Find out ideas about human nature. Installation by inquiry

Dmitry Nikolaevich Uznadze (1886-1950) - an outstanding Georgian psychologist and philosopher, creator attitude theories, which allowed us to take a fresh look at the deep mechanisms of human behavior, linguistic and cognitive activity.

The author we will consider in this article became one of the most prominent representatives of psychology, creating the theory of attitude. Dmitry Nikolaevich Uznadze was primarily interested in the role of the unconscious in the life of an individual. Nevertheless, he criticized other authors who proposed the concept of the unconscious, including Freud, for the theoretical and, more often, empirical groundlessness of their ideas. But he did not stop at criticism, instead offering his understanding of the unconscious. Determining quality, which he designated as installation.

Installation is a holistic undifferentiated state that not only anticipates conscious activity, but also predetermines it. As D.M. himself wrote. Uznadze, mental activity is secondary to the attitude.

The attitude occurs at the moment of contact between the body and the environment. In this case, there is an interaction between the need and the situation of its satisfaction.

From the above it is clear that the installation occurs under two conditions:

1. Presence of an urgent need.
2. The presence of a need fulfillment situation.

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Installation and its experimental justification

To illustrate the essence of the concept under consideration, we will look at experiments in which the installation phenomenon was discovered. Most of the experiments were quite typical for the psychology of that time and boiled down to creating illusions when comparing various items in different modalities.

So, for example, the subject was asked to weigh two balls and determine which one is lighter. The subject did this without problems. However, if before the control weighing the subject is asked to estimate a certain number of pairs of balls that differ in weight, then during the control weighing two types of illusions almost always appeared. One of them is the illusion of contrast, when a light ball against a heavy one seems even lighter. The other, the assimilative effect, on the contrary, appears when a light ball seems heavier.

In the same way, you can suggest weighing balls of the same volume, but different in weight. And then the subject can declare that the lighter ball is smaller in volume. Even a child can be deceived by such a riddle, asking what is lighter than a kilogram of fluff or a kilogram of iron.

Was held great amount modifications of these experiments. Illusions in different modalities were compared, for example, subjects determined the difference not only by weight, but also visually, sometimes by ear. D. M. Uznadze and his students also looked to see whether the illusion would spread from one sense organ to another. And this really happened.

Conclusion from experiments

The experimenter concluded that the measurements preceding the control ones were of main importance in creating illusions. Thus, if there were no preliminary measurements, then the illusion could not be observed.

Hence the conclusion: in the process of control measurement, an individual develops a certain internal state, which changes its perception during further measurements in a given direction. This condition, which, although it cannot be called conscious, acts as a determining factor in the behavior and content of consciousness.

Types of installation

Experimenters discovered various types of installation. It could be noted that the installation at the beginning of the experiment is of a different nature than during the control measurement. This is where the description of two types of installations comes from.

1. Diffuse installation. Occurs upon first contact with a situation. It is characterized by vagueness and is not able to direct the individual’s activity.
2. Fixed (differentiated) installation. With repeated encounters with similar situations, the attitude begins to differentiate and take on more specific forms. Such an installation is already capable of directly determining activity.

Plant attenuation process

In his experiments, D. M. Uznadze tried not only to form an installation, but also to eliminate it. In this regard, he discovered a number of patterns and described the stages of attenuation of the installation

1. Phase of contrasting illusions. On it you can observe the presence of an attitude and the manifestation of corresponding illusions.
2. Phase of assimilative illusions. At this phase, the process of attenuation of the installation begins. This can be seen in the fact that along with contrasting ones, assimilative illusions also begin to appear.
3. Reality Statement Phase. Finally, we observe the phase of ascertaining reality, when the subject states the real relationship of objects during a control measurement.

Although the scheme is quite simple, it made it possible to identify certain types of settings characteristic of different types of people.

Installation depending on various personal characteristics

Depending on the characteristics of the process of extinction of the installation, a number of possible phenomena and installation types.

1. Static installation (rough and plastic). Staticity implies that once an individual’s attitude has been formed, it no longer changes. In a rough version, it does not change in principle. In the plastic, the individual still adjusts the attitude to reality, but does not achieve its values.
2. Dynamic installation characterizes the individual’s ability to nevertheless rebuild his worldview in accordance with reality. In the plastic version, restructuring occurs gradually, going through all stages. In the rough it happens immediately.
3. Non-fixed installation. During the experiments, it also became clear that there are a number of individuals who are not capable of forming any attitude.

Characteristics of a custom installation

We have already noted that during experiments with the installation, the fact was discovered individual differences. Representatives of the theory under consideration decided to study and classify possible differences in attitudes and their parameters in different personalities. this work helped raise new questions within differential psychology. So, the installation may have the following properties.

