Emotionally unstable introvert. Analyze the examples given

Introvert- an individual whose mental energy is directed inward towards himself. His thoughts, interests and even actions are directed towards his own “I”. In this regard, introverts tend to be withdrawn and constantly analyze their own mental experiences. They are said to have a weak nervous system, specialized in arousal, but quickly depleted. The predominance of excitation over inhibition is characteristic of the behavior of introverts. Introverts are extremely excitable, and therefore highly sensitive to incoming stimulation.

Extrovert- an individual whose thoughts, feelings, interests and actions are directed towards others, towards objects of the external world. He makes good and easy contact with other people and easily adapts to new situations.

Characterizing a typical extrovert, Eysenck notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, wide circle dating, the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person who is prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values ​​moral standards.

The second factor in Eysenck's stability-neuroticism model is associated with the activity of the limbic system and the strength of the reaction of the autonomic nervous system to a stimulus.

Neuroticism characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. Emotional stability- a trait expressing the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in ordinary and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, propensity to quick shift moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. Neurotic personality is characterized inadequately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. In persons with high performance According to the neuroticism scale, neurosis may develop in unfavorable stressful situations.

Based on the research obtained, Hans Eysenck created what is known to everyone as a personality questionnaire consisting of 57 questions.

The results of the Eysenck test on the extraversion and neuroticism scales are presented using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is based on psychological characteristics individuals corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. G. Eysenck’s Extraversion and Neuroticism Scale

These two factors are statistically independent of each other, and therefore Eysenck distinguishes 4 groups of people:

1. stable introvert (phlegmatic);

2. neurotic introvert (melancholic);

3. stable extrovert (sanguine);

4. neurotic extrovert (choleric).

These four categories of people represent some combination of a high or low score in one type range along with a high or low score in another type range. Each type is associated with characteristics whose names resemble descriptions of personality traits.

Choleric – a fast, impetuous person, capable of devoting himself to a task with exceptional passion, but not balanced, prone to violent emotional outbursts, sudden changes moods. Extrovert, emotionally unstable.

Sanguine - a person who is lively, active, quickly responds to surrounding events, and experiences failures and troubles relatively easily. Extrovert, emotionally stable.

Phlegmatic person - a slow, imperturbable person, with stable aspirations and a more or less constant mood, with weak external expression states of mind. Introvert, emotionally stable.

Melancholic – an easily vulnerable person, inclined to deeply experience even minor failures, but outwardly reacting sluggishly to his surroundings. Introvert, emotionally unstable.

Most people are closer to the middle point - in both ranges of types, and therefore do not receive such extreme variants of characteristics as presented above.

Eysenck believed that no combination of these types could be preferable to another, they were simply different.

Personality questionnaire Hans Eysenck (EPI) will help you find out your temperament, determine the type of temperament taking into account introversion and extroversion of the individual, as well as emotional stability.

Diagnosis of self-esteem according to G. Eysenck is, perhaps, a classic method for determining temperament and one of the most significant in modern psychology.

By passing the Eysenck temperament test, you will be able to better know your own Self.

Personality questionnaire of G. Eysenck. (EPI temperament test. Diagnosis of self-esteem according to Eysenck. Methodology for determining temperament): Instructions. You are asked to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at identifying your usual way of behavior. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first “natural” answer that comes to your mind. If you agree with the statement, put a + (yes) sign next to its number; if not, put a - (no) sign next to its number.

1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences, to “shake yourself up”, to experience excitement?

2. Do you often need friends who understand you and can encourage or console you?

3. Are you a carefree person?

4. Do you find it very difficult to answer “no”?

5. Do you think before you take action?

6. If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?

7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

8. Do you usually act and speak quickly without thinking?

9. Do you often feel like an unhappy person without good reason?

10. Would you do almost anything on a dare?

11. Do you feel shy and embarrassed when you want to start a conversation with an attractive person of the opposite sex?

12. Do you sometimes lose your temper and get angry?

13. Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?

14. Do you often worry because you have done or said something that you should not have done or said?

15. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?

16. Are you easily offended?

17. Do you often like to be in companies?

18. Do you have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything is burning in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?

20. Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?

21. Do you often dream?

22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?

23. Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?

24. Are all your habits good and desirable?

25. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have fun in company?

26. Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?

27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

28. Do you often, after doing something important, feel that you could have done it better?

29. Are you more silent when you are around other people?

30. Do you sometimes gossip?

31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?

32. If you want to know about something, would you rather read about it in a book than ask?

33. Do you have palpitations?

34. Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?

35. Do you have tremors?

36. Would you always pay for baggage transportation if you weren’t afraid of being checked?

37. Is it unpleasant for you to be in a society where people make fun of each other?

38. Are you irritable?

39. Do you like work that requires quick action?

40. Are you worried about some unpleasant events that might happen?

41. Do you walk slowly and deliberately?

42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?

43. Do you often have nightmares?

44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you never miss an opportunity to talk with stranger?

45. Do you have any pain?

46. ​​You would feel very unhappy if long time were deprived of wide communication with people?

47. Can you name yourself nervous person?

48. Are there people among your acquaintances whom you clearly do not like?

49. Would you say that you are a very confident person?

50. Are you easily offended when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal failures?

51. Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy a party?

52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?

53. Is it easy for you to bring some life into a rather boring company?

54. Does it happen that you talk about things you don’t understand?

55. Are you worried about your health?

56. Do you like to make fun of others?

57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Extraversion - introversion:

“yes” (+): 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56;

“no” (-): 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.

Neuroticism (emotional stability - emotional instability):

“yes” (+): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.

"Lie Scale":

“yes” (+): 6, 24, 36;

“no” (-): 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.

If you score 12 or more points on the first scale, then you are an extrovert (12-18 points - moderate extroversion, 19-24 - significant), if you have less than 12 points, then you are an introvert (1-7 points - significant , 8-11 – moderate introversion).

If you have 12 or less points on the second scale, then you are emotionally stable (up to 10 points - high stability, 11-12 points - average); if more than 12 points, then you are emotionally unstable (15-18 points - high, 19-24 points - very high instability).

If you scored more than 4 points, then your answers were not always sincere and indicate a person’s tendency to focus on good impression about myself.

EXTROVERTS- people focused on the world around us, spontaneous, active, open in emotional manifestations, loving movement and risk. They are characterized by impulsiveness, behavioral flexibility, sociability and social adaptability. Usually these are active noisy people, “the soul of the company”, ringleaders, excellent businessmen and organizers, have external charm, and are straightforward in their judgments. As a rule, they are guided by external assessment, so they can pass exams well, are drawn to new impressions and sensations, are optimistic, and cope well with work that requires quick adoption solutions. At the same time, extroverts are prone to accidents.

INTROVERTS- people for whom the greatest interest is the phenomena of their own inner world, for them their theories and assessments of reality are more important than reality itself. They are prone to reflection, introspection, unsociable, withdrawn and have difficulty in social adaptation and are often socially passive. Usually they are more sensitive to external stimuli, they recognize colors and sounds more accurately, they are more careful, accurate and pedantic, they show best results According to intelligence tests, they study better than others at school and university, and cope better with monotonous work. Bosses who hold high positions that do not require constant communication with people are most often introverts.

NEUROTICISM– the result of imbalance in the processes of excitation and inhibition. It manifests itself as emotional instability, imbalance of neuropsychic processes. At one pole of neuroticism ( high marks) are neurotics, on the other (low scores) are emotionally stable individuals, characterized by confidence, calmness, poise. The distance of indicators from the center on the measurement scale indicates the degree of deviation from the average value.

Using the questionnaire, you can also determine your temperament type. If you plot the coordinates on a piece of paper and plot the scores (from 0 to 24) along the axes stability (stability) - neuroticism and introversion-extroversion, then the combination of characteristics will indicate the type of temperament. In the upper right part (unstable extroverts) there will be choleric people; in the lower right part - sanguine people; in the lower left - phlegmatic and in the upper left - melancholic.

