Global problems of modern humanity. We substantiate the global problems of humanity

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

(from Latin globus (terrae) - globe) - a set of vitally important problems that affect the whole and are insoluble within individual states and even geographic regions. G.p. came to the fore in the 20th century. as a result of significant population growth and a sharp intensification of the production process in an industrial society. Attempts to solve G.p. are an indicator of the gradual formation of a single humanity and the formation of a truly world history. To the number of G.p. include: preventing thermo nuclear war; reduction of rapid population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries); preventing catastrophic pollution environment, primarily the atmosphere and the oceans; ensuring further economic development with the necessary natural resources, especially non-renewable ones; bridging the gap in living standards between developed and developing countries; elimination of hunger, poverty and illiteracy, etc. Circle G.p. is not sharply outlined, their peculiarity is that they cannot be solved in isolation, and humanity itself largely depends on their solution.
G.p. generated by the colossally increased impact of man on the environment, his economic activity transforming nature, which has become comparable in scale to geological and other planetary natural processes. According to pessimistic forecasts, G.p. cannot be resolved at all and in the near future will lead humanity to an environmental disaster (R. Heilbroner). Optimistic assumes that G.p. will be a natural consequence scientific technical progress(G. Kahn) or the result of the elimination of social antagonisms and the construction of a perfect society (Marxism-Leninism). The intermediate one consists in the demand for a slowdown or even zero growth of the economy and world population (D. Meadows and others).

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

[French global - universal, from lat. globe (terrae)- globe], a set of vitally important problems of humanity, on the solution of which further progress in modern era - preventing global thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; bridging the growing economic gap level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating their backwardness, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe; cessation strives. population growth (“demographic explosion” in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed capitalist countries. countries; preventing catastrophic environmental pollution, including the atmosphere, oceans and T. d.; ensuring further economic development of humanity with necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, prom. raw materials and energy sources; prevention of direct and distant ones will be denied. consequences of scientific and technical revolution. Some researchers also include problems of health care, education, social values ​​and T. p.

These are vital important issues although they existed before to one degree or another as local and regional contradictions, they acquired modern planetary era and unprecedented scale due to the specific historical situation that has developed on the globe. situation, namely a sharp exacerbation of uneven socio-economic. and scientific and technical. progress, as well as the growing process of internationalization of all societies. activities. Contrary to opinion pl. scientists and societies. figures in the West, in particular representatives of the Club of Rome, G. p. were generated not so much by the colossally increased means of humankind’s influence on the world around us and the enormous scope (scale) his household activity, which has become comparable to geological. And etc. planetary natures. processes, and above all the spontaneity of societies. development and anarchy of production under capitalism, the legacy of colonialism and the ongoing exploitation of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latvia. America is multinational. corporations, as well as etc. antagonistic contradictions, the pursuit of profit and current benefits to the detriment of the long-term, fundamental interests of society as a whole. The global nature of these problems does not stem from their “ubiquity,” and certainly not from their “predatory nature.” nature of man,” supposedly equally inherent in any social system, as they say bourgeois ideologists, but from the fact that they somehow affect humanity as a whole and cannot be completely resolved within the framework dept. states and even geographical. regions. They also cannot be successfully solved in isolation from one another.

Universal. the character of civil society does not at all give them a supra-class and non-ideological character. content is believed bourgeois scientists, considering them from the standpoint of abstract humanism and liberal reformist philanthropy. The global nature of these problems does not negate class approach to their study and fundamental differences in methods and ways of solving them in various social systems. Marxists reject the pessimism common in the West. and pseudo-optimistic. concepts of G. p., according to which they either cannot be resolved at all and will inevitably plunge humanity into catastrophe (. Heilbroner), or can be resolved only by price T. And. zero growth of the world economy and population (D. Meadows and etc.) , or to solve them, only one scientific and technical progress (G. Kahn). The Marxist approach to G. p. differs from the non-Marxist one also with regard to their hierarchy (priority in their decision): to the bourgeoisie, to ideologists who put forward either environmentalism first. problems, or “demographic. explosion" or the contrast between "poor and rich nations" (advanced North and backward South), Marxists believe the most insistent. the problem of preventing global thermonuclear war, ending the arms race and ensuring international security, believing that this will create not only favorable peaceful conditions for socio-economic. progress of all peoples, but will also free up enormous material resources for solving the remaining G. p. Consistent. resolution of emerging G. and. is possible only after the elimination of social antagonisms and the establishment of relations between society and nature on a global scale, i.e. in communist society. However, already in modern conditions pl. G. problems can be successfully resolved not only in socialist. society, but also the rest of the world in the course of general democracy. struggle for and release of tension, against selfishness. state-monopoly policy capital, through the deployment of mutually beneficial international cooperation, establishment of a new world economic. order in relations between developed and developing countries.

Mutual conditionality and the complex nature of G. p. suggest that they scientific research can be successfully carried out only through the cooperation of scientists of different specialties, representatives of society, natural sciences. and technical sciences, based on dialectic. method and use of such methods scientific knowledge of social reality, as well as global.

Materials of the XXVI Congress CPSU, M., 1981; Brezhnev L.I., Great October and the progress of mankind, M., 1977; Commoner B., Closing Circle, lane With English, L., 1974; Biola G., Marxism and the Environment, lane O French, M., 1975; Budyko M.I., Global ecology, M., 1977; Shiman M., Towards the third millennium, lane With Hungarian, M., 1977; G v i sh i a n i D. M., Methodological. problems of modeling global development, "VF", 1978, "" 2; Arab-Ogly 9. A., Demographic and environmental forecasts, M., 1978; Forrester D. V., World, lane With English, M., 1978; Zagladin V., Frolov I., G. p. and the future of humanity, “Communist”, 1979, No. 7; theirs, G. p. of our time: scientific and social aspects, M., 1981; Frolov I. T., Human Perspectives, M., 1979; Sociological aspects of global modeling, M., 1979; The future of the global economy (Report of the UN group of experts headed by V. Leontyev), lane With English, M., 1979; Future. Real problems And bourgeois speculations, Sofia, 1979; ? e h e i A., Human. quality, lane With English, M., 1980; G. p. modernity, M., 1981; Leibin V.M., “Models of the world” and “man”: Critical. ideas of the Club of Rome, M., 1981; F a l k R., The study of future worlds, N.Y., ; Kahn H., Brown W., Martel L., The next 200 years, L., 1977.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

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Modern global problems are a consequence of today's entire global situation. One of the main problems today is the depletion of mineral resources, pollution and, as a result, destruction of the environment. Issues of ecology and natural resources make many people think today. Transport and production are the main causes of contamination of the world's oceans, seas and soil. In addition, emissions of harmful substances also play a large role in the death of various terrestrial organisms.

