Probably, each of us has repeatedly noticed that when meeting a new person, literally in the first minutes, a feeling of sympathy arises, a predisposition to further communication, or antipathy, a desire to stop communication. The reason for such a seemingly spontaneous reaction to a new acquaintance lies in his gestures and facial expressions - everyone tends to intuitively evaluate their interlocutor by his unconscious gestures and facial expressions. The psychology of gestures and facial expressions is a science designed to study the relationship between internal state person and external manifestations, identify the pattern between emotions, feelings, and accompanying gestures, determine the influence of unintentional gestures and facial expressions on the effectiveness of interpersonal communications.
By studying sign language, psychology has achieved considerable success: experienced specialists in non-verbal signals given human body, determine a person’s mood and experiences, recognize deception, and identify basic character traits. However, knowledge of the basic psychology of facial expressions and gestures is useful not only for specialists conducting research in this area, but also for people far from psychology - having information about the meaning of non-verbal signals, you can not only learn to better understand your interlocutor, recognize lies, but also use knowledge to achieve success in interpersonal communication.
Sign language is universal for everyone
Regardless of upbringing, behavior, habits, on a subconscious, intuitive level, the body of each person reacts to different situations in approximately the same way, therefore, observing involuntary gestures and facial expressions even stranger, with a high probability it is possible to draw the right conclusions. However, it should be remembered that all gestures must be considered as a whole, and not individually - gestures are ambiguous, they can only be correctly interpreted in conjunction with other non-verbal signals. Owning basic knowledge and some experience, you can correctly recognize the mood of your interlocutor, his personal attitude towards his opponent. Let's look at common gestures.
Protective Gestures
In the case when a person feels danger, discomfort, experiences distrust and antipathy towards the interlocutor, feels uncomfortable in society certain people, he subconsciously strives to isolate himself, to close himself off from them. Therefore, if the interlocutor, when communicating, crosses his arms over his chest, crosses his legs, moves back, holds an object in front of him as an additional barrier between him and you (a folder with documents, papers), then a constructive dialogue is most likely will not work - the person feels tense and is subconsciously inclined to defend. Another eloquent non-verbal sign negative reaction and defense psychology of gestures calls hands clenched into fists.
Gestures indicating openness and predisposition
In contrast to defensive gestures, there are non-verbal signals that indicate predisposition, a certain trust and a positive assessment of what was heard (seen). A free, somewhat relaxed posture, unbuttoning the top buttons of a jacket or outerwear, leaning towards the interlocutor, showing open palms, straightening the legs, connecting the fingers like a dome - these are gestures of openness. If the interlocutor gives you exactly these non-verbal signals, it means that he feels comfortable in your company and communication is highly likely to bring the results you expect.
Gestures of boredom
Understanding that your interlocutor is bored and you need to move the conversation in a different direction or end the conversation is quite simple. Boredom is indicated by tapping your foot on the floor, stepping from foot to foot, resting your head on your palm, looking at the surroundings, an “empty” look, and constantly looking at the screen. mobile phone, fiddling with foreign objects in your hands (clicking a fountain pen, mindlessly flipping through the pages of a notebook, etc.).
Gestures of personal interest
In the company of a person of the opposite sex that they like, people tend to make certain gestures that indicate sympathy. For women, such signs are straightening their hair, clothes, smoothing their hair, swaying their hips, stroking movements of their hands on their knees, a sparkle in their eyes, and a long look directed at the interlocutor. Men in the company of a woman they like straighten their clothes, preen themselves, straighten their backs, straighten their shoulders.
Gestures of uncertainty
It is important to be able to notice non-verbal signals indicating the uncertainty and doubts of your interlocutor, because, having noticed the gestures of this group, it is easy to draw conclusions that the person needs additional arguments and persuasion in order for him to take your side. According to psychologists, such gestures are interlocking fingers, rubbing neck, various movements fingers, rubbing the nose or eyes with a finger, resting the palm on the chin.
Gestures showing superiority/submission
The psychology of gestures highlights separate group non-verbal signals indicating dominance/submission. Signs of an internal feeling of superiority over the interlocutor and a desire to dominate include hands joined behind the back, shoulders straightened, a raised chin, a firm handshake (the palm is placed on top of the opponent’s palm), hands tucked into the front pockets of trousers or jackets so that thumbs are outside. If a person slouches, tries to physically appear lower than his interlocutor (sit down when he is standing, bow his head), turns his feet inward, and extends his hand with his palm up when shaking hands, it means that he is ready to obey and recognizes the authority of his interlocutor.
Facial expressions - the face tells more than words
The facial expressions of the interlocutor are no less important than body language, since psychologists can tell a lot about a person by their facial expressions. The psychology of facial expressions allows us to understand a person’s mood and his attitude towards what he hears, sees or says himself by the slightest changes in facial expressions. Since people cannot fully control all contractions and relaxations facial muscles, they are the ones who first of all give out all emotions.
Calm eyes and slightly raised outer corners of the lips indicate a good, upbeat mood, while dull eyes, furrowed eyebrows and slightly downturned corners of the lips are a sign of sadness. bad mood. Slightly raised eyebrows, slightly widened eyelids are a sign of sincere interest, and if a slightly open mouth is added to such facial expressions, the person is probably surprised. If the interlocutor purses his lips tightly, frowns his eyebrows, and the nostrils of his nose involuntarily widen, it means that he is experiencing anger or indignation. Also a bad sign is an elongated face and raised eyebrows of the interlocutor - such a facial expression often indicates disrespect and contempt.
