks: prepare messages (for 1 minute) on the topics: “The Great Chinese Plain”, “Yang He River”, “Yangtze River”, “Sage Confucius”

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

Stage I. Organizational moment

Stage II. Update background knowledge on topic: “Ancient India”

On the board is a table and an image of the god Brahma. Students need to fill in the missing elements in the table.

Students work using cards (time limit: 5 minutes)

India is separated from the mainland by the highest _________________________ mountains.

The coasts of India from the west, east and south are washed by the waters of the ______________________ ocean.

The most abundant rivers in India are ______________________ and ______________________.

According to the beliefs of the ancient Indians, God ______________________ created people from different parts of your body.

In India they grew ______________________, ______________________, ______________________.

______________________ is a group of people with certain rights and responsibilities.

The main rivers of China are ___________ and _____________.

The famous Chinese sage was ____________________.

Guys, did you all complete the task? (No)

Why do you think? (We don't know who the Chinese sage was)

Let's try to formulate what we will talk about in class today?

(Formulate the topic of the lesson)

Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Slide No. 1 “What the Chinese sage Confucius taught”
Stage III. Learning a new topic

In previous lessons we got acquainted with religious beliefs ancient Indians. We looked at the various castes that existed in society. But what the Chinese sage Confucius taught and why China is called unique, wise and amazing, we will find out today in class

1.Formulation of the problem

slide No. 2 “China – unique, wise, amazing”

But before we talk about the Chinese sage Confucius, we first need to find out about the country in which he lived.

2. Working with the map

slide number 3 map // messages sound (each message is no more than 2 minutes) from the guys about

Great Chinese Plain slide number 4
Yellow River slides No. 5-6
Yangtze River slides No. 7-8
Sage Confucius slides No. 9-10 // work with the word "sage"»

Guys, now count what year Confucius died and mark the dates of his life on the time line.
In what century was Confucius born and in what century did he die? Died 479 BC

slide number 2

Presentation of new material

The ancient sage Confucius spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese

– Confucius taught: “A well-bred man is easily recognized by his manners.” slide No. 11 // working with the word "manners".
– Explain how you understand the word “manners.”(Manner is usual for of this person, a pattern of action that has become a habit; one or another behavioral feature).
– A polite Chinese man took off his shoes before entering the house and walked barefootslides No. 12-13 (at home)
– Walking in shoes on mats spread on the floor was considered simply indecent.
– Explain how you understand the word “mat.”(Mat is a carpet woven from reeds) slide No. 14 // work with the word “mats”
“The Chinese sat either on a mat or on a low seat, but always with their heels tucked under them. Only completely ill-mannered people could sit with their legs dangling, much less stretching them forward.
slide number 15
– Much attention was given appearance person. Ancient Chinese men wore hairstyles made from long hair, which were placed in tight buns on the crown of the head. Above the forehead, on the temples and on the back of the head, the hair was carefully smoothed. The knot was secured with a pin (reminiscent of a “bump”). Women's hairstyles were very complex, but gave the impression of lightness, they were decorated with flowers, and on holidays their hairstyles were decorated with precious stones.
slide number 16
– Usually the Chinese wore a robe. U ordinary people they were made of cheap material, and noble and rich Chinese dressed in silk robes, decorated with expensive and beautiful embroidery. A dragon was embroidered on the emperor's clothes - a symbol of divinity.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing” slide number 2

– The way of life of the Chinese people is subject to discipline, order, respect and veneration for elders and younger ones. slides No. 17-18
– What does this wisdom teach?

4. Conscious independent reading textbook text students slide No. 19

– How do you understand the wisdom of Confucius?
Reading the text of the textbook (author Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S.) pp. 100-101
Paragraph 2 “The highest virtue is respect for elders”
– How were the elders in the family treated?
– Now you don’t have to answer me, but answer yourself – how do you feel about your parents?
– There is an expression: “Everything comes from the family.” Explain why?
slide number 20

Now let’s turn to paragraph 3 “Wisdom is in knowledge” old books»
- Remember, the king, of which state, during wars of conquest, took away books in addition to jewelry?
slide number 21
– What does the Chinese wisdom say: “Wisdom is in the knowledge of ancient books”?
– What is shown on the slide?

Teacher's message "Bamboo book" Ancient China»

Chinese characters

More than 3.5 thousand years ago, the Chinese created their own writing. They wrote in hieroglyphs. Using a special brush or stick, hieroglyphs were applied from top to bottom onto silk fabric or strips of bamboo.

There were about 50 thousand characters in Chinese writing.

Art was highly valued calligraphy – beautiful writing of hieroglyphs.

Students had to take very large number exams. But those students who learned to read, write and count in ancient China could count on a decent and well-off financially. Because they could occupy a very prestigious official position. slide No. 22
slide number 23

– Writing instruments, despite their apparent simplicity, were very expensive. They wrote with brushes, dipping them in ink made from ash.

In previous lessons we have already become acquainted with various types writing and learned that the writing of the Phoenicians was the simplest, but what is the writing of the ancient Chinese, I suggest you find out and try to write on ancient bamboo books using hieroglyphs.

Questions:

Guys, do you think it was easy to learn to read and write in ancient China?
How much time is needed for this? Why?

(Sample answer:In ancient China, learning to read and write took for many years because remembering 50 thousand hieroglyphs was very difficult and difficult.

