PEASANT WARS IN RUSSIA IN THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES. PLAN. INTRODUCTION 1. TIMES OF TROUBLES. 1. The causes of the peasant war at the beginning of the 11th century. 2. Peasant war of the beginning of the 17th century 3. A look at the events of the beginning of the 17th century as a civil war in Russia 2. UPRISING UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF S. T. RAZIN. 2.1. Progress of the uprising 16 2.2. V. M. Solovyov about the Razin movement 3. PEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF E.I. PUGACHEV. 1. Events leading up to the start of the war 24 3.2. The course of the peasant war. 5. Some features of the Pugachva movement. 28 CONCLUSION 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY 31 INTRODUCTION. The 17th century in the history of our country is a remarkable time, a turning point, filled with stormy and heroic events.

This is the time when the era of the Middle Ages ends, the era of a new period, late feudalism, begins.

Despite the keen interest in the 17th century, its serious study in historical science began quite late. True, historians of the 18th century already left us their judgments, but very general ones, about the previous century. The well-known theory of enslavement and emancipation of classes comes from the legal school: in the 16th-19th centuries, the state, with the help of laws, enslaved all classes and forced them to serve its interests. Then the decree of 1762 on noble freedom gradually liberated the nobles, then the merchants letter of merit cities in 1785 and peasants decree of 1861 on the abolition of serfdom.

This scheme is very far from reality. The feudal lords, as is known, have constituted the ruling class since the time of Kievan Rus, and the peasants have been the exploited class, while the state acted as the defender of the interests of the feudal lords. According to the point of view of historians public school, the struggle of classes and estates was regarded as a manifestation of an anti-state, anarchic principle.

The peasants are not the main driving force of the uprisings, but a passive mass, capable only of escaping from their masters or following the Cossacks during the years of numerous unrest, when the latter sought to plunder without obeying the organized principle - the state. Problem social world And social conflicts has always been and remains relevant for our country. Soviet historians as the basis for studying the history of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. put forward the idea of ​​​​the leading importance of two factors of economic development and class struggle.

The development of the economy, the evolution of classes and estates, is significantly inhibited by the serfdom regime, which reached its apogee precisely in these centuries. The tightening of exploitation by feudal lords and state punitive bodies causes increased protest from the lower ranks. No wonder contemporaries called the 17th century rebellious. History of class struggle in Russia XVII-XVIII centuries is the subject of close attention, but to which various judgments have been made.

There is no unity among historians in assessing the first and second Peasant Wars, their chronological framework, stages, effectiveness, historical role and others. For example, some researchers reduce the first of them to the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov of 1606-1607, others include in it the Khlopok uprising of 1603, hunger riots of 1601-1603, popular movements of the time of the first and second impostors, both militias and so on, right up to the peasant-Cossack uprisings of 1613-1614 and even 1617-1618.

Some authors, adhering to the old tradition, call the Moscow uprisings of 1682 and 1698 reactionary riots directed against Peter’s reforms, although the latter had not yet begun. Other historians consider these uprisings to be complex, controversial, but overall anti-feudal uprisings. Research on these and other issues is ongoing broad front this is the publication of chronicle sources, discharge, ambassadorial, boyar books, documents on the history of popular uprisings, culture, etc., their comparative study, preparation of books on to a wide circle problems of socio-economic, political, cultural development of the country in one of the turning points in national history.

In this work I will try to consider the history of the Peasant Wars in Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries. taking into account different points view based on scientific monographs and articles by historians of the 19th-20th centuries. The work also used documents on the history of peasant wars in Russia 1. TIME OF TROUBLES. 1. The causes of the peasant war at the beginning of the 17th century. At the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, the Russian state entered a period of deep state-political, socio-economic, structural crisis, the roots of which went back to the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible.

Livonian War, oprichnina terror and growth feudal exploitation caused the collapse of the country's economy, which led to an economic crisis, which, in turn, stimulated the strengthening of serfdom.

Against this background, social tension inevitably grew among the lower classes. On the other hand, the nobility also experienced social dissatisfaction, which claimed to expand its rights and privileges, which would be more consistent with its increased role in the state. The political causes of the unrest were very deep. The autocratic tyrannical model of the relationship between government and society, embodied by Ivan the Terrible, in the conditions of a changed social structure, has proven its limitations. In a state that has already ceased to be a collection of isolated lands and principalities, but has not yet turned into an organic whole, the most difficult question- who and how can influence government decision-making.

The political crisis also led to a dynastic crisis, which was associated with the suppression of the dynasty of Moscow kings - the descendants of Ivan Kalita after the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich on May 15, 1591, many contemporaries blamed Boris Godunov for his death, although the materials of the investigative commission spoke of the opposite and the death of no heir. Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich on January 6, 1598. The election of Boris Godunov, who had been the de facto ruler of Russia since 1587, to the throne in February 1598, did not solve the problem.

On the contrary, contradictions intensified among the elite groups of the Moscow boyars. The situation was complicated by the widespread spread since the mid-80s. legends about the prince-savior, which undermined the authority of Tsar Boris, who did not have the advantages of a hereditary monarch.

Achievements of Boris Godunov's policies in the 90s. XVI century were fragile, because they were based on the overstrain of the country’s socio-economic potential, which inevitably led to a social explosion. Dissatisfaction covered all layers of society, the nobility and the boyars were outraged by the curtailment of their tribal rights, the serving nobility was not satisfied with the government’s policy, which was unable to stop the flight of peasants, which significantly reduced the profitability of their estates, the townspeople opposed the township structure and increased tax oppression, Orthodox clergy was dissatisfied with the reduction of its privileges and strict subordination to autocratic power.

