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Sentinels guard the arrested royal ministers.

February revolution(Also February bourgeois-democratic revolution) - a revolution in the Russian Empire, the result of which was the fall of the monarchy, the proclamation of a republic and the transfer of power to the Provisional Government.

Reasons and prerequisites: economic, political, social

Society's lack of opportunity to influence power is the limited capabilities of the State Duma and the lack of control of the government (and at the same time limited powers of the government).

The emperor could no longer single-handedly decide all issues, but he could radically interfere with pursuing a consistent policy without bearing any responsibility.

Under these conditions, politics could not express the interests of not only the majority, but also any significant part of the population, which caused spontaneous discontent, and restrictions on public expression protest led to the radicalization of the opposition.

The draft composition of the Provisional Government, represented by representatives of the Cadets, Octobrists and a group of members of the State Council. Edited by Emperor Nicholas II.

The February Revolution was not only a consequence of the failures of the Russian government during the First World War. But it was not the war that was the cause of all the contradictions that existed in Russia at that time; the war exposed them and accelerated the fall of tsarism. The war accelerated the crisis of the autocratic system.

The war affected the system of economic ties - primarily between city and countryside. The food situation in the country has worsened; the decision to introduce “food appropriation” did not improve the situation. Famine began in the country. Higher government was also discredited by a chain of scandals surrounding Rasputin and his entourage, who were then called “ dark forces" By 1916, outrage over Rasputinism had already reached the Russian armed forces - both officers and lower ranks. Fatal mistakes the tsar, combined with a loss of confidence in the tsarist government, led it to political isolation, and the presence of an active opposition created fertile ground for a political revolution.

On the eve of the February Revolution in Russia, against the backdrop of an acute food crisis, the political crisis is deepening. For the first time, the State Duma came forward with demands for the resignation of the tsarist government; this demand was supported by the State Council.

The political crisis was growing. November 1, 1916 at a meeting State Duma P. N. Milyukov gave a speech. “Stupidity or treason?” - with this question P. N. Milyukov characterized the phenomenon of Rasputinism on November 1, 1916 at a meeting of the State Duma.

The State Duma's demand for the resignation of the tsarist government and the creation of a “responsible government” - responsible to the Duma, led to the resignation on November 10 of the chairman of the government, Sturmer, and the appointment of a consistent monarchist, General Trepov, to this post. The State Duma, trying to defuse discontent in the country, continued to insist on the creation of a “responsible government” and the State Council joins its demands. On December 16, Nicholas II sent the State Duma and State Council for the Christmas holidays until January 3.

Growing crisis

Barricades on Liteiny Prospekt. Postcard from state museum political history Russia

On the night of December 17, as a result of a monarchist conspiracy, Rasputin was killed, but this did not resolve political crisis. On December 27, Nicholas II dismissed Trepov and appointed Prince Golitsyn chairman of the Council of Ministers. During the transfer of affairs, he received from Trepov two decrees signed by the tsar on the dissolution of the State Duma and the State Council with undated dates. Golitsyn had to find a compromise through behind-the-scenes negotiations with the leaders of the State Duma and resolve the political crisis.

In total, in Russia in January-February 1917, only at enterprises subject to the supervision of the factory inspection, 676 thousand people went on strike, including participants political there were 60% strikes in January, and 95% in February).

On February 14, State Duma meetings opened. They showed that events in Russia were beyond the control of the authorities, the State Duma abandoned the demand for the creation of a “responsible government” and limited itself to agreeing to the creation by the tsar of a “government of trust” - a government that the State Duma could trust, the Duma members were in complete confusion.

Subsequent events showed that in Russian society there are more powerful forces who did not want the political crisis to be resolved, and more deep reasons for a democratic revolution and the transition from monarchy to republic.

Difficulties in supplying the city with bread and rumors about the imminent introduction of bread rationing led to the disappearance of bread. Long queues lined up at the bread shops - “tails”, as they called it then.

February 18 (on Saturday at the Putilov plant - the largest artillery plant in the country and Petrograd, which employed 36 thousand workers - the workers of the Lafetno-stamping workshop (shop) went on strike, demanding a 50% increase in wages. February 20 (Monday) Administration The plant agreed to increase wages by 20% on the condition that they “start work immediately.” The workers’ delegates asked for the Administration’s consent to begin work. next day. The administration did not agree and closed the fire monitor and stamping “workshop” on February 21. In support of the strikers, other workshops began to stop work on February 21. On February 22, the plant administration issued an order to dismiss all workers of the Lafetno-stamping “workshop” and close the plant for an indefinite period - declared a lockout. .

