) etc. Dialectical phraseological units. Stable combinations found only in dialects. Give as a waste (expose yourself to attack), carry both from the Don and from the sea (talk nonsense), leave your feet behind (knock off your feet), bend a wheeze (work with tension). Ethnographic dialectisms. Local names local items. Obednik, berezhnik, polunoshnik, shalonik (the names of the winds among the Pomors), crane (a lever for raising water from a well), cats (birch bark bast shoes), novina (a harsh canvas).
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what “phonetic dialectisms” are in other dictionaries:
phonetic dialectisms Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
phonetic dialectisms- Words that reflect phonetic features of one dialect or another: bochka, Vankya (vm.: bochka, Vanka) - southern Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsiasy (vg.: chicken, clock) – northwestern dialects... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Dialectisms- Dialectisms characteristic of territorial dialects linguistic features included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the flow literary speech as deviations from the (linguistic) norm. Phonetic dialectisms differ: for example, in ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
- (from dialect) linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent dialect speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as stylistic device V works of art … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (from dialect), linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent in dialect speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as a stylistic device in works of art. * * * DIALECTISM… … Encyclopedic Dictionary
DIALECTISM- (from Greek diálektos dialect, adverb), words or stable combinations as part of literary language, characteristic of local dialects. D. are distinguished phonetic (transmitting features sound system dialects), word-forming... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary
Linguistic features characteristic of territorial dialects, interspersed in literary speech. D. stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm. D. phonetic ones differ: for example, clicking, i.e. pronunciation ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1) Words from different dialects are often used in the language fiction for stylistic purposes (to create local color, to speech characteristics characters). 2) Phonetic, morphological, syntactic,... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
dialectisms- (from the Greek dialektos dialect, adverb) words belonging to any dialect or dialects, used in the language of fiction to create local color, speech characteristics of characters; sometimes dialectisms are also considered... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in literary studies
This page is proposed to be merged with provincialism. Explanation of reasons and discussion on the Wikipedia page: Toward unification / December 15, 2012. Discussion for ... Wikipedia
Philology
Bulletin of Nizhny Novgorod University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky, 2011, No. 6 (2), p. 670-674
UDC 811.161. 1'282
LOSS OF REGULARITY OF DIALECTAL PHONETIC PHENOMENON AS A CAUSE OF LEXICALIZATION (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD DIALS)
© 2011 I.V. Tolkacheva
Nizhny Novgorod State University named after. N.I. Lobachevsky
Received by the editor December 24, 2010
One of the reasons for the appearance of lexicalized irregular phonetic phenomena in Russian dialects is considered. Lexicalized form dialect word is often a reflection of the process of a phonetic phenomenon losing its regularity.
Keywords: dialect phonetics, irregular changes, lexicalization.
Currently in Russia there is active process urbanization, and the village as a socially significant (both from an economic and cultural point of view) part of society fades into the background. This leads to a decrease in numbers rural population and to the gradual decline or even extinction of individual villages. Nevertheless, Russian folk dialects serve as a means of communication for about a third of the Russian population. They are diverse in their linguistic structure: they differ from each other and from the literary language in terms of pronunciation, ways of naming phenomena in the surrounding world, and specific grammatical forms and designs. Folk speech stores special knowledge that is not always expressed in literary language: about traditional housekeeping, about the traditional Russian family way of life, about national rituals, customs, folk calendar, about how to folk tradition refers to man in the world and the world itself. It is in language that the foundations that make up such a concept as mentality are formed.
