Russian language lesson in 5th grade

Textbook: “Russian language: textbook for grade 5
educational institutions»
/ T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, T.M. Baranov and others

Nouns, animate and inanimate.

Target: As a result of the lesson, students should learn:

understand animate and inanimate as grammatical category nouns;
be able to divide nouns into animate and inanimate, determine the case of a noun;

Formed UUD: regulatory (goal setting)

Communication (planning)

Lesson script.

1. Updating knowledge.

In front of you nouns, divide them into 2 groups and justify your choice.

The words are written on the board:willow, spring, mermaid, rooks, drops, hare, forester, corpse, dead man.

Students put forward hypotheses, the teacher records their answers on the board. As a result, students come to the conclusion that the words should have been grouped based on animate/inanimate. They name the signs by which the animate/inanimate nature of a noun is determined (questions WHO? WHAT?, animate nouns denote living beings, they breathe, walk, etc.)

Most likely, students will make a mistake when determining the animation of the word DECEASED.

2. Students formulate the topic of the lesson, which is written on the board and in notebooks.

3. Creation of a problematic situation.

The teacher shows on the board (or on a slide) the correct division of nouns into animate/inanimate. It may surprise students that the word DECEASED refers to animate nouns. The teacher asks: “Why does this word refer to animate nouns?” Students do not have a question to answer this question.

So, there is some other sign besides the questions WHO? WHAT?, which helps determine the animate/inanimate nature of a noun.

4. Formation of UUD: goal setting.

Formulate a learning goal for yourself, continuing the words: LEARN, LEARN.

What needs to be done to achieve your goals?

5. Learning new material.

1) Reading text using insert technique.

‒ You must not only read the text, but also mark your understanding of the text with the appropriate signs.

\/ - “already knew”, + “new”, (-) – “thought differently or didn’t know”, ?- I didn’t understand, I have questions.

TEXT that students read.

THE SECRET OF THE NOUN.

ANIMATE AND INANIMATE NOUNS.

Hello guys! I am very glad to see everyone in my lesson! Today we will talk about animate and inanimate animate nouns“, - with these words Professor Link began her lesson at the school of Russian language lovers.

What can I say? And so everything is clear: if a word denotes a living object, then the noun will be animate, and if inanimate, then it will be inanimate,” someone’s voice rang out.

Uh... not everything is so simple... - answered the professor. - What does it mean - a living object? For example, where should the words “plant, tree” be included? Who would dare say that a plant is something inanimate? But in Russian these words refer to inanimate things.

Well, this is probably due to the fact that plants cannot move on their own. So they seem to be lifeless,” the girl sitting on the first desk timidly suggested.

To correctly determine whether a noun is animate or inanimate, you need to remember a few rules:

Animate nounsidentify persons and animals and answer the question WHO? ;

Not animate names nounsdenote objects, plants and phenomena inanimate nature and answer the question WHAT?

But there are still exceptions from this rule. There are very convenient way distinguishing between animate and inanimate nouns, especially if you don’t know exactly what kind it belongs to given word. The fact is that animate and inanimate nouns different shapes accusative case plural. For animate, the form of the accusative case coincides with the form of the genitive, and for inanimate - with the form of the nominative. For example:

2) What new did you learn from what you read? How to determine the animate/inanimate nature of a noun?

THAT. In Russian, the division of nouns into animate and inanimate occurs according togrammatical feature.

3) Let's convert our output into a formula. The result of this work should be the following formula:Odush: V.p. = R.p. (plural)

Neodush: V.p. = I.p. (plural)

4) Let's see how this formula works using the words CORPSE and DEAD as an example.

6. Practical work.

Holding a small research work in pairs.

Now you will need to do some research. You will have to determine whether the nouns given to you on the cards are animate or inanimate. As a result of our work, a table “Animate and inanimate nouns" And then one of your couple will defend their work. But before you get started, remember how to work in pairs. In front of you on your desks is a memo “How to work in pairs in a lesson”, read it, and then start completing the task.

Formation of UUD: planning.

Memo “How to work in pairs in a lesson”

Read the assignment carefully.
If you are completing a task with a friend who is approximately equal in strength to you, then try to divide all the work equally. Help each other in case of difficulties.
If your friend is doing better than you, do not hesitate to ask him for help, ask him to explain something. Don’t be offended by your friend if he corrects this or that mistake.
If you see that your friend is doing worse than you, help him, but try to do it in such a way that he himself works with full effort. If your friend makes mistakes, correct them tactfully and kindly.

Remember the main rule: in any collective endeavor you need coordination of actions and a willingness to help your friend. You are responsible for him. He is for you.

MATERIALS for research:

What category of nouns (animate or inanimate) do they belong to?

1 row

Names of gods and mythical creatures: mermaid, goblin.
Names of chess and card pieces: lady, queen.

2nd row

Nouns naming toys: doll, matryoshka
Nouns denoting a collection of living beings: battalion, people.

3rd row

Collective nouns:youth, humanity.
Nouns for plants: chamomile, birch.

As two pairs from each row perform, a table is filled out on the board.

7. Exercising control.

1) Next to the noun, put the letter O if the noun is animate, and N if it is inanimate.

computer
quail
flock
chamomile
pawn
crowd
sprats
bear
Brownie

2) Self-assessment: 0 mistakes – 5 points

1-2 mistakes – 4 points

3-5 points – 3 points

8. Practical work (if time permits).

Read the poem by S. Yesenin. Determine whether the nouns in bold are animate or inanimate. Why are they spoken of as animate? What is this technique called?

The stars dozed off gold,
The mirror of the backwater trembled,
The light is dawning on the river backwaters
And blushes the sky grid.

The sleepy birch trees smiled ,
Silk braids were disheveled.
Green earrings rustle
And the silver dews burn.

The fence is overgrown with nettles
Dressed in bright mother of pearl
And, swaying, whispers playfully:
"Good morning!"

9. Summing up the lesson. Reflection

Let's return to the objectives of the lesson. Have they been achieved?

Answer the questions:

1. What was the most useful thing for me in the lesson?

2. What was the most interesting for me in the lesson?

3. What was difficult for me in the lesson?

10. Homework (differentiated).

Paragraph 91 ex. 480, 481

OR write a story or poem using personification.

Andrey NARUSHEVICH,
Taganrog

A few questions about the animate/inanimate category

Little is said about the category of animate/inanimate nouns in school textbooks of the Russian language, and yet it represents one of the most interesting linguistic phenomena. Let's try to answer some questions that arise when considering this category.

What is an “animate” and an “inanimate” object?