As a result, 36 thousand workers of the Putilov plant found themselves in war conditions without work and without armor from the front.

On February 22, Nicholas II leaves Petrograd for Mogilev to the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

The main events

• On February 24, demonstrations and rallies of Putilov workers resumed. Workers from other factories began to join them. 90 thousand workers went on strike. Strikes and political protests began to develop into a general political demonstration against tsarism.

Announcement by the commander of the Petrograd Military District S.S. Khabalov on the use of weapons to disperse demonstrations. February 25, 1917

• On February 25, a general strike began, which covered 240 thousand workers. Petrograd was declared in a state of siege; by decree of Nicholas II, meetings of the State Duma and State Council were suspended until April 1, 1917. Nicholas II ordered the army to suppress workers' protests in Petrograd
• On February 26, columns of demonstrators moved towards the city center. Troops were brought into the streets, but the soldiers began to refuse to shoot at the workers. There were several clashes with the police, and by evening the police cleared the city center of demonstrators.
• On February 27 (March 12), early in the morning, an armed uprising of soldiers of the Petrograd garrison began - the training team of the reserve battalion of the Volyn regiment, numbering 600 people, rebelled. The soldiers decided not to shoot at the demonstrators and to join the workers. The team leader was killed. The Volynsky regiment was joined by the Lithuanian and Preobrazhensky regiments. As a result, a general workers' strike was supported by an armed uprising of soldiers. (On the morning of February 27, the rebel soldiers numbered 10 thousand, in the afternoon - 26 thousand, in the evening - 66 thousand, the next day - 127 thousand, on March 1 - 170 thousand, that is the entire garrison Petrograd.) The rebel soldiers marched in formation to the city center. On the way, the Arsenal - Petrograd artillery warehouse was captured. The workers received 40 thousand rifles and 30 thousand revolvers. The Kresty city prison was captured and all prisoners were released. Political prisoners, including the “Gvozdyov group,” joined the rebels and led the column. The City Court was burned. The rebel soldiers and workers occupied the most important points of the city, government buildings and arrested ministers. At approximately 2 p.m., thousands of soldiers came to the Tauride Palace, where the State Duma was meeting, and occupied all its corridors and the surrounding territory. They had no way back; they needed political leadership.

• The Duma was faced with a choice: either join the uprising and try to take control of the movement, or perish along with tsarism. Under these conditions, the State Duma decided to formally obey the tsar’s decree on the dissolution of the Duma, but by decision of a private meeting of deputies, at about 17 o’clock it created the Temporary Committee of the State Duma, chaired by the Octobrist M. Rodzianko, by co-opting 2 deputies from each faction. On the night of February 28, the Provisional Committee announced that it was taking power into its own hands.

• After the rebel soldiers came to the Tauride Palace, deputies of the left factions of the State Duma and representatives of trade unions created the Temporary Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council of Workers' Deputies in the Tauride Palace. He distributed leaflets to factories and military units calling for them to elect their deputies and send them to the Tauride Palace by 7 p.m., 1 deputy from every thousand workers and from each company. At 21 o'clock, meetings of workers' deputies opened in the left wing of the Tauride Palace and the Petrograd Council of Workers' Deputies was created, headed by the Menshevik Chkheidze and the deputy chairman of the Executive Committee, Trudovik A.F. Kerensky. The Petrograd Soviet included representatives of socialist parties (Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks), trade unions and non-party workers and soldiers. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries played a decisive role in the Soviet. The Petrograd Council of Workers' Deputies decided to support the Provisional Committee of the State Duma in the creation of the Provisional Government, but not to participate in it.
• February 28 (March 13) - Chairman of the Provisional Committee Rodzianko negotiates with the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General Alekseev, about support for the Provisional Committee from the army, and also negotiates with Nicholas II, in order to prevent revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy.

Order number 1 disintegrated the Russian army, eliminated the main components of any army at all times - the cruelest hierarchy and discipline.

The Provisional Committee formed a Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov, who was replaced by the socialist Kerensky. The provisional government announced elections to the Constituent Assembly. The Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was elected. Dual power was established in the country.