The psychology of gestures and facial expressions is a science that allows you to “read” emotions, notice the slightest changes in your opponent’s mood and feel your interlocutor. Knowing how to apply the knowledge of this subsection of psychology in practice, you can achieve success in communicating with almost every person and forever forget what misunderstandings in a conversation are.
Alexander Lyubimov
Facial expressions, first of all, convey emotions. All these are annoyed, offended, excited, happy, joyful and surprised.
Emotions appeared a long time ago, all higher mammals have them: dolphins, cats, dogs, monkeys... We have a lot of them general emotions: joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, grief, shame, interest, guilt, embarrassment. People have an order of magnitude more emotions, I won’t list them all - just a lot.
And facial expressions in monkeys (and in humans) developed precisely to demonstrate emotions - as a means of communication. So the story about facial expressions will be strongly connected to the story about emotions.
Illustration and reaction
Emotions can be divided into those that occur as reaction: They told him - he was upset. These messages are more “sincere”, but often less expressed. And there is emotions-illustrations: visual demonstrations of the condition. They are more deliberate and grotesque, but more understandable. “Incorrect” demonstration of them is like saying in a very slurred and unintelligible way: “I want to tell you something important.” It is very difficult to communicate with such a person: the “speech” is unintelligible, and it is not clear what he wants to say.
It’s clear: emotion-illustrations are more for communication
And if emotions-reactions it’s just more convenient to calibrate - they report a “sincere” assessment of the situation - then emotions-illustrations It’s worth learning to show it “correctly” (that is, the way it is customary to show it in a given culture) and decipher it correctly.
But, most importantly, practice distinguishing the first from the second. Emotional illustrations are of little use for obtaining information about a “sincere” reaction.
At the same time, emotional illustrations are by no means something “bad” - we use them all the time. That’s why they are “illustrations” - they help to better understand words, maintain attention, convey “intonation,” etc. “Correct” emotion-illustrations are one of the main tools of a speaker, politician, and actor. Yes and in Everyday life When we tell something, we must correctly convey this non-verbal information. And when we listen, we show that we hear and sympathize.
And one more important thing:
Most people show the same emotions in more or less the same way.
At least emotions-reactions. There are problems with illustration emotions, since not everyone understands how to demonstrate them correctly.
Microexpressions
The same Paul Ekman, who is engaged in calibrating lies, talks about microexpressions - very quick facial demonstrations of emotions. People regularly try to control their own emotions. Or rather, their demonstration. But the unconscious is much faster than consciousness, and an emotion-reaction usually always manages to appear before a person decides to demonstrate something else instead.
Naturally, it is not at all necessary that a person will hide his emotions. But this happens quite often. Well, another emotion is expected or demanded from him, it is indecent in this society, its demonstration leads to unpleasant consequences, and the demonstration of a more appropriate one leads to correct ones.
True, these same microexpressions only work for strong “basic” emotions. And their Ekman stands out for only seven: contempt, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, fear and sadness. And these emotions must really be strong.
In general, as many experts on emotions as there are, there are as many opinions as to what the basic emotions are.
What to look for
I’ll give you a picture again with demonstrations of “basic” emotions.
And, you can see that first of all you need to pay attention to just a few things:
lips, eyebrows, eyes.
That's what a woman gets painted - that's what we look at;).
Actually, emoticons, which are used specifically to indicate emotions, have only eyebrows, eyes and lips. And that's enough.
We are training
In everyday life, we don’t often come across creepy specialists in hiding emotions - most people demonstrate them quite clearly. You just need to learn how to calibrate them (and demonstrate them “correctly”). So let's train. Basic emotions: joy, happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, contempt, disgust, anger, indignation, dissatisfaction.
It is clear that there are many more emotions and they are often “mixed”. But we’ll talk about this in more detail when we look at meta messages.
Look at the picture and identify the “main” emotion. Let me remind you that we look first of all at: lips, eyebrows and eyes. Below the picture are conditionally correct answers.
Pictures from videos of the Canadian channel Just For Laughs Gags: they create various situations and film the reactions of random passers-by. So the emotions here are quite sincere, and not played by actors.
1. The upper lip is tense and raised, the eyebrows are lowered, the fold between the eyebrows, the cheeks are raised: disgust.
2. Facial muscles are relaxed, lips are relaxed, mouth is slightly open, eyes are wide open: surprise.
3. Symmetrical relaxed smile, eyebrows relaxed, muscles in the corners of the eyes tense: joy.
4. Facial muscles are tense, eyes are wide open, eyebrows are raised: fear.
5. The lower eyelids are relaxed, the upper eyelids are slightly lowered, the lips are relaxed, the corners of the lips are down, the eyebrows are raised: sadness.
6. Symmetrical smile, wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, relaxed eyebrows: joy.
7. Lips are tense, the upper lip presses the lower lip, the corners of the lips are down, the eyebrows are tense: dissatisfaction.
8. Eyebrows are lowered and tense (fold between the eyebrows), lips are tense, the corners of the lips are down, cheeks are tense, eyes are open: anger, indignation.
9. Eyebrows drawn together and lowered, lips tense, corners of lips downward: dissatisfaction.
10. Eyebrows drawn together, nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, corners of lips downward: disgust.
11. Face relaxed, lips relaxed, eyebrows raised: surprise.
12. Symmetrical smiles, lips relaxed, eyebrows relaxed: joy.
The meaning of emotions
One of the functions of emotions is informational: they tell us about the assessment of the situation. And to others, about our attitude (toward ourselves, information or the listener).
