The meaning of UNDETERMINED NUMERALS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms
INDEFINITE NUMERALS
see indefinite numerals (in the article numeral),
Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what INDEFINITE NUMERALS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- NUMERALS V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron.
- QUANTITATIVE
ECONOMIC INDICATORS - indicators expressed in physical or monetary units(pieces, units of weight, volume, length, area, rubles, dollars). TO … - QUANTITATIVE in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
RESTRICTIONS IN FOREIGN TRADE - restrictions established by interstate and intercompany agreements in the form of establishing maximum volumes of export or import of goods... - NUMERALS in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
numerals, numerals, numerals, numerals, numerals, … - UNCERTAIN in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
Syn: see... - UNCERTAIN in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
Syn: see... - UNCERTAIN in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
diplomatically, diplomatically, vaguely, indistinctly, inaccurately, unclearly, streamlined, streamlined, vague, vague, hazy, ... - UNCERTAIN in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- UNCERTAIN in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
indefinitely, adv. (To … - UNCERTAIN* in Full spelling dictionary Russian language:
vague*, adv. (To … - UNCERTAIN in the Spelling Dictionary:
indefinitely, adv. (To … - UNCERTAIN in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
adv. Correlates by value. with adj.: ... - UNCERTAIN in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
- UNCERTAIN in the Bolshoi Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
adv. quality-circumstances 1. So, it’s not exactly established. 2. transfer Not quite clearly; not clear. 3. transfer Evasively... - NUMERAL
nominal part speech, the general lexical meaning of which is the number of persons or objects. Grammatically, Ch. is characterized by the presence of a case category (in languages ... - IV. NUMERAL NAMES in the Russian Language Rules:
§ 82. Written together in all cases: 1. Cardinal numbers, the last element of which is -ten, -hundred, -hundred, for example: fifty, ... - COLLECTIVE NUMERALS
see collective numerals (in the article the name is a numeral ... - ORDINAL NUMBERS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see ordinal numerals (in the article the name is numeral... - DETERMINATE NUMERALS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see definite cardinal numerals (in the article the name is numeral ... - INDEFINITE-PERSONAL PROPOSAL in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
A one-part subjectless sentence in which main member expressed by a verb in the 3rd person form plural present or future tense or... - NUMERAL in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
A part of speech characterized by: a) the designation of abstract numbers or the number of objects and their counting order ( semantic feature); b) almost full... - FRACTIONAL NUMERALS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see fractional numerals (in the article the name of the numeral ... - GENDER INDICATORS in the Dictionary of Gender Studies Terms:
(gender-sensitive indicators) are pointers or meters that use quantitative and qualitative indicators to summarize gender-significant changes occurring in society... - DEATH IN DECONSTRUCTION in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
- the theme of two of Derrida's monographs - "The Deathly Gift" and "Aporia". "The Deathly Hallows", like many of Derrida's other books, arose from... - PERELMAN in the Dictionary of Postmodernism:
(Perelman) Chaim (1912-1984) - Belgian philosopher, logician, professor. Born in Warsaw. Graduated from the Free University of Brussels. Headed the Brussels school of the “new... - EXTERNAL in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
TRADE: QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS - see QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS IN FOREIGN TRADE... - SHERZL VIKENTIY IVANOVYCH
Scherzl (Vikenty Ivanovich) - philologist; originally from the Czech Republic; born 1843. Studied in London Chinese, in St. Petersburg (from ... - RUSSIA, SECTION A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF SOUND AND FORMS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
During the centuries-old existence of the Russian language, its sounds and forms, its syntactic structure and lexical composition have undergone significant changes. Follow... - VERSIFICATION in the Literary Encyclopedia:
[otherwise - versification]. I. General concepts. The concept of S. is used in two meanings. It is often regarded as a doctrine of the principles of poetic... - KOREAN. in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Question about the position of K. language. among other languages. cannot be considered finally resolved (a number of hypotheses have been expressed, for example, even about “kinship” ... - KABARDIN LANGUAGE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
one of the Japhetic languages. (cm.) North Caucasus, closely related to the Lower Circassian, or Kyakh language (see “Circassian language”). In K. language. speaks … - NUMERAL
a part of speech that combines a group of words with the meaning of quantity (cardinal numeral). Words with the meaning of the order of objects when counting (so-called ordinal ... - INTERVAL in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(from Latin intervallum - interval distance), 1) in music, the ratio of two sounds in height. If the sounds are taken one after the other, the interval is called... - YAGNOBIAN LANGUAGE in Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Yagnobis. Distributed in the Tajik SSR (mainly in the valleys of the Yagnob and Varzob rivers). Number of speakers of Ya... - YUKAHIR LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, the language of the Yukaghirs. Distributed in the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Number of speakers: 288 (1970 census). Belongs to the Paleo-Asian languages. Some … - PARTS OF SPEECH in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
speech, the main classes of words of a language, distinguished on the basis of the similarity of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and logical-semantic (see ... - PHYSICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
I. The subject and structure of physics Physics is a science that studies the simplest and at the same time the most general patterns natural phenomena, properties... - STATISTICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(German Statistik, from Italian stato, late Latin status - state), 1) view social activities aimed at receiving, processing and analyzing information... - USSR. NATURAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
sciences Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia in the 18th century, when Leningrad became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences... - SOCIOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(French sociologie, from Latin socictas - society and Greek logos - word, doctrine; literally - the doctrine of society), the science of ... - RELIEF (GEOGRAPHY) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(French relief, from Latin relevo - lift) (geographic), a set of irregularities in the surface of the land, the bottom of oceans and seas, diverse in outline, size, ... - FORECASTING in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
forecast development; in a narrow sense - special research specific prospects for the development of any phenomenon. P. as one of the forms... - TRANSITION OF QUANTITATIVE CHANGES INTO QUALITATIVE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
quantitative changes into qualitative ones, one of the basic laws of materialist dialectics, according to which a change in the quality of an object occurs when the accumulation of quantitative ... - NEO-KEYNSIANism in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
bourgeois theory of state-monopoly regulation of the capitalist economy. I. is a modification of Keynesianism applied to historical setting, which emerged after the 2nd World War 1939-45. ... - RELIABILITY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
product, the property of the product to save the values of the established operating parameters in within certain limits, corresponding to the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, storage... - MATHEMATICS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
I. Definition of the subject of mathematics, connection with other sciences and technology. Mathematics (Greek mathematike, from mathema - knowledge, science), the science of ... - LOGICAL OPERATIONS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
http-equiv"Default-Style" content"encstyle"> Logical operations Logical operations logical connectives, logical operators, functions transforming statements or propositional forms (i.e. expressions... - VARIABILITY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(biological), a variety of characteristics and properties in individuals and groups of individuals of any degree of relationship. I. is inherent in all living organisms, therefore in ... - HYDROBIOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(from hydro... and biology), the science of population aquatic environment, about its relationship with living conditions, its significance for transformation processes...
