The Hans Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) will help you find out your temperament, determine your temperament type, taking into account your introversion and extroversion personality, as well as emotional stability.

Diagnosis of self-esteem according to G. Eysenck is, perhaps, classical technique to determine temperament and one of the most significant in modern psychology.

By passing the Eysenck temperament test, you will be able to better know your own Self.

Personality questionnaire of G. Eysenck. (EPI temperament test. Diagnosis of self-esteem according to Eysenck. Method for determining temperament): Instructions. You are asked to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at identifying your usual way of behavior. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first “natural” answer that comes to your mind. If you agree with the statement, put a + (yes) sign next to its number; if not, put a - (no) sign next to its number.

1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences, to “shake yourself up”, to experience excitement?

2. Do you often need friends who understand you and can encourage or console you?

3. Are you a carefree person?

4. Do you find it very difficult to answer “no”?

5. Do you think before you take action?

6. If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?

7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

8. Do you usually act and speak quickly without thinking?

9. Do you often feel like an unhappy person without good reason?

10. Would you do almost anything on a dare?

11. Do you feel shy and embarrassed when you want to start a conversation with an attractive person of the opposite sex?

12. Do you sometimes lose your temper and get angry?

13. Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?

14. Do you often worry because you have done or said something that you should not have done or said?

15. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?

16. Are you easily offended?

17. Do you often like to be in companies?

18. Do you have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything is burning in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?

20. Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?

21. Do you often dream?

22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?

23. Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?

24. Are all your habits good and desirable?

25. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have fun in company?

26. Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?

27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

28. Do you often, after doing something important, feel that you could have done it better?

29. Are you more silent when you are around other people?

30. Do you sometimes gossip?

31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?

32. If you want to know about something, would you rather read about it in a book than ask?

33. Do you have palpitations?

34. Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?

35. Do you have tremors?

36. Would you always pay for baggage transportation if you weren’t afraid of being checked?

37. Is it unpleasant for you to be in a society where people make fun of each other?

38. Are you irritable?

39. Do you like work that requires quick action?

40. Are you worried about some unpleasant events that might happen?

41. Do you walk slowly and deliberately?

42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?

43. Do you often have nightmares?

44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you never miss an opportunity to talk with stranger?

45. Do you have any pain?

46. ​​You would feel very unhappy if long time were deprived of wide communication with people?

47. Can you name yourself nervous person?

48. Are there people among your acquaintances whom you clearly do not like?

49. Would you say that you are a very confident person?

50. Are you easily offended when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal failures?

51. Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy a party?

52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?

53. Is it easy for you to bring some life into a rather boring company?

54. Does it happen that you talk about things you don’t understand?

55. Are you worried about your health?

56. Do you like to make fun of others?

57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Extraversion - introversion:

“yes” (+): 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56;

“no” (-): 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.

Neuroticism (emotional stability - emotional instability):

“yes” (+): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.

"Lie scale":

“yes” (+): 6, 24, 36;

“no” (-): 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.

If you score 12 or more points on the first scale, then you are an extrovert (12-18 points - moderate extroversion, 19-24 - significant), if you have less than 12 points, then you are an introvert (1-7 points - significant , 8-11 – moderate introversion).

If you have 12 or less points on the second scale, then you are emotionally stable (up to 10 points - high stability, 11-12 points - average); if more than 12 points, then you are emotionally unstable (15-18 points - high, 19-24 points - very high instability).

If you scored more than 4 points, then your answers were not always sincere and indicate a person’s tendency to focus on good impression About Me.

EXTROVERTS- people focused on the world, spontaneous, active, open in emotional manifestations, loving movement and risk. They are characterized by impulsiveness, behavioral flexibility, sociability and social adaptability. Usually these are active noisy people, “the soul of the company”, ringleaders, excellent businessmen and organizers, have external charm, and are straightforward in their judgments. As a rule, they are guided by external assessment, so they can pass exams well, are drawn to new impressions and sensations, are optimistic, and cope well with work that requires quick adoption solutions. At the same time, extroverts are prone to accidents.