Emotions are so-called meta-states: they are evaluative states “about”. That is, emotions don’t happen “just like that” - there is always an event about which this assessment is made.
The situation itself can be in the past, in the future, and occur in the present - emotions are always now. So they convey to us our unconscious assessment of the situations to which they relate. And how do illustrations communicate our attitude?
Joy: some value is satisfied.
Fear: there will be a very unpleasant event. (Fear always refers to events in the future.)
Astonishment: an event occurred that greatly violated expectations.
Discontent: some values are violated.
Happiness: Core values are satisfied. (Happiness, in fact, is not a very long-term experience - it arises only when we begin to evaluate the situation).
Sadness: there were pleasant events in the past that will not happen again, missed opportunities.
Grief: loss of something important.
Irritation: serious violation of expectations.
Excitement: there is a possibility of satisfaction important values(winning).
Disgust: The person's behavior or event is unacceptable.
Contempt: feeling of superiority.
Delight: expectations were more than met.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru
Facial expressions and its varieties
Introduction
1. Development of facial expressions
2. Types of facial expressions
3. Analysis parameters
3.1 Typical facial expressions
5. A person’s face is sculpted by his conscience and life.
Introduction
Facial expressions (Greek mimychpzh - imitator) are expressive movements of the facial muscles, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example primates, often use facial expressions to express certain feelings.
Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness.
1. Development of facial expressions
For a long time, humanity has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of reading faces was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries, huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where they studied physiognomy, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, giving significance to every bump, every redness or pallor of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. First correct explanation the connection between stable facial expression and repeated movements of the facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they had experienced.
2. Types of facial expressions
There are:
· involuntary (reflex) everyday facial expressions;
· voluntary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting, which consists of conveying the character’s state of mind through expressive movements of the facial muscles. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining psychological characteristics, physical and state of mind character.
Facial expressions, just like speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show emotions other than those that a person actually feels at one time or another).
3. Analysis Options
The person is the most important characteristic physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle in his face. Cortical control of external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as noted by P.K. Anokhin, its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its voluntary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation emotional reactions adequate to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, and can create a “language” of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific facial signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:
· along the line of its voluntary and involuntary components;
based on its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
· in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a particular culture, expressions accepted in social group, individual style expressions);
· in phenomenological terms (“topography of the facial field”): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
· in terms of those psychic phenomena, to which these facial signs correspond.
You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of a person’s perception of facial pictures surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.”
3.1 Typical facial expressions
Typical expressions faces, reporting about experienced emotions, are:
Joy: are roughly twisted and their corners are pulled back around fine wrinkles have formed in the eyes;
Interest: The eyebrows are slightly raised or lowered, while the eyelids slightly widened or narrowed;
Happiness: outer corners of lips raised And usually allocated back, eyes calm;
Astonishment: raised eyebrows form wrinkles on the forehead, eyes with this is expanded, and the slightly open mouth has a rounded shape;
Disgust: eyebrows are lowered, nose is wrinkled, underlip bulging out or raised and closed with the upper lip, the eyes seem to be squinting; Human, as if choking or spitting;
P vision , eyebrow raised, face elongated, head elevated, as if a person is looking down at someone; he seems to be moving away from the interlocutor;
Fear: eyebrows raised slightly But have direct shape, their internal the corners are shifted and horizontal wrinkles run across the forehead, eyes widened, and lower eyelid tense, A top slightly raised, mouth Maybe be open, A corners he's pulled back, stretching and straightening the lips over the teeth (the latter just speaks of intensity emotions ); When only the position mentioned is available eyebrows, then this is controlled fear;
Anger: muscles forehead shifted inside And down, organizing a threatening or frowning expression in the eyes, nostrils expanded, And wings the nose is raised, the lips are either tightly compressed or pulled back, accepting rectangular in shape and revealing clenched teeth, the face often turns red;
Shame: head down, face averted, gaze averted, eyes directed downward or “running” from side to side, eyelids covered, A Sometimes And closed; face enough flushed, pulse rapid, breathing intermittently;
Sorrow: eyebrows are drawn together, eyes are dull, and external corners lips different several times omitted.
Know expressions faces with different emotions are useful not only for Togo, to understand others, but also to carefully practice (usually in front of a mirror) their working imitations.
4. National characteristics of non-verbal communication etiquette of foreigners
It is interesting to know about the meaning of the gestures of foreigners with whom you have to communicate, the national characteristics of foreign gestures and facial expressions.
Even though we know the language perfectly, we still run the risk of not understanding our foreign interlocutor if we are not familiar with the rules of conduct and symbols of communication accepted in his country.
So, for example, if we knock or ring the bell at the door we are about to enter, the Congolese do not allow themselves to do this; they use their voices to imitate the sound: “kokorroko.”
To say “no”, Turks do not move their heads from shoulder to shoulder, but raise their heads and click their tongues. In case of a decisive denial among the Arabs, it is permissible to bite the nail thumb, throw your hand forward. And Malay blacks simply lower their eyes (we would take this gesture as agreement).
When talking about himself, a European will point to his chest, and a Japanese will point to his nose.
If an American makes a “get out of here” gesture with his hand, then in a restaurant in Buenos Aires a waiter will immediately approach him: this is the gesture that is usually used to beckon in his country. And when an American is about to call someone over with a gesture in Europe, he will not wait for it, since for most Europeans this gesture means “goodbye.”