Students try to write using hieroglyphs and find out that the writing of the ancient Chinese is very complex.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing”slide number 2
slide No. 24, slide No. 25
– Like other peoples, the Chinese believed in supernatural powers– gods, spirits, dragons living in rivers or mountains. But the highest being for the ancient Chinese was Heaven. According to their ideas, Heaven is the ancestor of the ruler, so the emperor in China was called “Son of Heaven”, and the lands subordinate to him were called the Celestial Empire.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing” slide number 2

The ancient Chinese did a lot important discoveries and inventions that people still use today.

Writing based on hieroglyphs

Invention of paper slide 26

In the 1st century BC Paper was invented in China. It was made from hemp, silk combs, and plant fibers (bamboo). This whole mass was soaked or boiled and then placed in molds. Then the sheets were pressed and dried on a heated wall. This material was quite suitable for writing and very cheap. Later, in the 8th century, they learned to make impressions from wooden boards on which a drawing or text was carved and painted. This is how printing first appeared. In the 11th century The Chinese invented collapsible font

Observing sunspots, the Chinese compiled a map of the starry sky.

Invention of porcelain slide 27

In the VI century. BC e. Chinese craftsmen invented porcelain, from which they began to make cups and beautiful vases. Before the vessel was sculpted, porcelain clay was buried in the ground for several decades. The china was very beautiful and very expensive. It was sold for its weight in gold. The production of porcelain was kept secret.

A compass, a mechanical water clock, and an instrument for predicting earthquakes.

Compass slide 28

This wonderful item was also invented in China. The Chinese already knew in ancient times that a magnet attracts iron. They knew the property of a magnet - to indicate the direction of north and south. The Chinese compass was a long-handled spoon made of magnetized iron. The spoon was placed on a smooth wooden or bronze stand with divisions, spun it, and it stopped, pointing one side to the south and the other to the north. In ancient times, the compass was not known to any people. Except the Chinese. The compass was used during trips along the Great Silk Road.

Architecture - construction of temples, multi-story palaces with multi-tiered roofs.

Growing tea slide 29

The Chinese were the first to learn how to grow tea bushes and prepare tea. From them the tea bush came to the countries Western Europe and to us. The word "tea" in Chinese means "young leaf".

And in ancient Chinese poetry there are references to tea:

Heard through the sound of running water
somewhere a spinning wheel is knocking.
A bridge under the arch of spring foliage,
The time for flowers has passed.
Suddenly the most wonderful aroma
the wind blew from behind the mountains.
This is in a village near the pass
midday tea is being prepared.

(Gao Qi)

– In order to check how you understood today’s material, I suggest taking a test slide No. 26-30

Stage IV. Lesson Summary

China is a country where everything is unique, wise, amazing! Everything in this country is majestic and amazing: the Great Chinese Plain, the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The Chinese nation has a long history and a brilliant culture. The Chinese people have developed and nurtured such wonderful traditional character traits as hard work, courage, simplicity and kindness.

And now, to characterize your attitude towards China, towards its ancient wisdom, continue the statement: “China is a country………”

Students answer.

V stage. Reflection

- Guys, what new did you learn in class today?

What's interesting?

Did you like today's lesson?

Stage VI. Homework

Paragraph 22, answer questions
Based on additional literature and Internet resources, prepare reports about one of the Chinese discoveries that are used today (gunpowder, Chinese calendar, Chinese medicine etc.).
Draw a picture

Teacher of history and social studies Andrianova T.E.

Subject: "What did the Chinese sage Confucius teach"

Lesson type: combined.

Lesson Objectives: 1. Students should:

A) Know: the provisions of the teachings of Confucius on family, state, learning, behavior; facts from the biography of Confucius, geographical location and large rivers China.

B) Be able to: work with text, historical map, With additional literature(dictionaries, encyclopedias), analyze and draw conclusions.

2. Develop thinking, spatial concepts, creative abilities.

3. Cultivate respect for elders and parents.

Teaching methods: verbal, visual.

FOPD: frontal, individual.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, textbook, map, encyclopedia.

On the board: topic of the lesson, new words: Yellow River, Yangtze, Confucius, bamboo.

Lesson progress:

1. Organizational moment.

Greeting students, wishing them fruitful work, creating friendly atmosphere. Psychological and emotional mood for the lesson.

2. Updating students’ basic knowledge on the topic “Indian castes.”

1. What is caste?

2. How do castes differ from classes?

3. What castes existed in India?

4. What was the name of the god from whose body parts castes emerged?

When did the unification of India take place? – in the 3rd century BC

Which king united India? - King Ashoka.

What did Buddha teach?

What is so attractive about the legendary Buddha?

What is the difference between the ideas of the Buddha and the teachings of the Indian Brahmins?

3. Learning new material.

Plan.

1. Nature and people of China.

2. Personality in history - Confucius.

3. Teachings of Confucius.

We got acquainted with the religious beliefs of the ancient Indians. They found out that Buddha, the founder of the world religion - Buddhism, taught to give preference to a person’s personal merits rather than his origin. But today we will find out what the Chinese sage Confucius taught in our lesson.