The attitude towards Russian folk dialects in the language policy of our state has changed significantly over the past hundred years. If at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The scientific and secular community was interested in studying the rural way of life and the language of the village as part of the national cultural identity of Russia, then already in the 20-30s. The process of combating dialects began in the 20th century. This was explained, of course, by the political attitudes of the young Soviet government: the peasantry as a whole began to be viewed as an inert mass with
petty-bourgeois worldview, preventing progressive development society; collectivization unfolded peasant farms, the fight against the kulaks and other reforms of rural life. This could not but affect the status of territorial dialects, which began to be ridiculed in schools, presented as the ignorant speech of peasants. Behind these attacks, the beauty and harmony of dialect speech was lost as it was perceived by young people from villages, in whom the craving for everything “urban” was increasingly growing. A similar tradition of negative attitude towards the national language and culture has also been inherited modern society. In sociolinguistic terms, a significant feature of the modern functioning of territorial dialects has become a new specificity linguistic consciousness their carriers: most rural residents the attitude towards dialect as the only and natural means of communication is replaced by a clearly expressed orientation towards the literary language, assessing it as a more prestigious communicative subsystem, and one’s own dialect as a socially and functionally defective subsystem: “We don’t even know how to speak...; - Who is this in your photographs, so beautifully designed? - Yes, it’s beautiful! // everything is rustic! (Village of Belogornoye, Sarat region)" ; “Well, what should I tell you, girls? We hardly even know the old words. Here we call a shovel a spade. And the collidor is a bridge. My daughter came from the institute and complained, saying they were making fun of her. What is the sin here, if we say so? (village of Rameshki, Koverninsky district Nizhny Novgorod region).
On modern stage existence of Russian folk dialects, there is an active mutual influence of various dialects of the Russian language, their interaction with other idioms of the national Russian language, in particular, the interpenetration of vernacular and dialect elements is increasing, which leads to the development of vernacular features by the dialect system and vice versa. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. sociolinguistic scientists no longer speak only about territorial dialects as a variety national language, serving elderly rural residents, but also about the formation of so-called semi-dialects on the basis of local dialects and vernacular (and such a vector for the development of dialects was talked about back in the 1970s). Such language system received the opportunity to exist as a result of active leveling processes both within the dialects themselves during their interaction, and under the influence on the dialect of the literary language and vernacular.
One of the striking results of the leveling of dialect systems is the loss of some regular features, which is manifested in all language levels. Undoubtedly, the most mobile subsystem of language is the lexical one. The dialect speakers themselves are aware of the departure from the active vocabulary of many local words and their replacement with literary ones: “How did they say it before? It's not like it is now. Previously, the language was richer. Now we say “beautiful”, and before: “Oh, how bad is it?” Basco means beautiful. And the pictures were called basul-kami. These are from Basco - beautiful, well, pictures. Even now I tell my grandchildren: “Look, look, little basulki!” (Tarasovo village, Koverninsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region).
However, the changes concern not only the lexical level. The loss of regularity in the manifestation of some dialect features is also noted at the phonetic level. Linguistic phenomena are considered regular when they are observed in the same position (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) regardless of its lexical content. Regular phonetic features of dialects are important characteristics phonetic dialect systems, however, they do not cover the entire diversity and richness of dialect phenomena. The loss of regularity leads to an increase in the role of irregular elements, processes, and changes. Irregular features do not depend on position; they appear only in individual words or closed groups of words, that is, they are lexicalized.