The development of the revolution in Petrograd after the overthrow of the monarchy:

• March 3 (16) - the killings of officers began in Helsingfors, among whom were Rear Admiral A.K. Nebolsin and Vice Admiral A.I. Nepenin.
• March 4 (17) - two manifestos were published in newspapers - the Manifesto on the abdication of Nicholas II and the Manifesto on the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, as well as Political program 1st Provisional Government.

Consequences

The fall of autocracy and the establishment of dual power

The uniqueness of the revolution was the establishment of dual power in the country:

bourgeois-democratic power was represented by the Provisional Government, its local bodies (public security committees), local government(city and zemstvo), the government included representatives of the Cadets and Octobrist parties;

revolutionary democratic power - Councils of workers', soldiers', peasants' deputies, soldiers' committees in the army and navy.

Negative results of the fall of autocracy

Main negative results the overthrow of the Autocracy by the February Revolution in Russia can be considered:

1. Transfer from evolutionary development society towards development along a revolutionary path, which inevitably led to an increase in the number of violent crimes against individuals and attacks on property rights in society.
2. Significant weakening of the army(as a result of revolutionary agitation in the army and Order number 1), a decline in its combat effectiveness and, as a consequence, its ineffective further struggle on the fronts of the First World War.
3. Destabilization of society, which led to a deep split in the existing civil society in Russia. As a result, there was a sharp increase in class contradictions in society, the growth of which during 1917 led to the transfer of power into the hands of radical forces, which ultimately led to the Civil War in Russia.

Positive results of the fall of autocracy

Main positive result overthrow of the Autocracy The February Revolution in Russia can be considered a short-term consolidation of society due to the adoption of a number of democratic legislative acts and a real chance for society, on the basis of this consolidation, to resolve many long-standing contradictions social development countries. However, as shown further events which ultimately led to bloodshed civil war, the country's leaders, who came to power as a result of the February revolution, were unable to take advantage of these real, albeit extremely small (considering Russia was at war at that moment) chances to do so.

Change of political regime

• Old government bodies were abolished. The most democratic law on elections to the Constituent Assembly was adopted: universal, equal, direct with secret ballot. On October 6, 1917, by its resolution, the Provisional Government dissolved the State Duma in connection with the proclamation of Russia as a republic and the beginning of elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly.
• The State Council of the Russian Empire was dissolved.
• The Provisional Government established an Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the malfeasance of the Tsarist ministers and senior officials.
• On March 12, a decree was issued on the abolition death penalty, which was replaced in particularly serious criminal cases by 15 years of hard labor.
• On March 18, an amnesty was announced for those convicted for criminal reasons. 15 thousand prisoners were released from places of detention. This caused a surge in crime in the country.
• On March 18-20, a series of decrees and resolutions were issued on the abolition of religious and national restrictions.
• Restrictions on the choice of place of residence and property rights were abolished, complete freedom of occupation was proclaimed, and women were given equal rights with men.
• The Ministry of the Imperial Household was gradually eliminated. Property of the former imperial house, members royal family- palaces with artistic values, industrial enterprises, lands, etc. in March-April 1917 became the property of the state.

• Resolution “On the Establishment of the Police”. Already on February 28, the police were abolished and a people's militia was formed. 40 thousand people's militia guarded enterprises and city blocks instead of 6 thousand police officers. People's militia units were also created in other cities. Subsequently, along with the people's militia, combat workers' squads (Red Guard) also appeared. According to the adopted resolution, the already created units workers' militia uniformity was introduced and the limits of their competence were established.
• Decree “On meetings and unions.” All citizens could form unions and hold meetings without restrictions. There were no political motives for closing unions; only a court could close a union.
• Decree on amnesty for all persons convicted for political reasons.
• The Separate Corps of Gendarmes was abolished, including the railway police and security departments, special civil courts(March 4).

Trade union movement

On April 12, the law on meetings and unions was issued. Workers restored democratic organizations banned during the war (trade unions, factory committees). By the end of 1917, there were more than 2 thousand trade unions in the country, led by the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (chaired by the Menshevik V.P. Grinevich).

Changes in the local government system

• On March 4, 1917, a resolution was adopted to remove all governors and vice-governors from office. In the provinces where the Zemstvo worked, the governors were replaced by the chairmen of the provincial zemstvo boards, where there were no zemstvos, the places remained unoccupied, which paralyzed the local government system.