1. Differentiation. Differentiation consists of the individual’s experience and means the accuracy and certainty with which the attitude redefines future behavior.
2. Excitability. This property suggests that different people may need different quantities repetitions of the experimental situation until the formation of the attitude.
3. Strength. This is the opposite of the previous characteristic. It determines how many experiments are needed to eliminate the installation.
4. Dynamism, determines the fundamental possibility of changing the setting.
5. Inertia and plasticity, determines the degree to which real situation And external factors may affect Current state installations.
6. Irradiation and generalization. Irradiation involves the spread of an attitude to other areas of mental activity, in addition to the one in which it was originally formed.
7. Constancy and variability of a fixed installation. The parameter indicates the specificity of one specific type of attitude for a given individual. For example, a variable attitude suggests that in one situation an individual can demonstrate a dynamic attitude, and in another, a static one.
8. Stability and lability of a fixed installation. This parameter characterizes the ability of the installation to be maintained over time (as opposed to strength, which is determined by the number of control measurements).
9. Intermodality of installation. This is saving settings for creating an installation using different organs feelings.

The meaning of attitude in individual psychology

Of particular importance for D. M. Uznadze was the property of generalization of the attitude. Based on it, the scientist began to consider attitude as a general psychological phenomenon. Any behavior is the implementation of a pre-formed readiness. The attitude acts as the individual’s preparedness for the appropriate perception of events and the implementation of predetermined actions.

The phenomenon under consideration is also presented as an intermediary link between environmental influences and the psyche, which explains the behavior of the individual, his emotional and volitional manifestations, thus constituting the determining factor of any activity.

Two types of organism behavior

Although D. M. Uznadze assigned serious importance to the attitude in an individual’s behavior, he did not claim that it completely determines him. From here, he derived two types of behavior.

1. impulsive characteristic of both animals and human beings. Here the direction of behavior is completely predetermined by the attitude.
2. Volitional, consciously regulated behavior characteristic only of man. It is realized through the so-called objectification. This mechanism manifests itself when an individual comes into confrontation with the external environment, when he begins to see reality as it really is, and, accordingly, objectify his behavior.

Objectification as a mechanism of volitional behavior

Thinking, as well as other functions that separate human race from animals, occurs when there are obstacles to behavior determined by the attitude. When an individual finds himself in a position where the attitude does not allow him to realize adaptive, in relation to external influence, the answer, then human consciousness arises, which leads, however, to the re-development of readiness for action (attitude).

The act of activating consciousness was called objectification by scientists.

Objectification is the act of separating action from the organism, experiencing reality regardless of the organism.

Feature human personality– this is the implementation of delayed motivation, i.e. implementation of such actions that will bring benefits only in the future. The installation only shows itself in the current moment, although it itself is a peculiar form of anticipation.

Having studied the abilities different people to objectification, the scientist also identified a number possible options personality types.

1. Dynamic. A person who has a good ability to objectify and has the ability to easily switch in relation to objectified goals.
2. Static. A person who exhibits excessive objectification, which is expressed in the constant inhibition of his attitudes and the selection of methods of activity only based on volitional efforts.
3. Variable. A person who has the ease of objectification, but does not have the necessary volitional potential for its implementation.

Installation in hypnosis

Understanding attitude theory has great importance and in the process of hypnotherapy. The focus on suggestibility determines the effectiveness of the hypnotherapy process. Until a positive attitude towards the hypnotherapy process turns off the patient’s motives for behavior that oppose the act of suggestion, the results of therapy will not be observed.

A positive attitude eliminates the motive of controlling one’s behavior, leading to hypnotic state, implying uncritical perception of the hypnotist’s speech.

It is interesting that the attitude towards the process of hypnosis is, as it were, the highest hierarchical level of attitude, i.e. it reorganizes the individual's other attitudes.

Let us consider with you the components of the attitude towards accepting a suggestion. As we understand, the attitude is formed on the basis of past experience (as well as in the experiments of D.M. Uznadze, on the basis of a number of measurements). Thus, for a therapeutic session to be effective, a person either must already have ideas about interaction with the hypnotist and his figure, or they are created directly by the hypnotist himself. This is why, for example, in hypnotherapy it is carried out preliminary conversation. It allows you to form an attitude in the individual, which will help during the session.

Conclusion

Thus, it is worth saying that, regardless of the avalanche of criticism that at one time poured towards D.M. Uznadze, he made a breakthrough in psychology. He introduced an experimental and empirical basis into the doctrine of the unconscious, and demonstrated the presence of unconscious processes in real experiences, unlike Freud and other representatives of the theory of the unconscious, whose statements remained unfounded. The theory of attitude is also striking in its scope. Having introduced the concept under consideration, D.M. Uznadze essentially anticipated the concept of schemas from cognitive psychology.