Landscape deterioration, climate and water regime changes can lead to climate change (warming). This will lead to the melting of glaciers. As a result, many populated areas of the earth may be under water. In addition, human health is affected by radio waves, exhaust gases, electricity and the like. The Red Book contains many species of animals that have disappeared and been replaced by other dangerous microorganisms.

Soil pollution often leads to the death of not only plants, but also the accumulation of various metals. Acid rain causes environmental, economic and aesthetic damage. This phenomenon leads to the destruction of various structures, monuments, soil pollution, etc. In addition, with acid rain species and genetic changes in plants are associated. Dying lichens, considered indicators of air purity, make us think about environmental pollution and the possibility of reducing such risks not only for human life, but also for animals and plants.

Another global problem today is the greenhouse effect, one of the main problems of which is carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide allow the sun's rays to penetrate, but trap the planet's thermal radiation, preventing it from escaping into space. This further impacts climate warming, melting glaciers and rising sea levels.

The problem of planetary overpopulation is also pressing. The number of people on Earth is growing very quickly, while consuming huge amounts of fossils and energy. Economic development, information Technology and many other things can lead to the fact that our planet simply cannot stand it. There is only one way out of this situation: “limiting the birth rate while simultaneously reducing mortality and improving the quality of life.”

However, this goal is practically unattainable due to social relations, religion, forms of management and many other obstacles.

The most pressing problem is the problem of energy resource consumption. An energy crisis is upon us. The state of the environment is getting worse and worse. The biosphere can no longer cope with environmental restoration. To artificially restore it, about 99 percent of labor and energy resources are needed. Consequently, only one percent of such resources will remain for the inhabitants of the earth. There is a way out: hydropower, solar, wind energy, etc. But... they are still at the development stage.

AIDS and drug addiction have turned from a social problem into a global one. This disease has been found in more than 124 countries. Largest number HIV-infected people are located in the United States. Most crimes and mental illnesses come from them. Drugs are a global disaster for many young people.

The drug mafia always makes sure that in difficult times drugs are always at hand.

Let us note that in comparison with seven other global problems, the probability of thermonuclear war occupies a leading position. According to scientists, in order to plunge the whole world into an extraordinary environmental catastrophe, five percent of the arsenal that the great powers have accumulated today is enough. When they were put into effect, the soot from the burned cities and forest fires forms such an impenetrable veil for sun rays that the temperature on earth will drop by as much as tens of degrees. Even tropical zone will be overtaken by a long polar night.

Today, all of humanity is faced with the problem of preserving the environment. The environmental disaster is making itself felt. There is no doubt that someone will find a way out of this situation, but when? Every day we all continue to destroy various “gifts” of nature without thinking about it. However, if normal living conditions still come to an end, will the human body be able to adapt to another, abnormal life?

Man and nature are one. Their existence separately is impossible. Therefore, today every person should think about environmental ethics.

Selfishness is the primary source of all problems of modern society

Selfishness is an integral human part. Man is an element of a complex system, which is the universe and nature, which have their own laws. All systems are interconnected and complementary. Take, for example, a house of cards: as soon as you take out at least one element from it, the entire structure collapses. So it is in nature. Harmony can be achieved only if all its elements are useful. All systems are aimed at successful development the entire organism, and, consequently, the entire system.

Each person is a single organism. Today this organism is depleting our planet: it consumes a huge amount of resources, there are wars and civil strife. The imposition of Christianity used to be also a good intention. Murders, atrocities, power, money - these were an integral attribute of the entire people in the past. What about today? Let's take countries such as Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, etc. and everything becomes clear. In these countries, the issue of morality is not raised; the problem of conquest of resources is there.

Human selfishness and worthless wars cannot lead anywhere in the future. Perhaps someday society will understand this. Today, there are still full-fledged families that everyone strives to bring into the family. However, the time is not far off when even among the family there will be division and appropriation. There are already problems today different families are rising more and more every day. Often, it is the inability to share rights between husband and wife that leads to bad consequences. Young couples want to have children less and less often, and more often they want to get a divorce. There are many examples of this kind.

The cause of all problems is simply human egoism. Today people are driven by self-interest and envy, not love and respect. Most people don’t even care what state the environment is in or what global problems exist today. There is no need to look beyond your nose.

But what is the reason for selfishness? How could he even gain a foothold in society? This is influenced by a number of factors such as education, religion, social structure, upbringing and many others. Finding himself in a certain social environment, each person tries to become like it. Often, the choice is in the wrong direction.

A mother who abandoned or killed her child because she didn’t need him, a son who killed his parents because of an apartment or money... These and many terrifying examples of selfishness play their role today. The worst thing is that many people follow this example. Instead of reading Dostoevsky, young people prefer Paulo Coelho or various crazy science fiction. Why are various old films still watched today and they don’t “perish”? Because these works show pure and open people, without lies and betrayal, without flattery, envy and selfishness. What kind of cinema is it today? I don't think it's even worth answering.

Selfishness is not only self-destruction, but also pain for others. Anyone who treats selflessly, and receives in return only pathetic cries of “I”, cannot help but remain very offended, humiliated and upset. Often, unable to bear it, many people become like the person they spend their time with.

Let’s imagine: if an egoist is allowed into supreme power, what will happen to the country?

No matter what the world is like now and what people are like, kindness and responsiveness are the best adornments of any person. It was so a long time ago, and it is so now, even if it is somewhat less pronounced.

Social problems of modern society

Social problems of modern society: do they exist at all?

The answer is obvious. Bad habits, alcohol, drugs, various kinds of diseases, social stratification, racism, homelessness, crime, bribery, corruption, etc. It seems that this list One can list them very long and persistently.

Let's take, for example, our “golden” youth. Let's remember when was the last time we saw a non-smoking woman? What about a non-smoking woman with a baby? Or when a boy of about five asked for a light? How long has it been since drunken, annoying individuals or “hucksters” appeared on the streets?