It is known that the classification of nouns as animate or inanimate is associated with the division by man of the surrounding world into living and inanimate. However, even V.V. Vinogradov noted the “mythological nature” of the terms “animate/inanimate”, since textbook well-known examples ( plant, dead person, doll, people etc. . ) demonstrate the discrepancy between the objective status of an object and its comprehension in language. There is an opinion that by animate in grammar we mean “active” objects identified with a person, to which are contrasted “inactive” and, therefore, inanimate objects 1. At the same time, the “activity/inactivity” sign does not fully explain why the words dead man, deceased are considered animate, and people, crowd, flock– to inanimate nouns. Apparently, the category of animate/inanimate reflects everyday ideas about living and inanimate things, i.e. subjective assessment human objects of reality, which does not always coincide with the scientific picture of the world.

Of course, the “standard” of a living being for a person has always been the person himself. Any language stores “petrified” metaphors, showing that people since ancient times saw the world as anthropomorphic, described it in their own image and likeness: the sun is out, the river is running, the leg of a chair, the spout of a teapot etc. . Let us recall at least the anthropomorphic gods or characters of lower mythology. At the same time, life forms other than humans: some invertebrates, microorganisms, etc. are often ambiguously assessed by ordinary native speakers. For example, as a survey of informants showed, to nouns sea anemone, amoeba, ciliate, polyp, microbe, virus the question is regularly asked What? Obviously, in addition to signs of visible activity (movement, development, reproduction, etc.), the everyday concept of a living being (an “animate” object) also includes a sign of similarity to a person.

How is the animate/inanimate nature of a noun determined?

Traditionally, the coincidence of the forms of the accusative and genitive cases in the singular and plural of masculine nouns is considered as a grammatical indicator of animacy. (I see a man, a deer, friends, bears) and only in the plural for feminine and neuter nouns (I see women, animals). Accordingly, grammatical inanimateness is manifested in the coincidence of accusative and nominative cases (I see a house, tables, streets, fields).

It should be noted that the grammatical opposition of nouns by animate/inanimate is expressed not only in the form of a specific case: the difference in the forms of nouns in the accusative case leads to a difference and opposition of paradigms in general. Masculine nouns have singular and plural paradigms on the basis of animate/inanimate, while feminine and neuter nouns have only plural paradigms, that is, each of the animate/inanimate categories has its own declension paradigm.

There is an opinion that the main means of expressing the animate/inanimate nature of a noun is the accusative case form of the agreed definition: “It is by the form of the agreed definition in the accusative case that the animate or inanimate nature of the noun in the linguistic sense of the word is determined” 2 . Obviously, this position requires clarification: the form of an adjective word should be considered as the main means of expressing animateness/inanimateness only in relation to the use of unchangeable words: I see beautiful cockatoo(V. = R.); I see beautiful coat(V. = I.). In other cases, the form of the adjectival word duplicates the meanings of case, number, gender and animate/inanimate nature of the main word - the noun.

Coincidence can also serve as an indicator of animate/inanimate case forms(V. = I. or V. = R.) in declension allied words adjectival structure (in subordinate clause): These were books, which I knew(V. = I.); These were writers, which I knew(V. = R.).

Feminine and neuter nouns appearing only in the singular form (singularia tantum) do not have a grammatical indicator of animate/inanimateness, since these words have an independent form of the accusative case, which does not coincide with either the nominative or the genitive: catch swordfish, study cybernetics etc. Thus, the animate/inanimate nature of these nouns is not determined grammatically.

What is the fluctuating grammatical indicator of animate/inanimate?

Let's look at a few examples: And from now on the embryo is called fruit(I. Akimushkin) – I saw in a flask embryo Swirled like a horn(Yu. Arabov); Science microbiology studies various bacteria and viruses(N. Goldin) – Bacteria can be identified by morphological properties(A. Bykov); Getting married, woman carries away with you your dolls (I. Solomonik) – Before going to bed, you played in my office again. Feeding the dolls (L. Panteleev). As we see, the same words behave either as animate or as inanimate.

Variable forms of the accusative case of nouns germ, embryo, microbe, bacterium etc. are explained by the ambiguity in the assessment of the corresponding objects by speakers. Typically, these forms of life are inaccessible to observation, which causes hesitation among native speakers in classifying these objects as living or nonliving.

Dolls are involved in playful (as well as magical) human activities. In children's games, dolls function as living beings. The dolls are bathed, combed, put to bed, that is, actions are performed on them that in other conditions are aimed only at living beings. Play activity creates conditions for understanding dolls as objects that are functionally similar to living things (functionally animate). At the same time, dolls remain inanimate objects. The combination of signs of living and inanimate causes fluctuations in the grammatical indicator of animate/inanimate. Some names exhibit similar features game pieces: queen, ace, pawn etc.: I took from the table, as I remember now, ace of hearts and threw it up(M. Lermontov) – Having placed the cards, take all the aces, lying on top of the packs(Z. Ivanova).

Some animals have long been considered by people primarily as food (cf. modern word seafood). For example, lobsters, oysters, lobsters, as noted by V.A. Itskovich, “are not found alive in Central Russia and became known first as exotic dishes and only later as living creatures” 2. Apparently, nouns oyster, squid, lobster and others initially declined only according to the inanimate type, the appearance of the accusative case form, coinciding with the genitive form, is associated with the development of the meaning ‘living being’, later in relation to the meaning of ‘food’: Boil squid, cut into noodles(N. Golosova) – Squid is boiled in salt water(N. Akimova); Nearby fishermen brought to the city fish: in the spring - small anchovy, in the summer - ugly flounder, in the fall - mackerel, fatty mullet and oysters (A. Kuprin) – Are you really eat oysters? (A. Chekhov) It is interesting that in the meaning of ‘food’, not only the names of exotic animals acquire grammatical inanimateness: Fat herring Fine soak, cut into fillets(M. Peterson); Processed pike perch being cut to pieces(V. Turygin).

Thus, fluctuations in the grammatical indicator of animate/inanimate are caused by the peculiarities of semantics, as well as the ambiguity in assessing an object as living or inanimate.

Why nouns dead man And dead man animated?

Man's understanding of living nature is inextricably linked with the concept of death. ‘Deceased’ is always ‘one who was alive’, who previously had life. In addition, it is no coincidence that folklore is replete with stories about the living dead. You can still find echoes of the ideas of our distant ancestors that the dead are characterized by some special form of life, as if dead man able to hear, think, remember.

Nouns dead, deceased, departed and others denote deceased people, i.e. possess the attribute 'man' - the most important for the meaning of animation. Here's the word dead body means ‘the body of a deceased organism’, i.e. only a material shell (cf. expressions corpses of the dead, corpses of the dead). Apparently, this semantic difference explains the grammatical animation of the names of the dead and the inanimateness of the word corpse: How strong are all the stones in their callings, - When dead having covered guard (K. Sluchevsky); A convene I am those for whom I work, dead people Orthodox... - Cross yourself! Summon the dead for housewarming(A. Pushkin); Nastya only once, long before the war, had to see a drowned man (V. Rasputin); Teamsters throwing corpses on a sleigh with a wooden knock(A. Solzhenitsyn).