INTROVERTS- people for whom the phenomena of their own inner world are of greatest interest; for them, their theories and assessments of reality are more important than reality itself. They are prone to reflection, introspection, uncommunicative, withdrawn and have difficulty in social adaptation and are often socially passive. Usually they are more sensitive to external stimuli, they recognize colors and sounds more accurately, they are more careful, accurate and pedantic, they show best results According to intelligence tests, they do better than others at school and university, and cope better with monotonous work. Bosses who hold high positions that do not require constant communication with people are most often introverts.

NEUROTICISM– the result of imbalance in the processes of excitation and inhibition. It manifests itself as emotional instability, imbalance of neuropsychic processes. At one pole of neuroticism ( high marks) are neurotics, on the other (low scores) are emotionally stable individuals, characterized by confidence, calmness, and poise. The distance of indicators from the center on the measurement scale indicates the degree of deviation from the average value.

Using the questionnaire, you can also determine your temperament type. If you plot the coordinates on a piece of paper and plot the scores (from 0 to 24) along the axes stability (stability) - neuroticism and introversion-extroversion, then the combination of characteristics will indicate the type of temperament. In the upper right part (unstable extroverts) there will be choleric people; in the lower right part - sanguine people; in the lower left - phlegmatic and in the upper left - melancholic.

CHOLERICK– characterized by a high level mental activity, energy of action, sharpness, swiftness, force of movements, their fast pace, impetuosity. He is prone to sudden changes mood, quick-tempered, impatient, prone to emotional breakdowns, and sometimes aggressive. In the absence of proper upbringing, lack of emotional balance can lead to an inability to control one's emotions in difficult life situations.

SANGUINE– characterized by high mental activity, efficiency, swiftness and vivacity of movements, variety and richness of facial expressions, fast speech. They strive for frequent changes impressions, easily and quickly respond to surrounding events, and are sociable. Emotions - mostly positive - arise quickly and quickly change. Experiences failures relatively easily and quickly. Under unfavorable conditions and negative educational influences, mobility can result in a lack of concentration, unjustified haste in actions, and superficiality.

PHLEGMATIC PERSON– this type of temperament is characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness, and inexpressive facial expressions. He does not easily switch from one type of activity to another and has difficulty adapting to new environment. A phlegmatic person has a calm, even mood. Feelings and moods are usually constant. Under unfavorable conditions, he may develop lethargy, poverty of emotions, and a tendency to perform monotonous actions.

MELANCHOLIC– characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness of movements, restraint of facial expressions and speech, and rapid fatigue. It is distinguished by its high emotional sensitivity to the events happening to him, usually accompanied increased anxiety, depth and stability of emotions with their weak external manifestation, and negative emotions predominate. Under unfavorable conditions, a melancholic person may develop increased emotional vulnerability, isolation, alienation, fear of new situations, people and various kinds of tests.

» Personality typology according to Eysenck

Theory personality traits Hans Eysenck (1916-1997).
Personality structure and types. Introversion, extraversion and neuroticism

Hans Eysenck is a British psychologist of German origin. He developed and experimentally studied the descriptive theory of personality traits, the theory of the conditioning of these traits, and demonstrated the importance of genetic factors in personality development.

Hans Eysenck, 1970s

Also Eysenck:

• created a wide range of research on genetic basis emotionality;
• developed a model of IQ (intelligence quotient), which depends on speed, errors and duration mental actions individual;
• proposed and tested a two-factor model of the structure of social ability;
• contributed to the development clinical psychology in Britain;
• played a significant role in the emergence and development of behavioral therapy;
• founded and published "Journal of Behavioral Research and Therapy".

Defining the structure human personality, Eysenck primarily uses the concepts of extraversion and introversion. In selecting these personality traits, he follows a well-trodden path. (Lazursky, Jung, Kretschmer and etc.)

Extroverts manifest themselves in such traits as affectivity (the desire to express emotions externally), cheerfulness, cheerfulness, satisfaction, humor, sociability, compassion, underdeveloped self-awareness, high motor activity, low perseverance, threshold of inhibition, slow catching.

The qualities of an introvert are defined as diametrically opposed. However, no correlations have been found in studies of assertiveness regarding extraversion or introversion.