CHOLERICK– characterized high level mental activity, energy of action, sharpness, swiftness, force of movements, their fast pace, impetuosity. He is prone to sudden mood swings, quick-tempered, impatient, prone to emotional breakdowns, and sometimes aggressive. In the absence of proper upbringing, lack of emotional balance can lead to an inability to control one's emotions in difficult life situations.

SANGUINE– characterized by high mental activity, efficiency, swiftness and vivacity of movements, variety and richness of facial expressions, fast speech. They strive for frequent changes impressions, easily and quickly respond to surrounding events, and are sociable. Emotions - mostly positive - arise quickly and quickly change. Experiences failures relatively easily and quickly. Under unfavorable conditions and negative educational influences, mobility can result in a lack of concentration, unjustified haste in actions, and superficiality.

PHLEGMATIC PERSON– this type of temperament is characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness, and inexpressive facial expressions. He does not easily switch from one type of activity to another and has difficulty adapting to new environment. A phlegmatic person has a calm, even mood. Feelings and moods are usually constant. Under unfavorable conditions, he may develop lethargy, poverty of emotions, and a tendency to perform monotonous actions.

MELANCHOLIC– characterized by a low level of mental activity, slowness of movements, restraint of facial expressions and speech, and rapid fatigue. It is distinguished by its high emotional sensitivity to the events happening to him, usually accompanied increased anxiety, depth and stability of emotions when they are weak external manifestation, and predominate negative emotions. Under unfavorable conditions, a melancholic person may develop increased emotional vulnerability, isolation, alienation, fear of new situations, people and various kinds of tests.

Another well-known personality typology was developed by a British clinical psychophysiologist G. Eysenck. He developed a scale of neuroticism (emotional stability) and linked neuroticism with extraversion - introversion, on the one hand, and types of temperament, on the other (Fig. 2.1).

Rice. 2.1. G. Eysenck model

Extrovert – a person is socially open, prone to increasing social contacts, proactive, adaptable to the situation, impulsive, requiring stimulation from the external environment.

Introvert – a closed person, uncommunicative, self-sufficient, socially passive, immersed within himself. He is inclined to perform work that requires concentration, attentiveness, and individualism.

Emotional stability characterizes a person who is not prone to anxiety, able to win over, striving for leadership, incapable of sympathy, and indifferent to other people’s problems.

Emotional instability characteristic of a person who is anxious, sensitive, obligatory, constantly worried about the fate of his loved ones, and prone to sympathy.

G. Eysenck measures the results on these scales and connects them with types of temperament.

1. Choleric (unstable extrovert) – active, touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, impulsive, optimistic, fickle, susceptible to moods. A choleric person is an impetuous, fast person, capable of working with all his might. He can be a good initiator of change and project manager. But due to his temper and explosive nature, choleric people experience difficulties in communicating with others. He often offends and gets offended himself (although he quickly calms down). The choleric person strives for leadership, but at the same time often fetters the initiative of his colleagues, imposing his vision and his will on them. Choleric people are not good at monotonous, painstaking work.

2. Sanguine (stable extrovert) – sociable, open, accessible, cheerful, optimistic, proactive, personable. A sanguine person is a person with a strong nervous system, he quickly gets along with people, reacts flexibly to external circumstances. Often he gets excited about an idea, and then loses interest in it, constantly scattering himself. He is a good organizer, proactive, friendly, people are drawn to him (forgiving him for breaking promises); this is the soul of the company. A sanguine person prefers work that requires a transition from one rhythm to another. He loves dynamism and cannot sit still for long. A sanguine person performs worse in routine, monotonous activities.

3. Phlegmatic person (stable introvert) – calm, reliable, even, passive, peace-loving, reasonable, friendly, prudent. A phlegmatic person is a balanced person with a strong nervous system. He is slow, it seems that he is saving his strength, it takes a long time to get ready to do some work, but then he quickly does everything. It is useless to rush and urge a phlegmatic person; he will still work at his own rhythm (slow, leisurely). Outwardly, the phlegmatic is calm, prone to constancy of mood and attachments. He does not like to take initiative; rather, he dreams of not being touched and left alone. It is quite difficult for a phlegmatic person to get along with people, but he becomes very attached to some and becomes loyal friends. He works well performing individualized, monotonous, low-speed activities. Does not like dynamic, arrhythmic, urgent work.