At the beginning of the century, the country was struck by a terrible crop failure. This disaster brought the country's main tax population to complete ruin. A wave of numerous unrest and uprisings of the starving common people is growing. Government troops had difficulty suppressing such riots. However Peasant Wars differ from peasant uprisings of this kind. They cover a significant territory of the country and unite the entire set of powerful popular movements, often representing heterogeneous forces. In the peasant war it works standing army rebels, the country splits into two parts, in one of which is the power of the rebels, and in the other - the power of the king. The slogans of the peasant war are of an all-Russian nature.

In the Peasant War of the early 17th century, three large periods stand out: the first period 1603-1605, the most important event of which there was the Khlopok uprising, the second period 1606-1607 - a peasant uprising under the leadership of I. I. Bolotnikov, the third period 1608-1615 - the decline of the Peasant War, accompanied by a number of major uprisings of peasants, townspeople, Cossacks, etc. 17.106. 1.2.

Peasant War of the early 17th century

A leader also appeared - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. I. However, one should not attach too much importance to this of great importance social... Strength for complete blockade the capital was not enough, and this gave the opportunity to Shuis... V. Shuisky himself spoke out against the rebels and in June 1607.

A look at the events of the early 17th century as a civil war in Russia

A look at the events of the early 17th century as a civil war in Russia. ...Who, after all, were the Cossacks the Vanguard of the revolutionary peasantry or... It has been proven that one of the main springs of the development of the Troubles was the antagonism... There are interesting data on the performances during the Troubles of the southern court... 2.

Progress of the uprising

The Razins exchanged the captured valuables for Russian prisoners, replenishing... Razin returned to the Don through Astrakhan, where he was greeted with triumph. The frightened government announced mobilization - in August 1679, Miloslavsky. Razin with a small detachment went to the Don, where he hoped Astrakhan would fall - last stronghold rebels.

V. M. Solovyov about the Razin movement

It is not surprising that even now, when in national historiography produced... Soloviev revealed the complex dialectical essence of the events of 1667 - 1671. They were not happy that the Don gradually became increasingly dependent... Instead of the voivodeship, the Astrakhan settlement found itself under the rule of the Razins... Soloviev made a valuable contribution to the study of the history of the Razin movement.

PEASANT WAR UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF E.I. PUGACHEV

Pugacheva. the election of military atamans was abolished, the Cossacks began to be involved... The economic interests of the Cossacks were also infringed - at the mouth of the river. The Cossacks responded with an uprising, to suppress which the government, for example... After the events of January 13, the Cossack krut was banned and the army was liquidated...

The course of the peasant war

In connection with the siege of Orenburg and the long standing of troops at the walls of the fortress... The first of them was Chika-Zarubin, who acted under the name of Count Ivan N... After this defeat, the second stage of the peasant war began. 3.3. The outcome of the spontaneous protest against the arbitrariness of the authorities and landowners...

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION. The peasant wars in Russia created and developed traditions of struggle against lawlessness and oppression. They also played a role in the history of political and social development of Russia. Usually, when assessing these events, historians note that the peasant wars dealt a blow to the serfdom system and accelerated the triumph of new capitalist relations. At the same time, it is often forgotten that the wars that covered the vast expanses of Russia led to the destruction of masses of the population and many peasants, a significant number of nobles, disrupted economic life in many regions and had a heavy impact on the development of productive forces. Violence and cruelty on full display warring parties, could not solve any of the pressing problems of socio-economic development.

The entire history of the peasant wars and their consequences is the clearest confirmation of Pushkin’s brilliant assessment. The condition of the entire region where the fire raged was terrible.

God forbid we see a Russian rebellion - senseless and merciless. Those who are plotting impossible revolutions among us are either young and do not know our people, or they are hard-hearted people, for whom someone else’s head is half a piece, and their own neck is a penny 7, 87. What are peasant wars? Fair peasant punishment for oppressors and serf owners Civil a war in long-suffering Russia, during which Russians killed Russians. Russian revolt, senseless and merciless 7, 87 Each time gives its own answers to these questions. Apparently, any violence can give rise to violence that is even more cruel and bloody.

It is immoral to idealize riots, peasant or Cossack uprisings, which, by the way, were done in our recent past, as well as civil wars, since generated by untruths and extortion, injustice and an insatiable thirst for wealth, these uprisings, riots and wars themselves bring violence and injustice, grief and ruin, suffering and rivers of blood

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Buganov Emelyan Pugachev.

M 1990. 2. World of history Russia in XVII century. M 1989. 3. Buganov V.I. Razin and the Razins. M 1995. 4. Buganov V.I. The search case of Stepan Razin. History of the Fatherland. 1994, 1. 5. Busov K. Moscow Chronicle 1584-1613. M 1961. 6. Great statesmen Russia, ed. Kiseleva A.V. M 1996. 7. Zaichkin I.A. Pochkarev P.P. Russian history from Catherine the Great to Alexander II. M 1994. 8. Zuev M.N. History of Russia. M 1998. 9. History of Russia from ancient times to 1861. Ed. Pavlenko N.I. M 1998. 10. Klyuchevsky V.O. Works in 9 volumes, vol. 3. M 1988. 11. Peasant war led by Stepan Razin.

Collection of documents. M 1954-1976. T.1-4. 12. Malkov V.V. A manual on the history of the USSR for applicants to universities. M 1985. 13. Moryakov V.I. History of Russia. M 1996. 14. Munchaev Sh.M. Domestic history. M 1999. 15. Nolge G.G. Russian peasant wars as uprisings of the outskirts. Questions of history. 1994, 11. 16. Domestic history.