§ 13. Group of indefinite numerals
In addition to collective quantitative words, the category of numerals also includes words denoting an indefinite quantity: how many, so much, several, much, little (and in the basic form of the word little, enough)36.
Regarding the rapprochement of such words as many, few, little, with the class of numerals, prof. A. V. Dobiash wrote: “Quantity, which actually consists in the size of the “thing” being measured, means something geometric, easily turns into something arithmetic, that is, a number” (48). A. A. Potebnya depicted the semantic foundations of this process somewhat differently: “The concept of quantity is obtained by abstracting from the concepts of what is being measured. At the stage of concreteness, the quantity had to change qualitatively along with the change in what is being measured.<...>Formally, this view of quantity is reflected in the language more ancient system is that an indefinite quantity of many things or one, represented collectively, is expressed by an adjective... that is, an attribute, the content of which is thought of in these very things. Moreover, the difference between the number of things and the size of each of them is not formally expressed and is established by the context: small people can mean not only parvi homines (when everyone is small in stature or small in social, moral terms), but also pauci homines, in the new language: little people. New language puts this last turn..." (49) Compare in modern language: many people, but with many people, many people, many people, etc. According to Potebnya, the numerals many, few, etc. originated from “pre-Archive nouns” (50).
All these words: how many, several, many, little, so much (cf. little) - are characterized by the fact that they combine the meaning of numerals with the functions of adverbs, and some of them - also adjectives. There is nothing surprising in this combination. Quality and quantity are intrinsically linked. But adverbs are correlated with all categories of names, including numerals. However, the very principle of unification of different categories, the principle of grammatical syncretism in these words manifests itself in a very unique way. An example is the word a lot. It has the following meanings:
- 1) adverb. In large quantities, very much: drink a lot; If you know a lot, you will soon grow old (proverb);
- 2) in the meaning of the category of condition: about something available, offered or demanded in too large quantities, for example: Five rubles for one sole is too much; Twenty-five rubles is a lot for me, fifteen is enough;
- 3) in the meaning of a quantitative adverb: significantly, much - enhances the degree of quality (with comparative degree adjectives and adverbs) (colloquially), for example: a lot more, a lot less, etc. (in common parlance also with the prefix-preposition na - much less).
These adverbial meanings also include the unchangeable colloquial expression with a touch of modality - neither more nor less (meaning: exactly that much, exactly that much): He asked for neither more nor less than one hundred rubles;
- 4) in the meaning of a quantitative numeral: large number something, for example: I found many friends there; Many years have passed since then; I had a lot of trouble ahead of me.
The transition of the word many into the category of numerals is associated with its separation from the role of an adverb and from the function of a predicate, with its involvement in the circle of quantitative-subject relations. A lot (to noise) is an adverb in the function of a name and, therefore, in the position of the defined one. The emergence of a nominative transforms adverb of quantity in a numeral name.
Being drawn into the circle of numerals, the word many had to lean against some system of declension. The numeral many is opposed by the adjective many and nouns: many - something significant in terms of content, many things (in many ways I do not agree with you, much was hidden from me) and many - an indefinitely large number of people. These words express the concepts of qualitative plurality, the concept of a set of things and the concept of a set of persons. The word many, following the tradition of all numerals (and especially the numerals two, three, four, several), adapts the declension forms of the adjective many for indirect cases. The word many (many), under the influence of its lexical meaning, has lost its form singular. When combined with plural nouns, it means: taken in large number, quantity, numerous (in relation to a part, a number of objects of the same category). The question arises: is there any semantic difference between the indirect plural cases of the adjective many and the numeral many? In other words, is it possible to determine by meaning which cases of use of the forms many, many, many belong to the system of declension of the adjective many and which - to the numeral many? In the phrase I lack a lot of information, the very meaning of the verb seems to indicate the quantitative-numeral function of the form of many. In the sentence I quarreled with many friends, on the contrary, we can feel the qualitative connotation inherent in the use of the word many.
However, in both cases the forms of many, many are retained by all syntactic properties adjective: 1) forms of agreement and 2) the ability to be determined by an adverb (quantitative - very many, very many). True, the numeral many, due to its connection with the adverb, also does not lose the possibility of quantitative adverbial definition: I saw so much grief; He experienced a lot of misfortunes in his lifetime; I have a lot of worries, etc. “At the same time, you can feel the difference between Many people (considered separately) think that... and Many people (taken together) die in war” (51).
