Participial and participial phrases table. Isolation of participial and participial phrases Theory A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or words, t

The answer to the question of how a participle phrase differs from a participial phrase lies in the terminology. It is enough to remember what their forming parts of speech are:

• participle – an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adjective, expressing a procedural characteristic of the subject;
• A gerund is an unconjugated form of a verb, which also has the characteristics of an adverb, expressing a procedural feature of an action (more often it denotes an additional element).

The combination of participles and gerunds with words grammatically dependent on them is called turns.

Comparison

The syntactic constructions under consideration inherit all the properties and features of their fundamental parts of speech. Participial phrase denotes a temporary attribute of an object as an action that it produces or is subjected to. Peter, headed the Land Gentry cadet corps , proved himself to be a worthy successor to Minich’s work. An adverbial phrase denotes an additional action that characterizes another action. Sofia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst, having arrived in Russia, tried to become Ekaterina Alekseevna as soon as possible.

The difference between a participial phrase and a participial phrase is easy to notice by questions asked: the first one answers “what did/did/is doing?” or, more generally, “which one?”; the second is “what by/having done?” or “how/in what way?”

The participial phrase is associated with a noun, numeral or pronoun, the participial phrase is associated with the predicate verb. It always refers to the person performing the main action. Berlioz, able to speak verbosely but meaningfully, the conversation with the supposed foreigner was easy. Poet Homeless, forced to act as a listener, I fully shared his point of view.

The participial phrase does not change, unlike the participle, which is declined according to gender, number and case. A boy who bought chocolate, a girl who bought chocolate, first-graders who bought chocolate, someone who bought chocolate as a gift, a client who bought chocolate. The boy (girl, first graders), having bought chocolate, headed towards the exit.

In a sentence, the participial phrase acts as a consonant separate definition(and is emphasized by a wavy line during syntactic parsing), participial - in the role of a separate circumstance (graphically indicated by dots and dashes).

What is the difference between participial and participial phrases in terms of punctuation? For the first, its location relative to the word being defined is important: when it comes forward in a sentence, the construction is highlighted with commas, when, on the contrary, punctuation marks are not placed between them. The participial phrase is isolated in any case if it refers to a personal pronoun, has an additional causal, conditional or clarifying meaning, and also if there are other members of the sentence between it and the word being defined.

The participial phrase is always separated by commas if it is not part of sustainable combination(carelessly, headlong). The exception is when it is included in the semantic center of the statement. The students, who were waiting for Kedrov quite nervously and in awe in advance, dispersed in bewilderment. In addition, if it acts as a member of a sentence, homogeneous with non- isolated circumstance, then it is not highlighted punctuationally. Members of the institute commission studied the girl with the surname Brustein suspiciously and frowning.

Table

So what is it? How to distinguish it from a participant? What punctuation marks make it stand out in the letter? What questions does it answer? What difficulties may arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

The participial phrase, like the participle, is independent member offers. It represents gerunds and related dependent words. Answers gerund questions: doing what? what did you do? and denotes an additional action of an object/person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the sentence he is separate member , or rather, a separate circumstance.

The dot-dash (dash-dot) is emphasized. You can also ask him questions about the circumstances:

• how?
• When?
• for what purpose?
• Why?

They can be given both from the predicate and, in some cases, from the participle or participial phrase.

Examples

Commas when using participial phrases in a sentence

The participial phrase, in contrast to the participle, always separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define its boundaries. The participle phrase includes all dependent words related to a given participle.

For example, in the sentence “The opponent, who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind,” it is the expression “ahead of me at the start,” and not just “ahead of me.” Since the words “at the start” are also dependent on the gerund, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it comes at the beginning of a sentence, then separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sign of the end of the sentence.

Exceptions are the participial phrases included in phraseology. When a phrase is part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, this rule on the placement of commas does not include those cases when several adverbial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the conjunction “and”. Then there are no commas with them. With punctuation marks everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with misuse participle turnover.

Constructing a sentence with an adverbial clause. Possible errors

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it states that the additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you cannot say “As we approached the house, a strange growling and howling was heard from behind the door.” After all, the subjects here are growls and howls, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But they couldn’t approach the house; some other person did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rearranged into a more grammatically correct one complex sentence: “When I/he/she approached the house, there was a strange growling and howling coming from behind the door.”

You also need to be careful when using the participial phrase in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by an infinitive, and in the second - by a third-person verb. An example of such an error would be the following: syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is constructed incorrectly, since the gerund implies an action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence participial phrase can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case everything grammatical rules will be observed, since the person who commits both the main and side effects, absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, “I need to do this job as quickly as possible, using all possible materials».