Textbook ed. Borisova. M 1996. 17. A manual on the history of the USSR Ed. Orlova A.S. Georgieva V.A. Naumova N.V. Sivokhina G.A. M 1984. 18. Pushkarev S.G. Review of Russian history. Stavropol, 1993. 19. Collection of documents on the history of Russia from ancient times to the second quarter of the 19th century. Ekaterinburg, 1993. 20 Current issues in the study of popular movements Polemical notes on peasant wars in Russia History of the USSR. 1991, 3. 21. Solovyov V.M. Anatomy of the Russian revolt. Stepan Razin myths and reality.

M 1994. 22. Soloviev V.M. Razin and his time. M 1990. 23. Stanislavsky A.L. Civil war in Russia in the 17th century. Cossacks at the turning point of history. M 990. 24. Fedorov V.L. History of Russia. M 1998. 25. Reader on the history of the USSR from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. M 1989. 26. Chistyakova E.V. Solovyov V.M. Stepan Razin and his associates. M 1990. 27. Sharova L.N. Mishina I.A. History of the Fatherland. M 1992.

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Peasant war at the beginning of the 17th century.

in Russia, civil war oppressed classes and estates of the city and countryside against the class of feudal lords and the feudal serf state. Was an open manifestation of the struggle between serfdom and anti-serfdom tendencies historical development the entire country, the carriers of which were, on the one hand, feudal lords and, on the other, peasants, townspeople and intermediate layers of the population. K.v. was caused by a sharp aggravation of class contradictions as a result of a strong deterioration in the economic, social and legal situation of the masses. At the end of the 16th century. there was a change in the forms of exploitation of the peasantry (the spread of corvée and cash rent) with a simultaneous increase in the norms of exploitation and the final stage in the formation of the general state system serfdom (See Serfdom). In the 2nd half of the 16th century. There was an accelerated development of the system of indentured servitude, the principle of service of enslaved slaves until the death of the master was introduced (1597), etc. The process of legal and economic rapprochement of the position of enslaved peasants and serfs significantly intensified. The growth of state taxes and duties, the decrease in the role of zemstvo self-government due to the strengthening of the power of the governor, the spread of serfdom to the taxable strata of the city (attachment to the taxable urban communities) caused a deterioration in the position of wide sections of the city residents at the end of the 16th century. and led to an aggravation of contradictions between the upper and lower classes of the town. The same period includes the growth of Russian landownership and the strengthening of the policy of Christianization in national regions (Volga region, partly Western Siberia). During government colonization southern regions in the 80-90s. the situation has deteriorated sharply various groups service people “according to the instrument” (streltsy, gunners, service Cossacks) in connection with their increased involvement in the construction of fortresses and military service; Repressive measures were taken against the free Cossacks on the Don and Volga. The emergence of K. century. was also due to a sharp aggravation of contradictions within the class of feudal lords (between various groupings of the courtiers, between the highest, “Moscow” ranks and the provincial service nobility, between church and secular feudal lords, etc.) in the economic (struggle for land, disagreements on the issue of ways, rates and limits of peasant enslavement) and socio-political (contradictions regarding the methods and extent of participation in government, social and legal status various groups of feudal lords) spheres, which led to a crisis of the state system by the beginning of the 17th century. Progress K. c. was greatly complicated by the foreign policy factor - the Polish and Swedish intervention of the early 17th century (See Polish and Swedish interventions of the early 17th century).

The strengthening of the spontaneous class struggle of the masses dates back to the 80-90s. 16th century The direct impetus for K. century. the events of 1601-03 appeared. Crop failures, epidemics and famine led to a mass exodus of peasants and serfs to large cities and southern regions, sharply aggravated all social antagonisms and caused a rise in class struggle in the form of mass robberies. The government was unable to cope with the economic and social consequences natural disasters, despite the sending of large punitive detachments and individual concessions to peasants and serfs (legislation of 1601-03).

The first period of the K. century. (1603-05). Its central element was the uprising of peasants and serfs under the leadership of Khlopok ( cm. Cotton revolt 1603) , during which the main territory of the K. century was outlined. and its main ones were determined driving forces(peasants, serfs). The defeat of the rebels in September 1603 led to a temporary decline in the movement. The second stage of the first period covers the popular movement of 1604-05, which took place simultaneously with the adventure of False Dmitry I (See False Dmitry I). In the autumn of 1604 it happened major uprising peasants in the southwest (in Komaritsky and Okolenskaya volosts), townspeople and service people “according to the device” of the South-West, South and South-East (Chernigov, Putivl, Rylsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Volga cities), the movement of free Cossacks is unfolding. By the spring of 1605, the uprisings covered the entire territory south of the Oka, and in May there was an uprising of the “Datochny people” in the government army near Krony. Class actions of townspeople against feudal estates in the suburbs in the most major cities Zamoskovny region and the North. As a result of the uprising of the townspeople on June 1, 1605 in Moscow, the Godunov government fell. During these movements, which took place under the slogan “for the lawful and good Tsarevich Dmitry,” their main social and political demands were developed: the destruction existing system feudal land tenure and serf relations, the liquidation of the state system headed by the “illegal tsar” Boris Godunov and the physical extermination of its specific bearers, as well as feudal lords who supported the Godunov government. Already at this stage, the social composition of the rebel camp is formalized - along with peasants and slaves, townspeople, service people"by instrument" free Cossacks, and the active and avant-garde role of the latter is determined. In addition, a significant part of the provincial nobility joined the rebels at this time southern regions countries. Demagogic promises and the rise to power of False Dmitry I (June 1605), from whom the rebels expected the fulfillment of their demands, led to a temporary weakening of the K. century. Second period of the K. century. (1606-1607). Revival of K. v. began in the spring of 1606 in the Lower Volga region. The murder of False Dmitry I as a result of a boyar conspiracy and a popular anti-Polish uprising in Moscow on May 17, 1606, and then the accession of Vasily Shuisky gave a direct impetus to The peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov (See) 1606-07, which was the culmination of the K. century. During the uprising, a sharper division of class forces occurred (the majority of noble fellow travelers left the rebels), territorial expansion C. century, the socio-economic and political demands of the rebels became more clearly evident, the forms of organization of the rebels became stronger, and individual signs well-known centralization of the movement, the defeat of the rebels in October 1607 ultimately predetermined the failure of the entire Caucasus, although it did not yet lead to its cessation.