The gesture of an Englishman covering his eyes, mouth and ears with his hands (which means: “I don’t know anything”) will remain incomprehensible to us. But few places will understand a Russian who, instead of saying the word “money,” rubs his thumb against his middle and index fingers.
Moving a finger from side to side in the US and Italy means slight judgment or threat; in Holland, refusal.
In England, a woman on the street is usually the first to greet a man. This means that they want to give her the right - and it is in England that this is the norm of politeness - to decide whether she wants to personally confirm her acquaintance with this man or not.
Expressing friendliness, the Indonesian slouches, nodding his head almost continuously. The European sees this as self-deprecation.
When a Frenchman or Italian knocks himself on the head, it means that he considers some idea stupid. If a Briton or Spaniard hits himself on the forehead with his palm, he will thereby show others that he is pleased with himself. With the same gesture, a German expresses his extreme indignation towards someone. The Dutchman, tapping his forehead and extending his index finger, says that he liked the idea, but he considers it a little crazy.
If they raise it instead of a big one middle finger, then it has the offensive meaning of "sit on it". In Greece, the thumbs up sign means "shut up." For Italians, this means the number “1”. In Holland, turning the index finger at the temple means that someone has said a witty phrase.
The clasped index fingers of an Arab indicate that he is offering you friendship, but do not forget, in order to avoid misunderstandings, that in Morocco this gesture warns of enmity.
Raised eyebrows in Germany indicate admiration; in England an expression of skepticism.
An American, connecting his thumb and index finger in the shape of the letter “O”, says with this gesture: “Everything is okay.” The Japanese, based on the symbolism adopted in their country, decides that the American is asking for money, and in France this gesture means “zero” or “nothing.” Americans despise Japanese receptionists, mistaking them for shameless extortionists, since they constantly raise their palms when inviting them to enter. They do not take tips and have no idea that they are compromising themselves with a gesture that American beggars use.
Accustomed to freedom in communication, the American is distrustful of the tense posture and low bows of the Japanese, who also constantly nods his head at him. Although the Japanese does not express agreement by this, he simply shows that he listens and perceives. But the Japanese think that the habit of Americans putting their feet on the table in front of strangers is the height of indecency.
The Italian expresses disbelief when he taps his index finger on his nose. The same gesture in Holland means that the speaker or who is being spoken about is intoxicated.
When a Frenchman is delighted with something, he connects the tips of three fingers, brings them to his lips and, raising his chin high, sends a gentle kiss into the air. If he rubs the base of his nose with his index finger, this means that he does not trust the person they are talking about.
The Miskito people of Honduras kiss their small children with their noses and call it "smell them." One researcher who lived among this tribe for a long time notes that “our manner of kissing disgusts them and is considered a milder form of cannibalism.” In Algeria or Egypt, the Arabic gesture of calling is similar to the Russian gesture of farewell.
Among some tribes, when they see a stranger, it is customary to sit on their haunches until he approaches and notices this peaceful posture. Sometimes “headgear, shoes and other items of clothing are removed to greet people.”
5. A man's face is sculpted by his conscience and life
facial expressions nonverbal etiquette foreigner
In schools where they studied physiognomy, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, giving significance to every bump, every redness or pallor of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character of a person and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the connection between stable facial expression and repeated movements of the facial muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they had experienced. Many scientists tried to prove the need to study physiognomy, for example, Charles Darwin, answering the question: “What is scientific in the so-called science of physiognomy?”, wrote “Each individual primarily contracts only certain muscles of the face, following his personal inclinations. These muscles can be more developed, and therefore the lines and wrinkles of the face, formed by their usual contraction, can become deeper and more visible,” the matter did not go beyond words; to this day, physiognomy is not considered a serious science. However, studying the connections between character traits and a person's thoughts and facial expressions is necessary, first of all, for actors, artists, those who work with people, as well as investigators, psychologists, teachers, salespeople, and many others.
Four of the five senses are located in the face, with their help we receive information about the world around us. Eyes, nose, ears, mouth, these unique antennas tell you what is happening around you twenty-four hours a day. Typically, a person perceives this information most intensely before the age of five or six years. This is clearly visible on the face of a child under seven years old, he has large, open eyes that seem to want to see everything in the world, an upturned nose that tries to feel even the most subtle odors, a mouth where everything that can enter goes, ears that hear the quietest sounds, in a word, during this period a person learns about the world, and his senses help him in this. But over time, the acuity of feelings passes, and a person no longer notices everything that previously brought him so much surprise and joy, which means that his brain has become accustomed to the influence of the surrounding world, and such sensitive antennas are no longer needed. The human psyche begins to have difficulty accepting changes, that is, it gradually becomes rigid, and this is immediately reflected on the human face. The process of reduction begins, which means that little by little the eyes sink and lose their shine, they are no longer so interested in everything that happens around them, the mouth shrinks into a narrow and stubborn slit, and the face loses its mobility.
The character becomes more withdrawn, the person slowly withdraws into himself. Such changes occur for everyone with at different speeds, this does not depend on age, for some at eighty years old the face is just beginning to change, for others by eighteen the changes are already complete.