These are the main errors in coordinating the participial phrase with the basis of the sentence. They can appear quite often in our speech, since we sometimes do not give it due importance. But in vain, because inaccurate use of participial phrases leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

Class: 7.

Goals:

Educational:

• generalize and systematize knowledge about adverbial and participle phrases;
• practice the ability to find and highlight adverbial and participial phrases; prevent errors in the use of participial phrases;
• learn to use adverbial and participial phrases in speech.

Educational:

• cultivate love for native word, to native nature.

Educational:

• develop creativity students.

Lesson progress

I. Repetition

• What is called an adverbial phrase?
• How are gerunds and participial phrases distinguished?
• What is called a participle phrase? When is it separated by commas in a letter?
• What is the difference between adverbial and participial phrases?

II. Consolidation

1) Vocabulary work

Compact

• give me lexical meaning word;
• form participles and gerunds from the verb;
• make up the phrase “gerund + adverb” with the particle “not”, where the main word is the gerund;
• With the phrase “packed tightly”, make up a sentence on a New Year’s theme.

2) Spelling dictation

(Non-)stopping snowfall, the sound (not) heard, (not) feeling tired, (not) despairing, (not) going back, (not) arriving on time, (not) a well-trodden path, (not) seen from afar, (not) frightened birds, greatly (not) perplexed.

3) Parsing offers

Shining 3 with the majestic beauty of the north, the night quietly sleeps, shrouded in a thin frosty fog 4 . (Seraph.)

4) Explanatory dictation

• Indicate graphically the adverbial and participial phrases.

5) Constructing sentences with adverbial verbs

• Replace the verbs with gerunds. Write it down immediately in a modified form, adding punctuation marks.

1. The moon rises and silvers the ice on the river.
   The moon, rising, silvers the ice on the river.
2. The sky becomes covered with clouds and takes on a menacing appearance.
   The sky becomes covered with clouds, taking on a menacing appearance.
3. The joy of communicating with nature grows and overwhelms the entire being.
   The joy of communicating with nature grows, overflowing the entire being.

6) Punch control

• Indicate in the table the numbers of the sentences in which the adverbial and participial phrases occur.

1. Nature, holding its breath, froze.
2. A snow carpet, changing the usual cover of the forest, covered the spruce.
3. Only the tops of the fir trees are visible, growing lonely at the edge of the forest.
4. Whirlwinds are thrown up and birds take off noisily from under your feet.
5. The night, approaching inexorably, plunges everything into darkness.
6. The sight of young birches turning pink in the rays of the red winter sun is mesmerizing.
7. When you freeze, you will hear different sounds.
8. Every person in the winter forest experiences an amazing feeling.

7) Editing

• Correct (orally) errors in the use of gerunds.

1. Having touched a branch, it slowly swayed.
   The touched branch slowly swayed.
2. Suddenly recoiling, my hat flew off.
   Suddenly recoiling, I dropped my hat.
3. The frightened bird flapped its wings and flew away.
   The frightened bird flapped its wings and flew away.
4. I followed her flight with my gaze.
   I followed her flight with my gaze and rolled down the hill.

8) Test

I. Find a sentence with a participial phrase:

1. The wind swept along the shore, breaking off dry branches.
2. The river, cluttered with white hummocks, sparkled slightly.
3. The sun sent to earth last ray, buried in the gray darkness.
4. Lumps of snow lying on the branches pressed them down.

II. Find a sentence with an adverbial phrase:

1. Having barely illuminated the snow, the day quickly faded into twilight.
2. Through the gaps you can see cirrus clouds floating high above the trees.
3. The storm raged all night, suddenly subsiding in the morning.
4. The long-harnessed horses were chilled in the snow.

III. Find a sentence with a participial phrase:

1. The last cloud, illuminated by the cold sunset, was extinguishing in the frozen sky.
2. The fox digs in the snow, scattering snow dust around.
3. Having become riotous during the night, the forest fell silent, the branches of the pine trees drooping.
4. The frosty, burning day, scattered with creaking snowdrifts, blinds the eyes.

IV. Find a sentence with an adverbial phrase:

1. The river, frozen in ice, remains silent until spring.
2. The snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun.
3. Fluffy snowflakes, easily fluttering and spinning, fell to the ground.
4. The skies crumbled with snow fluff, filling the entire air with movement.

Answers: I – 2, 4; II – 1.3; III – 1, 4; IV – 3, 4.

9) Creative work

• Miniature essay “New Year's holiday”.

1. What do you expect from this day?
2. What's your mood?
3. What is special about the relationships between family members?
4. How do you perceive others strangers?
5. What gives you the greatest pleasure on this day?
6. What do you wish for everyone on this day?