4. Melancholic ( unstable introvert) – quiet, reserved, anxious, uncommunicative, pessimistic, prone to reasoning, easily upset, sympathetic. A melancholic person is a person with a weak nervous system who reacts sharply even to small troubles. A melancholic person is characterized by increased excitability, anxiety, uncertainty in own strength. He gets tired easily and cannot stand stress and conflict situations. He is quite touchy, but he hides his resentment, accumulating all the negativity inside himself (at some point it all comes out, scaring those around him). In a calm situation, a melancholic person is a very conscientious, responsible worker, a good worker. He has the gift of empathy, knows how to take the place of another and understand his feelings. This is the “vest” of the company, where you can always cry and receive reassurance and sympathy. In general, melancholic is characterized by the depth and stability of feelings with their weak external manifestation (keeps everything inside). A melancholic person prefers work that is not associated with active communication and excludes strong stress. Does not like dangerous work that requires making responsible decisions.

In the 50s XX century was developed that is interesting and in demand today Myers typology – Briggs (MBTI). The impetus for creating the typology was the problem of employment of American soldiers demobilized from the army. The typology is based on identifying:

Two different ways to replenish energy and focus attention (extraversion - introversion scale) E – I;

Two opposing ways of collecting information (sensory scale - intuition) S - N;

Two different ways of making decisions (logic – ethics scale) T – F;

Two different ways to organize your interaction with outside world(rationality – irrationality scale) J – R.

Initially, four main types can be distinguished on the second and third scale: (1) researchers (intuition + logic), (2) humanists (intuition + ethics), (3) socialists (sensory + ethics), (4) practitioners (sensory + logics).

Then there are 16 personality types: ISTJ (Inspector), ISFJ (Guardian), INFJ (Humanist), 1NTJ (Analyst), ISTP (Master), ISFP (Mediator), INFP (Lyricist), INTP (Critic), ESTP (Marshal) ), ESFP (Politician), ENFP (Adviser), ENTP (Seeker), ESTJ (Administrator), ESFJ (Lover of Life), ENFJ (Mentor), ENTJ (Entrepreneur) (Table 2.2).

MBTI personality typology

Knowing whether an employee belongs to one type or another, it is much easier to influence his behavior. Indeed, all people are different and react differently to the same management influences. Taking into account personality psychology helps make decisions more flexibly and with higher efficiency.

It has long been noted that different people learn foreign languages ​​in different ways. That's why this exists large number methods of learning a foreign language. There are always people who show brilliant results using a certain method, and those who fail when training using the same method.

Communicative methodology refers to those methods where personal characteristics people play a huge role, unlike, for example, classical technique. The communicative methodology is focused primarily on the development oral speech when communicating with other people, and such human qualities as sociability, relaxedness, talkativeness, the ability to improvise and cheerfulness have great value and largely determine the successful final result.

The teacher should certainly take these into account. personal qualities students and, perhaps, somehow adjust the methodology and approach to teaching depending on these qualities.

Let's consider how the main types of human personality correlate with communicative techniques.

EXTROVERTS

Extroverts are people who usually perform quite well when taught using a communicative method. Communication, participation in play scenes, spontaneity, improvisation - this is what they love and know how to do.

Emotionally stable extroverts (sanguine people)

A sanguine person usually speaks loudly, quickly and clearly, accompanying his speech with facial expressions and gestures. He is calm, businesslike and always open to any communication. Like any extrovert, he “doesn’t go to great lengths for words,” both in his native language and in the language he is learning. A sanguine person is ready to participate in any educational and speech situations, is not afraid to speak and is not shy about anyone. He willingly completes any tasks offered by the teacher, and usually there is no need to specially invent anything for him.

The only problem that a sanguine person can create in a group lesson is that with his confidence and assertiveness he sometimes suppresses other, more closed introverted students who become silent when they hear his loud and authoritative speech.

Emotionally unstable extrovert (choleric)

He speaks quickly, with confused intonations. He is active when speaking: he gestures, moves and openly expresses his emotions. At the same time, he is impatient and is always ready to jump up from his seat to take part in a scene or dialogue being played out.