1. Working with the map.So, first, we must learn as much as possible about the country - the homeland of the famous sage. Where do you start exploring an unfamiliar country? – geographical location. There are messages (the time limit for each message is no more than 2 minutes) from the guys about the Great Chinese Plain, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River. China is located in southeast Asia. The banks of the Yellow River are made of loess - rock, similar to fine compacted sand. Loess soils are soft and, with good watering, very fertile. Therefore, already three and a half thousand years ago, settlements of farmers and cattle breeders existed on the banks of the Yellow River. At the same time, the banks of the Yangtze, covered with dense forests, were not inhabited. Archaeological finds confirm that the inhabitants of the Great Chinese Plain were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, and crafts, facing considerable difficulties. They had to cut down forests, develop new lands, irrigate fields, and build dams.

Vocabulary work.

China is a country located in East Asia on the Great Chinese Plain.

The first states in the valleys of these rivers arose around 1700 BC. The rulers of the countries were constantly at odds with each other. In the 3rd century BC. Almost all the kingdoms were united under his rule by Qin Shihuang.

2. Personality in history - Confucius.

Confucius was born in 551 BC. in a noble but impoverished family in the city of Lu. Therefore, his life was filled with hardships, and at the same time passionate desire break through and become worthy and respected member society. He was distinguished by a greedy desire for knowledge. The young man read a lot and tried to acquire all the books he could find. In the time of Confucius, they wrote on narrow tablets of split bamboo. Confucius studied a lot and at the age of 22 began teaching himself. He became famous as one of the the best teachers China. At the School of Confucius, children studied four sciences: morality, language, politics and literature.

At the age of 50, Confucius began political activity and soon took over high position in Lu. For three months, traders did not dare raise prices, “no one dared to raise what was left on the roads,” and there was peace and tranquility in the kingdom. But soon he had to leave the service due to intrigues.

After this, Confucius traveled around China for 13 years, but was never able to find application for his abilities and ideas. As you can see, it is not easy to be honest and fair at all times.

Confucius traveled until he was 66 years old, preaching his teachings, and then returned to his homeland. Confucius died at the age of 72. And on the site of his house a temple was built. Confucius entered the history of world culture as the founder of a special religion - Confucianism.

The spread of Confucius's ideas began in the 2nd century BC. Then the philosopher’s idea about the need for scientists to work in the government was accepted. Soon the ideas of Confucius were recognized state religion China and remained so until 1912, when the people dethroned last emperor China.

Today, Buddhism has replaced Confucianism in China.

Count what year Confucius died and mark the dates of his life on the time line.

In what century was Confucius born and in what century did he die? Died 479 BC

3.Teachings of Confucius.

In China, many tales and legends about the famous sage have been preserved. Books were written about him, poems and fairy tales were composed. But what a fable time has brought to us. Listen to her. – Students speak (fable “The Wise Man’s Answer”).

Questions: How do you feel about what Confucius sought to instill in his students?

What do you need most in life: intelligence, courage, hard work, caution, joy?

What would you like to learn from your teachers?

Working with a document ( handout). Questions and tasks regarding the document:

1. Select statements that characterize the attitude towards knowledge and learning. How do you agree with his statements?

2. Select statements by Confucius that talk about how to treat elders, parents, and other people. Why is it important to respect your parents?

3. What should a person strive for, according to Confucius? Give an example from own life when you acted according to the rule that coincides with the advice of Confucius.

4. Explain the meaning before last statement Confucius. Which school subject can help in studying the “old”?

5. Explain the meaning of Confucius's last statement. Which Russian proverb corresponds to the words of the Chinese sage?

6. How should a person, from the point of view of Confucius, relate to wealth, fame, and service?

7. What statements bring Confucius closer to Buddha?

Application.

Confucius taught.

In the family circle, honor your parents. Outside the family, honor your elders.

Be honest and merciful with people, love goodness.

Be hard on yourself and gentle on others. This way you will protect yourself from human hostility.

Good must be done. Evil will create itself.

Try to become at least a little kinder, and you will see that you will no longer be able to do a bad deed.

People do bad things out of laziness. To do good deed, you have to put in the work.

Learn! For life always reminds us that all our knowledge is not enough. When a person stops learning, he may lose what he previously learned.

People want wealth and fame for themselves; if both cannot be acquired honestly, they should be avoided. People are afraid of poverty and obscurity; if both cannot be avoided, they should be accepted with dignity.

Don't worry about not being in a high position. Worry about whether you are serving well in the place where you are.

Be respectful to your parents and teachers. Only in mercy and self-sacrifice be ahead of them.

Don't envy anyone and don't despise anyone. When meeting a noble person, think about how to become equal to him; When meeting a low person, think about how not to become the same yourself.

Don’t be easy on your words, don’t say what is unlawful.

If you want to learn something new, turn to the old one.

What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others.

4. Lesson summary

5. Reflection

– There are stickers stuck on the corners of your desks pink color, you need to write down three words on them that you remember and would characterize your attitude towards China and its ancient wisdom.

6.Homework.

Create a cluster.

Group 1 - family relationships,

Group 2 - relations in the state,

Group 3 - behavior of a well-mannered Chinese,

In the entire history of China, no one has been able to eclipse the glory of Confucius.

He was neither a discoverer nor an inventor, but every inhabitant of the planet knows his name thanks to his outstanding philosophical teachings.

From the biography of Confucius:

About this an outstanding person little is known, but this does not prevent us from believing that Confucius is an influential figure in the development of China.