Key phrases

Expecting something unusual, filled with pleasant chores, joy growing in me, smiling faces, helping everyone, anticipating everyone's delight, admiring the green beauty, wishing all the best.

You wake up on December 31st expecting something unusual. There is still a long day ahead, filled with pleasant chores, but the joy growing in me is transmitted to others.

Strangers smiling at me seem close.

While helping everyone, I don’t forget that I have the most responsible task - to decorate the Christmas tree.

This is a great pleasure for me. Anticipating everyone's delight, I try my best.

Mom will hug me, and we will stand, admiring the green beauty. Amazing, funny, a little crazy New Year's Eve ended.

Wishing everyone the best, I fall asleep.

III. Homework.

§30-36, extract from sentences fiction 3 sentences with a participial phrase, 3 sentences with a participial phrase.

Communion.

Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in school tradition considered as a special verb form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:

1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);

2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;

3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice(for example: permitted – active voice, permitted – passive voice);

4. The participle has two temporary forms - present
(loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.

All verb features for participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.

Present participles are formed from the verb stem of the present tense using the suffixes -ush-/-yush, -ash/-yash- — active participles, suffixes -em-, -om-, -im- are passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form real participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy).
When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: hang-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case/and/ falls out
(for example: shoot-t - shot, brought-ti - brought), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, y-, o-, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class
(for example: sew - sewn, rinse - washed, pin - pinned, turn - turned). Initial form a participle, like an adjective, is nominative singular masculine.

A common feature of the use of participles is that they constitute accessory book speech. This is explained by the history of participles.
The main categories of participles relate to the elements literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of them phonetic features, for example, in the presence of ь in the present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, as well as in the presence of a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, whereas in the verbs from which they formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): who came, but came, who invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.

The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted
Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schy is derived from verbs
Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but very indecent from ordinary Russians, who are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, slurping.” He notes the same regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting.” At the same time, Lomonosov notes the great relevance of participles for high styles speeches, indicating that they “are more decently relied on in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”

At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, restrictions in the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs, alien Old Slavonic language, not preserved. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).

But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.
The short participles of the past tense of the passive voice stand apart
(written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and are used in dialects.
On the contrary, for different styles book speech full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule;
A delegate elected by the general meeting and a Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.

Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. General difference participles from adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or the action carried out on this object (passive participle), while the adjective denotes constant sign an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly and are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The participle indicates only the state and does not characterize the object itself, so we can say a flying stone, although the stone does not have qualities conducive to flight. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground. Drained area is the area over which drainage work is carried out; in the adjective dried, formed from the participle, the drying process is left without attention, and the characteristic qualities of objects are indicated; Thus, dried fruits are the antonym of fresh fruits, i.e. Fruits with their own taste characteristics, convenient for storage, etc.

Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin going back to participles. These include:

1) Active present participles and adjectives with the same root:

blushing - red bluish - blue whitening - white aging - old graying - gray hardening - hard thinning - rare

All these participles belonging to verbs formed from adjectives
(blush from red, turn gray from gray), indicate a sign in the process of its formation: blushing apples - apples that become red; the adjective expresses the possession of a quality in its existing form: red apples. In a figurative meaning, these participles indicate a more active, effective manifestation of the attribute, and adjectives indicate its passive presence in objects. Compare: green fields and green fields; something white and something white.

2) Participles of the present tense of the active voice (as well as reflexive ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles in origin:

crumbling - flowing sitting - sessile piercing - prickly standing - standing creaking - creaking flowing - flowing lying - lying burning - combustible lying - volatile crumbling - flowing

As mentioned above, in these paired designations the participle expresses what state the object is in, what action it exhibits that relates to the present tense: hanging ball - a ball that hangs, flowing water - water in motion, pricking blade of grass - a blade of grass that pricks, without regard to whether its structure contributes to this. Adjective means permanent property, a feature of an object due to which it is adapted to perform some action, but does not indicate the implementation of this action: a hanging lamp indicates a feature in the design of the lamp that facilitates hanging it, a thorny bush is a bush that has thorns and can easily prick; the same way a stray dog ​​gives general characteristics dogs and close in meaning to a stray. In some cases, such adjectives are antonyms of adjectives of a different structure: hot - cold, sedentary (lifestyle) - mobile, flammable - fire-resistant.

3) An active present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective that matches passive participle present time from negative prefix Not-:

not burning - not burning not fading - not fading not getting wet - not waterproof not ceasing - not ceasing not penetrating - impenetrable not transmitting - not being transmitted

The participle only states that the action continues, that the action continues, that it is not nearing completion; this is achieved through negative particle Not; let's compare: burning - not burning, falling silent - not stopping. Adjectives indicate the impossibility of performing an action, the inaccessibility of an object for a known process: a fireproof wardrobe is a wardrobe that cannot burn, a waterproof coat is a coat that cannot get wet. Therefore, we can say: We had to burn with damp, long-lasting firewood (but it is impossible to say: “long-lasting firewood”). Adjectives usually hyperbolically characterize an object, representing a certain quality of it as absolute, so incessant is stronger than incessant. It should be noted that adjectives such as fireproof are formed mostly from intransitive verbs, i.e. those that do not allow the formation of passive participles.