Third period of the K. century. (1608-1615). Its first stage dates back to the events of 1608-10. Some cities covered by Bolotnikov's uprising remained unconquered (Astrakhan, Kaluga, Kozelsk, etc.). At the end of 1607 - beginning of 1608 there was a new rise in the movement in the western and southwestern regions. Military successes and demagogic agitation of False Dmitry II (See False Dmitry II) , in whose army there were many former Bolotnikovites, Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks, the disorganization of the local government system of the Shuisky government led to the spread of the K. century. in 1608-09 to new areas and the involvement of new population groups in it. It began in the autumn of 1607 mass movement peasants in the Ryazan region, reaching greatest strength in 1608 and lasting until 1614. In the winter of 1608-09, as well as in 1610, the uprising of peasants, Cossacks, archers and non-Russian peoples of the Middle Volga region reached their apogee. In 1608-09 there was a large operation near Moscow peasant detachment led by Salkov. In 1608-10 there were armed uprisings of monastic and black-growing peasants in the North. In 1608, active class struggle engulfed many cities in the North, Trans-Volga region, Upper and Middle Volga region and Center. The class struggle of the lower social classes in Pskov, directed against the Shuisky administration, as well as against the Pskov nobles, the highest local clergy and the wealthy merchants, became particularly acute. As a result of the uprisings, power in Pskov repeatedly (in May-August 1609, February 1610 - December 1611) passed into the hands of representatives of the popular masses. Only in May 1612 did the “lesser people” suffer a final defeat. Great influence on political situation The country was influenced by the movement of townspeople in Moscow in the summer - autumn of 1610 (the overthrow of Shuisky in July, etc.).

The second stage of the 3rd period of K. century. covers 1610-13. Its features were determined by the strengthening from 1609 of the Polish, and from 1611 and Swedish intervention, as well as the anti-national nature of the policies of False Dmitry II. On the one hand, the social activity of peasants, townspeople and other participants in the K. century. in many areas it switched to the mainstream of the national liberation struggle, which also had a class orientation (the struggle against requisitions, tax robbery and the serfdom policies of the Polish and Russian feudal lords of the Tushino camp in 1609-10, the struggle against the land and serfdom policies of the Polish interventionists in 1610-13 and the Swedish interventionists in North-3 in 1611-15), on the other hand, in 1611-13 the class struggle took the form of internal division various classes and classes that participated in the national liberation movement (contradictions and struggles within the First Militia, contradictions between it and the Second Zemstvo Militia).

The third stage of the final period of K. century. covers the Cossack-peasant movement of 1613-15. Under the influence of the detachments of I. M. Zarutsky (See Zarutsky) , with whom those who found themselves during the Civil War left Moscow in the summer of 1612. peasants and slaves, peasant unrest swept the Ryazan region at the end of 1612 - spring 1613, and in May - June 1613 - the regions of the upper Don. During the uprisings, local feudal lords were destroyed, their property was confiscated, and a large number of peasants left with Zarutsky’s troops. Having suffered a series of defeats, Zarutsky’s troops went to Astrakhan, where, relying on the Volga Cossacks, the urban lower classes and archers, Zarutsky was preparing a new campaign against Moscow in 1614 under the slogan of transferring power to Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich (the son of False Dmitry II from Marina Mnishek). However, after the coup in Astrakhan in April - May 1614, when the archers, part of the townspeople and Cossacks went over to the side of the government, Zarutsky with a detachment of Volga Cossacks was forced to leave for Yaik, where his troops were finally defeated in June 1614. In 1614-15, dissatisfaction with politics government caused a movement of Cossacks, peasants and townspeople of the North, the Volga region and the Center, who opposed the mass distribution of palace and black-plowed lands to estates, the return of peasants and slaves who ended up or went to the cities to former masters, and the severity of taxes. Only by the end of 1614 did government troops manage to defeat the rebels in the North (Vologda, Beloozero), and in the spring and summer of 1615 defeat the main forces of the rebels near Moscow. During the 3rd period of the K. century. signs of its weakening gradually increased: even the individual elements centralization, class clashes increasingly acquired a locally limited and fragmented character. The contradictory goals and interests of various social groups masses of the people, leading to a split and narrowing of the social base of the capital century, which is most clearly seen in the example of the townspeople (the transition of the middle strata of the city to the position of an alliance with the provincial nobility to recreate a strong central government) and Cossacks (the withdrawal of free Cossacks from active struggle for the sake of strengthening former class rights, the transition of a significant part of those who found themselves during the war to the lower ranks ruling class and on the position of the serving Cossacks and the desire to consolidate their new social status). A negative role was played by the rebels’ lack of a developed positive program of reforms in the field of economics and politics. All of these factors were the main causes of To.'s damage.