Eysenck also expressed the opinion that extroverts exhibit a typical hardness as opposed to the softness of introverts. Having rigid attitudes towards others, they tend to use coercion, exercise Physical punishment, sterilization, killing in cases of incurable disease, and the like.

Introverts advocate the abolition of the double standard of morality, death penalty, proclaim pacifism, etc.

The tendency to be hard or soft, according to Eysenck, does not depend on age or upbringing. True, he suggests certain correlations with gender, noting that women are softer than men. In the field of politics, public life respectively, such opposites as authoritarianism and democracy appear. However, the comparison of radicalism and conservatism does not fall under the original opposition of extroversion and introversion.

Briefly about Eysenck's theory of personality

Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was a British-German psychologist who studied genetically determined personality traits caused by differences in the brain's response to emotional stimuli. He identified 3 main personal dimensions:

Introversion - extroversion:

The degree to which a person directs his energy inward to himself or outward to others. Introversion involves focusing attention on internal experiences, while extraversion refers to focusing attention on other people and the environment.

Emotional stability - neuroticism:

A person's predisposition to emotional distress or stability. Neurotic person (not resistant type) tends to change emotions quickly, whereas an emotionally stable and stable person tends to maintain a constant mood.

Psychoticism:

A low value indicates warmth in relationships and a desire to care for others.
- High is manifested in antisociality, coldness, hostility and indifference to others.

Using the first two dimensions, Eysenck described 4 main personality types:

Choleric;
- melanchodic;
- phlegmatic;
- sanguine.

Trying to find a natural basis for personality typology, Eysenck points to hereditary traits. Thus, the balance of excitation and inhibition has genetic roots and determines the nature of the activity of the cerebral cortex. An extrovert quickly creates inhibition, but releases it slowly. Introverts have the opposite characteristic.

Because the cerebral cortex controls consciousness, extroverts inhibit conscious judgment and act less consciously about their considerations than introverts. Eysenck also noted that extroverts are more spontaneous in their behavior, while introverts are more restrained. This is shown schematically like this:

Introverts: cortical excitation -> behavioral inhibition

Extroverts: cortical inhibition -> behavioral spontaneity

Already at the beginning of Eysenck’s presentation of personality typology, his serious methodological miscalculation becomes clear: he places biological, physiological, logical, psychological, social, ideological, etc. phenomena on the same plane.

home psychological problem is that an individual cannot be strictly defined as an introvert or an extrovert. These are only moments of human activity.

Eysenck uses the achievements of the behavioral direction, including Pavlovskoe teaching and the latest discoveries in physiology at that time related to the properties of the reticular formation. Therefore, he immediately determines that the center that controls the processes of inhibition and excitation of the cortex is precisely the reticular formation.

The experiment, which examined the excitation-inhibition relationship on the extraversion-introversion scale, involved 90 subjects. The 10% most introverted and the most extroverted were selected. They had to perform an action that required a certain amount of endurance: knocking a metal stick on a metal tile. A minute after the start of the experiment, the number of subjects who voluntarily remained was as follows: 1 of the introverts, 18 of the extroverts.

Eysenck called the inhibition that turned out to be in such experiments reactive inhibition, borrowing this term from learning theory K. Galla. This type of inhibition does not have a conditioned nature and is not associated with a specific stimulus. If the individual was stimulated for a long time, cortical (reactive) excitation increased. Therefore, extroverts perceived the outline of the stimulus less acutely than introverts. This leads to certain conclusions, in particular to the establishment of the fact that extroverts experience “stimulus hunger” more acutely than introverts. Extroverts are in constant anticipation of food, drink, copulation, smoke more and take risks. Psychopaths, single mothers and prisoners tend to be extroverts.

Eysenck characterizes the opposition “neuroticism - emotional stability” quite abstractly. He identifies the phenomenon of emotional stability he interprets with that described by Webb in 1915.

Webb suggested the following factors: persistence, consistency, kindness, truthfulness, awareness. Eysenck significantly expanded this list, emphasizing the need to take into account gullibility, will, self-control, stability, and lack of emotionality.

But here he did not see that freedom can be different: every person has self-control, however of various nature. Trustworthiness - a trait that is moral in its content - rises above such an analysis factor as emotional stability, and includes all the methodological shortcomings in relation to the physical, mental and spiritual, which have already been mentioned. And it is not at all clear how a lack of emotionality determines emotional stability.