4) Present passive participles (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix un- and the suffix –im:

not allowed - unacceptable not defeated - invincible not tamed - indomitable not crushed - indestructible not overlooked - vast not averted - inevitable not realized - not feasible not begged - inexorable not repeatable - unique not separable - inseparable

The difference between participles and adjectives in this category is similar to the difference in the previous one: the participle states the lack of impact on the subject: A project not carried out by us can be used by another organization; here not realized is one that is not realized, without indication of whether it can be realized or not. The adjective indicates the impossibility of performing an action on an object, the resistance of an object to a known influence: an impracticable project is one that cannot be implemented, an indestructible stronghold is one that cannot be crushed.

These adjectives also hyperbolically express quality (invincible -
“the most powerful”) and therefore have expression. Usually adjectives like invincible are formed from perfective verbs, which cannot have present participles, but in some cases they are formed from verbs imperfect form, and then the participle and the adjective may turn out to be homonymous, for example: The passage that I am not translating has already been translated by my friend and Gogol often has untranslatable phrases, the same: A stain that you cannot wash off spoils the picture, i.e.
A stain that for some reason remains unwashed, and This is an indelible shame, i.e. shame that cannot be washed away is the same: unconcealed (= 1) which cannot be hidden and 2) which is not hidden by anyone)

5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:

tanned - tanned burnt - burnt blue - blue ossified - ossified icy - icy fogged - sweaty thinner - thinner smoky - smoky frozen - frozen timid - timid frozen - numb, salty - salty

These participles and adjectives are especially close in meaning; the participles express the process more clearly: tanned is one who has acquired a tan because he has been tanned, and tanned is someone who has a tan, and this adjective is closer to dark-skinned. The sacrament then expresses personal participation more clearly; Thus, a timid person feels more aware of the reasons for fear than a timid person, who was overcome by fear as if from the outside (is this why there are no such adjectives from verbs that express greater activity actor: wiser, happier); adjectives are more often applied to objects (foggy windows, smoky walls, an old disease, a burnt pie, an icy road) that are only exposed to outside influence. Finally, adjectives are associated with colloquial speech and are often formed from colloquial and colloquial verbs: to become timid, to become calm, to grow sleepy.
Let’s take as an example Fedin’s excerpt from “An Extraordinary Summer”:

...Thin, sharp-nosed, with red eyes from unhealed styes, he
[Dibich] smiled shyly and offended. Dibich looked at the land floating past him in a lazy change of plowed strips, black villages, steep slopes of railway tracks with faded telegraph poles on supports and robins singing alone on drooping wires. He sat with his elbows on the table, wet from the stuffiness, crazy from cigarettes.
His saggy cheeks quickly turned white...

ripened - ripe ripened - mature wilted - sluggish disgusted - hateful stale - stale burnt - burnt rotted - stale rotten - rotten

The verbal nature of these adjectives is completely obscured, and they usually denote only qualities without indicating their formation.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:

boiled – boiled baked – baked salted – salted soaked – soaked grated – grated broken – beaten

The participle indicates the process to which the object has been subjected: Baked apples are apples that have been baked, and the adjective baked apple indicates what quality the apple has, and therefore this adjective acts as an antonym to the word raw. In some cases, they turn into adjectives and participles with prefixes: bloated pants
(= too big), open wound.

8) Active and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:

a) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape jutting out into the sea is an outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile.
The director calling the technician - a defiant tone.

b) A person respected by everyone is a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.

Participles, usually supported by the fact that they have dependent words, denote a feature created by the object itself (actual participles), or express the influence on the object from another object
(passive participles); adjectives that usually have figurative meaning, point to constant qualities: brilliant report = excellent report, outstanding worker = excellent, excellent worker, wandering smile = involuntary, weak smile, defiant tone
= harsh, rude tone, respected comrade = worthy of respect, controllable balloon = having devices for control.

Among the participles there are types that are similar in meaning and sometimes act as synonyms. This applies, on the one hand, to passive participles and, on the other hand, to participles from reflexive verbs. It is among various meanings reflexive verbs also have a passive meaning; in this case, the verb refers to the subject, which is the object of the action, and the actor is indicated by the instrumental case:
The house is being built by an architect. The participle with the particle -sya formed from verbs with this meaning also acquires a passive meaning: A house built by an architect, in correlation with the expression of the passive meaning with the phrase A house built by an architect, where the passive participle appears; at the same time, these participles are not equivalent.