A person whose face has quickly lost its liveliness is distinguished by pessimism and fears the new; inevitable changes in life are perceived very painfully by him; he frantically clings to the old. His character is dominated by introverted traits. It is very difficult to persuade such a person to do something that will somehow change his life. These people often believe that at forty everything is over, and they just have to wait in the wings. Fortunately, this type of person in its pure form, that is, with such a character by nature, is not often found. More often than not, people with similar behavior suffer from some kind of illness or experience big trouble, but when the illness passes and all the bad things end, a person transforms literally before the eyes of others, he becomes younger, his antennas come out, receiving signals outside outside world, he is again interested in everything new and receptive to change.
Sometimes we meet people who, being at a fairly advanced age, even despite wrinkles and gray hair, look very young. Often their energy and optimism are envied by those much younger in age. In such people, their faces are not subject to reduction processes and their antennae do not close until old age, which means that their desire for knowledge and craving for everything new remains for a long time. Extroverted by nature, these people always remain big children. They easily make acquaintances, it is quite easy to drag them into any adventure. But they just as easily give up what they started to do something newer and more interesting. Their sparkling eyes and open faces make such people very popular in society.
Sometimes, when we see a person’s face, we involuntarily find in it a resemblance to the face of an old sea wolf, and sometimes it even seems that this face was sculpted by a not very diligent sculptor, the work is so rough. It is very uneven, protruding cheekbones, sunken cheeks, in general there are many depressions and protrusions on it, left by strong emotions that arise quite often. The owner of such a face easily enters a state of passion, that is, when a strong emotional excitement, and for such a person this happens quite often, he is not able to control his behavior. The affective face can belong to both an extrovert and an introvert, equally. For extroverts, with open faces, and introverts, with reduced ones, naturally have different affects; if an extrovert’s anger, rage, resentment immediately, violently spills out, then an introvert’s negative emotions seething inside for a long time, corroding his soul.
Tightness or, conversely, relaxation of the facial muscles will tell a lot to an attentive observer. A person who has hypertonicity of facial expressions, that is, excessive muscle tension, which can manifest itself in various twitches and tics, as a rule, has a lot of problems that worry him, they can be real or far-fetched, this is not so important, the main thing is that these problems are not They don’t let you forget about yourself for a minute, often even at night such a person wakes up with the thought: “Am I doing everything right? Will my competitors get ahead of me?”, etc. and so on. Often, fears of this kind do not allow a person to make new decisions that radically change the situation; he is too afraid that everything that was built with such difficulty will collapse, and he will need to start everything over again. But, nevertheless, such people are energetic, easy-going, and if they are confident in the success of a new enterprise, they will engage in it with great enthusiasm; in addition, they have a stronger ability to make decisions, and a more pronounced need for communication.
A person with relaxed muscles (hypotonia) of the face behaves completely differently; he has a more or less pronounced sagging of the cheeks, half-closed, sleepy eyes, a slightly open mouth, and on his face, often, an expression of complete indifference. Their thoughts flow slowly, and their actions are devoid of energy and enthusiasm, they do something only because it is necessary, if it were their will, they would not do anything at all. Such people are too lazy to solve any problems, and they don’t actually have any problems. They all resolve on their own. It should be noted that muscle hypertonicity and hypotonicity only reflect the state of the nervous system, its excitability and stability. The higher the muscle tone, the easier it is to be aroused nervous system, and the sooner hypertonicity is replaced by hypotonicity, the less stable it is. The latter is most often observed in those with affective faces.
Physognomists divide a person’s face into three parts, mentally, of course, the first of which is called vital, from the word “vita”, which means “life” in Latin, it shows how strongly a person defends his right to exist. The chin included in this part makes it clear to what extent a person uses his strong-willed qualities to achieve the goal. It has been noticed that in those moments when you need to defend your point of view, a person unconsciously begins to tense the muscles of the lower part of his face; the more often and the more successfully he defends his rights, thus achieving his goals, the better his chin develops. A harmoniously developed chin indicates that the one to whom it belongs, in most cases, achieves what is intended, although he is able to abandon the goal if he sees that achieving it, for one reason or another, is impractical. A person has a chin that is too developed, often he has square shape, goes straight to the goal, like a tank sweeping away everything in its path, he absolutely does not care what will happen after the goal is achieved. He will go to storm new heights. The owner of a small, seemingly soft chin is able to retreat from his plans only by imagining possible obstacles. But all of the above loses its meaning if a person is owned by desire, or unwillingness, to achieve something.
The second zone, which includes the cheeks, cheekbones, nose, mouth, is called emotional. The mouth, as the most mobile part of the human face, is the first to react to changes emotional background, reflecting, even for a split second, the emotions that a person is currently experiencing. Anger, joy, sadness, resentment, contempt, all this is expressed by the bend of the lips, even if their owner has excellent self-control and wants to hide his mood, the emotion will still be reflected on the face for a moment, in to a greater extent in the mouth area, it’s just important not to miss this moment. If you notice that your interlocutor is slightly biting his lips, know that at the moment he is intensely thinking about something; it’s up to you to interrupt his thoughts or not. When a person finds himself in critical situation, which is a challenge for him, he often bites not only his lips, but also his tongue. This habit originates from the very early childhood when the baby, having had enough of the mother's milk, pushes out the breast with a movement of the tongue. Psychologists removed hidden camera billiardists. The masters practically did not “use” their tongue, but the beginners stuck it out with each more complex technique. The nose also very well conveys the feelings that a person is experiencing at the moment. When excited, of any origin, the wings of the nose begin to swell. If a person sees something that makes him feel disgusted, his nose will immediately wrinkle.