Preparation for elections to the Constituent Assembly

Immediately after the February Revolution, preparations began for elections to the constituent assembly. The most democratic law on elections to the Constituent Assembly was adopted: universal, equal, direct with secret ballot. Preparations for the elections dragged on until the end of 1917.

Crisis of power

The inability of the Provisional Government to overcome the crisis caused an increase in revolutionary ferment: mass demonstrations took place on April 18 (May 1), in July 1917. The July uprising of 1917 - the period of peaceful development ended. Power passed to the Provisional Government. The dual power is over. The death penalty was introduced. The failure of the August speech of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Infantry General L. G. Kornilov became prelude to Bolshevism, since the elections to the Soviets that followed shortly after the victory of A.F. Kerensky in his confrontation with L.G. Kornilov brought victory to the Bolsheviks, which changed their composition and the policies they pursued.

Church and revolution

Already on March 7-8, 1917, the Holy Synod issued a decree that ordered the entire clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church: in all cases during divine services, instead of commemorating the reigning house, offer a prayer for the God-protected Russian Power and its Blessed Provisional Government .

Symbol

The symbol of the February Revolution was a red bow and red banners. The previous government was declared “tsarism” and the “old regime”. The word “comrade” was included in the speech.

Notes

Links

• On the causes of the Russian revolution: a neo-Malthusian perspective
• Journal of meetings of the Provisional Government. March-April 1917. rar, djvu
• Historical and documentary exhibition “1917. Myths of revolutions"
• Nikolay Sukhanov. “Notes on the revolution. Book one. March coup February 23 - March 2, 1917"
• A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Reflections on the February Revolution.
• NEFEDOV S. A. FEBRUARY 1917: POWER, SOCIETY, BREAD AND REVOLUTION
• Mikhail Babkin "OLD" AND "NEW" OATH OF STATE

Bibliography

• Archive of the Russian Revolution (edited by G.V. Gessen). M., Terra, 1991. In 12 volumes.
• Pipes R. Russian Revolution. M., 1994.
• Katkov G. Russia, 1917. The February Revolution. London, 1967.
• Moorhead A. The Russian Revolution. New York, 1958.
• Dyakin V. S. ABOUT ONE FAILED ATTEMPT OF TSARISM TO “SOLVE” THE LAND QUESTION DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR. (Goals and nature of the so-called liquidation of German land ownership in Russia)

Photos and documents

The immediate cause of the revolutionary explosion was military exhaustion, which aggravated all the internal problems of society and the state. Its origins were rooted in Russia's unpreparedness for war and the miscalculations of Russia. commands admitted in 1914–16. There was a moral decay of the rear military units, including the Petrograd Military District. Nicholas II was at Headquarters in Mogilev and did not control the situation in the country. The discontent of the generals and officers, caused by military failures, by 1917 developed into a hidden opposition. The standard of living and food supply of city residents, especially in the capital, have noticeably deteriorated. The disruption of transport hampered the regular food supply of Petrograd, creating shortages of bread. The threat of famine sharply increased discontent with the authorities. In connection with the mobilizations of Petrograd workers in all sectors of the economy, the role of women, who had a particularly difficult time enduring the domestic and social difficulties of wartime, increased noticeably.