The research material was lexemes that are identical in meaning to the corresponding words of the literary language, but differ from the latter in their sound shell. We extracted lexemes from the card index Dialect dictionary Nizhny Novgorod region (DSNO). Analysis of the observed units showed that the transformation appearance parts of lexemes are in one way or another due to the transition of a once regular dialect phonetic feature into the category of irregular, that is, manifested only in a limited range of lexemes. Let's look at the results of some of these processes:
1. In the vocabulary of Nizhny Novgorod dialects, a whole group of lexemes is distinguished, which has the pronunciation and in place of e from the etymological b (hereinafter the sign b denotes the Old Russian sound [e], or “yat”) under the accent: vinik “broom”, zdisya “here” ", swing "swing", bought "font", tench "laziness", misyats "month", restless "restless", tzip "chain". Historical background The change in the stressed phoneme [e] to [i] is the fate of the Old Russian phoneme b, which, having completely disappeared in the literary language, was transformed in different ways in Russian folk dialects. In most territories, a process similar to that observed in the literary language occurred, that is, [e] as an upper middle vowel was more open and realized in [e]. In a number of different dialects - both Northern Great Russian and Southern Great Russian - the phoneme [e] has retained its special status, realized either as “e closed” or as a diphthong [ie]. However, there are very few dialects where b is a full-fledged phoneme of the dialect phonetic system. In a number of dialects (including some Nizhny Novgorod ones), the positional alternation of sounds in place of the etymological b has become regular: t’еt // ¡’и’. The presence of a once regular positional alternation in a number of Nizhny Novgorod dialects it is proven by materials collected during expeditions of dialectologists, as well as by correspondence students of Nizhny Novgorod State University. Thus, in dialect materials of the 50-70s of the twentieth century. In the dialects of Povetluga, the presence of two types of reflexion of vowels in place of the orthographic e from b under stress is noted as a regular feature. It has been established that they usually pronounce [e] before the next hard consonant and at the end of the word, [and] -between soft consonants: [l'es], [pokhot'ela], [uye"hal 'i], [pr'in' es], [gd 'e]; but [na n 'ed 'il 'ku], [komu n'e l'in'], [v'in'ik], [zam'is'osh] (Vetl. , Varn.) 1. In separate populated areas
(r.p. named after Kalinin, Vetluzhsky district, on the border with Kostroma region) [and] marked in all positions: [l’is], [m’isto], [st’ina],
[sv’it], [fs’im], [gor’ilka] “lamp”,
[gd ’i], [fs’i], [r’its’ka], [bol ’it] [l ’in]
Materials from expeditions in recent years (for example, in the Belyshevsky village council of the Vetluzhsky district in 2006, where the author took part direct participation) show that such positional exchange has practically lost its regularity in the dialects under study. Thus, we recorded a constant pronunciation of [i] in place of [e] among several informants only in the words zdisya, vinik; the remaining exchanges were sporadic. Obviously, such a rapid fading of a regular feature is associated with the increasing influence of the literary language on dialects, with the passing away of many people of the older generation - speakers of the original Vetluga dialects. By comparing the territorially recorded lexemes in the DSNO with [and] in place of [e] from “e”, we find that their distribution covers precisely northern regions Nizhny Novgorod region, including Vetluzhsky and Varnavinsky districts: vinik “broom” (Sem., Varn.), zdisya “here” (Shakhun., Voskr., Sem., Varn., Vetl., Kr.-Bak.), bought “ font" (Kov.), tench "laziness" (Kr.-Bak., Sem., Uren.), misyats "month" (Sem., Resurrection), cyp "chain" (Sem.) (exception - restless " restless" (City), swings "swings" (Div.). Of course, the areas of fixation of some lexemes significantly exceed the boundaries of those areas where the presence of [and] in place of [e] was regular in the mid-twentieth century, but it should be noted. that all of the indicated districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region are neighboring and have common borders, so the influence of the dialects of Povetluzhye could occur both directly (Urensky, Shakhunsky, Koverninsky, Krasnobakovsky, Semenovsky districts) and indirectly (Voskresensky and Gorodetsky districts). dialects turned out to be carriers of the dialect, for example, women who were “married” from neighboring areas and were themselves carriers of their native or already mixed dialect.
2. In our material, there are cases of replacing the percussive [a] with [e]: balalaika “balalaika” (Shatk.), zhebri “gills” (But., Vorot.), krekat “quack” (Sharang.), kufeika “sweatshirt” "(Bor.), magazin "shop" (Lysk.), sing "again" (Sem., Spas., Shatk.), pedimentnitsa "niece" (Chkal.). Phenomenon of change
The vowel [a] in [e] under stress between soft consonants is known as regular in some part of Russian folk dialects. Being a purely phonetic phenomenon, this change forms two conditional territories of its distribution. Firstly, the northeastern area is predominantly the Vologda group of dialects, where the regular change of [a] to [e] in the position between soft consonants is known not only under stress, but also in the first pre-stressed syllable. Secondly, the Ryazan area is a small area, where this change is known only under the accent. If they know the dialects of these territories phonetic alternation[a] with [e] regardless of vocabulary, then in a fairly large number of dialects, including in the described territories, scientists note the presence of lexicalized (in the full sense of the word) units, where the exchange [a] > [e] is directly related with the semantics of the lexeme. The lexemes opet, sing, mechik and peplenik have the clearest distribution area in Russian dialects.