There are a lot of questions, but there aren’t very many answers to why things are this way today. The most terrible issue is probably the issue of juvenile delinquency and homelessness. Cause? Unfavorable families, social environment, character inherent at the genetic level, etc. Often, the most cruel are abandoned children who are offended by the whole world for the reigning chaos in their lives. Accustomed to surviving in shelters and on the streets, they do not acquire knowledge from curricula, but with street laws that change their views and priorities. Family and friends cannot be blamed for crime and immorality alone. Here it is worth paying attention to politics, as well as monetary relations. In our country, everything can be paid for with money: power, respect, family, in the end. Everything is bought and sold. Why does a person strive for something better and purer in his soul if, after committing a couple of crimes, he can buy it for himself? A discussion on this topic can go on for a long time. However, we should not forget that crime can turn a country into a place where only crime rules and where the fittest survive. Homelessness is a threat to future generations.

Employment... Perhaps the eternal problem of humanity. There are a lot of such people in our country. Often, problems with finding a job lead to very detrimental consequences.

Modern problems of youth and society as a whole are not a problem of today, but tomorrow. After all, every day the situation will only get worse. Today it’s bad habits such as nicotine and alcohol, tomorrow it’s theft and murder, and after tomorrow it’s drugs and AIDS.

Maybe it's time to think about it?

Plan

Introduction……………………….…………………………………………3

A look at global problems……………………………………………………………4

Intersocial problems……………………………………………………………..5

Ecological and social problems…………………………………………………………….9

Sociocultural problems…………………………………………….………..14

Conclusion……………………………….……………………………………………………….16

References…………………………………………………….………17

Introduction

From French Global - universal

Global problems of humanity - problems and situations that cover many countries, the Earth’s atmosphere, the World Ocean and the near-Earth outer space and affect the entire population of the Earth.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved by the efforts of one country; jointly developed regulations on environmental protection, coordinated economic policies, assistance to backward countries, etc. are needed.

In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still, this was distant prehistory, a kind of “incubation period” of modern global problems. These problems fully manifested themselves in the second half and, especially, in the last quarter of the 20th century, that is, at the turn of two centuries and even millennia. They were brought to life by a whole complex of reasons that clearly manifested themselves during this period.

The twentieth century is a turning point not only in the world social history, but also in the very fate of humanity. The fundamental difference between the passing century and all previous history is that humanity has lost faith in its immortality. He began to understand that his dominance over nature was not unlimited and was fraught with the death of himself. In fact, never before has humanity itself increased quantitatively by 2.5 times during the lifetime of only one generation, thereby increasing the strength of the “demographic press”. Never before has humanity entered into a period of scientific and technological revolution, reached the post-industrial stage of development, or opened the road to space. Never before has such a quantity of natural resources been required to support its life, and the waste it returns to the environment has also been so great. Never before has there been such a globalization of the world economy, such a unified world information system. Finally, never before has a Cold War brought all of humanity so close to the brink of self-destruction. Even if it is possible to avoid a global nuclear war, the threat to the existence of humanity on Earth still remains, because the planet will not withstand the unbearable load that has arisen as a result of human activity. It is increasingly obvious that the historical form of human existence, which allowed him to create modern civilization, with all its seemingly limitless possibilities and conveniences, has given rise to many problems that require radical solutions - and urgently.

The purpose of this essay is to give modern ideas about the essence of global problems and the nature of their interrelations.

A LOOK AT GLOBAL ISSUES

In progress historical development human activity There is a breakdown of outdated technological methods, and with them outdated social mechanisms of human interaction with nature. At the beginning human history predominantly adaptive (adaptive) interaction mechanisms operated. Man obeyed the forces of nature, adapted to the changes occurring in it, changing his own nature in the process. Then, as the productive forces developed, man’s utilitarian attitude towards nature and other people prevailed. The modern era raises the question of the transition to a new path of social mechanisms, which should be called co-evolutionary or harmonious. The global situation in which humanity finds itself reflects and expresses the general crisis of human consumerism towards natural and social resources. Reason pushes humanity to realize the vital need to harmonize connections and relationships in the global system “Man - Technology - Nature”. In this regard, understanding the global problems of our time, their causes, relationships, and ways to solve them is of particular importance.

Global problems name those problems that, firstly, concern all of humanity, affecting the interests and destinies of all countries, peoples and social strata; secondly, they lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization; thirdly, they require cooperation on a planetary scale for their solution, joint action of all countries and peoples.

The above definition can hardly be considered sufficiently clear and unambiguous. And their classifications according to one or another characteristic are often too vague. From the point of view of an overview of global problems, the most acceptable classification is one that combines all global problems into three groups:

1. Problems of economic and political interaction of states (intersocial). Among them, the most pressing are: global security; globalization of political power and structure civil society; overcoming the technological and economic backwardness of developing countries and establishing a new international order.

2. Problems of interaction between society and nature (ecological and social). First of all, this is: prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution; providing humanity with necessary natural resources; exploration of the World Ocean and outer space.

3. Problems of relationships between people and society (sociocultural). The main ones are: the problem of population growth; the problem of protecting and promoting people's health; problems of education and cultural growth.

All these problems are generated by the disunity of humanity and the unevenness of its development. Consciousness has not yet become the most important prerequisite for humanity as a whole. The negative results and consequences of uncoordinated, ill-considered actions of countries, peoples, and individuals, accumulating on a global scale, have become a powerful objective factor in global economic and social development. They are having an increasingly significant impact on the development of individual countries and regions. Their solution involves combining the efforts of a large number of states and organizations at the international level. In order to have a clear idea of ​​the strategy and methodology for solving global problems, it is necessary to dwell on the characteristics of at least the most pressing of them

INTERSOCIAL ISSUES

Global Security

In recent years, this topic has attracted special attention in political and scientific circles, a huge amount of special research is devoted to it. This in itself is evidence of an awareness of the fact that the survival and development of humanity is facing threats such as it has never experienced in the past.

Indeed, in former times the concept of security was identified primarily with the defense of the country from aggression. Now it also means protection from threats associated with natural disasters and man-made disasters, economic crisis, political instability, dissemination of subversive information, moral degradation, impoverishment of the national gene pool, etc.

All this vast issue with with good reason is a matter of concern both in individual countries and within the global community. It will be considered in one way or another in all parts of the research undertaken. At the same time, it remains, and in some respects even intensifies military threat.