The main events of the February Revolution unfolded in Petrograd. On 23.2 (8.3).1917, anti-war rallies dedicated to the traditional Worker’s Day spontaneously began to develop into mass strikes and demonstrations under the slogans “Down with the war!”, “Demand bread!” 24 Feb (March 9) a general strike began, and rallies were held continuously. The commander of the Petrograd Military District, General S.S. Khabalov, pulled soldiers of the guards reserve regiments to the city center. The most important city highways were blocked, security was strengthened at government buildings, the post office, telegraph office, etc. February 25. (March 10) military and police outposts were set up near the bridges, but columns of demonstrators bypassed them along the ice of the Neva and rushed to the city center. The prevailing slogans were: “Down with the Tsar!”, “Down with the government!”, “Bread, peace, freedom!”, “Long live the republic!” In the evening, General Khabalov received an order from Nicholas II to immediately stop the unrest in Petrograd. Several were arrested. Mensheviks, at night arrests were made among workers of the revolutionary underground. On the same day, Nicholas II dissolved the State. Duma 26 Feb. (March 11) the police and mayor A.P. Balk removed the guards of the bridges, all the forces of the troops and police were concentrated in the center, cartridges were distributed to the soldiers. Fire was opened on demonstrators in several places in the city, people were killed and wounded, and on the proletarian outskirts workers began to build barricades and seize enterprises. 27 Feb (March 12) the general strike escalated into an armed uprising. Soldiers from a number of regiments rebelled and united with the rebel workers. The District Court was set on fire, and those arrested were released from the House of Pre-trial Detention, as well as the Kresty and Lithuanian Castle prisons. In the Tauride Palace, the Council of Elders and the Private Meeting of the State. The Duma elected a government body - the Provisional Committee (“Committee of the State Duma for establishing order in Petrograd and for relations with institutions and individuals”). He tried to take power into his own hands. Leaders of the Menshevik faction of the State. Dumas, representatives of soldiers and workers, journalists announced the creation of the Provisional Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet; in the evening the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies was elected [from March 1 (14) Petrograd Soviet workers' and soldiers' deputies]. 28 Feb. (March 13) armed workers and soldiers occupied Peter and Paul Fortress. General Khabalov transferred the remnants of government troops from the building of Glav. Admiralty in Winter Palace, which was soon occupied by troops sent by the Provisional Committee of the State. Duma and the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. Expedition of General N.I. Ivanov [from the evening of February 27. (March 12) commander of the Petrograd Military District], sent to suppress the uprising, failed. On March 1 (14), St. went on strike. 394 thousand people from more than 900 enterprises, almost the entire Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the rebels. Under pressure from the rebels, Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet was adopted. He equalized the rights of soldiers and officers, introduced elected soldiers' committees that controlled the life of the army, which led to a catastrophic decline in military discipline.

2(15).3.1917 by the Provisional Committee of the State. Duma, with the consent of the leaders of the Petrograd Soviet (chairman - Menshevik N. S. Chkheidze, his deputy - Socialist Revolutionary A. F. Kerensky), a temporary one was formed - until the convocation Constituent Assembly– government (chairman – Prince G. E. Lvov). It consisted mainly of representatives of the Cadets and Octobrists. On March 13 (26), the Provisional Government formed a Special Meeting on the preparation of the law on elections to the Constituent Assembly (worked from May to September 1917; chairman - cadet F. F. Kokoshkin), which included representatives of various political parties, Councils, public and national organizations.

In the current situation, the leaders of political parties, factions of the State. The Duma and the generals associated with them hoped to achieve the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne in favor of his son and heir Alexei and the formation of a government responsible to the Duma. But the emperor abdicated the throne on March 2(15).3.1917 for himself and his son, passing the crown to his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail, who also abandoned it. The monarchy in Russia ceased to exist.

The small Bolshevik Party did not play a significant role in the February Revolution. The growth of its importance began in April. 1917, with the return to Petrograd from emigration of V. I. Lenin, G. E. Zinoviev, N. I. Bukharin and others. At the April conference of 1917, where the political course of the party in the revolution was developed, two positions emerged: radical Lenin and less radical L. B. Kameneva. Lenin, believing that the Bolsheviks should not follow the “conciliatory” course of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, called for a refusal to trust the Provisional Government, transfer all power to the Soviets and carry out a socialist revolution, simultaneously carrying out democratic changes. Kamenev believed that the Bolsheviks should, together with other socialist parties, strive for democratic changes.