A.M. Peshkovsky established that the main expressive of passiveness is the passive participle, and where it is present, usually the reflexive participle is unacceptable: “We will never say a child dressed as a nanny, but only dressed as a nanny; we will never say a box made by a carpenter, we will never say a house built by this architect, but only built by this architect, etc.”
He points out that the reflexive participle is used when the passive participle is not formed at all or is rarely used. Thus, imperfective verbs usually do not form a passive past participle, in which case the reflexive participle acts as its substitute; therefore, along with the passive participle of the perfect form, the reflexive participle of the imperfect form is used: A house erected by an architect; Report written by a student and Report written by a student within a month;
Books published by Uchpedgiz and Books published last year by Uchpedgiz.

For some cases, A.M. Peshkovsky still considers the use of both types of participles acceptable. His examples include: “a book read by many and a book read by many; a house built by an architect and a house built by an architect." But the participle built is not generally accepted, and the expression book, read by many, is clearly worse than a book read by many. In the presence of both types of participles, the reflexive participle is hardly desirable where the passive is clearly expressed (when the instrumental character of the character is present); it is more appropriate when the passive meaning is obscured, so, more acceptable: A book that is read a lot and willingly or does not cause objections: Phenomena observed in everyday life
(existing), but better: Phenomena observed by us.

Therefore, we can agree with the figurative assessment that A.M. Peshkovsky gives to these categories of participles: “They relate to each other like a specialist to an amateur.”

Participle.

Similar to participles, gerunds are traditionally considered as special verb form, connecting the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a procedural feature of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving verbal control, verbal aspect, collateral properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or participle and acting in the sentence as a circumstance.

The specific properties of gerunds are obtained morphological expression in participial suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -a, -ya, for example: to ring - zven'-ya, to think - duma'-ya. Perfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem of perfect verbs using suffixes
-in, -lice, -shi, for example: send - send-in, bring - brought-shi, smile - smile-lice-s. In modern Russian, the process of differentiation of participle suffixes depending on the verb aspect has not yet been completed, therefore forms of perfect participles are possible, formed according to the model of imperfect participles, i.e. from the stem of the future simple tense using the suffix –я
(to leave - leaving, bring - bringing, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:

1. On the back tongue (oven - bake, impossible: *baking);
2. From only consonants (gn-ut, impossible: *gnya);
3. Impossible tense with a sibilant, alternating at the base of the infinitive with a sibilant (piš-ut – pisā-t, impossible: *pisha);
4. With the base of the infinitive on - well- in verbs of the non-productive class

(perish, impossible: *perish);

Like the participle, the gerund is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech.

The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So:
Standing at the window, reading the letter indicates that the main thing is standing, and reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, while Standing at the window and reading the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing at the window, I read the letter, where in the foreground it turns out to be reading, and by the addition, indicating the position in which the reading took place, standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He told and laughed - He told, laughing - While telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot -
They ran across, shooting - Running across, they shot.

How gerunds make it possible to subordinate some actions to others, to make them expressive of various details and circumstances of other actions, can be seen from the following examples: Gorky “Childhood”: Grandmother kept silent, drinking cup after cup; I sat by the window, watching the city glow evening dawn and the glass in the windows of the houses sparkles red...; And she [grandmother] laughs with a hearty laugh, her nose trembles hilariously, and her eyes, shining thoughtfully, caress me, speaking about everything even more clearly than words; I think more and more often about my mother, putting her at the center of all the fairy tales and stories told by my grandmother. An attempt to replace gerunds with verbs would break the connections between individual actions, destroy the differences between the main and additional ones, and make the list of individual actions monotonous.

In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example:
Grandmother leans gloomily against the ceiling and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor (= with downcast eyes); He [the grandfather] stands with his head raised (= with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut (= out of pity).

The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse.

When using gerunds, one should not lose sight of which person owns the actions denoted by the gerund and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is precisely the condition for the generally accepted use of gerunds in the Russian language that the actions denoted by the gerund be performed by the same person who owns the action denoted by the predicate verb. This finds its place in personal sentences, in which the gerund and verb indicate the action of the subject. So: The designer, dismantling the drawing, explained the features of the new model. Here the designer demonstrated and explained.

In addition to personal sentences, gerunds are also acceptable in impersonal sentences provided that both actions belong to the same person.
Talking about this, I would like to remind...
Such turns occur in works of art and in scientific speech.