Why words people, crowd, flock inanimate?

The listed words denote a certain set of living objects - people or animals. This set is conceptualized as a single whole - a collection of living beings, and this collection is not equal to the simple sum of its components. For example, the attribute “multitude,” which expresses the idea of quantity in the concept of “people,” is combined in the concept of “people” with the idea of quality – “the totality of people in their specific interactions.” Thus, common feature words of this group – ‘totality’ – turns out to be leading and forms the meaning of inanimateness. V.G. Hak connects the nouns in question with the category of collective (quasi-animate) object: “Between animate and inanimate objects there is an intermediate group of collective objects consisting of animate units. Words denoting such objects... can be conditionally called quasi-animate” 4. The grammatical generalization of semantics is expressed in the morphological indicator of inanimateness (V. = I.): I see crowds, peoples, flocks, herds etc.

Why are plant nouns inanimate?

In the language picture plant world, which are a qualitatively different form of life than animals and humans, are not perceived as living organisms. The ability to move independently has long been recognized as one of the characteristic features alive. As Aristotle pointed out, “the beginning of movement arises within us from ourselves, even if nothing from outside has set us in motion. We do not see anything like this in inanimate [bodies], but they are always set in motion by something external, and a living being, as we say, moves itself” 5 . The inability of plant organisms to move independently, the absence of visible motor activity and a number of other signs lead to the fact that in the human mind plants together with objects inorganic nature constitute a motionless, static part of the surrounding world. This is indicated by V.A. Itskovich: “...by living we mean an object capable of independent movement, so plants are classified as inanimate objects” 6. Thus, the predominance of inanimate signs in everyday concepts of plants, as well as the nature of human labor activity, which has long been widely using plants for a variety of purposes, has led to the fact that plants are in most cases perceived as inanimate objects.

How does the meaning of animate/inanimate manifest itself?

The sign 'living' ('non-living') can appear not only in the meanings of nouns, but also in the meanings of characteristic words. Indeed, the analysis showed that in language not only nouns, but also verbs and adjectives have the meaning of animate/inanimate. This is manifested in the fact that verbs and adjectives can denote attributes of objects that characterize these objects as living or nonliving. For example, the meaning of the verb read indicates that the action is performed by a person (person) and is directed at an inanimate object: read a book, newspaper, advertisement etc.

The existence of such semantic connections made it possible to construct a classification of verbs in the Russian language according to the presence in their meanings of an indication of the animate/inanimate nature of the subject and object of the action. This classification was developed by prof. L.D. Chesnokova 7. Thus, all verbs of the Russian language can be divided into the following groups:

1) animately marked – denote actions performed by living beings: breathe, dream, sleep and others;
2) inanimately marked – denote actions performed by inanimate objects: burn, crumble, evaporate etc. . ;
3) neutral – denote actions common to living and inanimate objects: stand, lie, fall etc. .

A similar division is observed among adjectives:

1) animately marked names, adjectives, denote characteristics of living beings: external signs, characteristics of temperament, strong-willed qualities, emotional, intellectual and physical properties, etc.: lean, long-legged, lop-eared, phlegmatic, hot-tempered, kind, evil, smart, persistent, blind, talented etc.;
2) inanimately marked adjectives denote signs of inanimate objects (phenomena) - spatial and temporal qualities and relationships, perceptible properties and qualities of things, signs in relation to the material of manufacture, etc.: liquid, rare, deep, spicy, sour, bitter, strong, thick, iron, glass, wood, swampy etc.;
3) neutral adjectives denote characteristics that can be attributed to both living beings and inanimate objects - the most general spatial characteristics, color characteristics, evaluative characteristics, belonging, etc.: left, right, high, small, heavy, white, red, good, mother's.

Thus, the animate/inanimate meaning of a noun is usually supported by animate- or inanimate-marked elements of the context. Otherwise, they are updated figurative meanings, which provides semantic agreement between words.

Thus, for animate nouns in combination with inanimate marked verbs, the most typical metonymic transfer is ‘work – author’: Then the worker began read Brockhaus (M. Bulgakov); But still Doderlein necessary view... Here he is – Doderlein. "Operative obstetrics"(M. Bulgakov).

For inanimate nouns, it is possible to transfer names from inanimate objects to living ones: Hungry Bursa was on the prowl through the streets of Kyiv and forced everyone to be careful(N. Gogol); Me saw off all warm and loving camera in full force, without party differences(E. Ginzburg); Prison doesn't like brave men(V. Shalamov). There are also many cases of occasional metonymic transfer, affecting the semantics of animate/inanimate substantive: - Fast! To the phone!.. Tube vibrated, trembled, choked with anxiety, didn't dare speak out fatal question. Only kept repeating with a questioning intonation: “Is that you? It's you?"(E. Ginzburg); Once in the hospital I heard: “From the seventh ward nasal boil is prescribed» (V. Levi).

Semantic mismatch in the aspect of animate/inanimate can be overcome by metaphorical transfer noun meanings. An example is the combination of inanimate nouns with animate marked words, creating the artistic device of personification (personification): Sitting on the forehead of a short man, Pimple with envy looked on the foreheads tall people And thought: “I wish I was in such a position!”(F. Krivin).

So, let's summarize. Animate and inanimate nouns denote not so much living and inanimate objects as objects conceptualized as living and nonliving. In addition, between the members of the opposition ‘thought of as living / thought of as inanimate’, there are a number of intermediate formations that combine the signs of living and inanimate, the presence of which is determined by associative mechanisms of thinking and other features of human mental activity, for example:

1) conceivable as being alive ( dead, deceased, departed etc.);
2) mentally imagined alive ( mermaid, goblin, cyborg etc.);
3) conceived as a semblance of a living thing ( doll, baby doll, jack, queen etc.);
4) conceived as a totality of living things ( people, crowd, flock, herd etc.).

Thus, the category of animate/inanimate nouns, like some other linguistic phenomena, reflects the anthropocentric attitude of human thinking, and the discrepancy between the linguistic picture of the world and scientific understanding is another manifestation of the subjective factor in language.

1 Stepanov Yu.S.. Fundamentals of general linguistics. M., 1975. P. 130.

2 Miloslavsky I.G.. Morphological categories modern Russian language. M.: Nauka, 1981. P. 54.

3 Itskovich V.A.. Animated and inanimate nouns in the modern Russian language (norm and tendency) // Questions of linguistics. 1980, No. 4. P. 85.

4 Gak V.G. Verbal combinability and its reflection in dictionaries of verb control // Lexicology and lexicography / Under. ed. V.V. Morkovkina. M.: Russian. lang., 1972. P. 68.

5 Aristotle. Physics // Works in 4 volumes. M., 1981. T. 3. P. 226.

6 Itskovich V.A.. Animated and inanimate nouns in the modern Russian language (norm and tendency) // Questions of linguistics. 1980, No. 4. P. 96.