The Provisional Government made two attempts to continue Russia's participation in World War I: in the April note of 1917 min. foreign Del Miliukov assured the Entente governments of Russia's loyalty to its obligations to continue the war to a victorious end; in the 2nd half. June and July were carried out offensive actions grew up armies in the Southwestern and Romanian fronts which ultimately ended in defeat. Both attempts led to mass unrest, crises of power (April and July 1917) and changes political composition The Provisional Government - from the initial predominance of liberals to an approximately equal (in July) ratio of their representatives and representatives of the socialists, ch. arr. Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. In June, the government for the first time announced the date of elections to the Constituent Assembly - September 17 (30). and its convocation - September 30. (13 Oct.) 1917. Governing bodies The Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, as well as peasants' deputies, recognized the Provisional Government as the authority of the government. The 2nd coalition government was formed on July 24 (Aug. 6) (chaired by Kerensky). In Aug. meetings of the All-Russian Commission on Elections to the Constituent Assembly began (All Elections; chairman - cadet N. N. Avinov), the election dates were postponed to November 12 (25), and its convocation - to November 28. (Dec 11). At the same time, the government convened in Moscow on August 12–15 (25–28). State meeting attended by members of the government, deputies of the State. Dumas of all convocations, representatives of Soviets, commercial and industrial circles, banks, cooperative organizations, trade unions, army, navy, city and zemstvo self-government bodies, etc. On the State. At the meeting, General L. G. Kornilov outlined the demands of the generals to the authorities: the introduction of the death penalty at the front and in the rear; suppression of anti-state and anti-national forces; restoration of the army's combat capability; continuation of the war “to the bitter end.” Appointed Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Kornilov agreed with Kerensky to suppress revolutionary anarchy by army forces and establish a “revolutionary dictatorship” of the Directory of Kornilov and Kerensky. At the end of Aug. 1917 General A. M. Krymov’s corps moved to Petrograd. Fearing that the generals would sweep him away too, Kerensky declared Kornilov a rebel and removed the Supreme Commander-in-Chief from his post, then turned to revolutionary-minded workers and soldiers for help. The Bolsheviks also called on them to prevent Kornilov's speech and managed to raise significant forces against him. Massive replenishment of the Red Guard began - armed detachments of volunteer workers (the first steps towards their organization were taken by the Bolsheviks of Petrograd and other cities in late March - early April 1917). The “rebel troops” were stopped, General Kornilov was arrested. As a result of these events, the alignment changed political forces: the influence of the Bolsheviks increased significantly, the Bolshevisation of the Soviets began, especially of Petrograd. The Provisional Government, in search of a way out of the next power crisis, transferred power to a temporary body - the “Directory”. 1 (Sept. 14) Russia was declared a republic.

The leaders of the Soviets, which were still dominated by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, seeking to lead the country along the path of bourgeois parliamentarism and in order to weaken the growing national crisis in the country, convened in Petrograd Democratic meeting. It was attended by delegates from Soviets, trade unions, army and navy organizations, national institutions, etc.; The Socialist Revolutionaries predominated, and the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks had quite a lot of seats. At Lenin’s suggestion, the Bolsheviks used the Conference as a platform for sharply criticizing the experience of coalition power and putting forward demands for the transfer of power to the Soviets, the abolition of private property to land and transfer it to the peasantry, nationalize the most important industries, and immediately conclude peace.

The Democratic Conference delegated representatives of all groups and factions in proportion to their numbers to the Pre-Parliament, formed to perform the functions of a representative body that could control the activities of the Provisional Government until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. It was dominated by the Socialist Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks and Cadets had quite a lot of seats, smallest number The Bolsheviks received mandates. 23 Sep. (Oct 6) The Pre-Parliament approved the agreement of the Socialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets on the creation of a new, 3rd coalition, Provisional Government. In the RSDLP(b), opinions on participation in the work of the Pre-Parliament were divided: L. B. Kamenev, V. P. Nogin, A. I. Rykov and others were in favor of participation, Lenin was sharply against it, proposing instead to call on the masses for an armed uprising . His point of view won: 7(20) Oct. The RSDLP(b) faction left the Pre-Parliament after harsh statements. The Soviets agreed with this position. Oct 24 (Nov. 6) The Pre-Parliament adopted a resolution in which it demanded that the Provisional Government, along with the suppression of revolutionary ferment, immediately adopt a decree on the transfer of lands to the jurisdiction of land committees and appeal to the allies outlining peace conditions and demanding that peace negotiations begin.

At the same time, preparations for the elections to the Constituent Assembly continued: in September, the councils of zemstvo and city dumas and zemstvos began compiling voter lists, and in October lists of candidates for elections from political parties were published. However, the RSDLP(b) by resolution dated 10(23) Oct. decided on an armed uprising. At the insistence of Lenin under the Petrograd Soviet, 12(25) Oct. the formation of a legal military revolutionary committee began - the Military Revolutionary Committee (by the end of October there were over 40 of them formed throughout the country). Oct 23 (November 5) the Center was formed within the structure of the Red Guard. the commandant's office, which was in close contact with the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, and Chief. headquarters. Military Revolutionary Committee and the Red Guard became armed force, on which the Bolsheviks were able to rely when seizing power.

1. February 23 - March 3 (March 8 - 18, new style) 1917 in Russia, the February Revolution took place, as a result of which the tsar was overthrown, the monarchy was abolished, democratic reforms began, which grew into a revolutionary process and civil war.