Consequently, the distinction between the functions of a numeral and an adjective in the forms of indirect cases (many, by many) cannot be made on purely grammatical grounds. All other signs of such a distinction also turn out to be random and uncertain. So, in the word many, the category of the numeral name for its expression could only adapt the adverbial form with -o as a “nominative”, since the formation of forms of indirect cases of this word was prevented by homonymy with the forms of the adjective many (cf. the word enough, to which the indirect cases are clearly are not drawn from the system of the adjective sufficient, or the word is small, to which the indirect cases of the adjective small are not at all suitable in meaning). The difference between the numerals many, few and the adjectives many, few in the basic form (a little effort - a few efforts; little knowledge - little knowledge; many works - many works) is not reflected in the system of their oblique cases. Still close connection forms many - many, few - few, etc., especially against the background of the relationships several - several, many - as many, how many - how many, puts a lot of pressure on the form many, and in the presence of additional indications of counting (I missed many books ) forms of many, many, etc. tend to the numeral name many.
So, in the words a lot, a little, a little there is no complete set of strictly defined forms characteristic of the category of numerals. It is extremely interesting that one form of the nominative is a lot, a little, a little with all grammatical features its use, as it were, guarantees the transition of these words into numerals and ensures their correlation with others grammatical groups numerals (cf. the same type is many and several). Of course, by itself lexical meaning the words many, few, little played a significant role in this process of grammatical rethinking. Nevertheless, it stands out very clearly here specific gravity the main form (“nominative”) in the category of numerals. This is further evidence of the functional weakness of the system of declension of numerals.
In indefinite numbers there are as many as, several specific features and the properties of numerals are fully expressed. There are so many words in regional dialects, following accentological norm numerals, even transfer the emphasis to inflections of oblique cases (so many - so many, how many - how many, etc.). Homonymy with adverbs here does not create “morphological doubles”, since the use of adverbs and numerals is clearly demarcated syntactically and functionally. In the expressions I am somewhat depressed by the postponement of the summer holiday and I would like to say a few words, no one will classify both cases of use somewhat in the same category. However, it is curious that with the names of persons and animals, two constructions are equally possible: I saw several children and I saw several children.
Question 39. Indefinite words and their grammatical status.
In Valgina’s textbook, indefinite quantitative words are classified as pronouns (or numerals, but conditionally). In Vinogradov’s book (“Russian Language”), the author classifies them as numerals.
Valgina. Modern Russian language.
Indefinite words
Indefinite quantitative numerals can conventionally be classified as a group of words with the meaning of an indefinite quantity (large or small): a lot, a little, a little, a lot, so many and several.
Difference from numerals:
The uncertainty in the designation of quantity semantically distinguishes the listed words from numerals, which are precise quantitative qualifiers of nouns (cf.: five workers - many, several workers).
Indefinite quantitative words a lot, a little, a little, a lot are characterized by a specific use and have forms that are not characteristic of numerals. Unlike cardinal numbers, the words a lot, a little, a little, a lot can be combined as quantitative determinations with abstract nouns (a lot of joy), with substantivized adjectives of abstract meaning (little pleasant); can be qualified by adverbs of degree (very many). The use of cardinal numerals in the indicated combinations is impossible. The words a lot, a little, a little, a lot have comparative forms (more, less), subjective assessment(a little) and do not bow.
Similarities with adverbs:
The semantics and grammatical features of indefinite-quantitative words bring them closer to adverbs (cf.: works a lot, reads little).
Indefinite-quantitative words are so much, somewhat close to numerals in the way they are combined with nouns (cf.: five questions, five questions - several questions, several questions) and declension (cf.: two - several). However, there are several generalized pronominal semantics (an indication of a number, not a designation of a number), as many as contribute to the classification of these words as indefinite, demonstrative and interrogative-relative pronouns.
Numbered nouns also function as indefinite-quantitative words (a lot of money, a lot of people, a lot of trouble, a lot of questions, etc.).
V.V. Vinogradov. Russian language
Group of indefinite numerals
In addition to collective quantitative words, the category of numerals also includes words denoting an indefinite quantity: how many, so much, several, much, little (and in the basic form of the word little, enough).
Regarding the rapprochement of such words as many, few, little, with the class of numerals, prof. A.V. Dobiash wrote: “Quantity, which actually consists in the size of the “thing” being measured, means something geometric, easily turns into something arithmetic, i.e. a number.” A. A. Potebnya depicted the semantic foundations of this process somewhat differently: “The concept of quantity is obtained by abstracting from the concepts of what is being measured. At the stage of concreteness, the quantity had to change qualitatively along with the change in what is being measured.<...>Formally, this view of quantity is reflected in the language of a more ancient system in that an indefinite quantity of many things or one, represented collectively, is expressed by an adjective... that is, an attribute, the content of which is thought of in these very things. Moreover, the difference between the number of things and the size of each of them is not formally expressed and is established by the context: small people can mean not only parvi homines (when everyone is small in stature or small in social, moral terms), but also pauci homines, in the new language: little people. The new language puts this last phrase...". Compare in modern language: many people, but with many people, many people, many people, etc. According to Potebnya, the numerals many, few, etc. came from "pre-verbal nouns" (50).
All these words: how many, several, many, little, so much (cf. little) - are characterized by the fact that they combine the meaning of numerals with the functions of adverbs, and some of them - adjectives. There is nothing surprising in this combination. Quality and quantity are intrinsically linked. But adverbs are correlated with all categories of names, including numerals. However, the very principle of unification of different categories, the principle of grammatical syncretism in these words manifests itself in a very unique way.
An example is the word a lot. It has the following meanings:
1) adverb. In large quantities, very much: drink a lot; If you know a lot, you will soon grow old (proverb);
2) in the meaning of the category of state: about something available, offered or demanded in too large quantities, for example: Five rubles for one sole is too much; Twenty-five rubles is a lot for me, fifteen is enough;
3) in the meaning of a quantitative adverb: significantly, much - enhances the degree of quality (with the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs) (colloquially), for example: much more, much less, etc. (in common parlance also with the prefix-preposition on - much less ).