To briefly summarize what has been written, an attitude is all our experience, which we do not operate on purpose, but use automatically. If you see your friend somewhere on the street, this already triggers one or another stereotype of behavior and perception in you simply because you have previous experience of communicating with this person. If a doctor tells you to take certain medications, you take them because you trust him, because, in accordance with your beliefs, a doctor is a person who knows and can cure. And for some, such a person is a gypsy fortune teller, which determines his further behavior.

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Uznadze’s concept of personality is based on the concept of “attitude,” which he considered Ch. psychol. education. The installation is considered basic. regulatory mechanism of human behavior, determining its direction and selective activity.

However, the essence of personality. It is not reduced to the functioning of the attitude, but is determined by the presence of such fundamental manifestations as consciousness and the ability to objectify. Characteristic feature personal yavl. the implementation of distant motivation, the commission of actions and deeds, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs intended for future life. Higher needs - intellectual, moral and aesthetic - correspond to a person’s self-concept. The attitude manifests itself in the present tense, although it is manifest. defined a form of anticipation.

Personal behavior can occur at two levels - impulsive and regulated by consciousness. In the first case, the direction of behavior is determined by the attitude that arises from the interaction of people’s needs. and the situation in which they are actualized. At a higher level of behavior, a person does not obey an impulse, but finds a type of behavior for which he can take responsibility. This occurs due to the mechanism of objectification, according to which people. opposes itself to external environment, begins to recognize reality as it is, and objectify his behavior.

Depending on the person's ability. to objectification, Uznadze describes three types of personalities: 1) dynamic - personal, having developed ability to objectification and having a willingness to easily switch in the direction of objectified goals; 2) static – personal, showing hyper-objectification, which consists of constantly delaying the impulses of one’s attitudes and choosing appropriate types of activity only on the basis of, volitional efforts; 3) variable - a person who has sufficient ease of objectification, but does not have sufficient volitional abilities to implement it.

One of the most important characteristics personal in the THEORY OF INSTALLATION of phenomena. responsibility, thanks to which a person can rise above his needs, acting as a subject of will. The meaning of motivation is to find an activity that corresponds to the basic personal installation established in the process of life. The period of goal preparation is divided into two stages: 1) choice, which is recognized as an intellect, an act and is carried out on the basis of personality. values ​​of behavior for a given subject; 2) motivation, recognized as a volitional process. Volitional behavior is the ability to personally. subordinate your activity not only to the individual. values, but also objective necessity.

ANOTHER OPTION – INSTALLATION THEORY (D.N. Uznadze)

Personal concept Uznadze is based on the concept of “installation”, which he considered ch.

Psycho. education. The installation is considered basic. regulatory mechanism of human behavior, determining its direction and selective activity. However, the essence is personal. is not reduced to the functioning of the attitude, but is determined by the presence of such fundamental manifestations as consciousness and the ability to objectify. A characteristic feature of personal yavl. the implementation of distant motivation, the commission of actions and deeds, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs intended for the future life. Higher needs - intellectual, moral and aesthetic - correspond to the self-concept of a person. The attitude manifests itself in the present tense, although it is manifest. defined form.of.anticipation.

Personal behavior can occur at two levels - as impulsive and regulated by consciousness. In the first case, the direction of behavior is determined by the attitude that arises from the interaction of people’s needs. and situations in which they are updated. At a higher level of behavior, a person does not obey an impulse, but finds a type of behavior for which he can take responsibility. This happens due to the mechanism of objectification, according to some people. opposes itself to external environment, begins to recognize reality as it is, and objectify his behavior.

Depending on the person's ability. to objectification Uznadze describes three types of personalities: 1) dynamic - personal, having a developed ability for objectification and a willingness to easily switch in the direction of objectified goals; 2) static - personal, showing hyper-objectification, which consists of constantly delaying the impulses of one’s attitudes and choosing appropriate types of activity only on the basis of volitional efforts; 3) variable - a person who has sufficient ease of objectification, but does not have sufficient volitional abilities to implement it.

One of the most important characteristics of a personal in T.u. yavl. responsibility, thanks to which a person can rise above his needs, acting as a subject of will. The meaning of motivation is to find an activity that corresponds to the basic personal installation established in the process of life. The period of goal preparation is divided into two stages: 1) choice, which is recognized as an intellect, an act and is carried out on the basis of personality. values ​​of behavior for a given subject; 2) motivation, recognized as a volitional process. Volitional behavior is the ability to personally. subordinate your activity not only to the individual. values, but also objective necessity.

Studying personal from the position of T. u. Many students of the Uznadze school studied: Sh. A. Nadirashvili, V. G. Norakidze, A. S. Prangishvili, N. I. Sarzhveladze, G. I. Tsintsadze, Sh. N. Chkhartishvili, A. E. Sherozia and others.

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There is almost no more or less significant sphere of the subject’s relationship to reality in which the participation of an attitude would be completely excluded. The attitude, relating to the material received by the object with the help of all its receptive organs, should be understood not as their special function, but as the general state of the individual... It should rather represent some general state that concerns not some individual organs of the subject, and its activity as a whole - this is how the concept of attitude is defined by D.N. Uznadze Uznadze D.N. Psychology of attitude. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001..