Zone including top part face, forehead, eyebrows and eyes is called intellectual. The eyes clearly reflect thought processes, their speed and direction. A lively look, sparkling eyes will tell even an inexperienced observer that their owner is passionate about some idea and is full of enthusiasm. Conversely, a dull gaze, half-closed eyes clearly indicate a person’s depressed state, or, even worse, his depression. American scientists have discovered that people look in six different directions - depending on what is happening in their brain. Those who are right-handed from birth, remembering what they saw, will look to the right - up, but if they imagine something, for example, what a shaved porcupine would look like, then their gaze will immediately move to the left - up. When remembering the sound of, say, a guitar, a right-handed person will look to the right, and when imagining some sound, he will look to the left. A person with a right-hand orientation looks down to the left when he wants to remember a taste, smell, sensation, and in opposite direction, leading internal dialogue. As for a left-handed person, he still has the same thing, but in mirror image, it’s not difficult to check who is in front of you, right-handed or left-handed, just ask the person to remember a sound or image and look at the movements of his eyes. In Chinese physiognomy, wrinkles that appear in the corners of the eyes when laughing are called “goldfish tail.” So, the larger and more magnificent this “tail” is, the kinder and more sympathetic the one to whom it belongs. On human faces, above the eyes, you can often see two small arches, they are especially noticeable in people with high powers of observation. As a rule, they mean increased attentiveness and a desire to help.
Not always, although very often, big forehead is a sign great mind, sometimes circumstances develop so that a person cannot develop his intellectual potential. And it happens that a person who is very smart in one area of knowledge is a complete ignoramus in another. So you need to be extremely careful when assessing the intelligence of others.
Many adults have a visible furrow in the middle of their forehead, which indicates introversion and high degree self-analysis. If a person often concentrates or focuses on something, several vertical folds form above the bridge of his nose.
Significant significance for evolutionary and social psychology represent the study of facial expressions as a way of strengthening, weakening, complementing or masking what is expressed in words. The use of facial expressions as a means of regulating emotions has practical significance both for psychotherapy and for improving interpersonal relationships.
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
Study of the role of facial expressions and gestures in the communication process. Comparative analysis of the symbolism of gestures of speakers of different cultures. Psychological patterns correspondence of a person, facial expressions and gestures. Using the semiotic system nonverbal communication.
course work, added 11/11/2013
General understanding of nonverbal aspects of communication. Description of human body language as a means of nonverbal communication and its significance. Meanings of gestures: palms, hands and arms, hand-face, head, courtship. Hands as barriers.
presentation, added 03/02/2013
Kinesic and proxemic, psychological and paralinguistic features of nonverbal communication. Types of communication gestures. Glances and their manifestations during visual contact. Characteristics of communication traditions among people of different cultures.
course work, added 01/13/2011
Essence non-verbal means communication. Features and functions of nonverbal messages. Social and psychological significance facial expressions (facial expressions). Characteristics of postures, gestures and acceptable distance between interlocutors, i.e. interpersonal space.
test, added 03/03/2010
Communicative act of communication. Voice intonations and vocabulary features. The meaning of gestures. The role of facial expressions and pantomimics. Adjusting your actions, taking into account the peculiarities of nonverbal communication. "Chips" management activities or methods of adaptation.
course work, added 05/30/2014
The concept of communication in psychology. Types of communication with convicts. Knowledge of sign language and body movements. Means of nonverbal communication. Features of the study of nonverbal communication in kinesics, takesics, proxemics. Features of nonverbal communication among convicts.
course work, added 03/26/2012
Sign systems non-verbal communication: facial expressions, gesture, posture, smell, gaze. The look is the mirror of the soul. Phonetic-physiological continuum and continuum of body movements. Paralinguistic and extralinguistic sign systems. Main types of gaze.
abstract, added 07/02/2010
Nonverbal communication as a non-verbal form of communication, consisting of gestures, facial expressions, postures, visual contact, timbre, intonation. Basic rules of conversation. The role of nonverbal communication and compliance with the rules of its etiquette. The essence of associating emotions with facial expressions.
abstract, added 01/09/2011
The essence of nonverbal communication. Approaches to it: social-perceptual, communicative, paralinguistic, interactive. Types of nonverbal communication: voice, appearance, smile, look, movements, dance, gait, gestures, touches, hugs, facial expressions.
abstract, added 07/09/2008
Studying the features of nonverbal means of communication. Their scientific classification: expressive (body posture, facial expressions), tactile (handshake, touch), spatial movements, visual contact gaze (direction, duration).
How to learn to understand people based on their gestures and facial expressions? The psychology of facial expressions and gestures provides the answer to this question. By studying and understanding this topic, you can ensure that there are no secrets and hidden meanings in conversations with others and learn to read people, how open book. Do you agree that this ability is very useful?
Psychology of facial expressions and gestures. What it is?
Facial expressions and gestures play a huge role in communicating with others. They help to strengthen and fully reveal feelings. With the help of facial expressions we express emotions that we do not talk about. Our body is very insidious; we may not notice how we say one thing, but our body language shows something completely different.
Without noticing it ourselves, we give away our hidden intentions and unspoken words. Our body is more eloquent than any speeches and tirades.
It will be difficult for an inexperienced person to figure out where and how his interlocutor lied. But those who are familiar with the topic of facial expressions and gestures are provided with an understanding of the situation and the opportunity to take control of it.
Facial expressions and gestures are very intertwined with each other, so they are always considered in one bundle.