From those described in scientific literature words in our material we encounter opet and tribe-nitsa (the word tribeman is not recorded). The origin of these lexemes is explained for various reasons: if the change [a] > [e] in the word sing plays a role in possible weak stress or even unstress of this word, then in the word plemennitsa this change can probably be seen due to the formation of this lexeme from a different stem with e, and not with a (from the stem tribe-). Such observations are confirmed by data from linguogeography, which notes the spread of the word opet in almost the same territories as dialects with a regular change [a] > [e], that is, the phonetic basis of the lexicalized change is emphasized, while the word pediment does not have enough clear common borders with the described habitats, which although indirectly supports the hypothesis of R.I. Avanesova, but also does not contradict her.
Development of the presented change [a] > [e] s historical point vision became possible, probably due to the fall of the reduced. It is this process, according to P.S. Kuznetsov, became the basis for the trend of more active advancement of the language forward, since “the shift of the vowel a forward and upward is especially easy and far carried out in closed syllable, when a vowel is influenced on both sides by soft consonants belonging to the same syllable as the vowel... Closed syllables are established, as is known, only in
result of the fall of the reduced."
As can be seen from the presented examples, almost all lexemes do not form a clear distribution area. However, most of them do not contradict the basic condition for the appearance of [a] > [e]: the upward movement of the tongue into the sound zone [e] occurs only in the position between soft consonants: they used to play balaleikas; Let's go to the store over there, and there will be cotton, staples, everything.
In the analyzed material, two lexemes were also noted where the conditions for changing [a] to [e] are not met, that is, this change is observed not in the position between soft consonants, but before a hard consonant: zhebri “gills”, krekat “quack”. In the first word, the change occurs in the position before the combination of consonants “hard + soft”, which means it can be assumed that in this case this combination is perceived as a soft consonant, although the fixation of the lexeme is also unclear (the collector might not hear the softness of the subsequent consonant) . The second word stands apart in the circle of lexemes under consideration. Assumption about possible education from another base (cre-), reflecting the perception of the sound made by a duck, seems very doubtful.
Of course, it seems wrong to talk about the preservation in lexemes with the described change [a] in [e] of the once regular phonetic tendency to promote articulation from the open zone [a] to the more anterior zone [e], since the territory of distribution of the lexemes under study is not included in the areas of action of the regular change [a] in [e] indicated above. However, the unity of the basis phonetic changes both regularly and irregularly is obvious.
3. Dialectal features in the lexicalized appearance of some words are explained in the development of the quality of individual consonant phonemes or their combinations in different territories of the Russian language. First of all, this concerns combinations with sonorant nasal consonants. In Northern Great Russian dialects, a fairly regular change in the combination of vn in plural, which is of an assimilative nature, is still widespread. In this case, the formation of the first sound acquires a nasal character and closure under the influence of the subsequent [n]. However, in Central Russian, and in part Northern Russian, as well as sporadically in Southern Great Russian dialects, the regularity of such a change is either lost, or occurs only in a lexicalized version, not covering all possible
possible positions. Our material confirms this position: damno “long ago” (Vetl., Voskr., Kov., Sem., Uren.), deremnya “village” (Tonk., Shakhun.), kromny “blooded” (Tonk.), imaginary nie “attention” (City), mnuk “grandson” (B.-Mur., Balakh., Bogor., Bor., But., Varn., Vetl., Vorot., Resurrection, Vyks., City., Book., Kov., Lysk., Nav., Poch., Sem., Serg., Sosn., Tonk., Uren., Chkal., Sharang., Shakhun.), mnuchka “granddaughter” (B.-Bold. , Bor., Vad., Vetl., Vorot., Voskr., Gorod., Book, Poch., Sem., Serg., Pine, Tonk., Uren., Chkal., Shakhun.), polomnik “ladle” "(Voskr., Kov., Uren.), great-grandson (Vetl., Sem., Sosn., Uren.) and promgrandson (Kov.) “great-grandson.”
