What is an ending in Russian? What is a zero ending in Russian?

I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second or third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.

The null ending is an ending that occurs in a number of inflected words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Null endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as “regular” endings in the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Let's compare:

• Table : null ending in nouns masculine 2 cl. - this is an indicator of I.p.
• Table A: ending A at inanimate nouns masculine 2nd class. - this is the R.p. indicator.
• Horse: zero ending in nouns feminine 3 cl. - this is an indicator of I.p. or V.p.
• Horses And:end And Feminine nouns have 3rd cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.

Attention:

IN different forms of one word the stem will be the same. In our examples these are the basics: table And horse.

It is a grave mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only unchangeable words, such as adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow A, over at, left A.

Ending - formative morpheme, expressing the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serving to connect words in phrases and sentences, that is, being a means of agreement (new student), control (letter to brother) or communication subject with predicate (I'm going-y, you're going-eating).

Only inflected words have endings. There are no endings function words, adverb, unchangeable nouns and adjectives. Modified words do not have endings in those grammatical forms, in which there are no specified grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case), that is, the infinitive and gerunds.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have multiple endings. This can be easily seen by changing these words: tr-i-st-a, tr-yoh-sot-Ø, sofa-bed-Ø, sofa-a-bed-i.

The ending may be null. It is highlighted in the word being modified if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. A zero ending is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word appears. Thus, the ending -a in the form stol-a shows that this word is in the genitive case, -u in stol-u indicates dative. The absence of an ending in the form table indicates that it is nominative or accusative case, that is, it carries information, it is significant. It is in such cases that the zero ending is highlighted in the word.

Words with a zero ending should not be confused with words that do not and cannot have endings - unchangeable words. Only inflected words can have a zero ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Zero endings are widely represented in the language and are found in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But non-zero endings can also be represented in this position: noch-ey - articles- . The correct parsing of such words is achieved by declension of the word. If the sound [th’] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-ey, noch-ami. If [th'] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [y'-a] - become [y'-a]mi. As we see, in these forms the sound [й’] is not expressed at the letter level, but is “hidden” in the iotated vowel letter. In this case, it is necessary to identify and designate this sound. In order not to clutter up the writing with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to denote the sound [th’], “hidden” in an iotated vowel letter with the help of j, entered in the right place without brackets: staj-yami.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -i, -i, -i. The impression that these sound complexes are endings is incorrect. Two letter endings in initial form are presented only in those nouns that are substantivized adjectives or participles. Let's compare:

genius, genius, genius - plots, plots, plots

army, army, table, table, etc.

4) adjectives in the short form of the singular masculine: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in And p. (V. p.) singular; Despite the external similarity of declension, qualitative and possessive have different morphemic structure in the indicated cases:

units number

I. p. blue fox-Ø

R. p. sin-his foxj-his

D. p. sin-him foxj-mu

V.p. =i. p./v. p.

T. p. sin-im lisj-im

P. p. sin-em lisj-em.

This morphemic structure of possessive adjectives is not difficult to understand if we consider that possessive adjectives denote the attribute of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -andj- from nouns: mom → mam-in-Ø , fox → fox-ii-Ø. IN indirect cases this possessive suffix -й- is realized in [j], which is “hidden” in the iotized vowel;

6) a verb in the masculine singular form in the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood: dela-l- (would) - cf.: dela-l-a, dela-l-i;

7) verb in imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular number: write-i-, write-i-te;

8) in short participles zero ending, same as short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-Ø.

Schoolchildren learn to determine the ending in words when they become familiar with the composition of the word, and repeatedly return to this when studying spelling. This skill is necessary when determining the personal endings of verbs and case endings of nouns. How to learn to determine the ending in word?