If he is interested in what he is doing, success can be said to be guaranteed. However, it is difficult for him to do the same thing. Therefore, to practice any material, he always needs to be given different tasks, for example, select different dialogues and scenes, even with the same vocabulary.

At group classes Another problem arises with such people: he constantly wants to talk and sometimes does not allow other students to get a word in edgewise. He does not care whether he knows what to say or not, whether he can or cannot: he will conduct the dialogue with interjections, gestures, in separate words etc. In such a situation, you need to either select a partner for him who “can stand up for himself,” or think through special roles for him in educational and speech situations. For example, the role of a judge in resolving a conflict will moderate his ardor, forcing him to portray a calm and important person, and the role of a policeman may transfer his verbal energy into a motor channel, where he can actively move or show something with gestures.

If something doesn’t work out for a choleric person, he quickly loses self-control and needs help. moral support. In this case, you can give him a task that he can definitely handle: he will immediately perk up and again take an active part in the lesson.

INTROVERTS

Introverts who study using the communicative method do not have it as easy as extroverts. What they don't like too much - spontaneous communication With different people, sometimes without preliminary preparation– forms the basis of communication methodology. In order for classes with these natural silent people to be successful, the teacher must take into account the characteristics of their personality. If, for example, an extrovert easily begins to use new words and expressions in oral speech, then it is advisable for an introvert to first write them down in a dictionary or somehow become familiar with them in advance. An extrovert will immediately take part in any unprepared dialogue or scene; an introvert will be more comfortable if he knows in advance what he needs to talk about and in what role to act. Extroverts do not like written work and become bored with repetition; an introvert, on the contrary, is successful and calm in such situations.

Emotionally stable introvert (phlegmatic)

The speech of a phlegmatic person is calm, even and without pronounced emotions. He is characterized by pauses in conversation, and sometimes he prefers to remain silent altogether. The volume of his statements is usually small, as on native language. He does not like the new and unexpected and always prefers to get acquainted with educational material. It is usually difficult for a phlegmatic person to start a conversation. He needs to collect his thoughts and think through what he will talk about. The phlegmatic person likes those play scenes and dialogues where he will have to talk as little as possible. However, constantly giving him roles with few words may not be a good idea. It is much better to sometimes pull him out of his comfort zone by inviting him to participate in situations that will require his emotions and more words

Emotionally unstable introvert(melancholic)

This is perhaps the most complex type for teaching using communicative methods. Outwardly, a melancholic person may look like a phlegmatic person, but internally he always experiences his failures hard and takes a long time to recover from failures. A melancholic person has weak, irregular speech, sometimes reduced to a whisper. He is shy, inactive, timid and uncommunicative. During class, he often sits with his head down, immersed in his own closed little world, from which he does not want to leave. Most melancholic people experience discomfort when speaking in front of an audience, even a small one. The most difficult thing for them is starting a conversation, which they never try to maintain. In order for the training of a melancholic person to be successful, he must be given special attention. Teaching is a creative endeavor, but some general recommendations on teaching melancholic people oral speech foreign language can be given.

1. There is no need to involve a melancholic person in active dialogues and encourage him to do oral tasks until he gets comfortable in the classroom and gets used to the people around him.

2. At first, it is better not to invite a melancholic person to participate in conversations about all sorts of abstract and complex topics. Let him participate in simple everyday dialogues.

3. A melancholic person does not like to take part in noisy game situations, where several people are occupied, but prefers to conduct a dialogue with his neighbor on the desk, to which he is already accustomed. Perhaps one day he will get the hang of it and want to take part in something himself.

4. It is advisable to work with an introvert in advance specific algorithm conducting dialogue. This is useful for all students, but for a melancholic person it may be vital. For a long time he will not start a dialogue himself, but with the help of certain, pre-worked expressions like “Oh, I didn’t know that! Really?”, etc. will show his interest in the dialogue and become a full participant, albeit in the role of a listener.