Confucius (real name Kong Qiu) is an ancient sage and philosopher of China. He was born around 551 BC. e. His mother Yan Zhengzai was a concubine and was only 17 years old at the time. Shuliang He's father was already 63 years old at that time; he was a descendant of Wei Tzu, the emperor's commander. The boy was given the name Kong Qiu at birth. When the child was one and a half years old, the father died.

After the death of little Confucius’s father, serious quarrels occurred between the two wives and the young concubine, which forced the boy’s mother to leave the house. Having moved to the city of Qufu, Yan Zhengzai began to live on her own with her son. Confucius had a difficult childhood; from a young age he had to work. Yan Zhengzai's mother talked about his ancestors and their great activity. This was a huge incentive to regain the great title that had been lost. Listening to my mother's stories about my father and his noble family, Confucius understood that in order to be worthy of one’s kind it is necessary to engage in self-education.

To begin with, he studied the basis of the education system for young aristocrats - the six arts. In this he succeeded, and he was appointed to the post of official manager of barns, then - official responsible for livestock. At about 19 he got married and had two children.

He began his successful career at about 20 years old. +At the same time, Confucius received recognition and created a whole teaching - Confucianism, which had great importance for the development of China. He became the founder of the first university and wrote rules for all classes. He taught 4 disciplines: literature, language, politics and morality in his own private school, which accepted everyone who wanted independence from class and material wealth.

Around 528 BC his mother dies, and according to tradition he must leave government work for 3 years. During this period, Confucius was completely immersed in thoughts of creating an ideal state.

When Confucius was 44 years old, he took over the seat of the Principality of Lu. He was very active in his post and was an experienced and skillful politician. +Soon big changes began in the country. The stable reigns of dynasties were replaced by corrupt, greedy officials, and internecine strife began. Realizing his hopelessness, Confucius resigned and, together with his students, began traveling around China. At this time, he tried to convey his ideas to the governments of different provinces. Confucius began to preach philosophical teachings together with his followers. His idea was to preach knowledge to the poor, the ploughmen, the old and the young.

Confucius took a nominal fee for his studies and lived on funds allocated by wealthy students. He began teaching new students and systematizing the ancient books Shi Jin and I Jin. The students themselves compiled the book of Lun Yu. It became the founding book of Confucianism, containing short statements, notes, actions of their teacher.

At about the age of 60, he finished his wanderings, Confucius returned to his homeland, which he did not leave until his death. The rest of his life he works on his creations: “Books of Songs”, “Books of Changes” and many others. + Interestingly, according to scientists, he had approximately 3,000 students, but there are approximately 26 by name.

Although Confucianism is considered a religion, it has nothing to do with theology. It reflects the principles of creating a harmonious society. The basic rule that Confucius formulated is: “Do not do to a person what you do not wish for yourself.” +Confucius died in the 73rd year, before which he predicted his imminent death, which he told his students about. He died around 479, and there is an opinion that before that he simply slept for 7 days. He was buried in the cemetery where his followers were supposed to be buried. +On the site of the house after his death, a temple was built, which was rebuilt more than once and its area was increased. The House of Confucius has been under the protection of UNESCO since 1994. In China, it is customary to give the Confucius Prize for achievements in the field of education.

Of course, legends have been partially created around the life and biography of Confucius, but the fact of the influence of his teachings on future generations should not be underestimated.

He was one of the first to propose the idea of building a highly moral and harmonious society. His teaching found such a wide response among people that it was accepted as an ideological norm at the state level, and it remained popular for almost 20 centuries. The lessons of Confucius are easy for everyone to understand, which is probably why they inspire people so effectively.

Confucius was an ordinary person, but his teaching is often called religion. Although issues of theology and theology as such are not important for Confucianism at all. All teaching is based on morals, ethics and life principles human-human interaction.

25 interesting facts from the life of Confucius:

1.The family tree of Confucius, with a history of approximately 2500 years, is the longest in the world. To date, the tree spans 83 generations of the Confucius clan.

2. Confucius is also known by the names: “ Great Sage", "The Wisest Teacher Gone", "The First Teacher" and "Forever an Exemplary Teacher".

3. Qiu (“Qiū”, literally “Hill”) is the real name of Confucius, given to him at birth. The second name of the teacher was Zhong-ni (仲尼Zhòngní), that is, “Second of Clay.”

4. Confucianism, founded by Confucius and developed by his followers, is one of the most widespread and ancient teachings in China and throughout the world.

5. The laws issued by Confucius were based on his teachings and were so successful that crime in the kingdom of Lu came to naught.

6. Confucius believed that every citizen should respect and honor their ancestors.

7. At the age of 19, Confucius married a girl named Ki-koan-shi from the Qi family, who lived in the kingdom of Song. A year later they had a son, who was named Lee.

8. At the age of 50 (501 BC), Confucius took the post of judge. All the law and order of the kingdom of Lu was concentrated in his hands.

9. Confucius’s students, based on the teacher’s sayings and conversations, compiled the book “Sy Shu” or “Four Books”.

10. “The Golden Rule” of Confucius says: “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself.” He is also credited with the saying: “What you cannot choose for yourself, do not impose on others.”

11. The name "Confucius" originated in late XVI centuries in the works of European missionaries, who thus Latin(Latin: Confucius) conveyed the combination Kun Fu-tzu (Chinese: 孔夫子, pinyin: Kǒngfūzǐ), although the name 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ) is more often used with the same meaning “Teacher [of the clan/surname] Kun.”