K.v. opened an entire era of peasant wars and urban uprisings in the history of Russia, predetermining in many ways their features. Her immediate results were as follows. K.v. slowed down the pace of development of serfdom and led to a temporary decrease in the exploitation of the peasantry. The aggravation of the class struggle during the period of the Civil War. led to a number of changes in social structure society: the rapprochement of various categories of feudal lords as a whole in economic and socio-political terms; expansion higher ranks the ruling class at the expense of the top of the provincial nobility and the lower ones - at the expense of people from the intermediate strata of the population; strengthening political significance county corporations of the serving nobility; K.v. led to an increase in social differentiation of the town; At the same time, the strengthening of the city’s role in the political sphere during the Civil War. and the national liberation movement caused the social and political consolidation of townspeople, expressed in the strengthening of elected zemstvo bodies and the strengthening of the role of townspeople in zemstvo cathedrals; there was a significant increase in the number of service people “according to the instrument” and a temporary increase in their political influence. As a result, class representation in the higher (expanding the competence and composition of participants in zemstvo councils, their election) and lower levels of the state system is strengthening. Large movements of the masses during the Civil War. contributed to the development of colonization on the outskirts of the country.

Many problems of the history of K. century. are controversial in Soviet historiography ( chronological framework, objective historical content K. century, its meaning, social composition of the rebels, etc.).

Lit.: Nazarov V.D., On some issues of Lenin’s theory of the class struggle of the Russian peasantry in the era of late feudalism, in the collection: Current issues history of Russia in the era of feudalism, M., 1970; Shepelev I.S., Liberation and class struggle in the Russian state 1608-1610, Pyatigorsk, 1957; Dolinin N.P., Moscow Region regiments (Cossack “camps”) in the national liberation movement of 1611-1612, Kharkov, 1958; his, On the question of the social program of the peasant war of the early 17th century, in the collection: Donetsk University. Materials scientific conference Department of Historical Sciences, Kharkov - Donetsk, 1968; Figarovsky V. A., Peasant uprising 1614-1615, “Historical Notes”, 1963, vol. 73; About some controversial issues class struggle in the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century, “Questions of History”, 1958, No. 12; About the peasant war in the Russian state at the beginning of the 17th century. (Review of the discussion), “Questions of History”, 1961, No. 5; Shapiro A.L., On the historical role of peasant wars in the 17th-18th centuries. in Russia, “History of the USSR”, 1965. No. 5. See also lit. under the articles Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov 1606-07, Cotton uprising 1603, False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II.

V. D. Nazarov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

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Strengthening the enslavement of peoples. 1584 - death of Ivan IV and the beginning of the struggle for power in the government elite. The son of Ivan IV Fedor was weak-minded and, apparently, the tsar created a regency council. The Tsar's guardians were Ivan Shuisky, the Tsar's maternal uncle Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, the elderly Ivan Mstislavsky, and Boris Godunov.

The accession of Boris Godunov. 1598 - Tsar Feodor died and the Zemsky Sobor elected Boris as tsar.

The beginning of the enslavement of peasants. Boris saw the way out of the desolation of the country in the enslavement of the peasants. 1592 - 1593 - a decree banning peasant migration throughout the country and forever. In 1597 - a decree on fixed years (a five-year statute of limitations for litigation regarding the return of fugitives); increasing dependence of slaves; deprivation of the rights of enslaved slaves to free themselves by paying the debt. Now only the death of the owner made them free. People who served as volunteers turned into real slaves after six months of service.

Economic recovery of the 90s. interrupted by crop failure. 1601 - long rains prevented harvesting. Boris tried to fight hunger - he organized the distribution of money to the poor, attracted them to paid construction work, but rising bread prices devalued the money received. Bread began to be distributed from state storehouses, but the feudal lords did not follow the state in this.

Intensification of the class struggle. 1603 - major uprising of slaves. The aggravation of the internal political situation also led to a sharp decline in Boris’s prestige among the masses among the feudal lords. In such conditions, False Dmitry I appeared.

False Dmitry I. 1601 - a certain Grigory Otrepiev (a monk from Russia) appeared in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland), posing as Tsarevich Dmitry.

The appearance of an impostor and his promises to be the Magnate of Poland. He secretly converted to Catholicism and promised to make this religion the state religion in Rus': a tycoon of lands in western Russia.

March to Moscow. False Dmitry I crossed the Dnieper near Chernigov, as the southwest of Russia was “seething” and the peasants of the Komaritsa volost (southwest of Orel) were the first to join him. On April 13, 1605, the sudden death of Boris and the accession of his 16-year-old son Fyodor. But he was unable to organize resistance to the enemy, to whose side the boyars began to switch. On June 1, Moscow solemnly received “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich.”

Reasons for the defeat of False Dmitry I. Having sat on the throne, he did not fulfill his promises to Poland, confirmed the 5-year search for fugitives and the decree on indentured servitude. May 17, 1606 - during the wedding with Marina Mnishek, an uprising broke out and False Dmitry I was killed. Called Zemsky Sobor, at which Vasily Shuisky was elected king, who gave the feudal lords a guarantee of compliance feudal rights- "cross-kissed record."

The rise of the peasant war. The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov. Reasons for the uprising: after Shuisky’s accession, the situation of the peasantry did not improve, especially in the southwest of Russia, where False Dmitry I freed these territories from paying taxes for 10 years, and Shuisky restored taxation. Supporters of False Dmitry here were the governors - Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy in Putivl and Prince Andrei Telyatyevsky in Chernigov. There were rumors that Tsar Dmitry had escaped.

Progress of the uprising. 1606 - masses received a leader - the serf Telyatyevsky, Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. Bolotnikov pretended to be “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich.” July 1606 - campaign from Putivl to Moscow. August 1606 - battle of Kromy, capture of Yelets, campaign against Tula. The Ryazan noble detachment of Grigory Sumbulov and Prokopnia Lipunov joined the rebels. Having taken Kaluga and Kashira, Bolotnikov stopped in Kolomenskoye. November 1606 - the noble detachments of Lyapunov and Sumbulov go over to Shuisky’s side. But the movement remained socially heterogeneous. Bolotnikov's defeat near Moscow and retreat to Kaluga.