By establishing two factor poles - emotional stability and emotional instability, selecting the characterological and personal traits of this opposition, Eysenck again falls into captivity of his methodology. He associates emotional stability with restraint, objectivity, cooperation, courage, lack of introspection, and emotional instability with nervousness, hypercriticality, hypersensitivity, femininity, a tendency to introspection.

Eysenck associates an additional set of definitions of neuroticism with fear, hysteria, low energy, poor achievements at work, family disorder, neuroticism early childhood, dissatisfaction early age, incongenial environment, reactive depression, suicidal tendencies, feelings of guilt.

In this Eysenck sees the innate character of neuroticism, and his biological roots searches in the autonomic nervous system. Neurotic symptoms are not adaptively conditioned autonomic responses. And clinical neuroses are nothing more than a manifestation of these responses. Eysenck argues that reconditioning has a therapeutic effect on neurosis.

In his works of 1964-1965, Eysenck, summing up his research, proposes four personality types (which are actually types of temperament), linking them with the oppositions “extrovert - introvert”, “neuroticism - emotional stability”. Its diagram looks like this:

Choleric is an extrovert, neurotic.

Melancholic - introvert, neurotic.

Phlegmatic - introvert, emotional instability.

Sanguine - extrovert, emotional stability.

Eysenck expresses the behavioral, characterological typology as follows:

Similarly, he proposes a schematic relationship between neuroticism and emotional stability:

At the same time, Eysenck notes that reliability is more characteristic of emotional stability than introversion, aggression is more characteristic of neuroticism than of extraversion. However, no one person should be considered as belonging exclusively to one dimension. And here the image of a rope and supports for hanging laundry, which was proposed by Sheldon, would be suitable.

Considering psychoticism, Eysenck confirms the existence of a continuum between the “norm” and extreme psychoticism, which was a denial of the opposition “cyclothymia - schizothymia”. He also identifies certain characteristics of psychoticism, among which are social distance, being in captivity of illusions, lethargy, suspicion, motor restlessness, hallucinations, perversions, mental and mnemonic overactivity, irritability, mania, hysteria, endogenous depression, suicide, guilt. Neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism were discovered by him among students, as well as the working population.

Eysenck's two popular books on research tests mental abilities published in 1962 and 1964. It establishes a negative correlation between intelligence and neuroticism. He also notes changes in the correlation between intelligence and extraversion that occur with age. However, clarifying the correlation as main goal research can be compared to the case when an artist shows paints and demands that people see in them the image of a future masterpiece.

Romenets V.A. Manoha I.P. History of psychology of the 20th century. - Kyiv, Lybid, 200 3

Another well-known personality typology was developed by a British clinical psychophysiologist G. Eysenck. He developed a scale of neuroticism (emotional stability) and linked neuroticism with extraversion - introversion, on the one hand, and types of temperament, on the other (Fig. 2.1).

Rice. 2.1. G. Eysenck model

Extrovert – a person is socially open, prone to increasing social contacts, proactive, adaptable to the situation, impulsive, requiring stimulation from the external environment.

Introvert – a closed person, uncommunicative, self-sufficient, socially passive, immersed within himself. He is inclined to perform work that requires concentration, attentiveness, and individualism.

Emotional stability characterizes a person who is not prone to anxiety, able to win over, striving for leadership, incapable of sympathy, and indifferent to other people’s problems.

Emotional instability characteristic of a person who is anxious, sensitive, obligatory, constantly worried about the fate of his loved ones, and prone to sympathy.

G. Eysenck measures the results on these scales and connects them with types of temperament.

1. Choleric (unstable extrovert) – active, touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, impulsive, optimistic, fickle, susceptible to moods. A choleric person is an impetuous, fast person, capable of working with all his might. He can be a good initiator of change and project manager. But due to his temper and explosive nature, choleric people experience difficulties in communicating with others. He often offends and gets offended himself (although he quickly calms down). The choleric person strives for leadership, but at the same time often fetters the initiative of his colleagues, imposing his vision and his will on them. Choleric people are not good at monotonous, painstaking work.