The attitude, Uznadze believes, lies outside the sphere of consciousness. “In addition to conscious mental processes, there are also in a certain sense“extraconscious”, which, however, does not prevent them from playing a very significant role. In our case, this role is played by the attitude that we previously, in a state of hypnotic sleep, recorded in our subjects. In our experiments, this attitude has never been the content of consciousness. Nevertheless, she was undoubtedly able to act on him: objectively equal balls were experienced as definitely unequal. Thus, we can assert that our conscious experiences may be under a certain influence of our attitudes, which, for their part, are not at all the contents of our consciousness” Uznadze D.N. Psychology of attitude. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001..

Uznadze does not say that the attitude is unconscious, although such a conclusion suggests itself. Interpretation Freud's unconscious Freud Z. Beyond the pleasure principle. - M.: Contemporary issues, 1925. Uznadze is fundamentally dissatisfied, for the reason that, as Uznadze believes, in Freud the difference between conscious and unconscious processes mainly comes down to the fact that these processes, being essentially the same, differ only in that the first of them accompanied by consciousness, while the second has no such accompaniment.

As for themselves, then inner nature and their structure remains the same in both cases. In this light, it becomes clear that unconscious processes that play such a significant role, for example, in mental illness, can become conscious first for the psychoanalyst, and then, under certain conditions, for the patient himself. But according to the teachings of psychoanalysts, nothing new, nothing significant happens to the patient’s experiences in terms of content: some content was not illuminated by the rays of consciousness in him, now it is illuminated by these rays and this is basically enough for the patient to become completely healthy person"Uznadze D.N. Basic provisions of the theory of attitude. Proceedings. - Tbilisi, Metsniereba, 1977, T.6, pp. 263-326..

In Uznadze, the consciousness is fragmented, and the attitude embraces the entire personality. Installation is the most important point in human activity, the most basic on which it - this activity - grows Uznadze D.N. Attitude theory. - Moscow-Voronezh, 1997.. An attitude is significantly dependent on the conditions in which it arises, is determined and fixed in them, then in this case we will have to admit that it in no way belongs to the category of once and for all given, unchangeable categories . If we judge an attitude by the nature of the conditions necessary for its occurrence, then there is no doubt that it cannot belong to the category of innate, once and for all given entities, because both the concept of need and environment belong to the group of phenomena dependent on constantly changing conditions of existence of the organism. Consequently, just one analysis of the conditions for the emergence of an attitude is enough to see that once and for all delimited, fatalistically predetermined attitudes do not exist. Uznadze D.N. Attitude theory. - Moscow-Voronezh, 1997.. The expansion of the field of human attitudes, in principle, has no limit.

The starting point of psychology, Uznadze believes, is not mental phenomena, but living individuals themselves. “The subject himself enters into an active relationship with reality, but not individual acts of his mental activity, and if we take this undoubted fact as a starting point, then it is indisputable that psychology, as a science, should proceed not from the concept of individual mental processes, but from the concept of the subject itself, as a whole, which, entering into a relationship with reality, becomes forced to resort to the help of individual mental processes. Of course, the primary in this case is the subject itself, and its mental activity is something derivative” Uznadze D.N. Fundamentals experimental psychology// News Tifl. Univ. - 1925, T. XVI. .

The task of psychology is, first of all, to study the “living reality of human activity,” on the basis of which the entire edifice of our mental contents rises further - our cognition, our feelings, our will. Having taken this necessary position, psychology must, first of all, pose the question - what is this activity, what is its specific content that can be revealed and investigated by our ordinary scientific methods. The mental activity of a person - the phenomena of his consciousness, which have been studied until now in a certain sense as independent, independent entities, are nothing more than further specifications, as definitions of the subject, definitions of this personal whole. In this case, psychology will appear to us as the science of specific mental life subject, but not as a science of abstract, so-called mental phenomena.

In cases of the presence of a need and a situation of its satisfaction, a specific state arises in the subject, which can be characterized as an inclination, as an orientation, as his readiness to commit an act that can satisfy this need. We can conclude that a person’s activity can be activated in addition to the participation of his individual, conscious mental functions, in addition to his cognitive, emotional and volitional acts - can be activated on the basis of his attitude, which expresses not any of the individual mental functions, but the state of the whole subject, as such, Asmolov A.G. Activity and setting. - M., 1979..

There are few reasons justifying, moreover, making it mandatory as an initial concept in the analysis mental life to outline precisely the concept of an integral subject, the concept of personality. When studying a living, integral person, himself, but not the individual facts of his activity, we find that in each special case If the subject has any need and the situation of its satisfaction, he has a readiness, tendency, or - even better - an attitude towards a certain activity that can give him satisfaction. Attitude is the mode of the subject in every this moment his activity, a holistic state that is fundamentally different from all his differentiated mental powers and abilities.