As can be seen from the presented examples, the territorial distribution of lexemes with such a change is mostly concentrated in the dialects of the Nizhny Novgorod north. The exceptions are the words mnuk and mnuchka, which are widely represented in Russian folk dialects of different territories. In addition, our examples show that in almost all cases the combinations that underwent assimilative change were formed as a result of the loss of ъ or ь at the junction of morphemes, when two syllables merged into one, where the consonants in the new combination had to adapt to each other (cf . other Russian vnuk, take note, davnii, etc.). With a similar change, dialect-colloquial formations of adverbial forms such as vypymshi, sdelamshi are also noted.
Of course, the implementation of lexicalized irregular phonetic phenomena in Russian folk dialects of the Nizhny Novgorod region is not limited to the cases described above. The embodiment of irregular changes, the reasons for their occurrence and methods of consolidation in dialects are much more numerous and varied. However, a significant part of such lexemes in their sound shell reflects the process of erasing some regular dialect phonetic phenomena, when they no longer appear in a certain phonetic position, but mark a new word in the dialect system.
Note
1. Abbreviations: B.-Bold. - Bolsheboldinsky, B.-Moore. - Bolshemurashkinsky, Balakh. - Balakhninsky, Bogor. - Bogorodsky, Bor. - Borsky, Booth. -Buturlinsky, Vad. - Vadsky, Varn. - Varnavinsky, Vetl. - Vetluzhsky, Vorot. - Vorotynsky, Voskr. - Voskresensky, Vyks. - Vyksunsky, Gor. -Gorodetsky, Div. - Diveevsky, Prince. - Knyagininsky, Kov. - Koverninsky, Kr.-Bak. - Krasnobakov-
skiy, Lysk. - Lyskovsky, Nav. - Navashinsky, Poch. - Pochinkovsky, Sem. - Semenovsky, Serg. -Sergachsky, Sosn. - Sosnovsky, Spas. - Spassky, Tonk. - Tonkinsky, Uren. - Urensky, Chkal. - Chkalovsky, Shar. - Sharangsky, Shatk. - Shatkovsky, Shakhun. - Shakhunsky.
References
1. Goldin V.E., Kryuchkova O.Yu. Russian folk dialects as national wealth and the need for a new cultural and linguistic policy in Russia [ Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http: // www.russkiymir.ru /russkiymir/ru /derzhava/rm_awards /awards0002.html (date accessed 03/11/2011).
2. Krysin L.P. On some changes in the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century // Research on Slavic languages. 2000. No. 5. P. 63-91.
3. Kogotkova T.S. Literary language and dialects // Current problems of speech culture. M., 1970. P. 104-152.
4. Formation of the Northern Russian dialect and Central Russian dialects (Based on materials of linguistic geography) / Ed. V.G. Orlova. - M.: Nauka, 1970. 456 p.
5. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. M.: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1949. 336 p.
6. Russian dialectology / Ed. P.S. Kuznetsova. M.: Education, 1973. 279 p.
THE LOSS OF REGULARITY IN THE MANIFESTATION OF A DIALECT PHONETIC PHENOMENON AS THE CAUSE OF LEXICALIZATION (based on the material of Nizhni Novgorod dialects)
The article considers one of the causes of the lexicalized irregular phonetic phenomena occurrence in Russian dialects. The lexicalized dialect word form is often a reflection of the process of loss of regularity by the phonetic phenomenon.
Keywords: dialect phonetics, irregular changes, lexicalization.
Dialectisms are words and phraseological units, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area.