Instructions

• You should know that the ending is variable part words. Thus, immutable parts of speech do not have it. They are absent from adverbs and gerunds.
• If you have difficulty identifying the ending, change the form of the word and identify the part that changes. This will be the end. For example, you need to highlight the ending of the word “table”. Try changing its shape: “table”, “table”, “table”, etc. Note that the change occurs just after the root. We can conclude that the ending of the word “table” is zero.
• Zero endings are parts of a word that are not expressed by sounds. As a rule, they occur on nouns in the masculine nominative form of the first declension or in the third declension.
• If you need to determine the personal endings of verbs, pay attention to which conjugation it belongs to. So, in word"reads" the ending will be "et", since the verb belongs to the first conjugation.
• Learn to distinguish between the endings of verbs of the imperative and indicative moods. The sound in them may be the same, but the parts of the word are different. Notice the verb "shout". It is used in the imperative mood. Change the shape and you can see what's in word"shout" ends in "and". This means that in the verb “shout” there is “those”.
• Notice the sentence “When you shout, let me know.” In it the verb "shout" is used in indicative mood. If you change the form of the word, you will see that the ending will be “ete”.
• When determining the ending of adjectives or participles, you can ask an auxiliary question or find out case, gender and number. For example, in an adjective, the “strong” ending is “ym”, since it refers to the masculine gender, singular, instrumental case.
• If you define case ending for a noun, find out in what case and declension it is used. The noun “in the village” will have an “e” ending, since the word belongs to the first declension, the prepositional case.

Most concepts treat the morpheme as abstract linguistic unit. The specific implementation of a morpheme in a text is called morphois or (more often) morph.

Moreover, morphs representing the same morpheme may have different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.

Variation in the expression plan of a morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N. V. Pertsov) to conclude that a morpheme is not a sign, but a class of signs.

Thus, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term “morpheme” is often used in the meaning morph" and that "sometimes such indistinction in word usage even penetrates into published scientific texts" N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the vast majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morph or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is being discussed.”

Classification of morphemes

Roots and affixes

Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) And affixal (affixes) .

Root- main significant part words. The root is mandatory part any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root, such as the Russian “you-nu-t (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word either accompanied by affixes or independently.

Affix- an auxiliary part of a word, attached to the root and used for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot independently form a word - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not isolated, occurring only in one word.

Classification of affixes

Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. The most common types of affixes in the world's languages ​​are: prefixes, located in front of the root, and postfixes, located after the root. The traditional name of the Russian language prefixes is consoles. The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys lexical meaning, sometimes expresses grammatical meaning (for example, the aspect of verbs).

Depending on the meaning expressed, postfixes are divided into suffixes(having a derivational, that is, word-formative meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a connection with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-modifying affixes. The traditional name for inflections of the Russian language is graduation, since they are mainly located at the very end of words.

There are languages ​​(Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. Some other languages ​​- for example, Swahili of the Bantu family, (Central Africa) - use prefixes and almost no postfixes. In the Indo-European languages, to which the Russian language belongs, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear advantage towards the latter.

In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:

• interfixes- service morphemes that do not have eigenvalue, but serving to connect the roots in difficult words(For example, forehead- O-shaked);
• confixes- combinations of prefix and postfix that always act together, surrounding the root (as, for example, in German word ge-lob- t - “praised”);
• infixes- affixes inserted into the middle of the root; serve to express a new grammatical meaning; found in many Austronesian languages ​​(such as Tagalog: sumulat"to write", cf. sulat"letter");
• transfixes- affixes, which, breaking the root, consisting of only consonants, themselves break and serve as a “layer” of vowels among the consonants, determining the grammatical meaning of the word (found in Semitic languages, in particular in Arabic). IN Arabic there are very few vowels, there are only 3 of them, since the language is consonantal:

Literature

• A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics
• Modern Russian language (edited by V. A. Beloshapkova)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “End” is in other dictionaries:

END, endings, Wed. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. Finishing work. He left without waiting for the performance to end. 2. Final part literary work. The ending of the novel is in the next book of the magazine. The ending follows... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Cm … Dictionary of synonyms

End- the final part of a work printed in an issue (number, volume) of a serial publication, which was published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this publication. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

ending- ENDING, consummation, completion, end, ending FINAL, final, last, book. definitive END/END, come to an end/end, come to an end/end, end/end, come to an end/end,... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

In the verse see clause...