2. Sanguine (stable extrovert) – sociable, open, accessible, cheerful, optimistic, proactive, personable. A sanguine person is a person with a strong nervous system, he quickly gets along with people, and reacts flexibly to external circumstances. Often he gets excited about an idea, and then loses interest in it, constantly scattering himself. He is a good organizer, proactive, friendly, people are drawn to him (forgiving him for breaking promises); this is the soul of the company. A sanguine person prefers work that requires a transition from one rhythm to another. He loves dynamism and cannot sit still for long. A sanguine person performs worse in routine, monotonous activities.

3. Phlegmatic person (stable introvert) – calm, reliable, even, passive, peace-loving, reasonable, friendly, prudent. A phlegmatic person is a balanced person with a strong nervous system. He is slow, it seems that he is saving his strength, it takes a long time to get ready to do some work, but then he quickly does everything. It is useless to rush and urge a phlegmatic person; he will still work at his own rhythm (slow, leisurely). Outwardly, the phlegmatic is calm, prone to constancy of mood and attachments. He does not like to take initiative; rather, he dreams of not being touched and left alone. It’s quite difficult for a phlegmatic person to get along with people, but he becomes very attached to some people and becomes devoted friends. He works well performing individualized, monotonous, low-speed activities. Does not like dynamic, arrhythmic, urgent work.

4. Melancholic ( unstable introvert) – quiet, reserved, anxious, uncommunicative, pessimistic, prone to reasoning, easily upset, sympathetic. A melancholic person is a person with a weak nervous system who reacts sharply even to small troubles. A melancholic person is characterized by increased excitability, anxiety, uncertainty in own strength. He gets tired easily and cannot stand stress and conflict situations. He is quite touchy, but he hides his resentment, accumulating all the negativity inside himself (at some point it all comes out, scaring those around him). In a calm situation, a melancholic person is a very conscientious, responsible worker, a good worker. He has the gift of empathy, knows how to take the place of another and understand his feelings. This is the “vest” of the company, where you can always cry and receive reassurance and sympathy. In general, melancholic is characterized by the depth and stability of feelings with their weak external manifestation (keeps everything inside). A melancholic person prefers work that is not associated with active communication and excludes strong stress. Does not like dangerous work that requires making responsible decisions.

In the 50s XX century was developed that is interesting and in demand today Myers typology – Briggs (MBTI). The impetus for creating the typology was the problem of employment of American soldiers demobilized from the army. The typology is based on identifying:

Two different ways to replenish energy and focus attention (extraversion - introversion scale) E – I;

Two opposing ways of collecting information (sensory scale - intuition) S - N;

Two different ways of making decisions (logic – ethics scale) T – F;

Two different ways to organize your interaction with outside world(rationality – irrationality scale) J – R.

Initially, four main types can be distinguished on the second and third scale: (1) researchers (intuition + logic), (2) humanists (intuition + ethics), (3) socialists (sensory + ethics), (4) practitioners (sensory + logics).

Then there are 16 personality types: ISTJ (Inspector), ISFJ (Guardian), INFJ (Humanist), 1NTJ (Analyst), ISTP (Master), ISFP (Mediator), INFP (Lyricist), INTP (Critic), ESTP (Marshal) ), ESFP (Politician), ENFP (Adviser), ENTP (Seeker), ESTJ (Administrator), ESFJ (Lover of Life), ENFJ (Mentor), ENTJ (Entrepreneur) (Table 2.2).

MBTI personality typology

Knowing whether an employee belongs to one type or another, it is much easier to influence his behavior. Indeed, all people are different and react differently to the same management influences. Taking into account personality psychology helps make decisions more flexibly and with higher efficiency.

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire- a series of several author’s questionnaires, according to Eysenck, aimed at diagnosing personality, although in fact the questionnaire reveals temperamental characteristics. By Q-L-T classifications refer to Q-data.

History of creation

The first MMQ personality questionnaire

MMQ(Maudsley Medical Questionnaire, from the name of the clinic where Eysenck worked) - a technique proposed in 1947. It was intended to diagnose neuroticism. The questionnaire consists of 40 statements with which the subject is asked to agree (yes) or disagree (no).