The confrontation between two superpowers and military blocs has brought the world close to a nuclear disaster. The end of this confrontation and the first steps towards real disarmament were, undoubtedly, the greatest achievement of international politics. They proved the fundamental possibility of breaking out of the cycle that was inexorably pushing humanity into the abyss, turning sharply from the escalation of hostility and hatred to attempts to understand each other, take into account mutual interests, and open the way to cooperation and partnership.

The results of this policy cannot be overestimated. The main one is the absence of an immediate danger of a world war using means mass destruction and the threat of general extermination of life on Earth. But can it be said that world wars from now on and forever completely excluded from history, that such a danger will not arise again after some time due to the emergence of a new armed confrontation or the spontaneous expansion of a local conflict to global proportions, equipment failure, unauthorized launch of missiles from nuclear warheads, other cases of this kind? This is one of the most important global security issues today.

The problem of conflicts arising from interfaith rivalry requires special attention. Are traditional geopolitical contradictions hidden behind them, or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to take the necessary measures to prevent them.

Current security issues also include joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, drug trafficking.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of progress towards: collective securityuniversal type, covering all participants in the world community; security complex type, covering, along with military, other factors of strategic instability; security long-term type, meeting the needs of the democratic global system as a whole.

Politics and power in a globalizing world

As in other areas of life, globalization entails fundamental changes in the field of politics, structure and distribution of power. The ability of humanity to keep control of the process of globalization itself, using its positive aspects and minimizing negative consequences, to adequately respond to economic, social, environmental, spiritual and other challenges of the 21st century.

The “compression” of space due to the revolution in the field of communications and the formation of the world market, the need for universal solidarity in the face of looming threats, is steadily reducing the possibilities of national policy and multiplying the number of regional, continental, and global problems. As the interdependence of individual societies increases, this trend not only dominates the foreign policy of states, but also increasingly makes itself felt in domestic political issues.

Meanwhile, the basis “ organizational structure“The world community remains sovereign states. In the conditions of this “dual power”, a reasonable balance between national and global politics, optimal distribution of “responsibilities” between them, their organic interaction.

How realistic is such a connection, whether it will be possible to overcome the opposition of the forces of national and group egoism, to use the unique opportunity that is opening up for the formation of a democratic world order - this is the main subject of research.

Experience recent years does not allow us to answer this question unambiguously. The elimination of the split of the world into two opposing military-political blocs did not lead to the expected democratization of the entire system of international relations, to the elimination of hegemony or a reduction in the use of force. The temptation is great to start new tour geopolitical games, redistribution of spheres of influence. The disarmament process, which was given impetus by new thinking, has noticeably slowed down. Instead of some conflicts, others broke out, no less bloody. In general, after a step forward, what was the termination “ cold war”, was taken half a step back.

All this does not give reason to believe that the possibilities for democratic reconstruction of the international system have been exhausted, but it does indicate that this task is much more difficult than it seemed ten years ago to the politicians who dared to take it on. The question remains open as to whether the bipolar world will be replaced by a new version with the replacement of the Soviet Union by some kind of superpower, monocentrism, polycentrism, or, finally, democratic management of the affairs of the world community through generally acceptable mechanisms and procedures.

Along with the creation new system international relations and the redistribution of power between states, other factors that actively influence the formation of the world order of the 21st century are becoming increasingly important. International financial institutions, transnational corporations, powerful information complexes such as the Internet, global communication systems, associations of kindred political parties and social movements, religious, cultural, corporate associations - all these institutions of the emerging global civil society may in the future have a strong impact on the course of world development. Will they become conductors of limited national or even selfish private interests or an instrument of global politics - the question is of great importance, in need of in-depth research.

Thus, the emerging global system needs a reasonably organized legitimate government that expresses the collective will of the world community and has sufficient powers to solve global problems.

The global economy is a challenge for national economies

In economics, science, and technology, globalization manifests itself most intensively. Transnational corporations and banks, uncontrolled financial flows, a single worldwide system of electronic communications and information, modern transport, transformation English language into a means of “global” communication, large-scale population migrations - all this blurs national-state barriers and creates an economically integrated world.

At the same time, for huge number countries and peoples status sovereign state appears to be a means of protecting and ensuring economic interests.

The contradiction between globalism and nationalism in economic development is becoming the most pressing problem. Is it true that, and to what extent, nation states are losing their ability to determine economic policy as they give way to transnational corporations? And if this is so, then what are the consequences for the social environment, the formation and regulation of which is carried out primarily at the national-state level?

With the end of the military and ideological confrontation between the two worlds, as well as progress in the field of disarmament, globalization received a powerful additional impetus. The relationship between market transformation in Russia and throughout the post-Soviet space, in China, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on the one hand, and economic globalization, on the other, is a new and promising area of ​​research and forecasting.

Apparently, a new area of ​​confrontation between the two is opening up. powerful forces: national bureaucracy (and everything that stands behind it) and the international economic environment, which is losing its national “registration” and obligations.

The next layer of problems is the attack of the globalizing economy on the social protection institutions created over many decades, welfare state. Globalization sharply intensifies economic competition. As a result, the social climate inside and outside the enterprise worsens. This also applies to transnational corporations.

So far, the lion's share of the benefits and fruits of globalization go to rich and powerful states. The danger of global economic shocks is noticeably increasing. The world is particularly vulnerable financial system, which is disconnected from the real economy and may become a victim of speculative scams. Necessity joint management processes of globalization is obvious. But is it possible and in what forms?

Finally, the world will probably have to face a dramatic need to rethink the basic principles of economic activity. This is caused by at least two circumstances. First, the rapidly deepening environmental crisis requires significant changes to be made to the prevailing economic system, both nationally and globally. “Market failure” in regulating the scale of environmental pollution may indeed become the “end of history” in the near future. Secondly, a serious problem is the “social failure” of the market, manifested, in particular, in the growing polarization of the rich North and the poor South.

All this puts the most difficult questions, regarding the place in the regulation of the future world economy of classical mechanisms of market self-regulation, on the one hand, and the conscious activities of state, interstate and supranational bodies, on the other.

ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

The essence of this range of global problems lies in the imbalance of biosphere processes that is dangerous for the existence of mankind. In the twentieth century, technological civilization came into threatening conflict with the biosphere, which had been formed over billions of years as a system that ensured the continuity of life and the optimality of the environment. Without solving social problems for the majority of humanity, the technogenic development of civilization has led to the destruction of the habitat. The ecological and social crisis has become a reality of the twentieth century.