Addressing scientific study attitudes, we, first of all, when analyzing any behavior, must emphasize the fact of the obligatory presence of some qualitatively original, specific change in the attitudinal state of the acting subject; we must keep in mind that in any situation of solving a problem, first of all, the subject reacts as such, reacts as a whole, but not only as a bearer of individual psychophysical forces, which are means, tools in solving the problems facing him.

Therefore, there is no doubt that the analysis of mental activity should begin, first of all, with the study of the modification of the active subject as a whole, with the study of his attitude. So, the fact of the appearance of activity is immediately preceded by the attitude of the acting personality, as its integral state, and all its activities subsequently proceed under the sign of the directing influence of this attitude. The activity of a person, his activity to solve a given problem, is, in essence, nothing more than the process of realizing his attitude.

An attitude precedes a person’s conscious mental processes; it is a fact from the area of ​​that sphere of human activity, which is still called the sphere unconscious psyche Chkhartishvili Sh.N. On the question of the ontological nature of the unconscious. In the book: The unconscious: nature: functions, research methods. - Tbilisi, Metsniereba. - 1978, T.1.. An attitude is a state of personality, its mode at any given moment, but not any of its private mental functions that have a local distribution and corresponding significance.

We can conclude that an attitude is not a private mental phenomenon among other similar phenomena, but something holistic that characterizes, so to speak, the personal state of the subject. In addition to ordinary mental facts, in addition to individual conscious mental experiences, one should undoubtedly assume the presence of one or another mode of state of the subject of these experiences, one or another attitude of him as a person. It goes without saying that the holistic state is not reflected in the consciousness of the subject in the form of his individual independent experiences - it plays its role, determining the work of the subject in the direction of activity that leads him to the satisfaction of his needs. It, this state, of the subject as a whole cannot be experienced by him in the form of a series of separate contents that characterize the situation in which his activity takes place. An attitude cannot be a separate act of consciousness of the subject; it is only a mode of his state as a whole. Therefore, it is completely natural to believe that if anything flows truly unconsciously in us, it is, first of all, of course, our attitude. We see that the unconscious really exists among us, but this unconscious is nothing more than the attitude of the subject. Consequently, Uznadze believes, the concept of the unconscious ceases to be only negative concept(according to Uznadze, this is the case in Freud’s teaching), it acquires a completely positive meaning and should be developed in science on the basis conventional methods research.

The results of experiments conducted at the Uznadze school clearly indicate that unconscious mental activity “participates” in a hidden way as a prerequisite and regulatory factor in the formation of any form of consciousness activity A.S. Prangishvili. Attitude as an intangible basis of mental reflection. In: Unconscious. Nature, functions, research methods. // Ed. A.S. Prangishvili, A.E. Sherosia, F.V. Bassina. - Tbilisi: Metsniereba Publishing House, 1985. Volume 4..

Installation concept by D.N. Uznadze enriches the analysis of behavior in that attitude as a variable is considered intermediate precisely in the sense specific level and forms of reflection of reality. D. Uznadze’s concept is based on the postulate that underlies the three-member scheme of activity analysis, according to which any behavior, no matter how and where it arises, is determined by the influence of the surrounding reality not directly, but, first of all, indirectly, through the holistic reflection of this latter in subject of activity. A chain is built: stimulus - attitude - reaction. The reactions of an individual, along with the current stimuli, are also determined by an intermediate variable - an attitude, understood as a constitutive factor in the internal mental organization of the individual - located between the stimulus and the reaction.

The formulation of the problem of an integral subject of mental activity raises the question of the method of mental organization of the individual as a coherent system in a certain way, the coherent sequence of his experience and behavior, his relative structural stability in conditions of constantly changing circumstances of activity. Representing a disposition to a certain form of response - psychological organization internal environment individual, the attitude acts as a characteristic of the holistic state of the subject of mental activity at each discrete moment of his activity. This means that attitudes, motives, personality traits, concepts and similar factors of activity do not determine emerging behavior in isolation and “piece by piece”, but are subordinate to the regulatory function of the attitude - the highest level of organization of processes of experiences and actions that take place during the implementation of activity.

Attitude is the concept of a unit of holistic personal measurement to which the acting subject is reduced at each discrete moment of his activity. At each discrete moment of an individual’s activity, selectively directed processes of his perception, memory, imagination, problem solving, etc., exhibiting a certain internal coherence and consistency, act as processes controlled by a single intermediate variable - readiness for a certain form of response - attitude, t .e. act as processes occurring in a certain integral form of mental organization.