Adjacent to these adverbial meanings is an unchangeable colloquial expression with a touch of modality - neither more nor less (meaning: ‘exactly so much, exactly so much’): He asked for no more nor less than one hundred rubles;
4) in the meaning of a quantitative numeral: a large amount of something, for example: I found many friends there; Many years have passed since then; I had a lot of trouble ahead of me.
The transition of the word many into the category of numerals is associated with its separation from the role of an adverb and from the function of a predicate, with its involvement in the circle of quantitative-subject relations. A lot (to noise) is an adverb in the function of a name and, therefore, in the position of the defined one. The appearance of a nominative transforms a quantitative adverb into a numeral noun.
Being drawn into the circle of numerals, the word many had to lean against some system of declension. The numeral many is opposed by the adjective many and nouns: much - ‘something significant in terms of content’, many things (in many ways I do not agree with you, much was hidden from me) and many - ‘an indefinitely large number of people’. These words express the concepts of qualitative plurality, the concept of a set of things and the concept of a set of persons. The word many, following the tradition of all numerals (and especially the numerals two, three, four, several), adapts the declension forms of the adjective many for indirect cases. The word many (many), under the influence of its lexical meaning, has lost its singular form. When combined with plural nouns, it means: ‘taken in large number, quantity, numerous (in relation to a part, a number of objects of the same category)’. The question arises: is there any semantic difference between the indirect plural cases of the adjective many and the numeral many? In other words, is it possible to determine by meaning which cases of use of the forms many, many, many belong to the system of declension of the adjective many and which - to the numeral many? In the phrase I lack a lot of information, the very meaning of the verb seems to indicate the quantitative-numerical function of the form of many. In the sentence I quarreled with many friends, on the contrary, we can feel the qualitative connotation inherent in the use of the word many.
However, in both cases the forms of many, many retain all the syntactic properties of the adjective:
1) forms of approval and
2) the ability to be defined by an adverb (quantitative - very many, very many).
True, the numeral many, due to its connection with the adverb, also does not lose the possibility of quantitative adverbial definition: I saw so much grief; He experienced a lot of misfortunes in his lifetime; I have a lot of worries, etc. “At the same time, you can feel the difference between Many people (considered separately) think that... and Many people (taken together) die in war” (51).
Consequently, the distinction between the functions of a numeral and an adjective in the forms of indirect cases (many, by many) cannot be made on purely grammatical grounds. All other signs of such a distinction also turn out to be random and uncertain. So, in the word many, the category of the numeral name for its expression could only adapt the adverbial form with -o as a “nominative”, since the formation of forms of indirect cases of this word was prevented by homonymy with the forms of the adjective many (cf. the word enough, to which the indirect cases are clearly are not drawn from the system of the adjective sufficient, or the word is small, to which the indirect cases of the adjective small are not at all suitable in meaning). The difference between the numerals many, few and the adjectives many, few in the basic form (a little effort - a few efforts; little knowledge - little knowledge; many works - many works) is not reflected in the system of their oblique cases. Nevertheless, the close connection of the forms many - many, few - few, etc., especially against the background of the relationships several - several, so many - as many, how many - how many, puts a lot of pressure on the form many, and in the presence of additional indications of counting (I there were many books missing) the forms of many, many, etc. tend to be the numeral many.
So, in the words a lot, a little, a little there is no complete set of strictly defined forms characteristic of the category of numerals.
One form of the nominative many, few, few with all the grammatical features of its use, as it were, guarantees the transition of these words into numerals and ensures their correlation with other grammatical groups of numerals (cf. the same type of many and several). Of course, the very lexical meaning of the words many, little, little played a significant role in this process of grammatical rethinking. Nevertheless, the specific weight of the main form (“nominative”) in the category of numerals comes out very clearly here. This is further evidence of the functional weakness of the system of declension of numerals.
In indefinite numerals, as many as, several specific features and properties of numerals are fully expressed. The words how many, so many in regional dialects, following the accentological norm of numerals, even transfer the emphasis to inflections of indirect cases (so many - so many, how many - how many, etc.). Homonymy with adverbs here does not create “morphological doubles”, since the use of adverbs and numerals is clearly demarcated syntactically and functionally. In the expressions I am somewhat depressed by the postponement of the summer holiday and I would like to say a few words, no one will classify both cases of use somewhat in the same category. However, it is curious that with the names of persons and animals, two constructions are equally possible: I saw several children and I saw several children.
As already mentioned, not all words denoting quantity are numerals. Really, large number no words with quantitative meaning grammatical features, characteristic of numerals, and, conversely, has features that are characteristic of other parts of speech. Yes, words five, ten, hundred, five, three, ten and others like them, although they denote quantity, are however ordinary nouns formed from numerals, since they do not have signs of numerals: they distinguish units. and many more number (ten - tens, hundred - hundreds, five - fives). Then, each of these words belongs to some gender: masculine. – heels, ten; female – three, hundred. Finally, in no indirect case can they agree with nouns. For example: no three horses, approached three horses, controlled three horses, rode three horses(compare with numerals: no three horses, approached three horses, looked after three horses, talked about three horses).
For the same reasons the words thousand, million, billion etc., are also not numerals, but nouns: they distinguish number (thousands, millions), belong to some genus ( thousand– female genus, million- male gen.), do not agree in indirect cases with nouns (no million rubles, to a million rubles, with a million rubles, about a million rubles). However, of these nouns the word thousand tends to go into numerals. Word thousand changes according to the 1st declension, but in creation. fallen, acquiring the ending of the 3rd declension -ju, it, as a numeral, agrees with a noun denoting countable objects. Therefore we can say with a thousand rubles, although we usually say with a thousand Red Army soldiers(in the first case the word thousand defines a word rubles and agrees with it in case, and in the second case it is itself determined by the word Red Army soldiers), cf. more: Ney, who came last... with his 10,000-strong corps, ran to Orsha to Napoleon with only a thousand people. (L. Tolstoy)
Quantitative words can also be adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives, for example, are words such as: first, second, fifth, tenth, hundredth etc. These are so-called ordinal adjectives that belong to the group of relative adjectives. Like other adjectives, ordinal adjectives vary in number, gender, and case and agree in gender, number, and case with the noun.