12. According to Confucius, a person must overcome himself, cultivating his personality through morality and humanity, and destroy the barbarian and egoist within himself.

13. According to the Confucius Family Genealogy Committee operating in Hong Kong and China, the genealogical books listing the descendants of Confucius are considered the largest in the world: they number 43 thousand pages and include the names of more than 2 million people.

14. Confucius served as a judge for five years, but the machinations of spiteful critics led to his resignation in 496 BC.

15. Confucius returned to teaching and over the next 12 years as a teacher won universal love and respect.

16. He believed that the country's elite would become positive example for the rest of the nation. Thus, peace and harmony will reign in society.

17. To the most important human qualities he referred to honesty, benevolence, humility, politeness and common sense. Confucius encouraged people's leaders to be models of good behavior.

18. Confucius taught students the ideas of ancient Chinese sages, which he himself studied in order to achieve reforms in the government, which at that time was mired in corruption and autocracy.

19. Confucius’s mother died when he was 23. A year later (in 527 BC), Confucius changed his career and took up teaching.

20. When Confucius was one and a half years old, his father Shuliang He, a military officer, died. The boy grew up in poverty, but was able to get a good education.

21. At the age of 60, Confucius left labor activity and returned to small homeland. 12 years later, November 21, 479 BC. he passed away.

22. One of the most prominent students of Confucius and his spiritual heir is the Chinese philosopher Mengzi. The thinker's most beloved student was Yan Hui.

23. Several tens of thousands of descendants of the “teacher of all Chinese” live outside of China in Korea (34 thousand) and Taiwan.

24. C early childhood Confucius had to work hard to feed his family. Starting as a simple worker, he rose to the rank of official responsible for issuing and receiving grain. Later, livestock also came under his control.

25. Confucius (birth name Kong Qiu) was born in 551 BC. in the city of Ceou (now the city of Qufu in Shandong province), which belonged to the kingdom of Lu.

25 wisest quotes from Confucius:

1. In fact, life is simple, but we persistently complicate it.

2. Three things never come back - time, word, opportunity. Therefore: do not waste time, choose your words, do not miss the opportunity.

3. In ancient times, people studied in order to improve themselves. Nowadays people study in order to surprise others.

4. A noble person is serene at heart. A low person is always preoccupied.

5. He is not great who has never fallen, but he is great who has fallen and gotten up.

6. Intemperance in small things will ruin a great cause.

7.If they spit in your back, it means you are ahead.

8. Three paths lead to knowledge: the path of reflection is the noblest path, the path of imitation is the easiest path and the path of experience is the most bitter path.

9. Happiness is when you are understood great happiness- this is when you are loved, true happiness is when you love.

10.People in ancient times did not like to talk much. They considered it a shame for themselves not to keep up with their own words.

11.Gemstone cannot be polished without friction. Likewise, a person cannot become successful without sufficient quantity difficult attempts.

12.Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a single day in your life.

13. Try to be at least a little kinder, and you will see that you will not be able to commit a bad act.

14.You can curse the darkness all your life, or you can light a small candle.

15. There is beauty in everything, but not everyone can see it.

16.We accept advice in drops, but give it out in buckets.

17. In a country where there is order, be bold in both actions and speeches. In a country where there is no order, be bold in your actions, but careful in your speech.

18. Give instructions only to those who seek knowledge after revealing their ignorance.

19. A noble person makes demands on himself, short man makes demands on others.

20. Misfortune came - man gave birth to him, happiness came - man raised him.

21.I don’t get upset if people don’t understand me, I get upset if I don’t understand people.

22. Before you take revenge, dig two graves.

23.If you hate, it means you have been defeated.

24.Overcome bad habits You can only do it today, not tomorrow.

25.Only when the cold comes, it becomes clear that pines and cypresses are the last to lose their decoration.

Temple of Confucius

from Wikipedia, photo from the Internet

Background

China is located in East Asia. In the first millennium BC, the Chinese settled the entire Great Plain of China between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. The first states arose in the valleys of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. In the first millennium BC. e. there were several states here that were at war with each other.

Events

551-479 BC- the years of the life of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (Kun Futsi - the venerable teacher Kun), the founder of Confucianism.

The teachings of Confucius were based on the fact that he...

He considered it important to follow traditions and observe long-established rituals (Confucius said: “I imitate the ancient times, and do not compose”).
believed that elders should be respected. Little brothers must show respect to elders, children to parents, inferiors to superiors. Confucius compared the state to big family, in which the subjects treat the ruler as a father. The ruler must educate and instruct his subjects (executions and cruel punishments Confucius condemned).
believed that ancient wisdom was expressed in books. A book in ancient China was a bunch of planks made of split bamboo. The Chinese wrote hieroglyphs on such tablets from top to bottom.
considered it necessary to follow the rules of behavior: take off your shoes before entering the house, sit with your heels tucked under you, and eat with two chopsticks.

The Chinese believed in supernatural beings (spirits, gods, winged serpents - dragons); they considered Heaven to be the highest being. The cult of ancestors was widespread in China.

Conclusion

Confucius laid the foundations of Confucianism, which became one of the main philosophical and religious movements in China. During the Qin Empire, followers of Confucius were persecuted (see lesson), but already from the 2nd century. BC Confucianism becomes a state ideology that laid the foundations for the uniqueness of Chinese civilization and way of life.