7 Chesnokova L.D.. Pronouns Who, What and the semantics of animation - inanimateness in the modern Russian language // Russian linguistics. Kyiv: Higher. school, 1987. Issue. 14. pp. 69–75.

Lesson type: explanation of new material.

Goals:

Educational: to familiarize students with the concept of animateness and inanimateness; consolidate the ability to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns.
Developmental: give the concept of personification as a technique used in fiction.
Worldview: students will be convinced that knowledge of the method of determining the animation and inanimateness of nouns will help them in drawing up a “morphological portrait” (morphological analysis) of a noun.

Pedagogical objective of the lesson: create conditions for joint educational modeling activities; to develop students’ communication skills and skills of conducting educational dialogue on a meaningful basis.

Epigraph to the lesson:“Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

1. Organizational moment

Five-minute warm-up.

Game: Who can remember more names in two minutes? fairy-tale heroes so that their names contain hissing w, h, sh, sh with vowels and, u, eh? (Cipollino, Miracle Yudo, Jumping Bunny, Shapoklyak, Princess and the Pea, Pike...)
– Who can remember more names of animals and birds that contain a combination of hissing words zh, sh, h, shch with the letters i, a, y? (Giraffe, toad, seagull, siskin, hedgehog, crane, bear cubs, lapwing, etc.)

2. Self-test homework by the key “Check yourself”

Helpers report homework results to the teacher during recess.

Competition “Who Lives in the Forest?”

– What animal is called this:

Oblique spiny clubfoot
Longhorned gray.

– Who does what? Write five sentences with homogeneous members.

3. Entering the learning situation (“inclusion in the lesson”)

"Intrigue"

- Guys, today we have an unusual lesson. Every student seems to dream that the lesson begins with a game. Our game is linguistic.
- What does it mean? (Language)
– What knowledge is required in this game? (Spelling, phonetic, lexical, syntactic)

"Lexical warm-up"

– Let’s read the epigraph to the lesson: “Language is a treasury from which we take pearl words that are spoken more than once. Sometimes they give “cracks and dents.”
– How did you understand this statement? (Language is our wealth. We must treat our language, words, as a treasury with care. We must avoid mistakes in our speech).

4. Spelling workshop

– Let’s write down a short vocabulary dictation for work “Until the first mistake.” (Words chosen to introduce a new topic)

Sunset, dawn, sprout, shoots, rustle, pike, giraffe, miracle, numbers, art, craftswomen, age, bee, quote, acorn, building.

"Entering a learning situation"

– Let’s read words that contain recently learned spellings. (Students name all the words except the word “art.”)
– Let’s designate spelling patterns or “error-dangerous” places graphically.
Nikolai Maksimovich Shansky, a linguist, advises using a “linguistic microscope” to see all spelling patterns.

Vocabulary work

– What is a microscope? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Microscope is a device for viewing objects that are indistinguishable to the naked eye).
– Let’s name all the spellings found in the vocabulary dictation:

1. Roots with alternation.
2. I-Y after C.
3. O-Y after hissing ones.
4. Spelling of prefixes.

– What do these words have in common? What part of speech do they represent? (They are all nouns).
– Who can prove it? (They all answer the questions: Who? What?)
– The main goal of our lesson: to find out why we ask the question who? What about others?

5. Topic movement

– Let’s write down the title of our lesson, which contains the main idea of our work, and explain the punctuation marks in this sentence.
Animated means alive... (We will put a dash in the sentence, since a dash is always placed before the words “this”, “here”, “means”).
– Why did they put an ellipsis at the end of the sentence?

“Page of History” (From the history of punctuation marks, the student gives a little information about the ellipsis).

Student message.

M.V. Lomonosov, the creator of the first Russian grammar, called this sign “ellipsis”. An ellipsis placed at the end of a sentence suggests that the thought is unsaid, unsaid.

– So, in the process of work we must finalize, that is, continue the thought in the form of reflection, reasoning.

Animated means alive... We are surrounded by different objects in the world. Among them there are those who live, breathe, move. This means they are alive or animate.

- Let's return to our vocabulary dictation and find all animate nouns. Let's highlight them with one line. Think out loud! Giraffe, pike, craftswomen, bee - these are animate nouns, because they answer the question Who?. They move, they breathe, they live.

Vocabulary work.

– Who are the craftswomen? Let's look into the explanatory dictionary. Craftswomen– these are people who have achieved high art in their field.
- Let’s make a sentence so that it contains a comparison or phraseological turn with the word

Lacemakers work like bees.

– Let us explain the meaning of this phraseological unit. (Very hard).

"Linguistic experiment"

- Let's think and think out loud! Let's look at our words and find out: do linguists and biologists have the same opinion about living things? Let's prove it. (From the point of view of biologists, sprouts and shoots are living organisms, because they live, breathe, grow. Our historical ancestors also considered a tree, a tulip, a stone to be alive).

Conclusion: Linguists now consider as animate only those who... (continue my thought further) know how to move: people, insects, animals.

– What does living, animate mean? Let's highlight the root in the word animate - -shower- (One who lives, breathes, has spirit, breath, the ability to move).
- Let's name inanimate nouns. What do they mean? (They depict the “inanimate world”: the plant world, the objective world).

6. Consolidation

– Now let’s try to divide the words into two columns.

Young man, fungus, monster, child, face (meaning “part of the body”), violet, slob, moss, feather grass, swallow, swift, hare, goat, bear, bee.

Who? What?

Youth Mushroom
Monster Face
Child Violet
Sloppy Moss
Swallow Feather grass

– What are the names of the words in the first and second columns?

Remember: All nouns are divided into inanimate and animate. Animate nouns denote persons and animals and answer the question WHO?
Inanimate nouns denote objects, plants, and inanimate phenomena. They answer the question WHAT?
– Do you think names are animate or inanimate?
– Name the heroes of literary works (stories, novels, etc.) you have read.
– Do you think THESE proper names are animate and inanimate nouns?
– To what category of nouns (animate or inanimate) do the names of Russian heroes belong? fairy tales(Baba Yaga, Koschey the Immortal, Serpent Gorynych)?

7. Physical education minute

They stood up together - one, two, three -
We are now heroes.
We'll put our palms to our eyes,
Let's spread our strong legs,
Turning to the right
Let's look around majestically.
And you need to go left too
Look from under your palms,
And to the right. And one more thing
Over the left shoulder.
Bowed left, right
It turns out great!

– Do you think it is easy to distinguish between animate and inanimate nouns? Not always, you can make a mistake. Let's look at this with specific examples.

1. There are no foxes in our zoo. (R.P.)
2. I saw funny little foxes. (V.P.)
3. I picked a basket of chanterelles. (R.P.)
4. Collected red chanterelles. (V.P.)

Conclusion:

Matching plural endings in Gen. and Vin. case is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
– How will we recognize animate and inanimate nouns?