The driving forces of the February Revolution of 1917 were of a dual nature:

- on the one hand, she wore a massive, spontaneous and folk character(“revolutions from below”);

- on the other hand, since 1916, conscious preparations were underway for the overthrow of Nicholas II, who had lost his authority - some leading leaders entered into the conspiracy " Progressive block» State Duma, progressive-minded officers of the Petrograd garrison.

In December 1916, the implementation of the conspiracy began. Rasputin was killed in Yusupov's house, which immediately deprived the Tsar internal support. Work was carried out among the officers of the Petrograd garrison to prepare a military coup. At the beginning of February 1917, a shortage of bread was created in Petrograd (bread was not delivered to the city and was hidden in warehouses, although after the abdication of Nicholas II, the delivery of bread began en masse). The Petrograd garrison did not support the Tsar at the decisive moment. 2. Events began to develop spontaneously:

— the cessation of bread supplies to Petrograd caused acute discontent and spontaneous demonstrations;

- February 23 (March 8, 1917 according to the global calendar), International Women's Day, a major strike began in Petrograd, which is considered the beginning of the revolution - the Putilov plant stopped working, followed by more than 50 enterprises, more than 100 thousand workers took to the streets with the slogans “Bread!”, “Peace!”, “Freedom!”;

- February 26 - riots began - the destruction of police stations, secret police, attacks on government officials, the Chairman of the State Duma M. Rodzianko sends a telegram to the Tsar, who is at headquarters in Mogilev, with a proposal to form a government national unity;

- February 26, evening - Tsar Nicholas II from Mogilev rejected the proposals of the State Duma deputies and gave the order to the commander of the Petrograd district, General S. Khabalov, to suppress the protests by force and restore order;

- February 27 - a split in the army - the Petrograd garrison refused to carry out the orders of its commander S. Khabalov and went over to the side of the protesting workers; fraternization between the army and the residents of Petrograd begins; The district court, prisons, and police stations are being destroyed; on the same day, the Provisional Committee of the State Duma is created (leaders: M. Rodzianko, P. Milyukov, G. Lvov, etc.) and the Petrograd Council (chairman - N. Chkheidze, deputies - A. Kerensky and M. Skobelev, G. Khrustalev-Nosar (leader of the Petrograd Soviet during the 1905 revolution);

— The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Committee of the State Duma are equally popular among the people and proclaim themselves supreme body power in the country, which laid the foundation for dual power;

- February 28 - power in Petrograd completely passes into the hands of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Council; previously trained officers and units loyal to them, who supported the rebels, take control of mail, telegraph, telephone, bridges; the commander of the Petrograd district S. Khabalov also goes over to the side of the rebels and sends a telegram to the Tsar about the impossibility of suppressing the unrest;

- March 1 - Chairman of the State Duma M. Rodzianko arrived in Mogilev to Tsar Nicholas II with a proposal to abdicate the throne in favor of his 14-year-old son Alexei;

- March 2 - after a day's deliberation, changing his decision many times, Nicholas II signs the abdication of the throne for himself and for his son Alexei in favor of his brother, Mikhail Romanov. The abdication of Nicholas II was not voluntary and was obtained after the army refused to come to the defense of the Tsar - and this became the decisive argument;

- on the same day, March 2, the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, together with the Petrograd Soviet, forms the Provisional Government (before the elections to the Constituent Assembly) headed by G. Lvov;

- dual power begins in Russia - the State Duma and the Provisional Government on the one hand, and the councils of workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies, which are spontaneously created throughout the country, on the other;

- March 3 - Mikhail Romanov, the uncrowned Tsar Michael II, who enjoys a reputation as a liberal and a certain authority in society, abdicates the throne - before the convening of the Constituent Assembly (Mikhail's abdication was also obtained by force - under many hours of pressure from the leaders of the State Duma and the armed sailors who came with them ; Mikhail’s abdication was formalized without succession);

- on the same day, the Provisional Government issues its first document - the Declaration of the Provisional Government to the citizens of Russia, which proclaims fundamental rights and freedoms, the abolition of estates, a general political amnesty, the elimination of the police and gendarmerie, their replacement by the people's militia, and the holding at the end of 1917. general and equal elections to the Constituent Assembly.