Relative adjectives include the word that agrees in gender, number and case with the noun one: one pencil, one pen, one notebook; one pencil, pen, one notebook etc. Adjective one may not have quantitative value and is used then or in the meaning “only”: we alone decided to do this, he alone told the truth; “without others”, “not with others”, “separately from others”: we were sitting alone, he was left alone; or as an indefinite pronoun (adjective) with a meaning close to indefinite pronouns“some”, “some”, cf.: met one person; some scientists say..., while others claim..., in one kingdom, in one state... etc.
Unchangeable quantity words, like: twice, three times, two, three, two, five, two, five etc. are adverbs. They, like other adverbs, denote non-independent features related to the meanings of other words: repeat twice, we were sitting together, I did twice as much etc.
Number places
According to their meaning, numeral names are divided into two groups: 1) numerals quantitative, which denote a quantity consisting of a certain or not a certain number separately conceivable units: one and a half, two, three, five, ten, one hundred, two hundred, many, few, several etc., and 2) numerals collective, which denote a quantity consisting of a certain number of units representing in some respect an indivisible totality: both, two, three, five, seven etc. Cardinal numbers, in turn, depending on whether they denote a quantity consisting of a definite or indefinite number of units, are divided into certain, or counting: one and a half, two, five, ten, one hundred etc., and uncertain:a lot, a little, little, several, how many, so much.
Differences in the meaning of numerals are associated with their ability to be combined with certain nouns denoting countable objects. Counting numbers are usually used with nouns that denote individual objects that can be counted: three books, seven apples, ten feathers, two lakes, five birches, one hundred people, five hundred rubles. Indefinite numerals can also be combined with the same nouns: many books, few lakes, few people, but the same numerals (except for the word some), in addition, used with real nouns: a lot of milk, a little silver, as much copper as cereals, flour, sugar, a little wheat, and some collective ones: a lot of rags, a lot of crow, i.e. in general, with such nouns that denote objects that can be measured, not counted.
Collective numerals (except for the word both) can be used with nouns that have only plural forms. numbers, for example: two gates, three sleighs, five days, as well as with masculine nouns. and average genders denoting persons: five Komsomol members, three young men, two Red Army soldiers, two or three children, two noble persons.
Declension of numerals
Most of the numerals form forms of oblique cases according to the type of declension of nouns or adjectives, but a certain part of them in the formation of cases deviate significantly from the usual types of declension. Based on the characteristics of declension, numerals can be divided into the following groups:
1. Indefinite number few does not change according to cases and is used only in the meaning of them. and wine pad.: he has few friends left(named after pad.), we found few mushrooms(win pad).
2. Counting numbers forty, ninety, one hundred have only two case forms: one for them. and wine pad., and the other with the ending -A for consistent oblique cases: forty, ninety, hundred. In numerals fourty And one hundred in the form of oblique cases the stress is on the ending, and in the numeral ninety– it is based on. Therefore the forms ninety And ninety, who have unstressed ending the same sound is pronounced (b), V oral speech do not differ, but differ only in writing.
Also, the numeral has only two case forms one and a half (one and a half). His form of oblique cases is formed by inserting a vowel into the middle of the stem at
with the stress shifting to this vowel: one and a half.
3. Counting numbers two – two, three, four form indirect cases through endings: gender. and sentence -X, date -m, creative -me. These endings are attached to stems that are different from the stems. and wine pad. At the numeral two - two the stem of indirect cases ends in a vowel y-(gen. and prev. pad. two, date pad. two, creative pad. two), and for numerals three, four- on a vowel O-, except creative pad. at the numeral four, which is formed from the base named after. and wine pad. to a consonant (gen. and prepositional pad. three, four; date pad. three, four, creative pad three-me, four-me).
4. All collective numerals and indefinites, except for the indeclinable few, change according to the type of plural declension of adjectives. number, i.e. have endings in oblique cases: gender. and sentence pad. -their(s), date pad. -to them, creative pad. -them(s); genus. and sentence pad. two, four, many, several; date pad. two, four, many, several; creativity pad. two, four, many, several. At the numeral both - both endings of oblique cases are added to stems ending in masculine forms. and average sort on a vowel O- and in female forms. kind - on a vowel e-: genus. and sentence pad. both of them – both of them, date pad. both of them – both of them, creative pad. both of them – both of them. This numeral in oblique cases has stress on the last syllable of the base, while for other collective numerals the stress in indirect cases is transferred to the ending, cf.: both, both - both, both, both, both And three - three, three. Indefinite numerals have fixed stress on the first syllable of the stem: many, many, many etc.
5. Counting numbers from five to twenty, and also thirty declined like nouns of the 3rd declension: im., vin. pad. five, birth, date and sentence pad. hey, creative pad. heel. In this case, the stress of numerals is from five to ten, as well as twenty And thirty transferred in indirect cases to the ending (ten, ten, ten), and for the rest, i.e. from eleven to nineteen, it is motionless on the basis (twelve, twelve, twelve).
Also, complex countable numerals are declined according to the 3rd declension of nouns fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty. But they change in both of their parts with the emphasis in oblique cases shifting to the end of the first part, cf.: im. and wine pad. fifty, born, dated and sentence pad. fifty, creativity pad. fifty.
6. In both of their parts, complex counting numbers denoting hundreds (from 200 to 900) also change with declination. Their first part is declined like numerals two, three, four, five etc., the second part is like plural nouns. number, i.e. genus. pad. has no ending: two hundred, three hundred, five hundred; date pad. formed with the ending -am: two hundred, three hundred, five hundred; creativity pad. -ami: two hundred, three hundred, five hundred; sentence pad. -ah: about two hundred, three hundred, five hundred. The emphasis in oblique cases is on the end of the second part, and in gender. pad. if there is no ending, it is transferred to last syllable basics (on a “fluent” vowel O).