"Knot for memory"

Remember: You need to know the gender of nouns in order to:

1. Correctly ask them the question (WHO or WHAT?).
2. Correctly form the accusative case of masculine and neuter nouns in the singular and all genders in the plural.

Exercise: Put these nouns into the form Vin. singular and plural: zoo, forest, deer, flock, dream, sparrow.

8. Working with the textbook

Let’s read the additional material in the textbook “Take Note”, page 263 (textbook edited by M.M. Razumovskaya.)

– What new things did you learn from the textbook material? (Masculine and masculine nouns are mainly animated. female gender. There are very few animate neuter nouns: child, animal, mammal, insect, monster, creature, monster. Nouns denoting plurality and answering the question what? are inanimate.)

– Let’s verbally make sentences with the following nouns... (My family consists of three people.) See exercise 673
– The division of nouns into animate and inanimate does not always coincide with the scientific idea of living nature.
– What category of nouns are:

1. Names of figures in checkers, chess ( queen, pawn, knight, queen)?
2. ...names of religious objects (God , angel, saint, brownie, water, goblin)?
3. ...names of microorganisms in professional speech ( ciliate-slipper, microbe)?
4. ...designations (characteristics) of people through the names of objects ( rag, mattress, stump etc.)
5. ...designations of the dead ( deceased, corpse, corpse).

– In all cases we are talking about animate objects, except for the word corpse!
- We work with text.

Nature is a magician. She not only gives us joy, but also creates amazing things. You just have to bend down and look for them.

Assignment to the text.

1. Let's explain punctuation marks.
2. Let’s name “error-dangerous” places in words.

– What artistic technique does the author use? ? (Personification. The author compares nature with a living wizard.)
- Which useful advice can be extracted from this text? (The author reminds us that we need to take care of all living things that surround us. We must be attentive and observant to the world around us.)

“Take note!”

In fiction and folklore, the PERSONIFICATION DEVICE is widely used - depicting inanimate beings as living ones. Remember that in fairy tales not only the goldfish and the clattering fly can speak, but also the mirror. Examples: “And the forest stands there, smiling,” “The sky was already breathing in autumn,” “the sensitive reeds are dozing.”

– Orally perform the exercise. 675.

Let's solve a grammar problem.

"Find the odd one out."

1. Cabbage, newspaper, driver.
2. Plant, proposal, doll.
3. Ace, jack, kids.
4. Waterman, water, driver.

Slideshow. Frames depicting objects of the living and inanimate world are shown. ( Appendix 1 )

9. Let's summarize the lesson

– Let’s summarize the results of our linguistic research (i.e. scientific study) topics. Let's draw a scientific conclusion based on the reference words.

The world around us is rich and diverse. We are surrounded by living and inanimate objects. Animated are those that have the ability to move. They answer the question who?
Plants and natural phenomena are inanimate world. These are inanimate nouns, they answer the question what?

What we learned:

1. We learned that animate nouns answer the question WHO? And inanimate ones - to the question WHAT?
2. Coincidence of plural endings in Gen. and Vin. cases is a sign of animation, and discrepancy is a sign of inanimateness.
3. The words doll, dead man, dead man, ace, jack, trump card refer to animate nouns.
4. Inanimate nouns include the words: people, crowd, platoon, flock, group, youth, peasantry, children, etc. All of them denote plurality.

10. Homework. Add text.

Why do you need to know this?
– The absent-minded person from Basseynaya Street does not understand why it is so important to know whether this noun is animate or not, and does not want to learn the rules.
Please explain to HIM why this is necessary.

11. Grading

References:

1. Sergey Yesenin. Poems. Moscow. Publishing house " Soviet Russia", 1985
2. M.S. Lapatukhin, E.V.Skorlupovskaya, G.P.Snetova. School explanatory dictionary Russian language. M.: Education, 1998, p.179.
3. OK. Skorokhod. Vocabulary work in Russian language lessons. M.: Education, 1990.
4. Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. Edited by Dr. pedagogical sciences M. M. Razumovskaya, doctor philological sciences P. A. Lekanta. M.: Bustard, 1998, pp. 263-266.

Basic norms of pronunciation of the Russian language

Questions correct literary pronunciation studies a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking before an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the problems of oral culture among various sectors of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, speeches in live: statesmen, leaders of parties and movements, political commentators, specialists in various fields of science and culture.

Mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate speech is gradually being recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.
Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy developed in such a way that the basis of literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered.”
Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly placed emphasis, “reduced” colloquial intonation, and ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of a public speech.
Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, wittingly or unwittingly assimilated and reinforced, thereby eroding what is necessary for everyone cultured person idea of correctness and purity of speech. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of profanity, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since the majority of the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is recorded on a subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of designing Russian sounding speech: violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of speech, causes an intuitive feeling of protest in the listener, creating a feeling of anxiety and psychological discomfort.

Working on your own pronunciation and improving your pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated aspect of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in assessing his own pronunciation, and is sensitive to comments in this area. The rules and recommendations for spelling, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge of Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary, from the point of view of methodological recommendations:
- learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
- learn to listen to your own speech and the speech of others;
- listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;
- consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
- correct them through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of two main styles of pronunciation: full, recommended for public speaking, and incomplete (colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. Full style characterized primarily by compliance with the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech in general. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, and unclear pronunciation individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), confused tempo of speech, unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the area of vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables when same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels are reduced. There are two types of reduction - quantitative (when the length and strength of the sound decreases) and qualitative (when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable undergo less reduction, and more in all other syllables. The vowels [a], [o], [e] are subject to both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; The vowels [i], [ы], [у] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose their duration.1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable: a) after hard consonants in place of o and a, a weakened sound [a] is pronounced: in [a] yes, n[a] ga, M[a]skva, s[a]dy, z[a]bor; after the hard hissing zh and sh, in place of a and o, a weakened sound [a] is also pronounced: zh[a]ra, zh[a]ngler, sh[a]gi, sh[a]fer.

Note 1 . After hard hissing w, w and after c before soft consonants, a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally denoted [ee]: zh[ye]let, to coz[ye]leniyu, zh[ye]ket, in plural forms of the word horse: losh[ye]day, losh[ye]dyam, etc.. in forms indirect cases numerals in -twenty: twenty[y]ti, thirty[y]ti, etc.; in rare cases, the sound [ые] is pronounced in place а in the position before hard consonants: rzh[ye]noy. w[ye]smin.

Note 2 . Unstressed [o] is pronounced in conjunctions but and what, and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]á, b[o]mond. rococo. F[o]res.