Defeat. May 1607 - siege royal troops Tula. Surrender of the rebels, execution of Bolotnikov and Goncharov.

Meaning. The Peasant War delayed the complete enslavement of the peasantry for almost 50 years.

By the second half of the 17th century, serfdom entered its zenith. Following the publication of the Code of 1649, the tendency towards self-emancipation of the peasants intensified - their spontaneous and sometimes threatening flight to the outskirts: to the Volga region, Siberia, to the south, to the places of Cossack settlements that arose in the 16th century and have now become centers of concentration of the most active layers of the unfree population. The state, which guarded the interests of the ruling class of feudal lords, organized massive searches for fugitives and returned them to their former owners. In the 50s and 60s of the 17th century, unsuccessful experiments of the treasury, the war between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia, aggravated the brewing discontent. Already insightful contemporaries clearly saw the essential features of the new. “ Rebellious Age“- this is how they assessed their time. At the very beginning of this century, the country was shocked by the first Peasant War, which reached its highest peak in 1606-1607, when Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov stood at the head of the rebels - peasants, serfs, and urban poor. WITH with great difficulty and with considerable effort the feudal lords suppressed this mass popular movement. However, it was followed by: a speech led by the monastery peasant Balazs; unrest among the troops near Smolensk; more than 20 urban uprisings that swept across the country in the middle of the century, starting from Moscow (1648); uprisings in Novgorod and Pskov (1650); “ copper riot” (1662), the scene of which again becomes the capital, and, finally, the Peasant War of Stepan Razin.

Salt riot like shining example most urban uprisings

During the 17th century, more than one urban uprising occurred, the cause of which was the illiterate government policy. These are uprisings in Pskov and Novgorod, and a “copper” riot in Moscow, the cause of which was a colossal treasury gamble and many more such uprisings. Indeed, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the situation in cities became tense: the authorities looked at city residents as inexhaustible source income. This was manifested in the following: from year to year the state sought to increase posad taxes and at the same time reduce the salaries of service people.

Thus, the “salt” riot, which began in Moscow on June 1, 1648, was one of the most powerful actions of Muscovites in defense of their rights.

The “salt” riot involved archers, serfs - in a word, those people who had reasons to be dissatisfied with the government’s policies.

The course of the uprising The revolt began, it would seem, with little things. Returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was surrounded by petitioners who asked the Tsar to remove L. S. Pleshcheev from his post as head of the Zemstvo Council, motivating this desire by the injustice of Leonty Stepanovich: by the fact that he took bribes, carried out an unfair trial, but there was no response from the sovereign. Then the complainants decided to turn to the queen, but this also did not yield anything: the guards dispersed the people. Some were arrested. The next day, the king organized a religious procession, but even then complainants appeared demanding the release of those arrested on the first number of petitioners and still resolve the issue of cases of bribery. The tsar asked his “uncle” and relative, boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, for clarification on this matter. After listening to the explanations, the king promised the petitioners to resolve this issue. Hiding in the palace, the tsar sent four ambassadors for negotiations: Prince Volkonsky, clerk Volosheinov, Prince Temkin-Rostov, and the okolnichy Pushkin.

But this measure did not turn out to be a solution to the issue, since the ambassadors behaved extremely arrogantly, which greatly angered the petitioners. The next unpleasant fact was the release of the archers from subordination. Due to the arrogance of the ambassadors, the archers beat the boyars sent for negotiations.

The eve of the Peasant War. In 1771, an uprising of townspeople broke out in Moscow, called the “Plague Riot.” The plague, which began in the Russian-Turkish theater of war, despite strict quarantine, was brought to Moscow and killed up to a thousand people a day. City authorities in extreme situation were confused, which increased distrust in them. The reason for the uprising was the attempt of Moscow Archbishop Ambrose and Governor P.D. Eropkin, for hygienic reasons, to remove the miraculous icon of the Mother of God from the Varvarsky Gate of Kitay-Gorod (thousands of Muscovites venerated it). Ambrose was torn to pieces by a crowd in the Donskoy Monastery. For three days a riot raged in the city. From St. Petersburg, the Empress's favorite G. G. Orlov with a guards regiment was sent to suppress the uprising. Over a hundred people were killed, many were punished with whips, rods, and lashes. The decisive measures taken by Orlov led to a decline and gradual cessation of the epidemic.

In the decade preceding the Peasant War, historians count more than 40 speeches by serfs. In the 50-70s of the 18th century. The flight of desperate peasants from their masters reached great proportions. Forged decrees and manifestos containing rumors about the supposed imminent liberation of peasants from serfdom became widespread among the population. Imposture also took place: there is information about six cases of appearance before the start of the Peasant War " Petrov III" - doubles of the emperor who died in 1762. In such a situation, the Peasant War broke out under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev.

Uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607).

Serfdom was a heterogeneous social stratum. The top serfs, close to their owners, occupied a fairly high position. It is no coincidence that many provincial nobles willingly changed their status to serfs. I. Bolotnikov, apparently, belonged to their number. He was a military slave of A. Telyatevsky and, most likely, a nobleman by origin. However, one should not attach too much importance to this: the social orientation of a person’s views was determined not only by origin. Bolotnikov’s “nobility” can explain his military talents and qualities of a seasoned warrior.