It is necessary to teach the introvert phrases that will help him fill pauses in the conversation and give him the opportunity to collect his thoughts: “Just a moment”, “Let me see”, “Could you repeat, please?”, “Could you speak slower?”, etc. It will be easier for a melancholic person to continue the dialogue if he learns to ask his interlocutor again, at least in monosyllables: “Cold?”, “Hot?”, “Is it?”, “Really? Did she?

5. If possible, a melancholic person should be given topics for dialogue in advance so that he can prepare for them, and sometimes write down the expected answer on paper. This will give him the opportunity to confidently participate in the conversation. A successfully conducted dialogue, in turn, will inspire a melancholic person prone to self-judgmental reflection to participate in other, already unprepared dialogues.

Of course, all this will require the teacher individual approach to the student. You may have to come up with something and look for non-standard tasks. In addition, in order to make a melancholic person talk, you need to spend emotional energy. Attempts to attract more talkative extroverted students to this usually do not lead to good: they will talk all the time, and the melancholic person will remain silent.

It is very important not to demand from a melancholic person quick results and don’t despair that he is silent all the time. He doesn’t always speak his native language willingly, often getting off with monosyllabic answers “yes” and “no.” If, for example, a person is not able to clearly tell in his native language why he liked or disliked a film, it is difficult to expect that he will easily do this in a foreign language.

Typically benefits based on communication techniques, offer a large number of educational and speech situations, dialogues and skits on various topics and suitable for different students. In addition, a melancholic person can always be given written work, for which he will receive a good mark.

Of course, in life we ​​usually encounter less pronounced types of students. In addition, as children grow older, when self-control increases, the situation itself becomes easier. For adult students, the difference between extroverts and introverts is not as noticeable as for children. However, knowledge of these psychological characteristics can increase the effectiveness of classes and help create a comfortable environment in foreign language classes.

Alexandra Fomina

Materials used:

M. L. Vaisburd, E. V. Kuzmina “Role individual characteristics students when teaching foreign language speech communication"

1. Personality is the result of the interaction of the abilities, past experiences and expectations of the individual, on the one hand, and environment- on the other hand, in the opinion of:

a) behaviorists;

b) gestaltists;

c) psychoanalysts;

d) cognitive scientists.

2. A person’s personality largely determines his assessment of the situation, as well as where control over his actions comes from, according to:

a) behaviorists;

b) gestaltists;

c) Freudians;

d) cognitive scientists.

3. The influence of intellectual processes on human behavior is emphasized by personality theory:

a) analytical;

b) humanistic;

c) cognitive;

d) active.

4. J. Kelly believes that a cognitively complex person differs from a cognitively simple person in that:

a) has better mental health;

b) copes with stress worse;

c) has more low level self-esteem;

d) less adaptive to society.

5. The main concept in the cognitive theory of personality is:

a) “scheme”;

b) “model”;

c) “construct”;

d) “installation”.

6. Key concept analytical psychology- This:

a) artifact;

b) archetype;

a) E. Erickson;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) K. Rogers;

d) J. Kelly.

8. Method semantic differential suggested:

a) K. Spearman;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) Ch. Osgood;

d) J. Kelly.

9. The metatheory, which was the basis for research into “implicit theories of personality,” became:

a) the theory of cognitive dissonance;

b) concept personal constructs J. Kelly;

c) balance theory;

a) L. Festinger;

b) K. Levin;

c) W. James;

d) P.V. Simonov.

11. Theories personality traits try to describe a person's personality based on:

d) his individual psychological characteristics.

12. The principle of functional autonomy is justified:

a) K. Rogers;

b) A. Maslow;

c) G. Allport;

d) K. Jung.

13. Personality theory that denies the presence common factor that determines behavior is called a theory:

a) symbolic interactionism;

b) multifactorial;

c) sociotechnical systems;

d) indeterminism.

14. K. Spence’s theory of personality is a theory of personality:

a) behaviorist;

b) psychoanalytic;

c) humanistic;

d) associationist.

a) one-factor;

b) two-factor;

c) three-factor;

d) four-factor.

16. Interactionism as a direction in modern Western psychology is based on the concept:

a) R. Burns;

b) E. Berna;

c) J. Mead;

d) J. Moreno.