Note 3 . Preservation of o in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation is M[o]skva, p[o]kupka, p[o]edem, v[o]zit. the station is not up to standard;

b) after the hard hissing w, sh and c, in place of e, a reduced sound like [s] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally designated [ые]: zh[ye]na, sh[ye]ptat, ts[ye]luy;

c) after soft consonants in place of the letters i and e, as well as after soft hissing ch and shch in place of a, a weakened sound [i] with an overtone [e] is pronounced, conventionally designated [ie]: m[ie]snoy, R[ie ]zan, m[ie]sti, ch[ie]sy, sh[ie]dit, as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area[ie]dey, area[ie]dyam, etc.;

d) in place of i and e at the beginning of the word, the sound [i] is pronounced with the overtone [e], denoted [ie] in combination with the preceding [th]: [yie]zda, [yie]antar, [yie]ytso.

Note.Preservation of [a] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation of [v’a]zat, bina, ch[a]sý, [ya]ytsó, [ya]vitsya does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables :

a) at the absolute beginning of a word, in place of the letters a and o, a weakened sound [a] is always pronounced: [a] watermelon: [a] knó, [a] car, [a] deflection;

b) after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed syllable, in place of a and o a reduced sound is pronounced, average in sound between [a] and [ы], short in duration, conventionally designated [ъ]: g[ъ] lova, k[b]randash, apple[b]k[b];

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed syllable, in place of a/ya and e, a reduced one is pronounced, average in sound between [i] and [e], short in duration, designated conventionally [b]: [p' b]tachok, [l'j]sorub, you[n'j]su, h[b]lovek.

3. The vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition ending in hard consonants is pronounced as [s]: from the institute - i[zy]institute, with Igor - [sy]gor; maintaining [and] in this position and softening the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Stressed vowel sounds in place of e and e. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of the letters e and e in printed text, because to designate them only the letter e is used (except for educational literature for junior schoolchildren and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and causes frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two sets of words:

a) with the letter e, in the place of which it sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, existence, ice, firebrand, grenadier, stout, life, foreign, procession (but godfather), fishing line, non-existence, perplexed, unappreciated, guardianship, sedentary (settled life), successor, legal successor, surveillance, modern, yoke, barley, etc.;

b) with the letter е, in its place it sounds [o]: hopeless, veder, engraver, bile (permissible bile), bilious (permissible bile), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (but priest), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in , translated, brought, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, obscene, scrupulous, belt, smart, tesha, fur (coarse-haired), lye, etc.

In some pairs of words different meaning is accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel [o] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (with blood), catechumen (shouting like a catechumen) - catechumen (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

Pronunciation of some consonants

1. The consonant [g] in literary pronunciation is explosive, instant sounding, and when deafened, is pronounced as [k]: sne[k], bere[k]. Pronouncing the “Ukrainian” g in its place, conventionally designated [h], does not correspond to the norm: [h]ulyát, sapo[h]í. The exception is the word God, at the end of which there is an [x].

2. Instead of h in the words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag-picker, in female patronymics ending in -ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna, etc.), as well as in the words that so that nothing is pronounced [sh].

3. In the words, a man, a defector in place of the combination of zhch, in the form comparative degree adverbs tougher, harsher (and harsher) in place of stch, as well as in place of combinations сч and сч pronounced [ш]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic counting, counter, self-financing, count etc.

4. When several consonants accumulate in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination stn is not pronounced [t]: uchá[s'n']ik, vé[s']nik, ché[sn]y, mé[sn]y, known[sn]y, nena[sn]y , ardent;

b) in the combination zdn is not pronounced [d]: pó[zn]o, pŕ[zn]ik, naé[zn]ik, but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave faint sound[d];

c) in the combination stl, [t] is not pronounced: happy[s’l’]ivy, envious[s’l’]ivy, conscientious[s’l’]ivy; in the words bony and postlat [t] is preserved;

d) in combination stl, [t] is not pronounced; in this case, a double consonant [ss] is formed: maximal [ss]ky, turic [ss]ky, rasic[ss]ky.

5. In some words, with the accumulation of consonant sounds stk, zdk, ntk, ndk, the loss of [t] is not allowed: daughter-in-law, trip, agenda, typist, bulky, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, tartan, but: scottla fabric [nc] A.

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens in front of soft s and s: pé[n’s’]iya, preté[n’z’]iya, recé[n’z’]iya, lycé[n’z’]iya;

b) in combinations tv, dv, t and d can be softened: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’];

c) in combinations of sound and sv, z and s can be softened: beast, ring [z’v’] and [zv’]; light, candle, witness, saint [s’v] and [sv’], as well as in the word snake [z’m’] and [zm’];

d) n before soft t i d softens: ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n' t']ichny, ko[n't']text, remo[n't']irovat, ba[n'd']it, I[n'd']iya, stip[n'd']iya, zo[n'd']irovat, i[n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by special rules pronunciation of sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with the particle -sya in the indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural, at the junction of the ending and the particle, [ts] is pronounced: meet, meet - meet [ts], mark, mark - mark [ts], mark - mark [tsk], say goodbye - goodbye [tsk].

In shape imperative mood in place of the combination - there are two sounds soft sound[t’s’y]: mark – mark [t’s’y], meet – wind [t’s’y].

2. In endings genitive case masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns -ogo/-ego in place g is pronounced [v]: big house (lake) – bolshʹ[v], blue flag (sea) – sine[v]. The same rule applies to the words today - se[in]day, total - ito[in]o.

Note . In surnames ending in -ago (Shembinago, Zhivago), the sound [g] is pronounced.

3. Graphic abbreviations found in the text, for example, initials with a surname, as well as abbreviations such as l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p/y ("mailbox"), t .d. (etc.), with (page), etc. in reading are “deciphered”, i.e. "deploy" into full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written language only for visual perception, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

Features of pronunciation of names and patronymics

Peculiarities of pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics
The combination of first name and patronymic is used in different situations both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, the composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in addressing the interlocutor, in introducing and naming third parties persons
In an environment of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, government or commercial employee, there is a need to address people by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is advisable to take into account in a given communication situation. So, when meeting a person, when introducing a person for the first time, a distinct, clear pronunciation that is close to the written form is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech, are acceptable.
1. Patronymics formed from male names starting with -i (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Evgeniy, Valery, Gennady) end in the combinations -evich, -evna with the separating element ь preceding them: Vasilievich, Vasilievna; Grigorievich, Grigorievna. When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasilievna, Anatolyevna, Grigorievna, etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted variants are allowed: Vasí[l'jьv']ich and Vasi[l'ich], Anató[l'jьv']ich and Anató[l'ich], Grigó[р'jьв']ich and Grigo[r'ich], etc.
2. Patronymics formed from male names ending in -ey to -ai (Aleksey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay) end in the combinations -eevich, -eevna, -aevich, -aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna. In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted variants: Alekseevich and Aleksé[i]ch, Alekséevna and Alek[s’evna; Sergeevich and Serge[i]ch, Sergeevna and Ser[g’e]vna; Korneevich and Korne[i]ch, Korneevna and Kor[n’e]vna; Nikolaevich and Nikola[i]ch, Nikolaevna and Nikola[in]a, etc.
3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination -ovich can be pronounced both in full and contracted form: Antonovich and Anton[y]ch, Aleksandrovich and Aleksandr[y]ch, Ivanovich and Ivan[y]ch, etc. d. In female patronymics ending in the unstressed combination -ovna, it is recommended full pronunciation: Alexandrovna, Borisovna, Kirillovna, Viktorovna, Olegovna, etc.
4. If the patronymic begins with and (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich), then when pronounced with a name ending in a hard consonant, and goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[y]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[y]saevich .
5. Usually, ov is not pronounced in female patronymics from names ending in n and m: Iva [n:]na, Anto [n:]a, Efi [mn]a, Maxi [mn]a.
6. The unstressed -ov is not pronounced in female patronymics from names ending in v: Vyachesla [vn]a, Stanisla [vn]a.