The ecological crisis is the main challenge to civilization

It is known that life on Earth exists in the form of cycles organic matter, based on the interaction of synthesis and destruction processes. Each type of organism is a link in the circulation, the process of reproduction of organic matter. The synthesis function in this process is performed by green plants. The function of destruction is microorganisms. At the first stages of its history, man was a natural link in the biosphere and the biotic cycle. The changes he introduced into nature did not have a decisive impact on the biosphere. Today man has become the largest planetary force. Suffice it to say that every year about 10 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, 3-4 billion tons of plant mass are consumed, and about 10 billion tons of industrial carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. More than 5 million tons of oil and petroleum products are discharged into the World Ocean and rivers. The problem is getting worse every day drinking water. The airy atmosphere of a modern industrial city is a mixture of smoke, toxic fumes and dust. Many species of animals and plants are disappearing. The great balance of nature has been disrupted to such an extent that a gloomy forecast has emerged about the “ecological suicide of humanity.”

Voices are being heard louder and louder about the need to abandon all industrial interference in the natural balance and stop technical progress. However, solving the environmental problem by throwing humanity back to the medieval state is a utopia. And not only because people will not give up the achievements of technological progress. But, on the other hand, many in the world of science and politics still rely on an artificial mechanism for regulating the environment in the event of deep destruction of the biosphere. Therefore, science is faced with the task of finding out whether this is real or is it a myth generated by the “Promethean” spirit of modern civilization?

Satisfying mass consumer demand is recognized the most important factor internal socio-political stability. And this is placed by influential political and economic elites above global environmental security.

Unfortunately, a biosphere catastrophe is quite possible. Therefore, there is a need for honest recognition of the scale of the environmental threat and intellectual fearlessness in the face of this challenge to humanity. The fact is that changes in the biosphere, including catastrophic ones, have occurred and will occur regardless of man, so we should not be talking about complete obedience to nature, but about the harmonization of natural and social processes based on the humanization of scientific and technical progress and a radical restructuring of the entire system of social relations.

Provision of natural resources

Mineral resources

Despite the acute crisis phenomena that manifested themselves from time to time in developed countries and countries with economies in transition, the global trend is still characterized by a further increase in industrial production, accompanied by an increase in the need for mineral raw materials. This stimulated an increase in the extraction of mineral resources, which, for example, over the period 1980-2000. in total exceeds production by 1.2-2 times over the previous twenty years. And as forecasts show, this trend will continue. The question naturally arises: are the mineral resources contained in the bowels of the Earth sufficient to ensure the indicated enormous acceleration in the extraction of minerals in the near and distant future? This question is logical especially because, unlike other natural resources, mineral resources on the scale of the past future history of mankind are non-renewable, and, strictly speaking, within the boundaries of our planet, limited and finite.

The problem of limited mineral resources has become particularly acute because, in addition to the growth of industrial production, which is associated with an increasing need for mineral raw materials, it is aggravated by the extremely uneven distribution of deposits in the depths of the earth’s crust across continents and countries. Which in turn aggravates economic and political conflicts between countries.

Thus, the global nature of the problem of providing for humanity mineral resources predetermines the need to develop broad international cooperation here. The difficulties experienced by many countries of the world due to the lack of certain types of mineral raw materials could be overcome on the basis of mutually beneficial scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Such cooperation can be very effective in jointly conducting regional geological and geophysical research in promising zones of the earth's crust or through joint exploration and exploitation of large mineral deposits, by providing assistance in the industrial development of complex deposits on a compensation basis, and finally, by carrying out mutually beneficial trade in mineral raw materials and its products.

Land resources

The characteristics and properties of the land determine its exclusive place in the development of the productive forces of society. The relationship “man - earth” that has developed over centuries remains at the present time and in the foreseeable future one of the determining factors of world life and progress. Moreover, land supply problem due to the population growth trend will be constantly worsening.

The nature and forms of land use in different countries differ significantly. At the same time, a number of aspects of the use of land resources are common to the entire world community. This is first of all protection of land resources, especially land fertility, from natural and anthropogenic degradation.

Modern trends in the use of land resources in the world are expressed in the widespread intensification of the use of productive lands, the involvement of additional areas in economic turnover, the expansion of land allocations for non-agricultural needs, and the strengthening of activities to regulate the use and protection of lands at the national level. At the same time, the problem of economical, rational use and protection of land resources should be under increasing attention international organizations. The limited and indispensable nature of land resources, taking into account population growth and the continuous increase in the scale of social production, require their effective use in all countries of the world with increasingly close international cooperation in this area. On the other hand, the land simultaneously acts as one of the main components of the biosphere, as a universal means of labor and as a spatial basis for the functioning of productive forces and their reproduction. All this defines the task of organizing scientifically based, economical and rational use of land resources as one of the global ones at the present stage of human development.

Food resources

Providing food to the ever-growing population of the Earth is one of the long-term and most complex problems of the world economy and politics.

According to experts, the aggravation of the global food problem is the result of the combined effect of the following reasons: 1) excessive load on natural potential agriculture and fisheries, preventing its natural restoration; 2) insufficient rates of scientific and technological progress in agriculture in those countries that do not compensate for the declining scale of natural renewal of resources; 3) ever-increasing instability in world trade in food, feed, and fertilizers.

Of course, scientific and technological progress and an increase in the production of high-quality agricultural products based on it, incl. and food crops may allow in the future to double and triple. Further intensification of agricultural production, as well as the expansion of productive lands, are real ways to solve this problem on a daily basis. But the key to solving it still lies on the political and social plane. Many rightly point out that without establishing a fair economic and political world order, without overcoming the backwardness of most countries, without socio-economic transformations in developing countries and countries with economies in transition that would meet the level of requirements of accelerating scientific and technological progress, with mutually beneficial international mutual assistance - the solution The food problem will remain a distant matter.

Energy resources

A characteristic feature of the future development of global energy will be a constant increase in the share of converted energy carriers in the final use of energy (primarily electrical energy). The increase in prices for electricity, especially base prices, occurs much more slowly than for hydrocarbon fuels. In the future, when nuclear power sources play a more prominent role than at present, we should expect stabilization or even reduction in the cost of electricity.