17. In G. Eysenck’s personality scheme, two dimensions are distinguished: stability/instability and:

a) mobility/balance;

b) extraversion/introversion;

c) extrapunity/intropunity;

d) psychoticism/depression.

18. Introversion and extraversion, according to Rorschach:

a) non-opposite and non-mutually exclusive personality traits;

b) similar properties personalities;

V) necessary conditions for diseases of neuroses;

d) tendencies that are more or less inherent in everyone.

19. Neuroticism as a personality trait is included in the personality structure:

a) according to K. Horney;

b) according to Z. Freud;

c) according to G. Eysenck;

d) according to E. Bern.

20. According to the concept of G. Eysenck, an emotionally unstable introvert is:

a) choleric;

b) melancholic;

c) sanguine;

d) phlegmatic.

21. Personality is considered as a set of behavioral characteristics in the concept:

a) J. Cattell;

b) K. Leonhard;

c) E. Berna;

d) A. Maslow.

22. The center of consciousness and one of the key archetypes of personality, according to K. Jung’s theory of personality, is:

a) ego;

b) person;

d) self.

23. The concept of “inferiority complex” was introduced into scientific terminology by:

b) A. Adler;

c) S. Freud;

d) K. Rogers.

24. Any behavior is determined by its consequences:

a) according to B. Skinner;

b) according to J. Watson;

c) according to A. Bandura;

d) according to W. Köhler.

25. The behaviorist approach views a person as the result of:

a) understanding the consequences of his behavior;

b) cognitive interpretation of various situations;

c) conflicts between cognitive forces and reality;

d) interactions between people.

26. A direction in psychology that has focused its research not on the connection between stimulus and response, but on the nature of their relationship, is called:

a) neo-behaviourism;

b) interbehaviorism;

c) social behaviorism;

d) neurolinguistic programming.

27. Strict correspondence between certain biological structures of a person and his certain personal properties tries to establish the direction of the dispositional theory of personality:

a) hard;

b) soft;

c) formal-dynamic;

d) structural and content.

28. Among the “hard” structural models of personality, the most famous is the personality model constructed:

a) A. Maslow;

b) G. Allport;

c) G. Eysenck;

d) K. Rogers.

29. The founder of trait theory is:

a) G. Allport;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) K. Rogers;

d) K. Levin.

30. Founder psychodynamic theory personality is:

b) A. Adler;

c) S. Freud;

d) E. Fromm.

31. Personality trait theories attempt to describe a person's personality based on:

a) his physical constitution;

b) those models that he imitates;

c) factors controlling his actions;

d) individual characteristics of the subject.

32. S. Freud’s psychoanalytic concept of personality refers to:

a) to theories of personality traits;

b) to theories of personality types;

c) to theories of personality instances;

d) to factor theories of personality.

33. Considering the mental structure of a person, S. Freud showed that the pleasure principle is guided by:

a) "It"

c) “Super-I”;

d) "Super-ego".

34. According to Z. Freud, the unconscious is an instance of the psyche:

a) asocial;

b) immoral;

c) illogical;

d) healthy.

35. In S. Freud’s theory, they are not considered as a principle of regulation mental life personality principles:

a) reality;

b) pleasure;

c) constancy;

d) reflections.

36. Many personality traits are determined by sexual desires suppressed in childhood, according to:

a) associationism;

b) behaviorism;

c) cognitivism;

d) psychoanalysis.

37. S. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops at the stage:

a) oral;

b) anal;

c) phallic;

d) genital.

38. The principle that a person's feelings and behavior should be considered inappropriate when his interpretation of situations is based on irrational thoughts, is the basis of the approach:

a) behavioral;

b) cognitive;

c) active;

d) psychoanalytic.

39. The problem of mechanisms psychological protection I was first developed by:

a) in Gestalt psychology;

b) in humanistic psychology;

c) in behaviorism;

d) in psychoanalysis.

40. Guarantor psychological security is not:

a) adequate self-esteem;

b) a sense of belonging to a group;

c) a tendency to supra-situational activity;

d) rigidity of thinking.