Using the example of M. Gorky: It is inexplicably good to sail along the Volga autumn night, sitting at the stern of the barge, at the helm; Without loving, it is impossible to understand life. I felt that only by loving a person very deeply, very passionately can one draw strength from this love in order to find and understand the meaning of life;
Using the example of academician I.P. Pavlov: Researching day after day conditioned reflexes, you can predict the onset of seizures quite accurately in advance;
Thus, without claiming absolute accuracy of the position, we must accept that cerebral hemispheres are the main body conditioned reflexes.

A gerund may be subordinated to an infinitive, provided that the actions denoted by the gerund and the infinitive belong to the same person.
Using the example of I.P. Pavlov: Thus, the goal is to remove part of the hemispheres and see the disappearance of the fictions of the removed part from general activities hemispheres
- is covered at first with the echo of an operational blow throughout the entire mass of the hemispheres. He [the physiologist] has a constant duty, relying on the current successes of natural science and the extraordinary increase in modern technical means, try to find other methods for the same purpose, not so distant from the unattainable perfection of the device he is studying.

It is even less common for a gerund to be subordinated to a participle, but such cases still occur in works of art. Herzen: The venerable guardian of silence proudly went under the arch, like a spider returning to a dark corner, having bitten on the brains of a fly. Gorky “The Artamonov Case”: These small pleasures somewhat reconciled him with the many insults that he experienced from lively people, who increasingly took the matter into their tenacious hands, pushing it aside, into loneliness; Gorky, Karonin:
One day this Agafonov, a small, fair-haired man who was writing his stories, worried to the point of sobs, fell ill...

Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and the verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Having entered the room, the mother stood at the window.
Here, entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase:
When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch, they replaced it with a construction with a gerund: Having returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch, it would give the impression that my grandmother returned home.
Errors of this kind are quite common in student works, for example: One evening, sitting at home, a stranger came to us;
After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears. Sometimes such phrases make their way into print: Knipper, “A Few Words about Chekhov”: And when they noticed how my eyes and cheeks were burning while listening to him, the dear student was quietly removed from our house.

Particularly noteworthy are similar turns of phrase, found occasionally in classics, mainly of the first half of the 19th century V. (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen, L. Tolstoy).
Their syntactic construction was supported by the influence French. Lomonosov also drew attention to this, writing in “Russian Grammar”: “Those who, due to the properties of foreign languages, separate gerunds from personal verbs by persons, are very mistaken. For the gerund must in person agree with the main personal verb, on which the power of all speech lies: while going to school, I met a friend; Having written a letter, I send it overseas. But many write in contrast to this: while I was going to school, a friend met me; Having written a letter, he came from the sea; which is very wrong and annoying for ears that sense right-wing Russian writing.”

Here are examples of such prohibited phrases from the works of Herzen and

L. Tolstoy: All this was done while approaching the village; After leaving Vyatka, I was tormented for a long time by the memory of R.*; Passing through the gate, Pierre was overcome with heat, and he involuntarily stopped.

The designation of time by the perfect participle deserves attention.
Usually the perfect participle denotes an action that precedes the action of the verb. This always happens when the gerund comes before the verb: Gorky “In People”: Having briefly told me about the life and death of Pushkin, she asked, smiling...; Putting his finger behind the collar, the cook angrily pulls it away... Usually the preceding action is also indicated by the gerund after the verb: Gorky: “He’s teaching me like a boy,” Peter thought offendedly as he saw him off (= thought when he saw him off); She left the kitchen, throwing a bunch of carrots on the table (= first threw it, then left); The fireman continued, putting a piece of sugar in his cheek (= continued after putting a piece of sugar in his mouth).

But when a gerund comes after a verb, it can express other relationships with the verb in time. So, it sometimes denotes an action simultaneous with the verb. In this case, the gerund has a meaning similar to the perfective meaning of the past tense, when the foreground is not the commission of an action, but the preservation of its result: Gorky: The father left arm in arm with Yakov, silently bowing his head (= lowered his head and continued to remain with his head bowed) ; Peter sat on a chair, pressing the back of his head tightly against the wall (= pressed and did not remove it); He even read books on the street - he walks along the panel, covering his face with a book, and pushes people.

Finally, there are cases when a gerund after a verb denotes a subsequent action; In this case, two groups of examples can be outlined:

a) the gerund denotes the consequence of the action expressed by the verb: Gorky: Somewhere nearby thunder struck, frightening everyone (= hit and frightened); Near Kazan, a large barge with Persian goods sat on a rock, breaking its bottom (= sat on a rock and, as a result, broke through). I cut down one or two stakes - the wall began to shake, then I climbed onto it, grabbed the top... and the entire strip of fence fell, covering me almost to my head
(= fell and covered).

b) a gerund denotes an action that does not necessarily follow from the action of the verb, but usually quickly follows it. Gorky: I sat down on the floor, putting my fists under me... (= sat down and put them up); He threw the cigarette to the ground, trampling it with two kicks
(=threw and then trampled).