He who lies in the language of words betrays himself in the language of gestures, to which he does not pay attention.
Oswald Spengler
We will do the same and in this article we will answer the most common questions on the topic of facial expressions and gestures.
Human facial expressions and gestures, psychology of influence! Read it, it will be interesting 😉
Terms and concepts of the section on facial expressions and gestures
Gesticulation refrain, dictionary of symbols of psychoanatomy, ergonomics of gestures. What it is?
These phrases are difficult to understand for people who are encountering the topic of gestures and facial expressions for the first time. Simply put, these are the components of this branch of psychology, which allow us to understand facial expressions and gestures at a more detailed level than “his ears are burning, which means he’s lying.” Everything is much deeper and more serious than it might seem at first glance.
Gestural refrain — it is a repeated gesture that always has the same meaning.
Here's an example. Crossed arms. If the right one lies on top of the left one, it means resentment. If it’s the other way around, it’s a defensive position.
Dictionary of symbolism of psychoanatomy
- This is a kind of decoding of sign language. Based on it, you can find out what certain gestures mean in the current situation. This section is considered purely on specific examples, since in different situations, the same gesture can be interpreted differently.
Ergonomics of facial expressions and gestures
– this is the section that describes the ability to adapt body language to solve specific tasks. For example, influence the human psyche with the help of positive beliefs transmitted through gestures.
Learning gesture ergonomics is a great way to learn how to communicate more productively and effectively. It makes it possible to influence a person with gestures and facial expressions, which subconsciously evoke positive emotions in that person.
Fraudsters take advantage of this. For example, in order to win a person’s favor, a fraudster can touch his hand while telling an anecdote or some pleasant and funny story. Thus, the human brain begins to respond positively to this gesture.
Then, when it comes to “turning off” the scam itself, the scammer accidentally touches the person’s hand again, awakening relaxation and positivity in his mind. This makes it easier to commit fraud, because a relaxed person will not begin to suspect something. His brain is deceived by psychology.
What does understanding facial expressions and gestures provide?
A short list of benefits:
- Active brain function.
You need to remember a bunch of gestures and movements that indicate some kind of specific meaning. For example, if during a dialogue the interlocutor scratches the back of his head, this means that he is not confident in your words and is questioning them. There are many such examples that can be given, and most of them need to be kept in mind at all times.
- Ability to adapt and change the situation.
When you know more than you are told, you can find the right solutions more often. different situations, lead the interlocutor to something or get answers where he doesn’t even say them.
- Understanding a person's negative motivations.
Knowledge of this topic will give you the opportunity to protect yourself from lies, envy, unfriendliness, etc.
We cannot boast of the wisdom of our eyes and skillful gestures of our hands...
Victor Tsoi
- Understanding the inner world of the interlocutor.
The correct interpretation of facial expressions and gestures not only makes it possible to look into the soul, finding out all the secrets of the interlocutor, but also to understand that he needs help, even though he is trying to hide it. In this case, you can try to find the right words and try to figure out the problem together.
- Developing the ability to notice the smallest details.
Without this ability, it is impossible to interpret the current picture from facial expressions and gestures. One unnoticed gesture can radically change the entire meaning of the signals given by the body. Therefore, if we want to correctly interpret another person's body language, we need to be more attentive and sensitive to little things.
- Self-development.
Self-development is an additional bonus when studying the psychology of facial expressions and gestures. A person learns to know both himself and those around him, learns something deep, and draws something useful for himself.
The language of facial expressions and gestures. Where to start learning?
Let's consider all sources of knowledge on the psychology of facial expressions and gestures:
- Literature.
The first assistant in studying this topic. In addition to printed books, many specialists in this section of psychology publish magazines, open websites and maintain blogs on the Internet.
- Courses on studying the psychology of facial expressions and gestures.
A person who understands the topic will be able to personally show and explain how everything works and how to apply the acquired knowledge in life.
Great article about the fear of communicating with people! 23 ways to get away from her:
- Watching TV series or documentaries about this theme .
Oddly enough, a very large amount of information can be gleaned from there. Plus, everything is shown in practice, which makes it much easier to understand and learn the “lessons” in your head.
- Practice.
Gestures and facial expressions. Their meaning with specific examples
Theoretical knowledge must be examined in specific, simulated situations. This is the only way Right understand what the interlocutor is “silent” about. Let's figure out how the interlocutor's feelings are connected with movements various parts his body.
Lips
Most often, self-confidence is associated with lip mobility.
Example 1.
The interlocutor, leaning his elbow on the armrest of the chair, rubs his lips with his index finger, without making a single sound.
This means that the person is confused and does not know what decision to make. The interlocutor thinks that they are trying to manipulate him, and his gesture is tantamount to uncertainty. This example is not frequent, but very eloquent.
Example 2.
The interlocutor’s tightly pressed lips ceased to be visible at all.
There are two options here:
- This shows the person as virtuous, quite experienced, wise.
- Disgust. Moreover, it is close to complete rejection. This is a more common option.
IN in this case The context of the conversation is important. If during a conversation you mentioned something unpleasant or touched on some painful topic for your interlocutor, then this can be seen in his pursed lips. In this case, it is worth taking the conversation aside and changing the topic to a neutral one.
Example 3.
The interlocutor bites his upper or lower lip.
This means a person's dissatisfaction. Perhaps your interlocutor is exhausted and emotionally overloaded. If upper lip When a woman takes a bite, she is usually afraid of something.