41. Psychological defense as a consequence of contradictions in the structure of the “I” is considered by:

a) neo-Freudianism;

b) personalistic theories;

c) domestic psychology;

d) cognitive psychology.

42. Replacing an action with an inaccessible object with an action with an accessible one is called:

a) rationalization;

b) repression;

c) forgetting;

d) transfer.

43. Substitution cannot occur:

a) in a change in feelings;

b) in changing motives;

c) in changing personality relationships to the opposite;

d) in regression.

44. The transformation of the energy of instinctive drives into socially acceptable methods of activity is called:

a) rationalization;

b) identification;

c) sublimation;

d) repression.

45. A return to ontogenetically earlier, infantile behavioral strategies is called:

a) denial;

b) regression;

c) repression;

d) suppression.

46. ​​The concept of “sublimation” was introduced into the scientific dictionary:

a) K. Jung;

b) A. Adler;

c) Z. Freud;

d) G. Helmholtz.

47. The essence of projection is:

a) attributing one’s own feelings to other people;

b) in the orientation of behavior towards an accessible goal;

c) in denial of real facts;

d) in choosing behavior opposite to the suppressed one.

48. More mature psychological mechanism protection is considered:

a) denial;

b) repression;

c) projection;

a) projection;

b) repression;

c) sublimation;

d) suppression.

50. One form of psychological defense helps to cope with the Oedipus complex. This:

a) repression;

b) projection;

c) identification;

d) sublimation.

51. In a girl, the Oedipus complex corresponds to the following complex:

a) Electra;

b) Aphrodite;

d) A. Freud.

52. According to A. Adler, an inferiority complex is not:

a) a consequence of a defect;

b) universal driving force personality development;

c) a consequence of frustration of the need to overcome unfavorable circumstances;

d) a force inhibiting development.

53. According to A. Adler, the tendency to be late for dates or the need to arouse admiration at any cost is a consequence of:

a) inferiority complex;

b) superiority complex;

c) feelings of inferiority;

d) inadequately resolved Oedipus complex.

54. According to humanistic theories self-realization is closely related:

a) with a superiority complex;

b) with self-respect;

c) with a revaluation of one’s own “I”;

d) with the ability to love.

55. Only observable behavior can be described objectively, according to:

a) gestaltists;

b) Freudians;

c) behaviorists;

d) cognitive scientists.

56. Human behavior in problematic situation, based on a selection of “blind” motor tests that only by chance lead to success, explained:

a) psychology of consciousness;

b) Gestalt psychology;

c) behaviorism;

d) psychoanalysis.

57. As elements of personality, the behaviorist theory of personality calls:

a) deposits;

b) reflexes or social skills;

c) abilities;

d) temperament.

58. One of the founders social learning in the behavioral theory of personality is:

a) J. Watson;

b) B. Skinner;

c) A. Bandura;

d) K. Horney.

59. According to A. Bandura, the formation of confidence in what a person can and cannot do is determined by:

a) 3 main conditions;

b) 4 main conditions;

c) 5 basic conditions;

d) 6 basic conditions.

60. According to E. Sheldon’s typology, a person of the ectomorphic type is:

a) shy, prefers mental work;

b) strong, muscular, dynamic and prone to dominance;

c) fat, round, cheerful and sociable;

d) small, fragile and most often extroverted.

61. The origins of neuroses are in anxiety that arises in interpersonal relationships, sees:

a) K. Horney;

b) G. Sullivan;

c) E. Fromm;

d) E. Erickson.

62. At the heart human nature lies the intention, which determines the goals and expectations of each person, according to:

a) E. Erickson;

b) K. Buhler;

c) E. Sheldon;

d) A. Vallon.

63. The “flourishing” of a person depends on how a person copes with each of the eight psychosocial crises through which he goes through in his life, according to:

a) E. Erickson;

b) K. Buhler;

c) A. Vallon;

d) A. Maslow.

64. Human nature can only be known through affective experience, through which it is expressed “in this place and at this time,” according to personality theories:

a) behavioral;

b) humanistic;

c) psychoanalytic;

d) cognitivist.

65. Personality is considered as a set of self-states in the concept:

a) K. Rogers;

b) A. Bandura;

c) E. Berna;