To prevent soil pollution harmful substances use ecological methods protection (biological, agrotechnical, etc.), increasing the natural ability of soils to self-purify.
Protection of soils from heavy metal pollution consists mainly of preventive measures, i.e., improvement of production (creation of waste-free production and closed-loop production schemes), reduction of atmospheric emissions and waste water. Measures to combat existing heavy metal contamination of soil include liming, organic fertilizer application and chemical precipitation. Liming reduces mobility heavy metals, helps to fix them in a sedentary form, inaccessible to plants. Organic fertilizers act as a good sorbent and help reduce the toxic effects of heavy metals. At Chemical deposition sparingly soluble compounds are formed, but this method is effective only at high concentrations of heavy metals, since a certain threshold number of atoms is required for the formation of such compounds. In addition, it is possible to grow plants that react poorly to high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and do not accumulate them in quantities dangerous to animals and humans, for example, industrial crops. Planting forests on soils containing heavy metals is very effective, since in this case any sanitary restrictions are excluded.
While it may be easy to shy away from the importance of pollution, it is a fact that soil is vital to humanity. Stop soil erosion by finding ways to conserve soil. There are several ways to conserve soil that can be achieved through agricultural methods and measures that you take at home.
Three ways to conserve soil through agricultural inputs include. There is no practice before farming. Without farming, crops are allowed to remain rather than plowed at the end of the season. This practice holds soils anchored in place rather than exposing the soil to wind and water.
Creation of a system of green spaces and the preservation of large green areas during the formation of a system of populated areas has great value. TO essential functions green zones of cities include: improvement of the urban air basin, mitigation of unfavorable natural and climatic conditions, conservation of water resources and soils, protection of wildlife, organization of comfortable conditions for mass recreation of the population.
Use terrace farming. This type of farming uses the topography of the land to allow water to flow slowly through a series of terraces. This manipulation of water flow prevents it from collecting speed and washing away soil away from agricultural land. Practice of contour farming. Contour farming replicates the effects of terrace farming, but on a smaller scale. Instead of sowing crops in straight vertical rows, crops are planted along the contour of the landscape. Crops planted up and down slopes create pathways for water to flow.
Health-improving functions of green areas consist of cleaning the air from dust (21-86%) and gaseous toxic substances (40-50 times) to a level below the maximum permissible concentration, oxygen enrichment, and are also due to the antimicrobial and sterilizing properties of many types of trees. Plantings along highways and roads contribute to the localization of heavy metals and other pollutants in the space in front of strips and in forest strips and protect the soil beyond them.
Crops planted parallel to the ground slow the flow of water, which prevents soil erosion. If you are not a farmer, try these methods at home. Reduce impervious surfaces. Impermeable surfaces such as driveways and patios allow sediment to flow freely over them. The flow of water acquires momentum when moving over such surfaces and can then destroy channel banks and lakes. A good compromise is to use pavers rather than a concrete slab for your patio to allow water to seep into the soil.
Reclamation of disturbed lands
Violation of territory occurs mainly during construction, as well as during the development of mineral deposits. Lands that have lost their economic value or are a source of negative impact on environment due to violation soil cover, hydrogeological regime and the formation of technogenic relief as a result of human production activities. Such lands can be used again for economic purposes only after their restoration, which is called reclamation.
Residential buildings and public utilities
Plant a tropical garden. A rain garden is a shallow depression in your yard that will collect sediment over impervious surfaces. This prevents soil erosion and gives you the opportunity to grow plants in wetlands.
Use the barrel. You can install a water barrel downwards to catch the water that drains from your roof. After all, your roof is just another impermeable surface. You can use the water you collect for your lawn and garden. This way you can save water and soil.
Reclamation - Very complex process, requiring special knowledge accumulated various sciences(soil science, hydrology, geomorphology, biogeochemistry, etc.). Reclamation is a set of works carried out with the aim of restoring disturbed areas and bringing land plots V safe condition. The solution to the reclamation problem largely depends on specific environmental conditions disturbed areas. To design reclamation works, data on physical and chemical composition soil, features of the hydrological regime, the shape of the dumps, the steepness of the slopes, etc.
Think ahead and plan to conserve the soil. Plant accelerators. Windbreakers prevent soil erosion by slowing the force of the wind over open ground. You can plant trees or shrubs in the wind. In addition to preventing erosion, these plantings prevent snow from drifting onto your driveway or driveway. They can also protect your home from wind damage.