Statements were selected from questionnaires already known by that time, and the author relied on clinical descriptions of neurotic disorders. The MMQ was standardized on the basis of a survey of two groups: “neurotics” (1 thousand people) and “normal” (1 thousand people). A detailed analysis of the responses received for each MMQ statement (taking into account differences in psychiatric diagnoses) showed that using the questionnaire, two types of neurotic disorders can be differentiated - hysterical and dysthymic. Based on these results, G. Eysenck suggested that the answers to the MMQ statements will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the position of the subject on the scale of another personality dimension postulated by this researcher - extraversion - introversion. This began work on the construction of a new personality questionnaire. As a result, the MMQ did not find any use in psychodiagnostic research.

Second MPI Personality Inventory

MPI(Maudsley Personality Inventory) - personality questionnaire, published in 1956. It consists of two internal scales: extraversion-introversion and neuroticism, with 24 questions for each scale. Later, 2 empty “masking questions” and 20 questions were also added to form a scale of the subject’s sincerity. There are three answer options: Yes (2 points), Don't know (1 point) and No (0 points). Practical use MPI showed significant discrepancies between the obtained data and the author's theoretical predictions (especially in clinical groups).

Third Personality Inventory EPI

EPI(Eysenck Personality Inventory) was published in 1963 and contains 57 questions, 24 of which are aimed at identifying extraversion-introversion, 24 others - at assessing emotional stability-instability (neuroticism), the remaining 9 constitute a control group of questions designed to assess the sincerity of the subject , its relationship to the survey and the reliability of the results.

G. Eysenck developed two versions of this technique (A and B), which differ only in the text of the questionnaire. The instruction, key and data processing are duplicated. The presence of two forms allows the psychologist to conduct repeated research.

Adapted in Russia by A.G. Shmelev.

Fourth EPQ Personality Questionnaire

EPQ(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) is the result of further research work Hans and Sibylle Eysenck. The EPQ was created in 1968 based on the PEN (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) model proposed by the authors. Thus, a third factor, “psychoticism,” was added to the two-dimensional structure of the previous questionnaires, without changing the original “two-axis concept.

The EPQ consists of 91 statements, to which a further 10 “empty” statements can be added (items 92 to 101).

Theoretical basis

G. Eysenck, having analyzed the materials of a survey of 700 neurotic soldiers, came to the conclusion that the entire set of traits that describe a person can be represented through 2 main factors: extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism.

The first of these factors is biopolar and represents a characteristic of a person’s individual psychological makeup, the extreme poles of which correspond to the personality’s orientation either to the world of external objects (extraversion) or to the subjective inner world(introversion). It is generally accepted that extroverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, behavioral flexibility, great initiative (but little persistence) and high social adaptability. Introverts, on the contrary, are characterized by unsociability, isolation, social passivity (with sufficient persistence), a tendency to introspection and difficulties in social adaptation.

The second factor - neuroticism (or neuroticism) - describes a certain property-state that characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability, anxiety, level of self-esteem and possible autonomic disorders. This factor is also bipolar and forms a scale, at one pole of which there are people characterized by extreme stability, maturity and excellent adaptation, and at the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type. Most of people are located between these poles, closer to the middle (according to the normal distribution).

The intersection of these 2 bipolar characteristics allows us to obtain an unexpected and rather interesting result - a fairly clear classification of a person into one of the four 4 temperaments.

The third factor - psychoticism - was added in the fourth version of the questionnaire and represents a characteristic of the tendency to antisocial behavior and inadequacy emotional reactions. This factor is not bipolar, it is high values may indicate difficulty in social adaptation, although there is no clear justification for the legitimacy of identifying this category, and it is disputed by many foreign researchers.

Processing the results

MPI key

Answers that match the key are scored 2 points, “I don’t know” - 1 point, and answers that do not match - 0 points.

EPI key

EPQ key

Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.