Pronunciation of borrowed words
Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: adagio, boa, beaumond, bonton, cocoa, radio, trio. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in the text are possible high style; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of the words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Foreign-language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation.
In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective, etc.
In borrowed words starting with the prefix de-, before the vowels des-, as well as in the first part difficult words, starting with neo-, with general trend To mitigate, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard dkn, for example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.

Firm pronunciation of consonants before e is recommended in foreign languages proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaurès, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de], Carter, Ionesco, Minnelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone, etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e, often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before the e strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ pe;ne], reputation [re;me], secreter [se;kre;te], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.

In relatively few words of foreign language origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e are observed, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne], pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; In the word session, the hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, “Decameron,” Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck, et al.

3. Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh’]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced.

Lecture material

subject Russian language

Topic “Orthoepic norm”

Soldatova E.N.

Lebedyan, 201_

Orthoepic norms - these are the rules for the sound design of words, parts of words, sentences, i.e. the rules for pronunciating sounds, placing stress, and using intonation.

Among the orthoepic norms the following stand out:

pronunciation standards(pronunciation standards) - rules for pronunciation of sounds(scam, and not scam, boo[te]rbrod, and not sandwich);

accent norms (accentological norms) - rules for placing stress(alphabet, and not alpha "vit, dosu"g, A not up to "sug);

norms for using intonation(intonation norms) - rules of intonation, speech.

Studies orthoepic norms of oral speechorthoepy(Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech), the subject of study of which is the patterns of literary pronunciation. A branch of linguistics called phonetics is closely related to orthoepy.Phonetics(Greek phonetike from phone - sound) studies the sound means of language.

Maintaining uniformity in the pronunciation of sounds and stress placement is important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. The standard pronunciation of words is recorded in spelling dictionaries.

Standard pronunciation of words, standard stress and intonation of speech are regulated certain rules, which must be adhered to in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language.

Pronunciation standards vowel sounds

The basic law of orthoepy in the field of pronunciation of vowel sounds of the Russian language islaw of reduction (weakened articulation) of all unstressed vowels.

In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced in full accordance with the phonetic norm. All unstressed vowels are pronounced with weakened articulation, less clearly and for a long time, and sometimes they are even replaced by other vowels, also reduced. Thus, the vowels A and O at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]:ravine- [a] enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - Mol[a]ko.

In the remaining unstressed syllables (i.e., in all unstressed syllables except the first pre-stressed one), in place of the letters O and A after hard consonants, a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which in different positions varies from a pronunciation close to [s], to a pronunciation close to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is designated as [ъ]. For example: head - g[a]lova, watchman - store [b]zh.

Akanye (i.e., non-distinction in unstressed syllables of sounds conveyed by the letters O and A) is bright distinctive feature Russian literary pronunciation. Pronunciation different from the literary one is found in territorial dialects (dialects). Thus, in Northern Russian dialects it is possible to use the sound [o] in unstressed syllables (in this case, the pronunciation coincides with the spelling of the letter O). This pronunciation is called okanye.

Difficult cases vowel pronunciation sounds

Pronunciation [o] without qualitative reduction

In the modern Russian literary language, cases are possible when, in place of the unstressed vowel O, it is pronounced not [a], but [o]. This applies to the pronunciation of some foreign words.

Borrowed words, as a rule, obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. One of these features is the preservation of the sound [o] in unstressed syllables in pronunciation.

In the pre-shock position the sound[O] is preserved, for example, in words such asf[o]ye, p[o]et, [o]asis, d[o]e, and in foreign proper names:F[o]ber, Sh[o]pen. The same pronunciation [o] can also be observed in stressed syllables:kaka[O], radi[o], three[o]. However, most of the borrowed vocabulary, which is words firmly adopted by the Russian literary language, is subject to general pronunciation rules[O] and [a] in unstressed syllables:r[a]man(novel), b[a]cal(glass), suit(costume), r[a]yal(piano), office(cabinet), [a]rator(speaker), etc.

Pronunciation of sounds in place of the letters E and Z in pre-stressed syllables

The letters E and I in a pre-stressed syllable indicate a sound intermediate between[e] and [and] . Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - p[ And uh ]okay, feather - p[ And uh ]ro.

Choosing a stressed vowel in place of the letters E and E after soft consonants

The pronunciation of the vowel sounds [e] and [o], indicated by the letters E and E after soft consonants, sometimes causes difficulty, since usually in print and in writing the letter E is depicted without dots. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel after soft consonants in place of the letters E and E has to be memorized. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:

E["e] Yo["o]

SCAM maneuvers

being newborn

guardianship sharp

sedentary solvent

Pronunciation of consonants sounds

Basic laws of consonant pronunciation

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word (for example:bread - bread[n], garden- sa[t], dividend - dividend[t]). This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants or voiceless and voiced, the first of them is likened to the second, i.e. Either the first sound is deafened (for example:cork - pro[p]ka, leg - but[sh]ka), or its voicing (for example:change - [h]dacha, ruin - [z] destroy). Before the consonants [l], [m], [n], [p] and [v], there is no assimilation. Words are pronounced as they are written:new[tl] O, [sw] dig.

Pronunciation of the sound in place of the letter G

In place of the letter G, different sounds can be pronounced: [k], [g], [y], [x] or [v]. The choice of sound depends on its position in the word and the influence of neighboring sounds.

[To] pronounced at the end of a word, for example:lay down - le[k], threshold - poro[k], meadow - onion]

[G] A voiced plosive consonant is pronounced in front of vowels and voiced consonants, for example:But[G] A , for[G] cash,[G] valt

[X] pronounced in combinations of GC and GC, for example:soft - me[hk] O , easier - le[hh] e, and in the word God - Bo[X]

Letter G

[γ] The fricative back-lingual consonant is part of dialect speech and is characteristic of southern Russian dialects. In a literary language, it is permissible in a few words of Old Slavonic origin:God- bo[γ]a, God - [γ] God bless - bla[γ]o - and derivatives from them

[V] pronounced in endings-wow, -him(For example: red - red[in, first - first[in]oh, he has - have not[V] O), and also in the word Today - se[V] alone.