In the coming future, the share of world energy consumption by developing countries is expected to grow rapidly (up to 50%). The shift in the center of gravity of energy problems during the first half of the 21st century from developed countries to developing countries puts before humanity completely new tasks for the social and economic restructuring of the world, which need to begin to be solved now. Given the relatively low supply of energy resources in developing countries, this creates complex problem for humanity, which can develop into crisis situation during the 21st century, unless appropriate organizational, economic and political measures are taken.

One of the first priorities of the energy development strategy in the region of developing countries should be an immediate transition to new sources of energy that can reduce the dependence of these countries on imported liquid fuels and put an end to the unacceptable destruction of forests, which serve as the main source of fuel for these countries.

Due to the global nature of these problems, their solution, as well as those listed above, is possible only with the further development of international cooperation, through strengthening and expanding economic and technical assistance to developing countries from developed countries.

Development of the World Ocean

The problem of the development of the World Ocean has become global in nature due to a complex of reasons: 1) a sharp aggravation and transformation into global problems such as the raw materials, energy, and food problems described above, to the solution of which the use of the resource potential of the ocean can and should make a huge contribution; 2) the creation of powerful technical means of management, which determined not only the possibility, but also the need for a comprehensive study and development of marine resources and spaces; 3) the emergence of interstate relations of resource management, production and management in the maritime economy, which turned the previously declarative thesis about the collective (with the participation of all states) process of ocean development into a political necessity, causing the inevitability of finding a compromise with the participation and satisfaction of the interests of all major groups of countries, regardless from geographical location and level of development; 4) awareness by the overwhelming majority of developing countries of the role that the use of the ocean can play in solving the problems of backwardness and accelerating their economic development; 5) transformation into a global environmental problem, the most important element of which is the World Ocean, which absorbs main part pollutants.

Man has been obtaining his food products from the ocean for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to study the life activity of ecological systems in the hydrosphere and identify the possibility of stimulating their productivity. This, in turn, leads to the need for knowledge of very complex and hidden for direct observation and far from being known biological processes in the ocean, the study of which requires close international cooperation.

And in general, there is no alternative to the division of vast spaces and resources other than broad and equal international cooperation in their development.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ISSUES

In this group, the priority issue is population. Moreover, it cannot be reduced only to the reproduction of the population and its gender and age composition. It's about here, first of all, about the relationship between the processes of population reproduction and social methods of producing material goods. If the production of material goods lags behind population growth, then the financial situation of people will worsen. Conversely, if population growth decreases, this ultimately leads to an aging population and a decrease in the production of material goods.

The rapid population growth observed in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America at the end of the twentieth century is associated, first of all, with the liberation of these countries from the colonial yoke and their entry into new stage economic development. The new “demographic explosion” has exacerbated the problems generated by spontaneity, unevenness and antagonistic character development of humanity. All this was reflected in a sharp deterioration in the nutrition and health of the population. To the shame of civilized humanity, more than 500 million people (every tenth) are chronically malnourished every day, leading a half-starved existence, and this is mainly in countries with the most favorable conditions for the development of agricultural production. As an analysis conducted by UNESCO experts shows, the causes of hunger in these countries must be sought in the dominance of monocultures (cotton, coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) and the low level of agricultural technology. The vast majority of families employed on all continents of the planet agriculture, still cultivate the land with a hoe and plow. Children suffer the most from malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, 40 thousand children under the age of 5 die every day who could have been saved. This amounts to about 15 million people per year.

Education remains an acute global problem. Currently, almost every fourth inhabitant of our planet over the age of 15 remains illiterate. The number of illiterate people increases annually by 7 million people. The solution to this problem, like others, rests on the lack of material resources for the development of the education system, while at the same time, as we have already noted, the military-industrial complex absorbs enormous resources.

No less pressing are issues that collectively capture cultural, religious and moral problems process of globalization.

The idea of ​​international justice can be stated as the basic principle of coexistence and free development of civilizations and cultures. In the process of globalization of the world, the problem of transferring the principles of democracy as a tool for coordinating interests and organizing cooperation to relations between countries, peoples, and civilizations becomes relevant.

CONCLUSION

An analysis of the global problems of our time shows the presence of a complex and branched system of cause-and-effect relationships between them. The largest problems and their groups are, to one degree or another, related and intertwined. And any key and big problem may consist of many private, but no less important in its relevance, problems.

For thousands of years, man lived, worked, developed, but he did not suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, and perhaps impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on the ground, since the air is ¾ polluted , the water is ¾ poisoned, the soil ¾ is contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. Such people, the owners of large factories, the oil and gas industry, think only about themselves, about their wallet. They neglect safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, and sometimes they are reluctant or too lazy to buy new filters for industrial wastewater and gases that pollute the atmosphere. What could be the conclusion? ¾ Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about this?

Every person must realize that Humanity is on the verge of destruction, and whether we survive or not is the merit of each of us.

Globalization of world development processes presupposes international cooperation and solidarity within the world scientific community, an increase in the social and humanistic responsibility of scientists. Science for man and humanity, science in order to solve global problems of our time and social progress - this is the true humanistic orientation that should unite scientists all over the world. This presupposes not only a closer unification of science and practice, but also the development of fundamental problems of the future of humanity, involves the development of the unity and interaction of sciences, the strengthening of their ideological and moral foundations, corresponding to the conditions of global problems of our time

REFERENCES

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2. Allen D., Nelson M. Space biospheres. M., 1991

3. Baransky N.N. Economic geography. Economic cartography. M., 1956

4. Vernadsky V.I. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M. 1991

5. Global problems and civilizational shift. M., 1983

6. Global economic processes: analysis and modeling: Sat. Art. M.: CEMI. 1986

7. Zotov A.F. New type global civilization // Polis. 1993. No. 4.

8. Isachenko A.G. Geography in modern world. M.: Education, 1998

Confrontations of military, political and economic forces in different regions of the planet occur constantly. As soon as there is a lull in the Western Hemisphere, the causes of global problems appear in some other part of the Earth. Sociologists, economists, political scientists and representatives of various cultural and scientific circles provide explanations for these phenomena from the perspective of their vision, but the complexities of humanity have a planetary scale, so everything cannot be reduced to problems that exist in any one region and a single period of time.

Global problem concept

When the world was too big for people, they still didn't have enough space. This is how the inhabitants of the Earth are structured, that the peaceful coexistence of small peoples even on vast territories can't go on forever. There are always those who are haunted by their neighbor’s lands and their well-being. The translation of the French word global sounds like “universal”, that is, it concerns everyone. But problems on a global scale arose even before the advent of not only this language, but also writing in general.