Pskov dialectisms: lava'street', scrape'shell', perechia'contradiction', harrow‘horse in the second year’, petun'rooster', barkan'carrot', bulba'potato', good'bad', slimy'slippery', readable'sober', kick‘to walk around doing nothing’.
For example, PU-dialectisms of Pskov dialects: even a finger in the eye‘very dark’, three legs fast ', live on dry spoons ' poor ’, from all worlds ‘ from everywhere ', show annexation ' fight back ’, lead the ends ‘ deceive ’.
From linguistic phraseological units, which lose the power of their impact, gradually losing their distinctive qualities in the constancy of nationwide use, dialectal phraseological units are distinguished by their unique imagery, brightness and freshness of naming realities. Wed: old maid (lit.) and Don Mikolaevskaya (Nikolaevskaya) girl“old maid” (a name from the times of Nicholas I, when the Cossacks left to serve for 25 years); Petra's girlI "old maid" Or: kick your ass (lit.) and Don with the same meaning: beat the baglay (baglay"idler"), beat frogs, beat kayaks (kaydak"idler"), knock down kitushka (kitushka“an earring near a flowering tree (birch, willow, etc.)”); Milky Way (lit.) and Don with similar semantics Batyev (Batyev, Batyev) way(by name Tatar Khan Batu, who in his movements was guided by the Milky Way), Batyeva (Bateva, Bateva, Batyoeva, Patyoeva) road, Batyovo wheel.
Dialectisms are used mainly in the traditional form of speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral, everyday speech of residents of rural areas.
Dialectal vocabulary differs from the national vocabulary not only in its narrower scope of use, but also in a number of phonetic, grammatical and lexico-semantic features.
Depending on what features characterize dialectisms (as opposed to literary vocabulary), there are several types of them:
1) phonetic dialectisms- words that reflect the phonetic features of a given dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok(instead of barrel, Vanka, boiling water)- South Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsyasy, tselovek, nemchi(instead of chicken, watch, man, Germans)- dialectisms reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;
2) grammatical dialectisms- words that have grammatical characteristics different from those in the literary language or differ from the popular vocabulary in morphological structure. Thus, in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used as nouns feminine (the whole field, such a thing, the cat smells whose meat it ate); forms are common in northern dialects in the cellar, in the club, in the table(instead of in the cellar, and the club, in the table), instead of common words side, rain, run, hole etc. in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in morphological structure: sideways, dozhzhok, run, burrow etc.;
3) lexical dialectisms- words that differ in both form and meaning from words in the popular vocabulary: kochet"rooster", korets"ladle", the other day"the other day, recently" speed up"harrow", on the ground"manure", blabber"speak", inda"even" etc.
Among the lexical dialectisms, local names of things and concepts common in a given area stand out. These words are called ethnographisms. For example, ethnographism is the word Paneva- this is how a special type of skirt is called in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions - ‘ a type of skirt made from variegated homespun fabric’. In areas where floors are used as draft power, the word is widespread nalygach- designation of a special belt or rope tied to the horns of oxen. The pole at the well, with the help of which water is obtained, is in some places called ochep; birch bark bast shoes used to be called cats etc. Unlike actual lexical dialectisms, ethnographic dialectisms, as a rule, do not have synonyms in the literary language and can only be explained descriptively.
4) Semantic dialectisms- words that have a special meaning in dialects, different from the commonly used one. Yes, in a word top in some southern dialects it is called a ravine, verb yawn used to mean "shout, call" guess- meaning “to recognize someone by sight”, dark- meaning “very, strongly” (I love it dark"I love you very much"); in northern dialects plow means "to sweep the floor", in Siberian wonderful means "a lot"; ceiling- floor, coward- hare, etc.
Ceiling'attic', mushrooms'lips', coward'rabbit', cockerel‘butter mushroom’, plow'sweep', suffer‘to laugh, to have fun’.
It must be remembered that dialect words are outside the scope of the literary language, therefore, if possible, you should refrain from using local words, especially if there is literary words with the same meaning.