As a result of the victory of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in February - March 1917 in Russia:

- the monarchy was overthrown;

— the 304-year reign of the Romanov dynasty was actually ended;

— fundamental human rights and freedoms were proclaimed and for a short time became a reality;

- dual power began - the activities of the Provisional Government and councils;

— revolutionary transformations began, culminating in the Bolsheviks coming to power.

The February Revolution is new point countdown of Russian history. During this event it was achieved the main objective first revolution - the hated royal power. Who were its participants? What are the causes of this conflict? And what happened next?

Causes of the February Revolution of 1917

What led to the start of a new revolution? Of course, the worker’s unresolved agrarian question. These questions have remained pressing and problematic since the very beginning of the 20th century. But no one was in a hurry to solve them. Stolypin's attempt caused indignation among many, for which the prime minister paid with his life. Another reason for the revolution can be called the socio-economic crisis in the country. First World War also influenced the beginning of the new Russian revolution. And the food crisis and lack of any stability intensified the divisions in society.

February Revolution: nature, driving forces and objectives

By its nature, the second Russian revolution was bourgeois-democratic. Driving forces there still remained the working class along with the peasant population. The participation of the intelligentsia made the revolution nationwide. What were the tasks of the revolutionaries? These tasks were standard for the first two Russian revolutions. The people who were in power at that time were in no hurry to solve them, because they were afraid of losing this very power. So,

• it was necessary to get out of the war;
• come to a common solution to the agrarian and labor issue;
• get rid of the autocratic hated tsarist power;
• convene a constituent assembly;
• move to a new structure of the state: democratic republic+ adoption of the constitution.

February Revolution: developments

The reason for the new conflict was the dismissal of a mass of workers in St. Petersburg from the Putilov plant. The growth of social tension in society has reached its global proportions. At this time, the Tsar travels outside of St. Petersburg and information about the situation in the city does not reach him. The February revolution unfolded too quickly: the very next day after the dismissal, a mass of people appeared on the streets with the slogans “Down with the Tsar.” And just two weeks later, Nicholas II, on the advice of his generals, renounced the Russian throne, and also for his son. The next day, Nicholas II’s brother Mikhail signs the same document. The Romanov dynasty ceases to exist Russian throne. At this time, dual power was established in the country in the person of the Petrograd Soviet and a new government body - the Provisional Government.

Results

The February Revolution of 1917 led to such results as the overthrow of autocratic power, the emergence of democratic freedoms and the spread of democratic values ​​in society, as well as the establishment of dual power in the country. This difficult period in the history of our state gave dramatic changes. It became the crown of all the suffering of the early 20th century, because the main goal was achieved - the monarchy was overthrown.

WHITE-BLUE-RED
Vl. Abdank-Kossovsky.

The SS training units, made up of Russian youth from 15 to 20 years old, received wide armbands, similar to Todov's, but in white, blue and red colors with a white rhombus, in the middle of which a blue St. Andrew's cross is placed.

The newspaper "Volunteer" published an interesting historical information about St. Andrew's flag. From this reference we see that sleeve badge ROA is nothing more than an image of the St. Andrew's flag, trimmed with a red border. At the same time, the color combination of this sign is the white field of the shield, the blue cross of St. St. Andrew the First-Called and a red border - reproduces the Russian national colors of white-blue-red. A similar desire of the leaders of the Russian Liberation Movement keeping old Russian symbols and emblems intact is quite natural and legal - Russian history does not begin with Karl Marx and the Kaganovichs. Great nations must have great memory…
A flag, as everyone knows, is a piece of fabric, one-color or stitched, of several colors, attached to a flagpole, on which images, inscriptions, etc. are sometimes placed. The flag is raised as symbolic image joy, triumph, sadness (black mourning flag) and other manifestations of public or private life.

At the end of 1943, after the death of the leader of the Kharkov and the destroyers Sposobny and Besposhchadny in the Black Sea, supreme commander I.V. Stalin, by special order, prohibited any operations large ships until the end of the war.
In the Baltic Sea, in fact, after the “Tallinn transition” and the losses of 1941, Soviet battleships, cruisers and destroyers They did not leave the bases until the very end of the war. However, the torpedo boats of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet continued vigorous combat activity. IN recent months war, Soviet boats actively operated in the area of ​​​​Ventspils and Liepaja against transportation providing supplies to the encircled Kurland group troops, as well as transportation of refugees from the ports of Courland and East Prussia evacuated to the ports of the western part Baltic Sea. At the same time, it happened repeatedly military clashes with German light forces.