If we consider the history of the development of the human race, then one of the reasons for the emergence of global problems is the selfishness of each individual person. It just so happens that in the material world all individuals think only about themselves. This happens even when people care about the happiness and well-being of their children and loved ones. Often one’s own survival and obtaining material wealth is based on the destruction of one’s neighbor and the confiscation of wealth from him.

This has been the case since the time of the Sumerian kingdom and Ancient Egypt, the same thing happens today. In the history of human development there have always been wars and revolutions. The latter came from good intentions to take away the sources of wealth from the rich in order to distribute to the poor. Because of the thirst for gold, new territories or power, each historical era discovered its own reasons for the emergence of global problems of mankind. Sometimes they led to the emergence of great empires (Roman, Persian, British and others), which were formed by conquering other peoples. In some cases - to the destruction of entire civilizations, as was the case with the Incas and Mayans.

But never before have the causes of their occurrence influenced the planet as a whole so acutely as they do today. This is due to the mutual integration of the economies of different countries and their dependence on each other.

Ecological situation on Earth

The reasons for the emergence of global ones initially do not lie in the development of industrial production, which began only in the 17th and 18th centuries. They started much earlier. If we compare the relationship between a person and the environment at different stages of his development, they can be divided into 3 stages:

• Worship of nature and its powerful forces. In the primitive communal and even in slave system there was a very close relationship between the world and man. People deified nature, brought her gifts so that she would have mercy on them and give a high harvest, since they directly depended on her “whims.”
• In the Middle Ages, religious dogmas that, although man is a sinful creature, is still the crown of Creation, raised people above the world around them. Already during this period, the gradual subordination of the environment to humanity for the benefit of humanity begins.
• The development of capitalist relations has led to the fact that nature began to be used as an auxiliary material that should “work” for people. Massive deforestation, subsequent pollution of air, rivers and lakes, destruction of animals - all this led earthly civilization at the beginning of the 20th century to the first signs of an unhealthy ecology.

Each historical era the development of mankind became a new stage in the destruction of what surrounded it. Subsequent causes of global environmental problems are the development of the chemical, engineering, aircraft and rocket industries, mass mining and electrification.

The most tragic year for the planet’s ecology was 1990, when more than 6 billion tons were released into the atmosphere. carbon dioxide, produced industrial enterprises all economically developed countries combined. Although after this scientists and environmentalists sounded the alarm, and urgent measures were taken to eliminate the consequences of the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer, the causes of humanity's global problems only began to truly emerge. Among them, one of the first places is occupied by economic development in different countries.

Economic problems

For some reason, historically it has always turned out that in different corners Civilizations appeared on Earth that developed unevenly. If at the stage of the primitive communal system everything is more or less similar: gathering, hunting, the first crude tools and transitions from one abundant place to another, then already in the Chalcolithic period the level of development of settled tribes varies.

The appearance of metal tools for labor and hunting brings the countries in which they are produced to first place. IN historical context- this is Europe. In this regard, nothing has changed, only in the 21st century it is not the owner of a bronze sword or musket who is ahead of the rest, but countries where there are nuclear weapons or advanced technologies in various fields science and technology (economically highly developed states). Therefore, even today, when scientists are asked: “Name two reasons for the emergence of global problems of our time,” they point to poor ecology and a large number of economically underdeveloped countries.

Third world countries and highly civilized states are especially at odds with the following indicators:

Currently, many countries are economically dependent on each other. If 200-300 years ago tea was grown in India and Ceylon, processed there, packaged and transported to other countries by sea, and one or more companies could participate in this process, today the raw materials are grown in one country, processed in another, and packaged in the third. And this applies to all industries - from making chocolate to launching space rockets. Therefore, often the reasons for the emergence of global problems lie in the fact that if an economic crisis begins in one country, it automatically spreads to all partner states, and its consequences reach a planetary scale.

A good indicator in the integration of the economies of different countries is that they unite not only in times of prosperity, but also in moments of economic crisis. They do not have to deal with its consequences alone, as richer countries support the economies of their less developed partners.

Population growth

Scientists believe that another reason for the emergence of global problems of our time is the rapid growth of population on the planet. In this matter, two trends can be noted:

• In highly developed Western European countries the birth rate is extremely low. Families with more than 2 children are rare here. This gradually leads to indigenous people Europe is aging, and it is being replaced by immigrants from African and Asian countries, in whose families it is customary to have many children.
• On the other hand, in economies such as India, South and Central America, Africa and Asia, a very low standard of living, but a high birth rate. Lack of proper medical care, lack of food and clean water - all this leads to high mortality, so it is customary there to have many children so that a small part of them can survive.

If you follow the growth of the planet's population throughout the 20th century, you can see how strong the demographic “explosion” was in certain years.

In 1951 the population was just over 2.5 billion. Just 10 years later, more than 3 billion people already lived on the planet, and by 1988 the population had crossed the 5 billion mark. In 1999, this figure reached 6 billion, and in 2012 there were already more than 7 billion people living on the planet.

According to scientists, the main reasons for the emergence of global problems are that the resources of the Earth, with the illiterate exploitation of its subsoil, as is happening today, are not enough for the ever-growing population. Nowadays, 40 million people die of hunger every year, which does not reduce the population at all, since its average increase in 2016 is more than 200,000 newborns per day.

Thus, the essence of global problems and the reasons for their occurrence is the constant growth of the population, which, according to scientists, will exceed 10 billion by 2100. All these people eat, breathe, enjoy the benefits of civilization, drive cars, fly airplanes and destroy nature with their life activity. If they do not change their attitude towards the environment and their own kind, then in the future the planet will face global environmental disasters, mass pandemics and military conflicts.

Food problems

If highly developed countries are characterized by an abundance of products, most of which leads to health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and many others, then for third world countries constant malnutrition or hunger among the population is normal.

In general, all countries can be divided into 3 types:

• Those where there is a constant shortage of food and water. This is 1/5 of the planet's population.
• Countries that produce and grow plenty of food and have a food culture.
• States that have programs to combat excess food consumption in order to reduce the percentage of people suffering from the consequences of poor or excessive nutrition.

But it just so happened historically and economically that in countries where the population is in especially dire need of food and clean water, or poorly developed food industry, or there are no favorable natural and climatic conditions for farming.