G. Allport correctly noted: without such a guiding attitude, the individual would be confused and confused. No activity can be actualized without readiness for a certain form of response, prompting him to act in exactly this way, and not in some other way. Nadiraishvili L.A. The concept of installation in general and social psychology. - Tbilisi, 1974.. The individual is a subject of activity insofar as he is not organized at the very moment of activity, but is prepared for it. This means that the reaction is carried out not according to the stimulus-response principle, but as refracted through the entire system of the individual’s mental organization, i.e. the reaction is carried out as a “generalized response”.

At the same time, the “system of mental organization”, the “system-individual” is not given to the subject directly as a fact of conscious experiences. Being its subject, we never directly experience this directing activity of the attitude. Only by observing the emergence, course and extinction of the “effect” of an attitude, we judge its patterns and dynamics. The attitude acts as a factor of negentropic order. Expressing order, organization, it is the basis for the certainty of behavior, therefore, if the attitude is not implemented, the order in the organization of the experiences and actions of the subject that take place during the implementation of activities is disrupted, disorganization and conflicts arise in them Uznadze D.N. Psychology of attitude. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001..

Installation is a factor that is always initially oriented negentropically, i.e. so that the likelihood of “disorder” occurring both in the relationship between man and the world, and in the mental life of the person himself, is minimized. One can give many examples that “natural changes in attitudes are simultaneous changes in values ​​determined by attitudes... transformations of the significance for the subject of certain aspects of the surrounding world” Iosebadze T.T., Iosebadze T.Sh.. The problem of the unconscious and the theory of the school’s attitude Uznadze. In the book. Unconscious. Nature, functions, research methods. // Ed. A.S. Prangishvili, A.E. Sherosia, F.V. Bassina. - Tbilisi: Metsniereba Publishing House, 1985. Volume 4..

In a person’s responses, for example, to the occurrence of unfavorable circumstances for him, patterns are discernible." psychological protection"as various forms of specific restructuring of personal attitudes, changing the significance for the subject ("personal meaning") of what surrounds him. In Uznadze's theory, the concepts of “need” and “situation” are of particular importance. These concepts are considered as forming factors of the attitude. Need and the situation as a prerequisite for an installation precedes it in a logical sense, and not really, in time. The very fact of a living being being in a particular environment by virtue of it. biological essence necessarily presupposes the presence constant communication, interaction of the individual with the environment.

This interaction in specific conditions transforms the individual into a subject of certain behavior, i.e. forms an appropriate attitude, which means that, on the one hand, the environment is transformed, structured (both physically and psychological sense) in the form of a situation (something stands out, is clearly perceived, acquires higher value for the subject, something is pushed aside, distorted, not perceived, etc., but in general, the environment, depending on the specific state of the subject, is endowed with a certain meaning); on the other hand, simultaneously with structuring external environment structuring of the internal mental sphere(certain needs, certain mental contents are updated, certain mental functions, cognitive and dispositional formations, etc.) Uznadze D.N. On the question of the basic law of attitude change // Psychology. - M., 1930. T. III, Issue. 3..

In other words, just as an attitude is determined by external and internal factors, these factors themselves do not exist on their own, but are identified on the basis of the interaction of internal and external determinants simultaneously in the very process of attitude formation.

social attitude personality uznadze

Attitude theory. Uznadze D. N. The Unconscious and Attitude Zoreva Tatyana Manankova Yulia Palagina Alla Plotnikova Yulia

Uznadze Dmitry Nikolaevich (1886 -1950) - Soviet Georgian psychologist and philosopher, Head of the Georgian psychological school, Director of the Institute of Psychology of Georgia. On his initiative, the Georgian Society of Psychologists was organized. He received his education in philosophy in 1909 at the University of Leipzig. In 1913, he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Kharkov University as an external student. Founder of the Attitude Theory as a psychological concept that reveals the patterns of development and functioning of the psyche in the process of the subject’s purposeful activity.

Uznadze’s goal was to explain the own activity of a living organism and overcome the “postulate of immediacy” (the position according to which external stimuli unambiguously influence the psyche and consciousness of a person) with the help of an installation. He wrote: “Modern bourgeois psychology, it seems to me, is entirely based on a previously untested, not critically conscious, dogmatically accepted premise, the meaning of which lies in the proposition that objective reality directly and immediately influences the conscious psyche and in this direct connection its activities are determined. "(Uznadze, 1966. P. 158)

The installation phenomenon has been studied in numerous experimental studies. Such as the Illusion of volume, weight, quantity, the illusion of pressure and lighting, etc. Dmitry Nikolaevich was not the first to talk about contrasting installation illusions. A hundred years before him, they were discovered by the founder of experimental psychology, G. Fechner. But it was Uznadze who realized that this seemingly insignificant curiosity of perception leads us to the very depths psychological processes, occurring unconsciously.