Morphology of Russian literary language*
ADVERB
Form and meaning of adverbs
An adverb as a special part of speech is characterized mainly by negative features. First of all, it is negatively defined by its form. The adverb differs from other parts of speech and, first of all, from other names in that it does not have inflectional forms. An adverb, therefore, is an unchangeable word: it does not change either by gender, or by number, or by case, cf.: he reads aloud, she reads aloud, they read aloud, reading aloud, while reading aloud, and this immutability is its formal grammatical feature.
In their meaning, adverbs are close to adjectives, forming with them in a certain respect general grammatical place words Like adjectives, adverbs denote non-independent characteristics, i.e. signs related to the meanings of other words, for example: ride a horse, too dark, quite dangerous, house opposite, read loudly, ride at a gallop etc. In a sentence, therefore, both parts of speech act as minor members. Denoting a non-independent attribute, an adverb and an adjective together are opposed to a noun, which, unlike them, expresses an independent, independent attribute-object.
In addition to similarities, adjectives and adverbs also have significant grammatical differences, due to which they are already opposed to each other. Namely, adjectives, denoting a non-independent feature, at the same time indicate that this feature relates to an object, expressed by a noun. The attribute denoted by an adjective thus acts as a property or quality of an object. By formal means, which denotes that such a feature belongs to an object, serves as forms of gender, number and case for adjectives, with the help of which adjectives agree with nouns. In contrast to the adjective, the adverb, also denoting a non-independent feature, does not, however, indicate that this feature relates to the subject. Formally, this is expressed by the invariability of the adverb and its lack of consistent forms.
As you can see, an adverb is most closely determined through its relationship with an adjective. It is defined negatively, opposing the adjective both in its grammatical meaning and in form.
Thus, the adverb is immutable part speech that denotes a non-independent feature without indicating its attribution to an object expressed by a noun.
The meaning of an adverb determines its syntactic use and the difference in syntactic role with an adjective. Both the adverb and the adjective are used as a minor member in a sentence. This use of adverbs and adjectives follows from their meaning as words denoting non-independent characteristics. However, since the adjective denotes one or another attribute indicating its relevance to the subject, it acts in the sentence as a minor member, defining only the noun. An adverb, without indicating that the attribute it denotes relates to an object, can act in a sentence as a defining word to different parts speech, including to a noun. Indeed, adverbs determine not only the verb: read aloud, walk barefoot, run fast, speak French, live far away, live nearby, be very tired, rush too much, act together, adjective: very interesting book, too heavy a burden, fairly regular facial features, purely woolen dress, or adverb: very fast to talk, damn fun to live, come too late, but also a noun: reading aloud, speaking French, working in a new way, a bit of an artist, soft-boiled eggs, Turkish coffee, in the house opposite, on the way here etc.
Semantic categories of adverbs
Although adverbs taken as a whole can act as a defining word for any part of speech, this does not mean that each adverb separately can be used in this way. Their use is defined as eigenvalue adverbs and the meaning of the word to which they refer. Thus, adverbs denoting the way a characteristic is manifested usually define words with the meaning of process, action, i.e. refer to a verb or denoting an action verbal noun(cf. work in a new way And work in a new way, go at a walk And riding at a walk). Or, for example, adverbs denoting the degree, intensity of manifestation of a characteristic are used mostly as a modifier of an adjective (very beautiful, barely noticeable, too hot). In practice, adverbs mostly refer to the verb and less often to other parts of speech.
According to their meaning, adverbs are primarily divided into two main groups: adverbs definitive And circumstances. Determinative adverbs denote signs that indicate properties, qualities of the meanings they define, while adverbial adverbs denote signs that are external to the meaning of the words to which the adverb refers. For example, adverbs out loud, on foot, too (reading out loud, we walked, I got too worked up) are definitive because they characterize the action itself, determining its various properties (reading, walking, working). Adverbs at home, together, yesterday (he read at home, we walked together, I was tired yesterday)- circumstantial, because they do not characterize the action itself, but indicate only its various external circumstances - the place of action, its compatibility, time.
Determinative adverbs are divided into adverbs of manner And adverbs of degree.
Adverbs of manner of action, defining words with the meaning of action, denote property, quality, method of action. Such adverbs refer to the verb: he read aloud, we walked barefoot, our hair stood up, the horses moved at a pace, they rode on horseback, the yard was swept clean, the dishes were wiped dry, the iron was red hot, they worked in a new way, they spoke French, or to a verbal noun denoting action, for example: reading aloud, riding a horse, walking, working in a new way, speaking French, and in some cases to a non-verbal noun, for example: soft-boiled eggs, Warsaw coffee, Wiener schnitzel, legs apart.
Adverbs of degree determine the intensity of the manifestation of a particular characteristic. For the most part they refer to the adjective; indicating the intensity of manifestation of the property or quality they designate: The road was very difficult; and also scary, terrible, extraordinary, devilish, damn, quite, too, too heavy: I read it wonderfully interesting book; and also amazing, extremely, very etc. Less commonly, an adverb of degree defines a verb: I'm too tired, I really wanted to rest(those. Very). IN in some cases an adverb of degree can be used with a noun denoting an agent or person who has one or another property, for example: He's a bit of an artist, He's too eccentric, We're a bit of a friend.