Such shades of tense in gerunds are developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this occurs under the influence of word order, since perfective verbs denote actions occurring at different times, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are arranged (I took out a book, I read it and passed it on to a friend).

A number of gerunds are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: begging - pleadingly threatening - threateningly exciting - excitingly blinding - blindingly indignant - indignantly
The difference between gerunds and such adverbs comes down to the fact that the first denote an additional action: (The child spoke, begging to be allowed to go to the performance), and the second has an adverbial meaning and indicates how or with what type an action close to revolutions is performed instrumental case with the preposition with: with a plea or with a look of entreaty, with a threat or with a threatening look: Gorky: The child looked pleadingly at his mother; They [the eyes] look at everything around incredulously and expectantly; Sophron often shouted threateningly: Logic! Here they spoke in a special way - briefly, warningly... Turning worn documents in their hands, they either threateningly or hopelessly shouted: “Comrade Chief!” Pavlik wiped his lips and turned away defiantly... He looked at her with superiority and expectancy... He smiled encouragingly and enthusiastically...

Adverbs such as exciting, blinding, in combination with adjectives express qualitative characteristics and point to high degree qualities: Tchaikovsky's melodies are excitingly beautiful; The fountains filled with lights are blindingly bright and multicolored.

The difference between an additional action and a circumstance is also observed in cases where a gerund participle turns into an adverb, and as a result, along with the gerund participle, there is an adverb formed from the gerund participle. This includes several different categories.

Firstly, individual cases, when used without explanatory words the gerund turns into an adverb: The artist painted while standing, here standing does not denote the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb painted, indicating the position in which the drawing took place; on the contrary, in the phrase:
The artist painted while standing at the easel: standing means the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the Boy writes while sitting at his desk.

Secondly, this includes a number idiomatic expressions: folded arms, sticking out tongue, careless, a little later, headlong, headlong. Don’t sit with your hands folded means only: “Don’t sit idle,” it doesn’t say anything about the position of the hands, and Don’t sit with your hands folded already indicates that the hands are actually folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Also: Run with your tongue out (quickly) and Run with your tongue out (with your tongue out); Work casually (casually) and Work with your sleeves down (with your sleeves down). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial tone.

Thirdly, along with gerunds there are adverbs in –yuchi,
-teach: playfully, happily, skillfully, stealthily: He playfully carried heavy bales (easily, effortlessly); He lives happily (without worries) and dances, humming some tune in a low voice. Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore in nature. Single gerunds should be distinguished from such adverbs in -uchi: the common literary being and the colloquial iduchi, going.

Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of gerunds have two morphological formations with the same meaning.
So, firstly, perfective participles with a base on a vowel sound can have the suffix – in and – lice: having written – having written pouring – pouring zaryv – zaryvshis bending over – bending down
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used.
They are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like writing was especially emphasized by A.M. Gorky. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant as a base have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up.

Secondly, along with forms that have the suffixes –в, – lice, a number of perfective verbs have gerunds with the suffix –a, -я: putting – putting having heard – hearing having noticed – noticing
It is usually pointed out (Shakhmatov, Chernyshev) that the forms ending in –a, -i were more widely used in the 19th century, but they are not uncommon at the present time and, for example, were widely used by Gorky. Here are a few examples from “The Artamonov Case”: frowning, bending, approaching, descending, leaning, straightening, bending, going deeper, lowering, praying, bowing, returning, stopping, changing, leaning, turning away, bending. The form having consulted instead of having consulted, used by Chekhov in a letter to his brother (After consulting with Leikin, I will send you...) is clearly not common.

Used literature:

1) A. N. Gvozdeev. "Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language."

2) V.A. Ivanova, Z.A. Potiha, D.E. Rosenthal "Interesting about the Russian language."

3) L. L. Bulanin " Tough questions morphology".

4) M.V. Lomonosov "Russian grammar".

5) V.I. Dahl " Dictionary living Great Russian language."

6) A.S. Pushkin “Letter to the publisher.”

7) N.M. Shansky, T.V. Shanskaya, V.V. Ivanov "Brief" etymological dictionary Russian language".

Participial and participial phrases

Prepared by a teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU secondary school No. 28

Kuschyak O. G.

• Suddenly loud screams woke me and our entire camp, sheltered by the fire. Screams echoed in the peacefully sleeping backwaters of the river. At dusk, strange groups of people could be seen on the shore. Not far away stood a cart drawn by a horse, calmly awaiting transportation. Half an hour later, the loaded ferry pulled away from the shore, and after another quarter of an hour, a steamer carrying a large barge sailed out from behind the cape. I settled down on the deck and admired the corners that opened up with every turn of the river, still shrouded in a bluish haze. (By V. Korolenko )

Test yourself.