Some dialectisms are capable of penetrating into the literary language. For example, words of dialectal origin include wild rosemary, carefree, roach, coo, length, flabby, creepy, sweetheart, strawberry, in vain, strawberry, picking, clumsy, fawning, foliage, mumble, shaggy, hassle, annoying, tedious, roadside, careful, cloudy, spider, plowman, background, fishing, ingenuity, hill, dragonfly, taiga, smile, earflaps, eagle owl, nonsense and many others.
From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like
Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength
And I would become like dead language, what
Now is the Latin language.
L.V.Shcherba
The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia it is their native dialect .
A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic, grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.
Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local flavor and speech characteristics of characters).
Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:
1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is okana, yak, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.
2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features grammatical structure dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which at the beginning of the 20th century was considered literary norm. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in indefinite form love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.
Grammatical dialectisms also include special use prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (Being to break your cup).
3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:
A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - handsome, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);
b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features ( vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words different from literary accent (h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).
V) lexical-word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).
4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “white mushroom”, bridge “floor”, teapot “a person who loves to drink tea”).
5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens door during the wedding ceremony").
6. Phraseological dialectisms- these are stable combinations of words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).
Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “ Vocabularies villages are richer than the city's reserves... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, then here is knowledge vernacular will provide us with invaluable services."
Thanks to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.
Studying dialects helps to gain a deeper understanding of kinship Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.
The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. Borders linguistic phenomena often coincide with the ancients political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the boundaries of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches of scientific knowledge as history, archeology, ethnography, and folklore.
Many Russian writers loved living things folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.
The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many of their features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.
The phonetic means of Russian dialects coincide with phonetically literary language; This various sounds, connected into syllables, with special character and the type of stress and duration of a syllable or vowel, intonation in a certain sequence of syllables and words, as well as a pause or change in sounds at the junctions of phonemes.
Sound phonetic units may change depending on the position in the syllable, word form or morpheme, so you can speak with different distinctive powers of sounds. As a rule, some sounds are replaced by others, phonetically close, sequentially - first in a syllable, then in a word form and, finally, in a morpheme. Many differences between dialects lie precisely in the sound of the “sound” common to the entire Russian language; this creates a dialectal “accent”.
The most important functional unit of Russian speech is the syllable. It is in the syllable that all those changes in vowels and consonants occur that distinguish dialects from each other.
The meaning of the syllable is more important for Northern Russian dialects. Here the old tendency towards a “full syllable” is partly preserved, the consonant seems to maintain the quality of the vowel unchanged; it is not reduced, as in South Russian dialects. Another phonetic feature of vowels is their intensity (strength). In Southern Russian dialects it weakens towards the end of the word, while in Northern Russian dialects the pronunciation power of all syllables depends on their prosodic properties.
Intonation is also a phonetic means of the Russian language. Not a single dialect has preserved syllabic intonations, i.e. a decrease or increase in tone within a syllable, however, in dialects that do not know the reduction of unstressed vowels, a decrease in tone is observed from the initial syllable to the end of the word. The length or shortness of the syllable in this case also manifests itself, and both of these features, the duration of the tone or the shortness of the pause, together create the rhythmic pattern of a phrase or sentence.
Uniform increases in tone stressed syllables with clear articulation of each syllable and a sharp fall or rise in tone at the end of the phrase - characteristic feature Northern Russian dialect. The final syllable of a word always turns out to be the longest, and, moreover, regardless of stress.
Stress even now in all dialects determines the nature of the pronunciation of vowels, the relative strength and nature of lengths and intonation in words and sentences.
The phonetic characteristic of dialectal Russian stress is that in literary speech the duration of the stressed vowel rather than its strength predominates, whereas in the bulk of Northern Russian dialects (without reduction of unstressed ones) it is the strength of the stressed vowel that is the main characteristic of stress.
The combined effect of stress, intonation and pauses creates the melody of a phrase, which differs markedly among dialects: in North Russian dialects there is a “word-by-word” emphasis, and in Central Russian dialects the emphasis occurs according to syntagms and combinations of words.