The basic technique was structured approximately as follows: the subject was presented with experimental task- he was asked, with his eyes closed, to evaluate by touch which of the two presented balls was larger (in this case, the larger ball was placed in one hand, and the smaller one in the other). This task was presented 10-15 times (and each time the larger ball ended up in the same hand as before), so that the attitude - the willingness to evaluate the balls as larger and smaller - was fixed. Then, in the next presentation, the balls were replaced by equal ones; The subject, due to his preparedness, rated one of the balls as larger or smaller relative to the other.

In order for an attitude to arise, a prerequisite is the presence of a situation and a need. An attitude is a combination of objective (situation) and subjective (need) circumstances. In particular, the reconfiguration of psychophysiological forces and the readiness to perform certain actions in emerging situations often depend on it in order to satisfy the specific need corresponding to the given situation.

According to Uznadze, there are 2 types of installations: Fixed installation An installation that arises on the basis of repeated repetition and, as a result, strengthening of the primary (current) installation. Diffuse installation Arising only at the first impact, characterized by uncertainty, it is not capable of orienting activity in a certain, desired direction.

A characteristic feature of the individual is the implementation of distant motivation, the commission of actions and deeds, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs intended for the future life. Higher needs - intelligence, moral and aesthetic - correspond to a person’s self-concept. The attitude manifests itself in the present tense, although it is a certain form anticipation. Anticipation (from the Latin anticipatio - anticipation) is the ability of a system in one form or another to foresee the development of events, phenomena, and results of actions.

Personal behavior can occur at two levels: Impulsive - behavior that is determined by an attitude that arises from the interaction of a person’s needs and the situation in which they are actualized. Regulated by consciousness - a person does not obey an impulse, but finds a type of behavior for which he can take responsibility. This occurs due to the mechanism of objectification, according to which a person opposes himself to the external environment, begins to recognize reality as it is, and objectify his behavior.

Depending on a person’s ability to objectify, Uznadze describes three types of personalities: 1) dynamic - a person who has a developed ability to objectify and is willing to easily switch in the direction of objectified goals; – it includes balanced people, harmonious people who easily adapt to others;

2) static - a person who exhibits hyper-objectification, which consists of constantly delaying the impulses of his attitudes and choosing appropriate types of activity only on the basis of volitional efforts; – it can include those people whose behavior is not impulsive, but is based on objectification; they are characterized by a manifestation of uncertainty;

3) variable - a person who has sufficient ease of objectification, but does not have sufficient volitional abilities to implement it. - are people of action, people strong aspirations, but with a conflicting character structure.

One of the most important characteristics of personality in Attitude Theory is responsibility, thanks to which a person can rise above his needs, acting as a subject of will. The meaning of motivation is to find an activity that corresponds to the basic personality attitude fixed in the process of life

In addition, the concept of attitude generalization (the ability to extend to similar situations) is highlighted; Also, one of the properties of the installation is irradiation (different modalities are characterized by repetition of the installation).

Uznadze attributed the concept of attitude to a general psychological category, thanks to which it is possible to explain the indirect influence of the external environment on the mental reactions of the individual and the phenomena that determine the nature of human behavior as purposeful, persistent and strong-willed. Many students of Uznadze’s school studied personality from the standpoint of attitude theory: Sh. A. Nadirashvili, V. G. Norakidze, A. S. Prangishvili, N. I. Sarzhveladze, G. I. Tsintsadze, Sh. N. Chkhartishvili, A. E. Sherozia and others. Literature: Uznadze D. N. Psychological research. I. V. Vachkov, I. B. Grinshpun, N. S. Pryazhnikov. Introduction to the profession of "psychologist". The theory of installation by D. N. Uznadze

Uznadze believed that the psyche and consciousness do not coincide at all and do not cover each other, but on the contrary, there is a second, at least no less significant, sphere of mental life, known as the unconscious or subconscious psyche and covering a significant part of the field of our activity. Both the processes of mental reflection and the processes of regulation can be unconscious. From the point of view of D. N. Uznadze, the concept of the unconscious should be reduced or even replaced by the concept of mental attitude. Attitude is understood as a universal phenomenon in people's lives, playing a major determining role in it. The attitude in the theory of D. N. Uznadze turns into a central explanatory psychological concept.

According to D. N. Uznadze, the attitude is not reflected in the consciousness of the subject in the form of any independent experience, is not a separate act of consciousness and, in general, a phenomenon of consciousness. At the same time, Uznadze considers the concept of the unconscious unnecessary, since its internal structure and essence remains undisclosed and is interpreted by analogy with conscious processes. D. N. Uznadze acknowledges the merits of S. Freud in the development of problems associated with the unconscious psyche. However, the teachings of S. Freud do not contain general theory the unconscious and the theory of the latter’s relationship to behavior. Freud was clear about the functions of the unconscious, but the form of existence of the unconscious remained unclear. D. N. Uznadze believed that, knowing the functions performed by the unconscious psyche, we can determine the form of its existence.