China is located in East Asia. The great rivers of China, the Yangtze and Yellow River, are similar to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They are very stormy, carry a lot of silt and sand, and often overflow suddenly, destroying dams and washing away soil from fields. The development of the valleys of these rivers began around 2000 BC. e. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Later, around 1700 BC. e., the first states arose here, the rulers of which were often at enmity with each other. But the inhabitants of all these states considered themselves one people, because they had a single culture and similar customs. In today's lesson we will get acquainted with the traditions and customs of Ancient China and learn about the fate of the great Chinese thinker Confucius.

Like other peoples, the Chinese believed in supernatural beings: gods, spirits, monsters, winged serpents - dragons. But the highest being for them was Heaven. They considered Heaven to be the ancestor of the ruler, therefore the king in China was called the “Son of Heaven”, and the country subordinate to him was called the “Celestial Empire”.

The sage Confucius (Fig. 1), who was highly revered in China, spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese.

Rice. 1. Confucius ()

Confucius was born in the east of the country, in the principality of Lu, into a noble but impoverished family. His father was a brave officer. At the time of the birth of Confucius, his last son, he was 70 years old, and he died two years later. The family was poor, and Confucius began to work early, mastering various crafts. He was strong in body and tall, distinguished by his curiosity and hard work. In his youth he received the position of overseer of barns and state lands. People often turned to him for advice. Gradually he turned into a teacher, in particular, a music teacher. The name given to him at birth - Kun Qiu - was changed by grateful students to Kun Futsi, which means “Reverend Teacher Kun”. (The Latinized form, Confucius, became established in Europe.) He traveled throughout China and was respected for his extensive knowledge. Returning to his homeland, Confucius was already in mature age was appointed governor of the city, and then became the supreme judge of the principality. Despite the fact that his business was going well, he resigned and went on his travels again. According to legend, he had 3 thousand disciples, 12 of whom were with him constantly. At times he was in mortal danger, but he never lost courage and calm. He spent his last years in his homeland and died under the shade of trees on the bank of a quiet river. He left no notes. The sayings of Confucius were recorded by his students and followers (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Sayings of Confucius

The teachings of Confucius have come to us in the form of ancient Chinese books written on narrow tablets made of split bamboo. A thin brush or stick was dipped in black ink and hieroglyphs were applied from top to bottom. If they made a mistake, they scraped off what was written with a knife. Then holes were made in the planks and string was threaded through. A bundle of bamboo was ancient Chinese book(Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Ancient Chinese books ()

A learned Chinese had to memorize thousands of hieroglyphs denoting individual words. Just as in Egyptian writing, in China hieroglyphs originated from drawings, and sometimes in their form one can still guess the original image.

Confucius saw the rational organization of society in the preservation of traditions: “If you do not observe the anciently established rituals, or, even more so, abolish them, then everything will get mixed up and discord will ensue.” He himself perceived rituals not as a means to appease the gods, but as an element of self-discipline and order.

Confucius believed that well-mannered person easy to recognize by his behavior. Before entering the house, a polite Chinese man took off his shoes and walked barefoot. Walking in shoes on mats spread on the floor was considered simply indecent. The Chinese sat either on the same mat or on a low seat, but always with their heels tucked under them. Only completely ill-mannered people could sit with their legs dangling, much less stretching them forward. Already in ancient times, the Chinese mastered the art of eating with two chopsticks. They continue this custom to this day.

The ancient Chinese created complex hairstyles on their heads, collecting their hair in a bun. They considered those who walked with their hair down to be savages. Usually the Chinese wore a robe; ordinary people had robe made from cheap material. Noble rich people dressed in silk robes, with beautiful embroidery with flowers and figures of dragons (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Traditional clothes and hairstyles ()

Confucius taught that not only in the family, but throughout the state, order should be maintained in relations between elders and younger ones. A well-mannered Chinese is polite to everyone, he is not rude to those who are lower in position, and does not curry favor with those who are higher. But he behaves with those and with others, knowing his place well - with the elders respectfully, and with the younger ones favorably. Confucius taught that the state is like a large family. Subjects must respect the ruler as a father. But Confucius also advised rulers to treat their subjects as their children. A wise ruler does not torture people severe punishments, and patiently educates them - first of all, by his example. Cruelty does not suit a ruler at all; fatherly instruction is enough. “To execute someone instead of guiding him on the true path is inhumane,” said Confucius.

References

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. History of the Ancient World. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. History reading book ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

Bibliotekar.ru ()
Sch714-china.narod.ru ()
Newacropol.ru ()

Homework

Locate Ancient China.
What rules of decency should a well-bred Chinese man observe?
How were the Chinese supposed to treat the rulers, and how were the rulers supposed to treat the common people?
How is Chinese writing similar to the writing of other ancient states? How is it different?

What did Chinese teach?sageConfucius

Checking homework:

1. We get to know Ancient India. Show this country on the map: where is it located? Show and name the highest mountains in the world and the main rivers of India.

2. What castes existed in India? How did the Indians explain the emergence of castes? According to Indian beliefs, what did the god Brahma look like?