At the same time, there are resources on the planet to ensure that no one ever goes hungry. States are leaders in production food products can feed 8 billion more people than live in the entire world, but today 1 billion people live in extreme poverty, and 260 million children go hungry every year. When 1/5 of the planet's population suffers from hunger, it means that this is a problem on a global scale, and all of humanity must solve it together.

Social inequality

The main reasons for the emergence of global problems are contradictions between social classes, which manifest themselves in such criteria as:

• Wealth when everything or almost everything is natural and economic resources are in the hands of a small group of selected people, companies or a dictator.
• Power that can belong to one person - the head of state or a small group of people.

Most of them have a pyramid in their structure of distribution of society, at the top of which there is a small number of rich people, and below are the poor layers of the population. With this distribution of power and finances in the state, people are divided into rich and poor, without a middle class layer.

If the structure of the state is a diamond, at the top of which there are also those in power, at the bottom the poor, but the largest layer between them is the middle peasants, then there are no clearly expressed social and class contradictions in it. The political structure in such a country is more stable, the economy is highly developed, and social protection of the low-income population is provided by government and charitable organizations.

Today, many countries in South and Central America, Africa and Asia have a pyramidal structure, in which 80-90% of the population lives below the poverty line. They have an unstable political situation, military coups and revolutions often occur, which creates an imbalance in world community, since other countries may be involved in their conflicts.

Political confrontations

Philosophy (science) defines the main causes of global problems as the separation of man and nature. Philosophers sincerely believe that it is enough for people to harmonize their inner world with external environment how the problems will disappear. In fact, everything is somewhat more complicated.

In any state they operate political forces, whose rule determines not only the level and quality of life of its population, but also its entire foreign policy. For example, today there are aggressor countries that create military conflicts on the territories of other states. Their political system is opposed to defending the rights of their victims.

Since in our time almost all countries are economically connected with each other, it is also natural for them to unite against states that use a policy of violence. If 100 years ago the response to military aggression was an armed conflict, today economic and political sanctions are applied that do not take human lives, but can completely destroy the economy of the aggressor country.

Military conflicts

The causes of global problems are often the result of small military conflicts. Unfortunately, even in the 21st century, with all its technologies and advances in science, human consciousness remains at the level of thinking of representatives of the Middle Ages.

Although witches are not burned at the stake today, religious wars and terrorist attacks look no less savage than the Inquisition did in its time. The only effective measure to suppress military conflicts on the planet should be the unification of all countries against the aggressor. The fear of being economically, politically and culturally isolated must be stronger than the desire to attack the territory of a neighboring state.

Global Human Development

Sometimes the causes of global problems in the world manifest themselves on the basis of ignorance and cultural backwardness of some peoples. Today one can observe such contrasts, when in one country people prosper, create and live for the benefit of the state and each other, and in another they strive to gain access to nuclear developments. An example would be the confrontation between the South and North Korea. Fortunately, there are more countries in which people seek to establish themselves through advances in science, medicine, technology, culture and the arts.

You can notice how the consciousness of humanity is changing, becoming a single organism. For example, scientists from different countries can work on the same project so that by joining forces the best minds, implement it faster.

Ways to solve problems

If we briefly list the reasons for the emergence of global problems of humanity, they will be:

• poor environment;
• the presence of economically underdeveloped countries;
• military conflicts;
• political and religious confrontations;
• rapid population growth.

To solve these problems, countries must become even more interconnected with each other to join forces to eliminate the consequences that are occurring on the planet.

Global problems of our time:

These are problems facing humanity that require the integration of human efforts to solve them and threaten the existence of humanity,

This is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people’s lives and affect all countries of the world,

Globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes in the modern world, along with positive aspects, has given rise to a number of serious problems, which are called “global problems of humanity”.

Peculiarities:

They have a planetary character,

They threaten all of humanity

They require collective efforts of the world community.

Types of global problems:

1. crisis of attitude towards nature (environmental problem): exhaustion of natural resources, irreversible changes in the environment,

6. providing humanity with resources, depletion of oil, natural gas, coal, fresh water, wood, non-ferrous metals;

9. the problem of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and AIDS.

10. demographic development (population explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed countries), possible famine,

13. underestimation of global threats to the existence of humanity, such as the development of unfriendly artificial intelligence and global disasters.

Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional tendencies in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback(see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture is based on the principle of positive feedback.

Attempted solutions:

Demographic transition - the natural end of the population explosion of the 1960s

Nuclear disarmament

The Club of Rome initially considered one of its main tasks to attract the attention of the world community to global problems. One report is prepared annually. The Club’s order for reports determines only the topic and guarantees funding scientific research, but in no way affects the progress of the work, nor its results and conclusions.

1 Environmental issues:

Environmental pollution,

Extinction of animal and plant species,

Deforestation,

Global warming,

Depletion of natural resources,

Ozone hole.

Steps to solve:

1982 - acceptance UN world charter for nature conservation,

2008 - signing Kyoto protocols to reduce emissions into the atmosphere,

Environmental legislation in individual countries

Development of new waste-free, resource-saving processing technologies,

Human education.

2 Demographic problems:

Threat of overpopulation

Sharp population growth in third world countries,

Low birth rates in countries " golden billion» (Europe and Middle East: Austria, Belgium, UK, Germany, Greece. Denmark, Israel, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland , France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Australia; Oceania and Far East: Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan; North America: Canada, USA.).

3 Socio-economic problems:

The problem "north" - "south" - the gap between rich countries and poor countries in the south,

The threat of hunger and lack of medical coverage in developing countries.

4 Political problems:

The threat of a third world war,

The problem of global terrorism,

The threat of nuclear proliferation outside the “nuclear club”( Nuclear Club- a political science cliché, a symbol for a group, i.e. nuclear powers— states that have developed, produced and tested nuclear weapons, USA (since 1945), Russia (initially the Soviet Union, 1949), Great Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998) ) and DPRK (2006). Israel is also considered to have nuclear weapons.

The threat of local conflicts turning into global ones.

5 Humanitarian problems:

Spread of incurable diseases,

Criminalization of society

Spread of drug addiction

Man and cloning.

Man and computer.

Ways to overcome global problems:

In order to overcome the global problems of our time, society must rely on certain basic values. Many modern philosophers believe that such values ​​can be values ​​of humanism.

The implementation of the principles of humanism means the manifestation of a universal human principle. Humanism is defined as a system of ideas and values ​​that affirm universal significance human existence in general and the individual in particular.