Same as flexion... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ENDING, I, Wed. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of something. Prosperous Fr. stories. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case o. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

ending- radio channel The physical location of the radio equipment antenna (ITU R F.1399). Topics: telecommunications, basic concepts Synonyms of radio channel EN radio termination ... Technical Translator's Guide

END- (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, both in Latin and in Greek languages … Terms of botanical nomenclature

ending- wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end continuation, modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approaching / moving away (not)… … Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

It is not for nothing that the Russian language is said to be the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most complex in the world. There is no such thing in any language in the world huge amount rules and exceptions to them, and none of them can boast of such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you inflect a noun by case, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they connect all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Determining the null ending can also cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.

What does ending represent?

An ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often found at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that one can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word “mainland” the ending -a indicates that given word in the singular, genitive case and masculine gender, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et says that this construction is third person singular.

Cases when the ending is not at the very end of the word

Some people may have difficulty determining the ending because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:

If there is a postfix in a word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: cleaning up, someone, SOMETHING, let's go.

In complex cardinal numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØtenØ, fourhundred. However, you should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-story, three-year, first-class, heptagonal.

Grammatical meanings of endings

The endings are very significant morpheme, since they completely influence the lexical meaning of the word and the entire sentence as a whole. After all, sometimes the easiest way to identify foreigners among a crowd of people is precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.

All endings in words can indicate the following grammatical meanings:

Number, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in nominative case, it is also singular and neuter); adjective (for example: clean canvas - the ending -о indicates the singular, to neuter and nominative case); participle (for example: washed linen - the ending -о also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and neuter gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - ending -е also indicates a word in the singular, nominative case and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - ending -о indicates a word in the singular neuter and nominative case) ;

Only case for some pronouns (for example: there is no something - the ending -о speaks of the genitive case) and parts of numerals (there are no seven - the ending -i says that this word is in the genitive case);

Only persons and numbers for verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I am writing - a first person singular verb);

Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - a feminine and singular verb).

What is null ending?

Also, some difficulties may arise when determining the ending if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to understand what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.

The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. Despite the fact that financially this type the ending is not expressed in any way, during analysis morphological structure words must be indicated in the form of an empty square.

Types of words with zero endings

The following types of words have a zero ending in Russian:

First person nouns in the genitive case and plural person. For example: birds, seals, cows, pets.

Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful, individual, inclined, magnificent, detained, armed.

The zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine nouns in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parkan, felt, oven, speech, night.

Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fatherØ, motherØ, cowØ, foxØ, SerezhinØ.

Singular verbs in the imperative mood. For example: teach, watch, help, translate, ask.

Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spokeØ - would speakØ, listenØ - listenØ would, voteØ - voteØ would, askØ - askØ would.

People often confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, let's consider which words have no ending at all.

Words that have no ending at all

The following unchangeable words and groups of words do not have an ending:

Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, auto, coat;

Indeclinable adjectives, for example: Bordeaux, khaki, marengo, netto, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;

Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: their, her, his;

All adverbs, since an adverb is an unchanging part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;

Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;

All participles, because this part speech took its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washed, understood, read, remembered, remembered, parsed, realized;

All auxiliary parts of speech, for example: so that, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;

Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bang, bang, those times;

The initial form of the verb in the case where -т and -ти is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, worry, act.

Also, you should not indicate on the letter when morphological analysis empty square words that have no endings at all. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are unchangeable, unlike words with a zero ending.

How to determine the ending?

To determine the ending in any word, it is enough to simply inflect it by case. That part of the word that will change is it. This is how it is easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with this ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:

On in this example It’s noticeable how easily you can identify a given morpheme in words. Since the word “plisse” is not declined according to cases, it is a word without an ending, and in the word “mirror” only the root and zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.

Morphemes with which the null ending interacts

In most of the examples considered, the most common words are words that use only a root and a zero ending among their morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words with morphemic analysis which you can see prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in the Russian language. For example: put on makeup, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.

Soft sign in morphemic analysis

Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not indicate any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that precedes it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered to have a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the designs just, away, gallop there is a soft sign at the end; these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.

Features of morphemic analysis of a word

The ending is the only part of a word that changes. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to only slightly modify the word.

Minor difficulties that may arise during correct definition endings - this is to distinguish words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was clarified what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.