Wetland restoration. Wetlands are one of the most effective ways preventing soil erosion. Wetlands act like natural sponges, absorbing rainwater and preventing it from carrying soil. They also provide habitat for birds and other wildlife and help prevent water pollution.
The objects of reclamation are:
* lands disturbed during construction;
* quarry excavations, sinkholes, waste heaps, dumps, etc.;
* landfill territories solid waste;
* lands disturbed as a result of their pollution by liquid and gaseous waste (oil-contaminated lands, gasogenic deserts, etc.).
Enterprises and organizations whose activities resulted in land disturbance (for example, during construction) are required to carry out reclamation at their own expense. At the same time, they must comply with the requirements for the removal, storage and return or movement of topsoil to reclaimed land or to unproductive land. Removal of the fertile soil layer is carried out in accordance with GOST 17.5.3.06-85 “Nature conservation. Requirements for determining standards for removing the fertile soil layer during excavation work.” For different types soils, the thickness of the fertile layer ranges from 0.2 (soddy-podzolic) to 1.2 m (chernozems). The fertile layer is stored in special temporary dumps (hills) or transported for application to disturbed lands. Application of soil to disturbed lands is carried out no later than one year from the date of completion of excavation work.
Vegetative strips of plants along the banks of the stream. Buffer strips help keep flow banks intact during flooding. They also prevent runoff from entering waterways. Buffer strips can include a mixture of grasses, shrubs and trees.
Restore forest cover. Reforestation provides a vast network of trees that offers a long-term solution to soil erosion. It can function both as a windbreak and to anchor soils in place. Any of these 10 soil conservation techniques will help protect this important natural resource and provide a solution to one of the most important environmental problems. Once you start using soil conservation techniques, you will no longer view soil as mere pollution.
Reclamation is carried out sequentially, in stages. There are technical, biological and construction reclamation.
Technical reclamation means preliminary preparation disturbed areas for various types use. The work includes: surface leveling, removal, transportation and application of fertile soils to reclaimed lands, formation of excavation slopes, preparation of the site for development, etc. At this stage, quarry, construction and other excavations are filled in, deep quarries they arrange reservoirs, completely or partially dismantle waste heaps, dumps, tailings dumps, and fill mined-out underground spaces with “waste” rocks. After the settlement process is completed, the ground surface is leveled.
First, programs must remove barriers that prevent producers from using improved agricultural systems. Once these barriers are removed, it may be possible to induce a reluctant producer to adopt an improved farming system. Removing barriers to adoption must precede adoption conviction.
Second, many of the factors that cause manufacturers to be unable or unwilling to adopt new technologies or systems are beyond their control. A chemist and soil scientist with the Agricultural Research Service are studying the effects of different tillage systems on the movement of pesticides into groundwater. This is where they take samples groundwater from a test site adjacent to cropland in Beltzville, Maryland.
By type and composition technological processes technical reclamation work is divided into:
* mining leveling (leveling and leveling the surface of dumps, terracing slopes and dumps in quarries, stabilizing individual areas);
* engineering training restored areas (allocation surface waters and protection from flooding, erosion and waterlogging; erosion control; construction of roads, entrances, exits);
Assessing the role of regulation
For example, some changes may only have negative impact for profit. In many cases it is not so much a manufacturer failure as it is a system failure. Regulatory approaches based on clear plans or performance standards should place greater emphasis on ensuring better permanent protection in areas where soil and water quality deterioration is severe and problem farms are unacceptably slow to implement improved farming systems.
Regulatory approaches will be needed to provide more consistent protection when high prices on commodities, serious damage to soil and water quality, and voluntary change does not lead to adequate improvements. The arguments against regulatory approaches are well known and often cited. Improving soil and water quality can be costly and ineffective if enforcement is insufficient or costly. Critics also argue that such rules could potentially threaten private property rights.
* mining for removal, storage and reuse soil;
* engineering for artificial compaction of dumps (layer-by-layer stacking with rock compaction, special methods rock strengthening);
* hydraulic engineering for the construction of water management facilities (installation of a reservoir bed, coastal strengthening works, installation of water intake and discharge structures).
In addition, rules can change the relationship between the farming community and soil and water conservation organizations, turning them into "policemen" and the former into "lawbreakers" if the rules are not followed. Others have expressed concern that rules cannot be written in a manner that provides the necessary flexibility to reflect different soil and water resources and farming systems found throughout the United States.