3. Why did Indians honor the Brahmins? How did the Brahmins make sacrifices?

5. Who are the “untouchables”? What hopes did their belief in the transmigration of souls generate?

6. Which of the Indian sages did not attach importance to caste differences between people?

7. What did the Indians say about Gutama? By what name is Gautama better known? What is his teaching?

Plan:

1. Geographical location And natural conditions China

2. Confucius - ancient Chinese philosopher.

3. Teachings of Confucius.

New concepts: Yellow River, Yangtze, Confucius, bamboo.

Learning new material:

1. Country,Wherethe Chinese lived.

Open the map on the flyleaf (reverse side covers) textbook. The continent of Eurasia is divided into Europe and Asia.

In China, as in India, states arose in ancient times and the transition from primitiveness to civilization took place. In East Asia, two waters carry their waters to the Pacific Ocean big rivers - Yellow River(translated as “yellow river”) and Yangtze(“blue” or “ long river"). The country of China is located here. Judging by archaeological finds, the first settlements arose in the Yellow River and Yangtze valleys around 5 thousand years BC. e. At the end of the 11th century BC. e. in the Yellow River region a nomadic people appeared who called themselves zhou. The nomads settled among the farmers who lived in the valley, who grew rice, millet, vegetables, and collected nuts and leaves from tea bushes. During the Zhou era, a strong state was created. The Chinese called it the Celestial Empire. Heaven was considered the main deity, and the ruler was called the Son of Heaven.

In the middle I millennium BC . there were several in China independent states, or kingdoms , which led each other bloody wars . It is known that after one of the massacres under Changping in 260 BC kingdom warriors Qin buried alive 400 thousand soldiers of the kingdom who surrendered Zhao . The strongest among them became in the III Venedo AD. state Qin. The victories of this state were facilitated by new organization troops; There were always young people in the front ranks, and experienced older warriors in the defenders. By order of the first Emperor Qin, unified legislation and a common coin were introduced throughout China. If earlier turtle shells, shells, and pieces of jasper were used as money, now they began to pay only in gold or copper coins. The Emperor introduced uniform written signs, ordered measures of weight and length. Hieroglyphic writing was changed so that it could be used by residents in different ends countries.

Strict compliance with laws Qin Shi Huangdi considered the main condition for order in the country. The rioters were subject to execution. Once upon a time in Sanyane, capital of the new state, more than 460 scientists were executed, which was announced throughout the country.

The great Chinese thinker Confucius lived two and a half thousand years ago (approximately at the time when the huge Persian power was formed to the west of China). He was a native of one of the Chinese states. According to legend, Confucius became a teacher at the age of twenty-two. People interested in ancient wisdom began to come to him. Confucius himself said that he did not refuse knowledge to anyone who brought with them a bunch of dried meat - the usual payment for a teacher in those days.

Confucius quickly became famous. It so happened that he was appointed to the position of mayor of the city. In just a year, he turned the city entrusted to him into an exemplary one. However, not everyone liked it: evil people prompted the ruler of the state to insult Confucius. The sage hastened to leave his native place and set off on a journey. Most of the rulers of the Chinese states greeted the sage kindly, but he never entered the service of any of them. Having grown old, Confucius returned to his homeland and devoted the end of his life to scientific studies. As they say, the sage left seventy-two students who deeply knew the six main subjects of education of that time: the rules of behavior for a worthy person, music, archery, chariot driving, writing and counting.

What Confucius taught.

Confucius believed that...

It is necessary to respect the past of your country, study it, observe those customs and orders that have been established since ancient times, for our grandfathers and great-grandfathers were no more stupid than us;

Reading ancient books will help you become familiar with the wisdom of the ancients;

In a family, the younger ones should respect the elders, and the elders should love the younger ones and be lenient towards them;

A wise ruler should not be cruel, torture people with executions and severe punishments, but patiently educate them, first of all, by his example. The ruler must remember that the people do not exist for him, but he for the people.

Throughout his life, Confucius taught his students how to become noble (i.e., worthy) person - “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others,” said Confucius.

We will read the moral ideas of the Chinese sage ; much of what Confucius taught has not lost its meaning today (p. 103).

Sayings:

Insignificant person strives for benefit, and the noble one strives for justice.

We should not think about becoming rich in any way, even dishonest, but about living in truth, living honestly, not offending anyone, helping people.

A noble man blames himself, but an insignificant one- others.

How do you understand this statement? If something bad happened in your life, then think about whether you yourself are to blame for what happened. For example, having received a bad grade in history, you don’t have to say: “The teacher is nagging me, he doesn’t like me...” Or if one of your classmates doesn’t want to be friends with you, then think about whether you yourself pushed him away in some way. some bad deed or word.

Wealth- this is what people crave. But if I got it undeservedly, I will not use it. Poverty is something that frightens people. But if it befell me undeservedly, I will not be ashamed of it.

Think about the meaning of these words. If a person became rich thanks to his work, his merits and abilities, then there is nothing wrong with this... But if for some reason a person failed to get rich, there is no need to grieve: it is better to be an honest poor man than a rich man who unjustly acquired his wealth .

Eating simple food and drinking water, sleeping with your elbow under your head -VThis is also where joy lies.

Enjoy life itself, as Confucius says, and never envy anyone.

3. What Chinese books looked like during the time of Confucius.

Like the inhabitants of Southern Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Chinese independently created a letter. This happened more than three thousand years ago (Chinese writing is one of the oldest in the world, although it is “younger” than Egyptian hieroglyphs and cuneiform). Chinese writing also originated from drawings . Look at the drawing “Chinese characters” (p. 103).