The starting point of psychology, according to D. N. Uznadze, is not psychic phenomena, but the individuals themselves. Therefore, psychology must study first of all the subject, the personality as a whole. The phenomena of consciousness studied traditional psychology regardless of personality, should be considered only as further definitions of personality. If there is a need and a means of satisfying it, the subject has a special condition, which can be characterized as an inclination, orientation, readiness to perform an act leading to the satisfaction of a need. This is an attitude - readiness to perform a certain action. The attitude, therefore, is a necessary determining link between the action of the external environment and the mental activity of a person.

Any mental processes people differ from each other in that in one case they are accompanied by consciousness, and in the other they are deprived of such accompaniment; In essence, the content of these mental processes remains the same: it is enough for consciousness to appear, and the unconscious mental content will become an ordinary conscious mental fact. According to the teachings of Uznadze, the sphere of action of the unconscious psyche is so wide that it underlies all human activity, both internal and external. The concept of D. N. Uznadze serves to clarify the ways of forming the structure and functions of this unconscious.

In the subject, before each act of his behavior, a unique dynamic state arises, an attitude that, while remaining unconscious, expediently, in accordance with both the structure and the objective content of a given situation, directs the deployment of processes of consciousness and acts practical behavior. After its implementation in behavior and satisfaction of needs this installation ceases to exist, giving way to another attitude.

Thus, according to the views of D. N. Uznadze and his students, the unconscious, which underlies the course of all mental life and determines the uniqueness of the processes of consciousness, exists and acts in the form of attitudes.

Uznadze D.N. made an invaluable contribution to the development of Soviet psychology of that time. He was the first scientist who began to develop psychology in Georgia. He opened the Department of Psychology and a Psychological Laboratory at Tbilisi University. Psychology has become compulsory subject for study at university.

It may be worth considering a theory that links attention to the concept of attitude. The installation theory was proposed by D.N. Uznadze and initially concerned a special kind of condition preset, which, under the influence of experience, arises in the body and determines its reactions to subsequent influences.

For example, if a person is given two objects of equal volume, but different in weight, then he will then estimate the weight of the others differently. identical items. The one that ends up in the hand where previously there was more light object, this time will seem heavier, and vice versa, although the two new items will actually be the same in all respects. They say that a person who discovers such an illusion has formed a certain attitude towards the perception of the weight of objects.

The attitude, according to D.N. Uznadze, is directly related to attention. Internally, it expresses the state of a person’s attention. This explains, in particular, why, under conditions impulsive behavior associated with a lack of attention, a person, however, may experience quite certain mental states, feelings, thoughts, images.

The concept of objectification is also associated with the concept of attitude in Uznadze’s theory. It is interpreted as the selection, under the influence of an attitude, of a certain image or impression received during the perception of the surrounding reality. This image, or impression, becomes the object of attention (hence the name “objectification”).

Concept by P.Ya. Galperin

Interesting theoretical point P.Ya. Galperin suggested a view for attention. The main provisions of this concept are as follows:

1. Attention is one of the moments of orientation-research activity. It is a psychological action aimed at the content of an image, thought, or other phenomenon existing at a given moment in the human psyche.

2. By its function, attention is the control of this content. Every human action has an orienting, performing and control part. This latter is represented by attention as such.

3. Unlike other activities that produce a specific product, the activity of control, or attention, does not have a separate, special result.

4. Attention as an independent, concrete act is highlighted only when the action becomes not only mental, but also abbreviated. Not all control should be considered attention. Control only evaluates the action, while attention helps to improve it.

5. In attention, control is carried out using a criterion, measure, sample, which creates the opportunity to compare the results of an action and clarify it.

6. Voluntary attention is systematically carried out attention, i.e. a form of control carried out according to a pre-drawn plan or sample.

7. In order to form a new method of voluntary attention, we must, along with the main activity, offer a person the task of checking its progress and results, developing and implementing an appropriate plan.

8. All known acts of attention, performing the function of control, both voluntary and involuntary, are the result of the formation of new mental actions.

Schulte tables(English) Shultz tables) - randomly located numbers (or other objects) for training in quickly finding them in order.

Scout test

After a warning sound signal the subject will be presented with " military map"with the designation of airfields. You should remember their location and immediately after the appearance blank card enter the location of airfields into it using the mouse. The number of airfields will increase from two to nine until the subject makes two mistakes. In case of an error, a red plane will appear in the required square of the airfield. After two errors, testing ends and the result of this testing can be obtained.

Scab test

The test consists of a series of words representing the names of colors (blue, red, green) printed in non-corresponding colors. That is, the word red can be printed in blue. Most people find it extremely difficult to pay attention only to the color of the font when they are asked to name the color in which each word is printed, due to the automatic tendency to read words, which creates interfering information.

Even-odd test

After a warning sound signal, the subject is presented with random law numbers from 0 to 9. When an even number appears, he should press the -> (right arrow) key as soon as possible; when an odd number appears, the key<- (стрелка влево).