There is news of Bolotnikov’s stay in Crimean and Turkish captivity, as an oarsman on a galley captured by the “Germans”. There is an assumption that, returning from captivity through Italy, Germany, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Bolotnikov managed to fight on the side of the Austrian emperor as the leader of a mercenary Cossack detachment against the Turks. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain why exactly he received the powers of the “great governor” from a man posing as Tsar Dmitry.

The rebels, gathered under the banner of “Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich,” represented a complex conglomerate of forces. Here there were not only people from the lower classes, but also service people of the service and the fatherland. They were united in their rejection of the newly elected king, but different in their social aspirations. After the successful battle of Kromy in August 1606, the rebels occupied Yelets, Tula, Kaluga, Kashira and by the end of the year approached Moscow. There were not enough forces for a complete blockade of the capital, and this gave Shuisky the opportunity to mobilize all his resources. By this time, a split had occurred in the camp of the rebels and the detachments of Lyapunov (November) and Pashkov (early December) went over to Shuisky’s side.

The battle of Moscow on December 2, 1606 ended in the defeat of Bolotnikov. The latter, after a series of battles, retreated to Tula, under the protection of the stone walls of the city. V. Shuisky himself opposed the rebels in June 1607. approached Tula. For several months, the tsarist troops unsuccessfully tried to take the city, until they blocked the Upa River and flooded the fortress. Shuisky's opponents, relying on his gracious word, opened the gates. However, the king did not miss the opportunity to deal with the leaders of the movement.

It is quite difficult to assess the nature of Bolotnikov’s uprising. It seems one-sided to view movement solely as highest stage peasant war. However, this view exists, and supporters of this view give the following assessments of the first Peasant War.

Salt riot.

In 1648, a popular uprising took place in Moscow, called " Salt Riot». Salt riot in Moscow became the reaction of the people to the internal policies of the government of boyar Boris Morozov. Under Boris Morozov, corruption increased in Russia, arbitrariness developed, and taxes increased significantly. Discontent grew in different layers of Russian society. Boris Morozov, wanting to at least somehow change the current situation, decides to replace some direct taxes with indirect ones. In 1645, goods that were of greatest importance in everyday life were subject to duties. The list of goods that are now subject to duty included salt. A pound of salt has risen in price from five kopecks to a pound, its consumption has sharply decreased. Salt immediately turned from an essential commodity into a product “not for everyone.” Many, despite the need for salt, simply could not afford to buy it. Salt at that time was a preservative. Reducing salt consumption has led to a reduction in the shelf life of many products. Merchants and peasants were the first to suffer from this salt tax. In 1647, the duty on salt was abolished due to growing discontent among the population. In connection with the abolition of the salt tax, “holes” appeared in the treasury, which were closed by collecting the canceled direct taxes.

On June 1, 1648, Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. A large crowd stopped the carriages and began to submit petitions to the Tsar against Boris Morozov and other influential officials about whom there were bad rumors. Alexey Mikhailovich listened to the people and moved on. The crowd, not finding understanding with the king, tried to appeal to the queen, but royal guard dispersed the petitioners. Stones were thrown at the royal retinue from the crowd, 16 people were arrested.

On June 2, 1648, Alexey Mikhailovich participated in the religious procession. Despite the celebration, the group active people surrounded the king and asked him to free their comrades. Alexey Mikhailovich demanded clarification from Boris Morozov. After listening, the king promised the people to sort it out, but after the prayer service.

Alexey Mikhailovich sent a delegation of several officials to negotiate, but some of them behaved disrespectfully towards the people, for which they suffered their wrath. Participants salt riot They set fire to the white city, China - the city, and destroyed the courtyards of the most hated boyars. The initiator of the salt tax, Nazariy Chistoy, was killed. Pyotr Trakhaniotov, Morozov's brother-in-law, suffered the same fate. Boyar Boris Morozov was removed from power and sent into exile. Popular unrest continued until February 1649 in Kozlov, Kursk, Sol Vychegda, and other Russian cities.

The result of the rebellion was the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the abolition of the collection of tax arrears. The people got their way.

Copper riot.

The Copper Riot took place in Moscow on July 25, 1662. The reason for the Copper Riot was the following circumstances. Russia led protracted war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the annexation of Ukraine. Any war requires huge funds to maintain an army. The state was sorely short of money. Then it was decided to introduce copper money into circulation. This happened in 1655. From a pound of copper, worth 12 kopecks, coins worth 10 rubles were minted. A lot of copper money was immediately thrown into use, which led to the population’s distrust of it and inflation. It is worth noting that taxes to the state treasury were collected in silver money and paid in copper. Copper money was also easy to counterfeit. By 1662, the market price of copper money had fallen as much as 15 times, and the cost of goods had increased significantly. The situation worsened every day. The peasants did not transport their products to the cities because they did not want to receive worthless copper for them. Poverty and hunger began to flourish in the cities.

The Copper Riot was prepared in advance; proclamations appeared throughout Moscow, in which many boyars and merchants were accused of conspiring with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruining the country and betrayal. The proclamation also contained demands to reduce taxes on salt and abolish copper money. It is significant that the discontent of the people was caused by almost the same people as during the salt riot.

The crowd split into two parts. One, in the amount of 5 thousand people, moved to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye, the second smashed the courts of the hated nobles. The rioters caught Alexei Mikhailovich at a prayer service. The boyars went to talk to the people, but they were unable to calm the crowds. Alexei Mikhailovich himself had to go. People beat their foreheads in front of the king, demanding to change the current situation. Realizing that the crowd could not be calmed, Alexey Mikhailovich spoke “quietly,” and persuaded the rioters to be patient. People grabbed the king by the dress and said, “What to believe?” The king even had to shake hands with one of the rebels. Only after this did the people begin to disperse. The people were leaving Kolomenskoye, but on the way they met the second part of the crowd, which was going to where the first was leaving. The united, dissatisfied crowd of 10 thousand people turned back to Kolomenskoye. The rebels behaved even more boldly and decisively, demanding the boyars be killed. Meanwhile, the Streltsy regiments loyal to Alexei Mikhailovich arrived at Kolomensky and dispersed the crowd. About 7 thousand people were subjected to repression. Some were beaten, some were sent into exile, and some were branded with the letter “B” - rebel.