C. soil degradation and efforts to prevent water pollution at high normative basis. Regulatory Requirements can clearly indicate the objectives that the producer must meet and can be applied uniformly to all landowners and operators whose actions may degrade soil and water resources. If a manufacturer meets certain standards, then compliance may be grounds for providing other benefits.
Biological remediation carried out after technical work to create vegetation cover in prepared areas. With its help, they restore the productivity of disturbed lands, form a green landscape, create conditions for the habitat of animals, plants, microorganisms, strengthen bulk soils, protecting them from water and wind erosion, etc. Biological reclamation work is carried out on the basis of knowledge of the development of succession processes. These works are carried out by agricultural and forestry organizations.
Clearly defined planning or performance standards can serve as a basis for the development of other programs, including educational programs, programs that provide financial incentives, and cost-sharing programs. Perhaps the most important benefit offered by a regulatory approach is the promise of permanence. If landowners or operators are required to meet soil and water quality standards, those standards will apply in all cases, regardless of changes in market prices, land ownership, production systems, farm enterprise structure or producer goals.
At favorable conditions Reclamation of disturbed lands is not carried out at all stages, but one preferential direction of reclamation is chosen: water management, recreation, construction, etc. For example, in territories influenced gas and smoke emissions from industrial enterprises, sanitary and hygienic reclamation with the use of gas-resistant plants is recommended.
Implications of agricultural structure for regulation
Resume state laws on water quality affecting agriculture. Department of Agriculture, Service economic research,Research and Technology Department. Although the history of use of this authority by district has been limited, there is growing interest in the use of rules, as reflected in innovative approaches being developed at the district level in many states. Processing of many crops and most livestock is increasingly concentrated in a few firms. Poultry is the most highly concentrated sector, and the pork industry has been shown to be following the same consolidation processes as the poultry industry.
Soil erosion- the process of destruction by water and wind of the top fertile layer of soil and underlying rocks, the movement of destruction products from one place to another.
As a result water erosion Areas of valuable agricultural land are destroyed, their fertility sharply decreases, and they become silted water sources, the dismemberment of the territory of enterprises by ravines increases, the hydrological regime of the area worsens, and the moisture supply of the lands is greatly reduced. In a number of regions of Russia dust storms they blow away the fertile layer of soil, damage or destroy crops over large areas, and in some areas they fill up irrigated lands, irrigation canals and water sources. Therefore, in the system of measures to preserve and increase soil fertility important place protects land from erosion, which is carried out on the basis of the following principles:
It is probably no coincidence that the agricultural sectors that exhibit the greatest concentration are those that lack the risk and income protection of federal programs agricultural support and supply control. In many cases, these firms deal directly with producers to supply crops and livestock. These contracts can often specify the quality of the crop required and, in some cases, the production methods to be used. This vertical integration of contract producers with processors has had a significant impact on the management of crop and livestock operations at processors.
interconnectedness of anti-erosion measures throughout the entire territory of erosion, their implementation within the boundaries of a drainage basin, or several administrative districts, or a group of agricultural enterprises;
zoning - carrying out anti-erosion measures taking into account specific natural conditions based on the study of soils, topography, vegetation cover and climate;
The changing structure of agriculture suggests that regulation may increasingly be directed at processors and may impact producers under contract with processors. For example, poultry processors were required to specify requirements for the disposal and use of poultry manure in their contracts with poultry producers. If regulation required whoever owned the poultry to be responsible for proper manure disposal, then liability for environmental damage would shift from the individual poultry producer to the processor.
complexity - implementation of all interrelated work to protect soils. Only in this case can you get a real effect.
Anti-erosion measures are divided into agrotechnical, forest reclamation, hydraulic and organizational-economic measures.
Agrotechnical measures very diverse. To protect soils from water erosion, deep non-moldboard tillage, slicing, plowing and sowing crops across the slope or horizontally, embankment of plowed land on leveled slopes up to 4°, snow retention, etc. are effective. They regulate the surface runoff of rain and melt water, reduce soil washout , increase moisture reserves.
Producer contracts must be modified to address disposal problems associated with manure and dead poultry. Many individual producers may be affected by regulations targeting a few firms in agricultural sectors that are highly concentrated and integrated.