Pronunciation of combinations CHN and CHT

There are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words with the combination of CNs.

CHN is pronounced [chn] in most words of the Russian language. This especially applies to words of book origin.(greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past(camouflage, landing).

CHN is pronounced [shn] in the following words:of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling, laundry, mustard plaster and some others, as well as in female patronymics-ichna (Lukinichna, Fominichna).

Some words with the combination CN in the modern Russian literary language have pronunciation options:bakery And bul[sh]aya(obsolete), kopeck And kopeck(obsolete).

The combination CHT in modern Russian is pronounced as [sht] in the wordWhat and its derivatives(nothing, something, to, anything and similar), except for the wordsomething [Thu]. In all other cases, the spelling CHT is always pronounced as [cht]:dream, mail, insignificant.

Pronunciation of foreign words with the letter E after a consonant

In most borrowed words, in accordance with the rules of pronunciation, the consonants before E are softened:ka[T"] no , pa[T"] ephon,[With"] eria,[p"] ektor.

Always before E the back lingual consonants G, K,X: pa[To"] no,[G"] Duke, s[X"] ema. The sound [l] is also usually pronounced softly in this position:[l"] eat, mo[l"] ekula, ba[l"] no etc.

However, in a number of words of foreign origin, the firmness of the consonants before E is preserved: o[t]el,co[d] ex, biz[n] eu,[T] eats, boo[T] erbrod, svi[T] er etc.

In some words of foreign origin, the consonant before the letter E can be pronounced in two ways. Thus, a variant pronunciation should be considered the pronunciation of soft and hard consonants in wordscongress - Kong[r] ess And Kong[p"] ess, consensus - con[With] ensus And con[With"] ensus. There are also two pronunciation options for wordsgangster, depression, management, manager, pace, dean, dean's office, pool, crater, terror, terrorist. In many similar cases solid pronunciation becomes obsolete and a soft pronunciation of the consonant is preferable: [t"]emp,[d"] ekan etc.

In some cases, a violation of spelling norms occurs as a result of the insertion of an extra vowel or consonant sound into a word.

You should pay attention to correct pronunciation and writing the following words:

Unprecedented n[b]yuan

The future one will slip

Derma[n]tin on [d]slap

Wild[o]image precedent[n]dent

Thirsty extreme

Compromise legal[t]consultation

Competitive[n]capable in[e]rebrenik

establish[n]establishment

Remember standard pronunciation of these words.

Consonant Consonant

pronounced softly: pronounced firmly

academy [de] antithesis [te]

devaluation [de] genesis [ne]

decade [de] dispensary [se]

demon [de] interview [te]

cream [re] cottage [te]

coffee [fe] lottery [te]

museum [ze] mayonnaise [ne]

Odessa [de] hotel [te]

patent [te] pathetic [te]

pioneer [not] service [se]

press [re] thesis [te]

press conference [re] timbre [te]

press secretary [re] trend [te, de]

session [se] dash [re]

topic [te] phonetics [ne]

tenor [te] highway [se]

term [te] eczema [ze]

overcoat [not] external [te]

jurisprudence [de] esthete [te]

Please pay attention to the hardness or softness of the consonant before the vowel indicated by the letter E.

[de]

adequate

[te]

antithesis

[de], [te]

detective

[pe]

chapel

[le]

collegium

[re]

cream

[te]

criterion

[te]

computer

[those]

patent

[Not]

overcoat

Stress norms

Among the spelling norms special place occupy norms related to correct positioning in words stress.

Accent - this is the selection of one of the syllables in a word by strengthening the voice. Assimilation correct accent is associated with a number of difficulties explained by its peculiarities in the Russian language.

The first feature of Russian stress is that the stress in Russian words is not attached to a specific syllable in the word (as, for example, in other languages: in French it falls on the last syllable of the word, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech and Hungarian - on the first). This stress is calledfree, it can be on any syllable of the word: the first(will, city, sharp), second (freedom, nature, write, beautiful), third (young, milk, watchmaker) etc.

The second feature of the Russian accent is itsmobility, the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example, verbunderstand in the indefinite form the stress is on the second syllable, in the past tense in the masculine gender it moves to the first syllable -Understood, and in the feminine gender - to the last -Understood". There are many such words with shifting stress in the Russian language. Typically, stress transfer is associated with the use of a certain grammatical form.

Something to remember words with fixed stress:

hospital - they were hospitalized; soil - soils; quart"l - quart"ly; matchmaker - matchmaker.

The third feature of the Russian accent is itsvariability over time. In the works of Krylov, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov you will find many words with a completely different emphasis than now. Compare:

The bright light of the day went out;

The evening fog fell on the blue sea (A. Pushkin).

We old people don't dance anymore,

Music's thunder doesn't call us (A. Pushkin).

Words ghost, symbol, autograph, bus, agent, agony, epigraph, plowing, disarm, shop, case and many others inXIXcentury had a different emphasis.

The process of changing stress continues in our time. As a result of this process, some words have two stress options. Word variants that differ in stress placement can be equal or unequal.

Equal options equally correct and normative:loop - loop", ba" rust - barge, tvo "horn - cottage cheese "g, te" butterflies - meatballs. There are few such equal options in modern Russian.

Unequal options There are two types. In the first case, one option is recognized as the main, preferable one, and the second is assessed as additional, less desirable, but still within the bounds of the literary language. Such valid options are used in colloquial speech or are out of date. For example:kulina "riya"- additional cookery"I(colloquial), give "l- additional o"tdal(colloquial); Ukrainian- additional Ukrainian(obsolete), industry- additional industry(obsolete), gathered- additional got ready"(obsolete).

It should be borne in mind that words with colloquial stress are not allowed in official speech and formal communication situations. Compare, for example, optionsagreements, agreements (lit., used in various communication situations) andbefore "agreement, agreement" (colloquial, unacceptable in official speech).

The second type of unequal options concerns cases when one option is literary, standardized, and the second is outside the literary norm. Non-literary (irregular) accents are colloquial and slang variants. For example:document - document(simple) quarter - quarter(simple) begin - begin(simple).

The category of non-literary includes variants in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in some narrow professional environment. In any other situation, such options are perceived as a mistake. For example:spark - spark"(from engineers) epilepsy - epilepsy(at doctors) compass - compass(for sailors) chassis" - chassis(for pilots).

Stress in the Russian language in some cases has a semantic-distinguishing function. Wed:armor - securing someone. for someone, as well as a document for such assignment (reservation for a train ticket);armor" - durable protective shell (tank armor) orlock - palace and fortress of the feudal lord (medieval castle);lock - a device for locking something. key (door lock). Wed. Also:language - relating to language as a means human communication and to human speech activity;linguistic - relating to a physical organ of a person or animal or to a specific food.