IN copper riot participated only people from the lower strata of society - butchers, artisans, peasants. The result of the copper riot was the gradual abolition of the copper coin. In 1663, the copper yards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the printing of silver money resumed. Copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and melted down into other necessary copper items.

Uprising led by Stepan Razin.

The culmination of social uprisings in the 17th century was the uprising of Cossacks and peasants led by S.T. Razin. This movement originated in the villages of the Don Cossacks. The Don freemen have always attracted fugitives from the southern and central regions Russian state. Here they were protected by the unwritten law “there is no extradition from the Don.” The government, needing the services of the Cossacks for the defense of the southern borders, paid them a salary and put up with the self-government that existed there.

Stepan Timofeevich Razin, a native of the village of Zimoveyskaya, belonged to the homely Cossacks - he enjoyed great authority. In 1667 he led a detachment of a thousand people who went on a campaign “for the zipuns” (to the Volga, and then to the Yaik River, where they occupied the Yaitsky town with a fight).

Summer of 1668 Razin's army of almost 20 thousand was already successfully operating in the possessions of Persia (Iran) on the Caspian coast. The Razins exchanged the captured valuables for Russian prisoners, who replenished their ranks. The following summer, 1669, the Cossacks defeated a fleet equipped against them by the Persian Shah near Pig Island (south of Baku). This greatly complicated Russian-Iranian relations and aggravated the government’s position towards the Cossacks.

In October 1669 Razin returned to the Don via Astrakhan, where he was greeted with triumph. Inspired by success, he began preparing a new campaign, this time “for the good Tsar” against the “traitorous boyars.” The next campaign of the Cossacks along the Volga to the north turned into peasant unrest. The Cossacks remained the military core, and with the influx of a huge number of fugitive peasants and peoples of the Volga region - Mordovians, Tatars, Chuvashs - into the detachment, the social orientation of the movement changed dramatically.

In May 1670, S.T. Razin’s 7,000-strong detachment captured the city of Tsaritsyn, and at the same time, detachments of archers sent from Moscow and Astrakhan were defeated. Having established Cossack administration in Astrakhan, Razin moved north - Saratov and Samara voluntarily went over to his side. S. Razin addressed the population of the Volga region with “charming” (from the word: to seduce, to urge) letters in which he called on them to join the uprising and harass traitors, i.e. boyars, nobles, governors, and officials. The uprising covered a vast territory, in which numerous detachments operated, led by atamans M. Osipov, M. Kharitonov, V. Fedorov, nun Alena and others.

In September, Razin’s army approached Simbirsk, and stubbornly besieged it for a month. The frightened government announced mobilization - in August 1679, a 60,000-strong army headed to the Middle Volga region. In early October, a government detachment under the command of Yu. Baryatinsky defeated the main forces of Razin and joined the Simbirsk garrison under the command of governor I. Miloslavsky. Razin with a small detachment went to the Don, where he hoped to recruit a new army, but was betrayed by the top of the Cossacks and handed over to the government. June 4, 1671 he was taken to Moscow and executed on Red Square two days later. In November 1671 Astrakhan, the last stronghold of the rebels, fell. Participants in the uprising were subjected to brutal repression.

Peasant war led by Pugachev.

Second half of the 18th century. is distinguished by a sharp increase in the social activity of the working population: landowners, monastic and assigned peasants, working people of manufactories, peoples of the Volga region, Bashkiria, Yaik Cossacks. It reached its apogee in the peasant war under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev.

On Yaik, where in September 1773 an impostor appeared, posing as Peter III, favorable conditions arose for his calls to find a response first among the Cossacks, and then among the peasants, working people, Bashkirs and the peoples of the Volga region.

The tsarist government on Yaik, as elsewhere, where it ceased to need the services of the Cossacks for the defense of the border territory, began to pursue a policy of limiting its privileges: back in the 40s. The election of military atamans was abolished, and Cossacks began to be recruited to serve far from their homes. The economic interests of the Cossacks were also infringed - at the mouth of the river. The Yaik government built uchugs (barriers) that prevented the movement of fish from the Caspian Sea to the upper reaches of the river.

The infringement of privileges caused the division of the Cossacks into two camps. The so-called “obedient” side was ready to agree to the loss of previous liberties in order to preserve some of the privileges. The bulk was the “disobedient side,” which constantly sent walkers to the empress with complaints about the oppression of the “obedient” Cossacks, in whose hands were all command positions.

In January 1772, the “disobedient” Cossacks went with banners and icons to the tsarist general who had arrived in Yaitsky town with a request to remove the military chieftain and elders. The general ordered to shoot at the peaceful procession. The Cossacks responded with an uprising, which the government sent a corps of troops to suppress.

After the events of January 13, the Cossack krut was banned and the military chancellery was liquidated; the Cossacks were controlled by an appointed commandant, subordinate to the Orenburg governor. At this time Pugachev appeared.

None of his impostor predecessors possessed the qualities of a leader capable of leading the masses of the dispossessed. Pugachev’s success, in addition, was facilitated by a favorable environment and those people to whom he turned for help to restore his allegedly violated rights: on Yaik, excitement from the recent uprising and the government’s response measures did not subside; Cossacks owned weapons and represented the most militarily organized part of the Russian population.