Interpretation of results

MPI

Extraversion:

• from 32 to 48 - “pure” extrovert
• from 16 to 32 - ambivalence, uncertainty
• from 0 to 16 - “pure” introvert

Neuroticism:

• from 32 to 48 - pronounced neuroticism
• from 16 to 32 - average score
• from 0 to 16 - emotional stability

Lie:

• more than 20 - absolute unreliability of results
• from 16 to 20 - questionable result
• from 5 to 15 points - reliable result
• 4 points or less - questionable result

EPI

Extraversion:

• over 19 - bright extrovert,
• over 15 - extrovert
• 12 - average value,
• less than 9 - introvert,
• less than 5 - deep introvert.

Neuroticism:

• more than 19 - very high level neuroticism,
• more than 14 - high level of neuroticism,
• 9 - 13 - average value,
• less than 7 - low level of neuroticism.

Lie:

• more than 4 - insincerity in answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s orientation towards social approval,
• less than 4 is normal.

EPQ

Extraversion:

• more than 15 - “pure” extrovert
• from 7 to 15 - ambivalence, uncertainty
• from 0 to 6 - “pure” introvert

Neuroticism:

• more than 16 - pronounced neuroticism
• from 8 to 16 - average score
• from 0 to 7 - emotional stability

Psychoticism:

• more than 10 - working with people is contraindicated
• from 6 to 10 - there is a tendency towards emotional inadequacy
• from 0 to 5 - absent

Lie:

• more than 10 - unreliable result

Description of scales

Extraversion - introversion

Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, wide circle dating, the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person who is prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values ​​moral standards.

Neuroticism

Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of lability nervous system. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior and situational focus in normal and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, propensity to quick shift moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. Neurotic personality is characterized inadequately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.

The results on the extraversion and neuroticism scales are presented using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is based on psychological characteristics individuals corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.

Psychoticism

This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high conflict, lack of contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, and indifference. According to Eysenck, high performance for extraversion and neuroticism correspond to the psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores for introversion and neuroticism correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression. Neuroticism and psychoticism, in the case of the severity of these indicators, are understood as a “predisposition” to the corresponding types of pathology.

Personality typology

According to Eysenck

Drawing on data from higher physiology nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Thus, using survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to the classification of Pavlov, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).

"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not sufficiently regulate his impulses, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity superficiality and inconstancy are developed.

Choleric is different increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, being carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, lack of restraint, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.

Phlegmatic person characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strengths, brings things to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.

Melancholic. His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, and indecisiveness. IN normal conditions melancholic is a deep, meaningful person who can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, it can turn into a withdrawn, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.

According to Sukhodolsky

On the other hand, as a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain temperamental traits, since in life they are rarely found in their pure form. That is why G.V. Sukhodolsky believes that it is necessary to distinguish not four (“pure” types - this is an abstraction), but nine personality types: the norm and eight accentuations. In addition to the four “pure” types G.V. Sukhodolsky proposed four “intermediate” ones:

• choleric-sanguine (i.e. “pure” extroverted in combination with an average score of neuroticism)
• sanguine-phlegmatic, (i.e. “stable” type combined with extraversion-introversion ambivalence)
• phlegmatic-melancholic, (i.e. “pure” introverted in combination with an average neuroticism score)
• melancholic-choleric, (i.e. “neurotic” type combined with extraversion-introversion ambivalence)
• normal type.

According to G.V. Sukhodolsky, the typology of G. Eysenck, can be represented in the form of a matrix, the rows of which characterize the orientation (introversion; average values; extraversion), the columns correspond to the levels of emotional stability (neuroticism; average values; stability), and the elements - statistically normal and deviating types .

Each personality type corresponds to the following external manifestations:

• Choleric (X)– aggressive, quick-tempered, changing his views/impulsive.
• Choleric-sanguine (CS) type– optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible.
• Sanguine (C)– talkative, quick to react, relaxed, lively.
• Sanguine-phlegmatic (SF) type– carefree, leading”, stable, calm, balanced.
• Phlegmatic (F)– reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable.
• Phlegmatic-melancholic (FM) type- diligent, passive, introvert, quiet, uncommunicative.
• Melancholic (M)– reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid.
• Melancholic-choleric (MX) type– conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless.
• Personality questionnaire EPI (G. Eysenck method) / Almanac of psychological tests - M., 1995. P.217-224.