Adverbs of adverbs are divided into adverbs of place: He lives far away, I live nearby, We sat next to each other, I read the newspaper at home, Where does he work, He sits here, there, Where did he go? There he went;adverbs of time: Brother arrived yesterday, Today I will go to the theater, He has lived in Moscow for a long time, I got up early, went to bed late, Now I’ll go, Now I’ll come, Then I came, When did I read it?;adverbs of compatibility(indicate that the action is performed jointly with someone or, conversely, separately) – We walked together, We worked together, We read together, three of us, We acted together, We went alone, We spent the evening alone, We went in twos, in threes, in pairs; adverbs of reason: He said it out of spite, He shouted in the heat of the moment, He foolishly didn’t agree, He didn’t recognize me in his sleep, He blindly stumbled upon a stump, He fell asleep drunk; adverbs of purpose: He did it out of spite, on purpose, He said it in mockery, He left for some reason.
Adverbs most often define a verb (see examples above), but can also define an adjective (however, quite rarely): We drove up to an ugly two-story house from the outside, We watched a barely noticeable airplane in the distance, and a noun. IN the latter case adverbial adverbs usually act as the predicate of a sentence: He is far away, The village is close, Lunch was long ago, late, Dinner will be soon. However, some of these adverbs, when defining a noun, can also act as secondary members of a sentence: He lives in the house opposite, On the way there I will go to see a friend, On the way here I was overtaken by rain, Upon returning home I went to school.
Adverb formation
In modern Russian, adverbs are formed mainly from<относительных>adjectives, as well as from those adjectives that came from participles.
From relative adjectives adverbs are formed as follows:
1. From adjectives to -sky And -tsky adverbs are formed using a suffix -And with attachment By- or without it: work like Lenin, like a Bolshevik, read in French, German, sits in the saddle like a Cossack, practically implement it, politically developed, develop theoretically, masterfully done, devilishly tired.
2. From possessive adjectives with suffix -j- adverbs are formed on -And(written -y) with prefix By-: howled like a wolf, spoke like a human, swims like a dog.
3. From other relative adjectives adverbs are formed -to (him) with attachment in-: dressed in summer, in winter, cackled like a chicken, hissed like a snake, whistled like a nightingale, in our way, in your way, in my opinion, in your way, in your own way. The last three adverbs differ from the usual preposition combination By with a pronoun-adjective place of stress (cf.: on my case And in my opinion). In some cases, adverbs in -to (him) with attachment By- are also formed from qualitative adjectives, For example: work in a new way, you can’t live in the old way, he did the right thing.
From adjectives that came from participles on -schy, adverbs can be formed on -e, which mean “with such and such a look”: pleadingly- "with a pleading look" defiantly- "With defiantly", For example: The ends of his mustache stuck out menacingly, like two spears.(V. Korolenko), The wave, having examined this gift, indignantly threw it back onto the shore.(M. Gorky), - Oh, grandfather, hide it! – he whispered pleadingly.(M. Gorky), He spoke warningly and sternly.(L. Andreev) , And they themselves shouted triumphantly.(L. Andreev) , He looked searchingly at their kind faces.(L. Andreev)
Adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives -o(s), which coincide with the average. originally from short adjectives. Wed: The saucer is clean And The saucer is clean, the description is interesting And He described it interestingly, Moving quickly And He moved quickly. In the first example of each pair there is a predicate - a short adjective in the middle. gender, which denotes a property of an object, relates to a noun and is consistent with it in gender and number. In the second example, the same word is used as an adverb, since it does not denote a property of an object, but a sign of an action and refers not to a noun, but to a verb.
Other examples: worked diligently, was tolerant, confessed openly, asked unexpectedly, played melodiously, wrote well, spoke quickly, shouted loudly, stretched slowly etc.
In the role of an adverb, except for a short adjective in the middle. kind, can also be used comparative form adjectives when it does not refer to a noun. Wed: This story is more interesting - He told it more interestingly; His voice is louder - He spoke louder. In the first example of each pair there is a predicate - a comparative form of the adjective that refers to the noun. In the second example, the same word is used as an adverb and refers to a verb.
In addition to adverbs, which in modern language are formed from adjectives, there are many such adverbs that are currently not formed from any part of speech, but historically, in different eras The development of the Russian language originated from different parts of speech. These are, for example: barefoot, naked, stealthily, blindly, in short. The origin of these adverbs is explained by the fact that one or another form of nouns, adjectives or other parts of speech in a certain era, having lost its usual grammatical meaning, purchased a new one, more general meaning and at the same time I broke away from the entire system of changes of this word. In this regard, gradually this form ceases to break down into a base and an ending and begins to be used as an unchangeable word, denoting a non-independent feature related to the meaning of other words. Some of the above adverbs come from various nouns that no longer exist in the modern language. For example, adverbs naked, barefoot came from nouns naked, barefoot in creative work case; adverb on the sly– from a noun quiet in genus case with complex preposition from under. Another part of the adverbs came from short adjectives in different cases with prepositions (inflected short adjectives, as is known, also do not exist in modern language). For example, adverb I'll go blind comes from a short adjective blind in genus case with preposition co; in short - from the word brief in sentence case with preposition V. In other cases, the word from which the adverb came is preserved in the modern language, but even then the adverb in its meaning deviates so much from this word that it ceases to be one of its forms. These are, for example, adverbs: at home, for free, nearby - he sits at home(i.e. at home; not necessarily in the house, but maybe, for example, in the garden, yard, etc.), got it for nothing(i.e. free), lives nearby(i.e. close). Although nouns house, gift, row and exist in the modern Russian language, but these adverbs have become so detached in their meaning from them that they are no longer their various case forms.
Thus, all these adverbs are, as it were, frozen, petrified forms various parts speeches that in modern language have already lost connection with these parts of speech. Adverbs of this kind include the following:
1. Adverbs derived from nouns:
from creation case: on foot, upright, freely, next to, head over heels, step, run; from birth pad. with a pretext With: from below, from the side, from behind, from the front, madly, foolishly; from wines pad. with a pretext on or in: back, forward, sideways, hastily, mockery; at random, crookedly, in breadth, up, gallop, deep, swim, down, up; from prev. pad. with a pretext in: in the dark, in a hurry, in a hurry, in the hearts.