Also, this gesture can be considered as seduction, then it indicates amorous excitement.
Back
The back is the center of sensuality, also responsible for the ability to put maximum effort into something.
Example 1.
The interlocutor gave his friend a friendly slap on the back.
Is this a direct expression of sympathy or just Have a good mood. They say it's a shortened version of hugging.
It is worth noting that this gesture does not always mean something good. Read part of the article about the ergonomics of gestures.
Example 2.
The interlocutor communicates with you with his back turned.
If men take this position, it indicates their inability to make decisions. This also indicates the absence leadership qualities, because the one to whom they are inherent will openly meet any turn of the situation and resolve issues while facing the interlocutors.
Brushes
The hands are the most active and mobile part of the body; they can tell a lot.
Example 1.
If your interlocutor holds his hands in a “prayer” pose, then this means an irreconcilable gesture rather than a condescending one. You should be prepared for the fact that your interlocutor will object to what you said.
Example 2.
The interlocutor closes his hand, as if holding something small in it.
This gesture means that the person is only taking, not giving. This is a symbol of selfishness.
Jaw
The jaw is associated with anger in all its negative manifestations.
Example 1.
Does it happen that a person starts grinding his teeth in the middle of the night? So, this is not a habit or a feature of the body at all, it is nothing more than anger. Most often, a person who has experienced a very angry and dark situation during the day involuntarily manifests this at night through a dream.
Example 2.
The interlocutor's jaws are constantly in a hidden chewing process. This indicates a very changeable personality.
Example 3.
The veins seem to be pulsating under the skin, and tears are about to flow from the eyes. This is a sign that the interlocutor is clearly losing his composure, he is greatly shocked by something and is keeping his emotions to himself with all his might.
In the article we consider only basic examples; in addition to them, the psychology of facial expressions and gestures examines many situations and contexts.
Thanks to this knowledge, everyone has the opportunity to feel the essence of their interlocutor’s behavior, to understand what they are actually experiencing and feeling.
It’s unfortunate, but people tend to lie, hide something, or omit something. The psychology of facial expressions and gestures will help shed light and clarity on many situations; such serious knowledge can save you from trouble.
How to use knowledge about facial expressions and gestures?
You can use such knowledge very actively.
- If it was noticed by certain gestures or facial expressions that the interlocutor does not want to continue the conversation, you can tactfully end the conversation and leave.
- Watching how a new acquaintance is disingenuous or hiding the truth, you can remove such a person from your social circle, depriving yourself of eternal secrets and omissions.
- You can save yourself from deceivers.
Professional liars and manipulators are well versed in psychology. In order to hide secret manifestations of facial expressions or gestures, they learn to control the smallest movements.
They're hard, but that's it It’s possible to figure it out. It is enough to observe their behavior for some time, somewhere their body will malfunction and then everything will become clear.
Advice : If you are not sure of the veracity of a person's speech, ask him more questions and observe his body movements.
Such deep knowledge makes it possible to see true face of people. Not everyone is who they say they are. So why not “split” a person before he could do something not very pleasant in your direction.
- WITH positive side the ability to use gestures and facial expressions can subconsciously endear you to a person, relax him and make him very accommodating.
You will be able to positively influence him, his well-being. So why not endow a person’s emotions with positivity using facial expressions and gestures?
Psychology of facial expressions and gestures in society
Knowledge of facial expressions and gestures is widely used in investigations and investigations.
When interrogating a suspect or witness, a specialist can track certain facial characteristics that can easily be used to determine whether a person is lying or telling the truth. Our body will not allow itself to be deceived. A person can, without knowing it, give himself away through gestures and facial expressions.
Also, the psychology of facial expressions and gestures finds its application in politics. It is known that almost all politicians do not say something. Find out what exactly will help this section psychology.
Interesting Facts
- There is an interesting way to find out if a person is lying: you need to shake his hand. If she lies, she will be cold, because when a person lies, the body understands this and takes action. The blood goes down to the legs, so that if something happens, you can run as fast as you can.
- A sincere smile lasts no more than four seconds. Moreover, an additional factor of sincerity are wrinkles around the eyes. If a person “pulls up” a smile, then the facial expressions of the eyes will not be affected.
- If a man turns his toe towards her while talking to a woman, this means that he feels sympathy. This great way for girls to check young men for interest in them.
- Itching. Oddly enough, itching can tell you a lot, you just have to pay attention to where it occurs. Is the back of your head itchy? This indicates lack of self-confidence. If it is the chin, then the subconscious pushes the person to challenge. If the itching begins in the area of the back of the left hand, you need to “close yourself.” Right hand (also the back side) - the subconscious says that you need to cheat.
- In some cases, facial expressions and gestures of men have a completely different meaning than the same facial expressions and gestures of women.
Psychology of facial expressions and gestures. conclusion
The psychology of facial expressions and gestures is not an easy topic to study and master. But how interesting and exciting it is! Just think, the interpretation of simple elements of behavior helps to literally read a person like a book. This is a very valuable ability.
First of all, she comes with the ability to observe. It is not necessary to be a certified specialist or have extensive work experience in this field. It’s enough just to learn to see, notice all the little things and analyze them, scroll through the facts in your head, compare information and draw conclusions.
The psychology of facial expressions and gestures can teach you to see right through people. This is a real superpower that can only be possessed by a person with great perseverance and a desire to understand the secrets of human psychology.
At the end - Top video: psychology of facial expressions and gestures! Let's see;)