Every Chinese character stood for a whole word. The number of hieroglyphs in China was initially small, but it continuously increased.

The most ancient inscriptions found during excavations were preserved on animal bones. On the shoulder blades of bulls and rams, on turtle shells, the Chinese scratched questions to the spirits, for example, they asked: “Should we set traps for deer?”, “Should we call hunters to pursue elk?”, “Should we hunt with dogs?” Ancient farmers worried about whether their crops would be destroyed by drought. So they constantly asked the spirits: “Today we made a sacrifice - will it rain?” Or: “Will we harvest the millet?” Then the bone with the inscription was touched with a piece of hot bronze: the bone cracked. They tried to find out from the pattern of cracks whether the spirits answered “yes” or “no.”

Look at the pictures “Thickets of bamboo”, “Bamboo tablets with hieroglyphs”, “Bamboo book” (p. 102-103). Writing on bones is inconvenient - the Chinese began to use bamboo for writing. It was split into long boards, which were smoothly planed and painted on with a brush made of thin soft hair. The brush was dipped into mascara, which was made from coal or soot. A knife was used to clean up mistakes in what was written. That's why educated people They asked to put a knife and a brush in their coffin. On narrow and long signs you can only write in a column. A scientific essay, poem or description of a military campaign cannot fit on one bamboo plank. They were written down on several tablets. Holes were drilled in the top of the bamboo slats, string was threaded through them and tied together. A bunch of bamboo tablets was the oldest Chinese book.

4. Great silk road.

In ancient times, the Chinese learned to make silk. Unlike cotton and linen, silk threads are not of plant origin; they are made from silkworm secretions. Breeding worms is labor-intensive work.

Look at the drawing “Collecting mulberry leaves” (p. 104). The leaves of the mulberry tree (mulberry) used to feed the worms must be clean, fresh and dry. In the room where silkworms are bred, there should be no draft, foreign odors, smoke; even noise and temperature changes are harmful to the worms.

At good care the worms produce a thin, web-like thread from which they weave cocoons . Externally, the cocoon resembles a small oblong nut; it is made of the finest silk thread, the length of which reaches a thousand meters.

Look at the drawing “Silk production in China” (p. 105). To obtain silk from cocoons, they need to be placed in hot water, which softens the glue that holds the silk thread together. Taking threads from several cocoons (from 4 to 18) and joining them, Chinese women passed the threads through a ring and attached them to a small wheel. Then the wheel was slowly rotated, and the threads, passing through the ring, were glued together into one strong, smooth thread. Weavers created fabric from threads. The Chinese kept secret the method of producing silk, which was sent to the West by The Great Silk Road. Silk was worth its weight in gold.

Students find the Great Silk Road on the map (the flyleaf of the textbook): it was not one road, but many paths, roads and paths along which various goods were transported from China to the West, and above all the highly valued silk.

Look at the drawing “The most ancient compass...” (p. 105). One of the great inventions made in China was the compass.

Let's imagine a royal palace somewhere in Syria, not far from the shores of Mediterranean Sea. The young nobleman bows low before the ruler. - Oh sir! You sent me at the head of a detachment of warriors to meet the Chinese merchants. I safely reached the Great Silk Road and at the appointed place I saw loaded camels and people in long robes. The caravan made its further journey under my protection. However, the weather soon deteriorated: the sky was covered with clouds, the stars were no longer visible at night, and the sun was no longer visible during the day. We were lost and didn't know what to do. Then the head of the caravan prayed to the gods, then from somewhere he took out and laid a smooth rectangular plank on the ground. There were a number of divisions and hieroglyphs on it, but I didn’t know what they meant. In the center, the Chinese installed an iron spoon, the long handle of which did not touch the board and seemed to hang in the air. And then something amazing happened: the spoon turned without human help and took a different position, compared to its original one. "Witchcraft! - I exclaimed. “But how can it help us?” The head of the caravan did not answer me, but I could swear he chose the direction indicated by the magic spoon. It is thanks to her that we did not die in the deserted and terrible desert.

The Chinese already knew in ancient times that a magnet attracts iron. They knew the property of a magnet - to indicate the direction of north and south. The Chinese compass was a long-handled spoon made of magnetized iron. The spoon was placed on a smooth wooden or bronze stand with divisions, spun it, and it stopped, pointing one side to the south and the other to the north. In ancient times, the compass was not known to any people except the Chinese. The compass was used during trips along the Great Silk Road.

TEA = A certain Chinese doctor visits a patient. He frowns, not wanting to drink the unusual medicine.

Ugh, what disgusting! It is bitter, astringent, and has a strange smell...

Medicine rarely tastes good, the doctor convinces, but it
will give you strength and help you get back on your feet. Its healing properties are great:
Remember my words, this drink has a great future.

The ancient doctor turned out to be right: today, millions of people like to drink the infusion, which was once considered a medicine in China.

As the lesson progresses, they are done in their notebooks.

Ancient China

Yellow and Yangtze rivers

Teachings of Confucius

The Great Silk Road

Homework: § 22. Draw the class’s attention to the fact that the textbook material entitled “How polite Chinese should behave” (§ 22, paragraph 3) was not discussed in the lesson; Students must prepare their own retelling. Questions for § 22. Individual task: retelling of the text “The Great Silk Road”.