In addition, there will be incentives for processors to develop alternatives to low-cost manure management. If regulation covered the entire poultry sector, no processor would be placed at the economic disadvantage of another. Although poultry prices may rise as processor costs rise, consumers will make choices based on prices that better reflect the true social costs of poultry production. Similar regulation could be addressed to other agricultural sectors that demonstrate high rates concentration.
Wind erosion is prevented by flat-cut tillage with the preservation of stubble on the surface, which reduces its dispersion, retains snow, and accumulates moisture in the fields.
Erosion processes are slowed down or stopped with minimal tillage by simultaneously performing a number of works with one unit, as well as when laying fallows and crops, developing soil-protective crop rotations where there are no pure fallows, limited crops of row crops and large areas are occupied by continuous sowing crops and perennial grasses , steep slopes are grassed or used for grassland crop rotations.
Forest reclamation measures include the creation of field-protective, garden-protective, water-regulating, incremental and ravine forest strips, afforestation of gullies, ravines, sands and other inconvenient for use in agriculture lands. They are especially effective on lands with complex terrain and insufficient moisture. In areas with snowy winters, it is recommended to grow forest strips of a ventilated structure, in areas with little snow - openwork, and ravine and ravine strips - of a dense structure. Best results achieved by creating a system of forest strips in combination with agrotechnical measures, taking into account the topography, soil erosion, the direction of prevailing winds and the maximum preservation of valuable agricultural land.
Protective forest plantations weaken erosion processes and the harmful effects of hot winds and drought. They reduce wind speed, prevent soil blowing, reduce the depth of soil freezing and evaporation of moisture, promote snow retention, and reduce surface water runoff.
Hydraulic measures advisable on steep slopes, where other methods cannot stop soil loss and the growth of ravines. Thus, on slopes of 4-6°, terrace shafts 0.3-0.6 m high and 3-8 m wide are created, placing them horizontally 25-45 m apart from each other. They retain water flow well and do not interfere with the use of tractors and agricultural machines. Their installation throughout the entire cultivated catchment area in combination with agrotechnical and forest reclamation measures makes it possible to avoid the construction of more expensive reinforced concrete structures.
When developing slopes from 10 to 15°, stepped and other terraces with a width of 2 to 4 m are cut. They are limited by earthen ramparts and sometimes reinforced with stone masonry. They prevent surface water runoff and ensure the use of agricultural machinery. Such terraces are used for the cultivation of fruits, berries, vegetables and grapes.
To stop the growth of active ravines, water-retaining and drainage shafts, channels and runoff sprayers are created at their tops, and reinforced concrete fast-flow trays and stepped drops are built at the bottom.
To ensure safe water discharge, anti-mudflow barriers are installed in mountainous areas.
Organizational and economic measures include the development of schemes for organizing work to protect soils from water and wind erosion for the drainage basin (district), region (region, republic), administrative district or groups of enterprises. They are used in the development of territorial and on-farm land management projects, drawing up design and estimate documentation for planting and growing protective forest plantations, and construction of hydraulic structures. At the same time, they provide for the interconnected combination and placement on the ground of all elements of anti-erosion measures, complete and rational use agricultural land, preventing and stopping soil erosion.
Along with water and wind soil erosion, the results of the disposal of agricultural land and their transformation into infertility may be direct activities person. Thus, underground mining is accompanied by waste rock dumps on large areas and subsidence of the land surface in certain areas; open development resources (ore, coal, peat, sand, gravel, etc.) form quarries; construction large structures(industrial, hydraulic, road) destroys the surface layer of soil in the surrounding area.
To make disturbed lands suitable for use in agriculture and forestry, they reclaim (restore). For this purpose, a complex of works is carried out. In the territory where they begin to extract minerals or build structures, they remove and store fertile layer soil for subsequent use. After mining or construction is completed, the surface of the disturbed lands is leveled, and the resulting holes, ditches and mine failures are filled up. If necessary, roads are built. A fertile layer of soil is applied to the surface. Then these lands suitable for agricultural use are sown with crops, the rest is allocated for forest plantings. Quarries and exhausted peatlands are often filled with water and converted into fish ponds.
1.What is the composition of agricultural land and farmland?
2. How to organize accounting land on farms, control over their protection and use?
3. What are the purpose and procedure for land management, what is territorial and on-farm land management?
4.How is the territory of agricultural enterprises organized?
5.What measures are taken to protect soils from erosion and restore disturbed lands?