2. Adverbs derived from adjectives:
a) from wines. pad. units numbers full adjectives feminine with a pretext in, on, for: scattered, close, in vain, dry, recklessly, recklessly, often(with emphasis on the ending);
b) from different cases of short adjectives with prepositions: from gender. pad. with a pretext to or with: red-hot, white-hot, completely, satiated, dry, to the right, to the left, rashly, drunk, from above; from birth pad. with double preposition from–from: again, from childhood, from childhood; from wines pad. with a pretext on or for: white, clean, dry, right, left, before dark, easily, dark, long; from dates pad. with a pretext by: little by little, little by little, slowly, in vain; from prev. pad. with a pretext V or on: doubly, in the distance, in the dark, ready, light, tipsy.
In adverbs that originated from nouns and adjectives in different cases with prepositions, the prepositions merged with an independent word and, becoming part of a new word - an adverb, became prefixes.
In addition to nouns and adjectives, adverbs can also become gerunds, for example: She silently left the room(compare with the gerund silently, which differs from the adverb in the place of stress), He reluctantly went out into the street, He did everything casually, We went out to the train ahead of time. Often a gerund participle becomes an adverb not alone, but together with the noun that defines it, appearing in a sentence together with it as one word. In this case, such an adverb acquires a new, more general meaning that is not characteristic of either the given participle or the noun, for example: They worked with their sleeves rolled up(i.e. good), Worked carelessly(i.e. bad), We ran headlong(i.e. quickly), They returned from hunting with their tongues hanging out(i.e. tired), They came back hanging their noses(i.e. sad, in a depressed mood). An adverb can also come from a gerund together with an adverb that defines it, for example: A little later we went for a walk, and a little later it started to rain(i.e. soon). Adverbs today, now are also complex in origin (from the pronoun this and nouns hour, day). Other phrases can also become adverbs, for example: It's a stone's throw from here to the forest(i.e. close), They turned a blind eye to it(i.e. inattentively, carelessly), Through the stump deck(i.e. bad), etc.
Some adverbs are derived from identical nouns or adjectives, of which the second was used with a preposition: exactly, hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, one after another, little by little, tightly, simply, For example: we work hand in hand(i.e. amicably, together), we live side by side(i.e. close).**
Famous group an adverb with an intensifying meaning, always used with one defined word, which also has the same root as the adverb, closely merges with the word it defines - a verb or an adjective. These are, for example, adverbs: Ants swarmed between the thin green grasses.(L. Tolstoy) , The child is roaring, the rain is pouring, the hum is humming, and also: people pour into the theater in droves, they cry, they groan etc. The same type of adverb: The room was full of people, It was black in the forest, a long time ago etc.
PRONOUN
The concept of a pronoun
A special category of words are the so-called pronouns. They do not form a special part of speech, standing among other parts of speech, standing out on grounds other than them.
Being independent words, pronouns are contrasted with others independent words, significant, like words-instructions - words-names. Significant words designate, serve as names various phenomena our cognitive experience, for example, the word water is the name of that natural phenomenon that is designated by chemists with the formula H2O. Unlike significant words, pronouns do not name the phenomena of our experience, but only point to them, for example, she. Pronouns can indicate not only this or that phenomenon of reality, but also the words of preceding or subsequent speech denoting these phenomena, for example: Water turns into ice. It turns into ice at temperatures below 0°.
As indicating words, pronouns do not have a specific real meaning and receive it only in the context of speech, depending on what word or what phenomenon of our experience the given pronoun points to. They can, as it were, replace words with a specific real meaning in speech, which was the reason to call them pronouns, i.e. substitutes for names and words.
As already mentioned, pronouns do not form a separate part of speech. They are like significant words, belong to different parts of speech, depending on whether they indicate an object, or its property-quality, or quantity, or some non-independent feature, and also depending on what syntactic formal meanings are expressed by their forms, which determine their role in the sentence. So, for example, pronouns me, you, he, who, what are nouns, pronouns my, yours, which, whose– adjectives, pronouns as much as– numerals, pronouns where, here, there, where, there, when, then, where, how, so– adverbs.
Pronouns-nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs are inflected and used in a sentence in basically the same way as significant nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs. For example, noun pronouns are inflected. Moreover, their cases, like those of significant nouns, are independent, inconsistent forms that express different relationships the object to which the pronoun refers to the meaning of other words: I met him, a friend came to see me, He is busy with something, Who are you looking for? In them. pad. the noun pronoun acts as the subject: I solved the problem, He left, Will you come tomorrow? Pronouns-adjectives, like significant adjectives, have syntactic consistent forms of gender, number and case and are used in a sentence as secondary members that define the noun and agree with it in gender, number and case: This forest is large, Behind this forest a field begins, Behind this grove a river flows, My sister is a Komsomol member, My sister was accepted into the Komsomol, My brother has arrived. Numeral pronouns How many And so many according to their forms and syntactic usage are no different from significant numbers. They are like most numerals, do not distinguish between gender and number, but, changing according to cases, form for them. and wine pad. independent forms in which they act as the subject of a sentence: How many people came to the meeting? or a direct object: I bought so many books!, and for other cases, compatible forms in which they act as a definition of a noun: How many subscribers were given books? How many places has he visited? etc. Finally, pronoun-adverbs, like significant adverbs, are immutable forms that, indicating non-independent signs of the meanings of other words, act in a sentence as defining words to various members of the sentence: He went there, He lives here, Where did you come from? On the way here I stopped home.
Thus, of all parts of speech, only verb pronouns are missing. Therefore, pronouns are contrasted only with those significant words that are included in the group of parts of speech combined common name names, i.e. significant noun, adjective, numeral and adverb. In other words, names, i.e. a group of parts of speech, collectively opposing the verb, are divided into correlative categories of words: words-names and words-indicators, or significant words and pronouns.