• Suddenly heard loud screams woke me and our entire camp, nestled by the fire . Screams echoed in sleeping peacefully backwaters of the river. At dusk, strange groups of people could be seen on the shore. There was a cart not far away, drawn by a horse, calmly awaiting transportation. Half an hour later the loaded ferry left the shore, and after another quarter of an hour the steamer sailed out from behind the cape, driving a large barge . I sat on the deck and admired the corners, opening with every turn of the river, still shrouded in bluish haze . (By V. Korolenko )

Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.

It’s beautiful to look from the side at the ship, inspired by white sails, gracefully sailing along the endless surface sea ​​waves. But look at the number of hands that set it in motion! A sailing ship wrapped in ropes and covered with sails, dozing in a calm and maneuvering in a contrary wind cannot move back or turn quickly in an instant.

(By I. Goncharova )

Test yourself.

It's beautiful to look at the ship from the side, winged by white sails , gracefully floating on the endless surface of sea waves . But look at the number of hands setting it in motion ! Sailing ship , wrapped in ropes and hung with sails, dozing in the calm and maneuvering in a contrary wind, cannot move back or turn quickly in an instant. (By I. Goncharova )

The long steppe road, saturated with the wormwood smell, stretching to the sea from the distant city, was left behind, and ahead, the open sea, without borders, stretched out to the full distance and breadth. And it seemed to the guys that they had reached the very edge of the world, that there was nothing further. There is one quietly splashing sea, and above it is the same endless sky, only here and there covered with pale pink clouds. The boys, tired from the long journey, walked in silence. Their heads were hidden behind heaps of dry weeds that they had collected for the future fire.

Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.

The wolves slowly got up and walked into the field with their tails between their legs. The young she-wolf sat down in the snow with her head raised and for the first time in her life she howled pitifully without taking her eyes off the moon. The wolves listened to her howl, and in their hearts, as the fur cooled on their backs, a feeling of evil melancholy awoke.

The she-wolf sang her song with her head raised high and looking at the moon. Hearing her, the hares who had gone out into the field to dig up green winter crops stood up on their paws in fear. The wolves were sad, they stood looking at the snow with flickering eyes.

(By I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Test yourself.

The wolves slowly got up and, with their tails between their legs, went into the field. The young wolf sat down in the snow, raising her head, and for the first time in her life she howled pitifully, not taking her eyes off the moon. The wolves listened to her howl, and a feeling of evil melancholy awoke in their hearts, chilling the fur on their backs.

The she-wolf sang her song, raising her head high and looking at the moon. Hearing her, the hares, who had gone out into the field to dig up green winter crops, stood up on their paws in fear. The wolves were sad, they stood looking at the snow with flickering eyes.

(By I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

Place punctuation marks and explain their placement.

Juicy chips flew onto the dewy grass and a light crack was heard due to the impacts. The tree trembled with its whole body, bent and quickly straightened up and swayed on its root. For a moment everything was quiet, but again the tree bent and collapsed with its top on the ground. The sounds of the ax died down. The robin whistled and flew higher, catching the branch with its wings. The branch swayed and froze.

(By L. Tolstoy )

Test yourself.

Juicy chips flew onto the dewy grass, and a light cracking sound was heard from the impacts. The tree trembled with its whole body, bent and, quickly straightening up , swayed on its root. For a moment everything was quiet, but again the tree bent, bent, falling headfirst to the ground . The sounds of the ax died down. The robin whistled and flew higher, catching a branch with his wings . Branch , swaying, froze.

(By L. Tolstoy )

Explain punctuation marks.

A boy of about six came out onto the porch. Without taking his fascinated eyes off Dick [the dog], he briskly ran off the porch and found himself next to the one who had retreated back huge dog. The boy’s thin hand buried itself in the thick brown fur, began to stir it, and the forester called out to the dog in warning, ordering him to sit down. But Dick himself was lost in amazement and resentment. Only upper lip it rose up, wrinkled and revealing strong fangs.

Explain punctuation marks.

Laughing joyfully and loudly, the boy tightly clasped the dog’s neck with both hands. Shaking his head dazedly, freeing himself from the uninvited affection, Dick ran to the side with a suppressed grumble. He sat down, sticking out his tongue, and, embarrassed, shook his head, freeing himself from the unfamiliar smell that made him want to sneeze. Fleeing from the uninvited guest, who again rushed towards him, Dick reached the fence in two leaps, jumped over it and disappeared into the bushes.

(By P. Proskurina)