Dialect options. Types of dialectisms

Dialectisms are words used only by residents of a particular area. Nowadays dialect words are rare even in speech rural residents. The most commonly used dialect words in our time are included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language. A mark is given next to the word region(regional).

There are special dialect dictionaries. In V. I. Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” there are many dialect words collected by him in different ends our homeland.

Dialect words are sometimes used in literary works to convey the peculiarities of speech of the inhabitants of a certain area. The given dictionary contains many examples of dilatory words that children can write down for a Russian language lesson in the 6th grade.

Dictionary of dialect and outdated words and revolutions for 6th grade schoolchildren.

Altyn is a three-kopeck coin.
Andel is an angel.
Archandel - archangel.
Arshin is a measure of length equal to 0.71 meters.
Badag – batog, stick, staff, whip.

Bazheny – beloved, from the word “bazhat” – to love, to desire.
The story is a lullaby song, a refrain when putting a child to sleep; from the verb baykat - to lull, rock, lull.
Balamolok - talker; from balamolit - to chat.
Balki are sheep.
Barenki are sheep.
Basalai is a dandy, a dandy, a rake, a braggart.
Basque - beautiful, handsome, elegant.
Bayat - talk, tell.
Bozhatka - godmother, named mother.
Birch, non-resected, birch bark - made from birch bark.
Painful - painful.
Brazumentochka, prozumentochka, prozument - from the word braid - braid, ribbon, usually embroidered with gold or silver, galloon.
Brany - woven with patterns.
It will be, it will be - full, enough, enough.
Buka is a fantastic creature that is used to scare children.

Vadit, to take care of - to educate, to feed.
Vasilyev's evening - New Year's Eve, December 31st according to Art. Art.
Vasiliev's Day is a Christian holiday in honor of Basil of Caesarea, coinciding with the New Year (January 1, Art.).
In a row - a second time, another time, a second time.
Vereyki, verey - one of the pillars on which the gates are hung.
Lent- seven weeks of fasting before Easter.
Vsemirenochok, Vsemirshonok - a child born out of wedlock.
Vyaziga is a picky or quarrelsome person; dorsal string (chord) of red fish, used as food.

Gaitan - a cord on which a pectoral cross is worn; generally a lace, braid.
To hit - here: to serve a ball or a ball in a game.
Govena - to fast: fast, eat nothing, prepare for church confession.
Gogol is a bird from the breed of diving ducks.
To live for a year - to live, stay, stay somewhere for a whole year.
Golik is a broom without leaves.
Golitsy - a leather glove without lining.
A penny is a coin worth half a penny.
Gulyushki are pigeons.
Threshing floor - a place for storing bread in sheaves and threshing, covered floor.
Granatur, set – thick silk fabric.
Hryvnia is a silver ingot that served as a monetary and weight unit in Ancient Rus'.
Gunya - shabby, torn clothes.

Dolon - palm.
Doselny – past.
Woody - small.
To stretch, to stretch - to grow, thicken, become healthier, become stronger.

Yegariy, Yegoryev Day is a holiday in honor of the Christian saint George the Victorious. People celebrated two Egoriyas: autumn (November 26) and spring (April 23, O.S.).
Hedgehog is food.
Elen is a deer.
Elha, slokha - alder.

Belly – livestock, wealth, life.
Harvest - harvest time, time to harvest grain from the field; a field from which grain has been harvested.

Fun - beloved, dear.
Zavichat (bequeath, covenant) - command, strictly punish or command.
Zagovene is the last day before fasting when you can eat fast food.
Zaroda, zarod - a stack, a stack of hay, straw, sheaves, elongated.
Zaugolnichek is a nickname for an illegitimate child.
Matins is an early morning church service.
Winter Christmastide - the time from Christmas to Epiphany: from December 29 to January 6 according to Art. Art.
Zipun is a peasant working caftan. Zybka - cradle, cradle.

And mother - to catch.
If only - if.
Kamka is a silk patterned fabric.
Loaf is a large round loaf of bread.
Cast - to dirty, dirty, harm.
Wire rods - felt boots.
Kaftan is an ancient men's outerwear.
Chinese is a type of cotton fabric.
Koval is a blacksmith.
Peel, peel - skin.
Kolyada is a mythological creature.
Kokoshnik is the headdress of Russian women.
Kolobok, kolobok - a product made from round dough, spherical.
Box - a chest woven from bast or curved from shingles; sleigh covered with bast.
Braid, braid - here: the tail of a rooster.
Rump is the hard bark of plants suitable for yarn (hemp flax).
Kostroma, Kostromushka is a mythological creature depicted by a girl or a stuffed animal.
Cats are women's shoes, a type of ankle boots, boots, shoes with high fronts.
Kochedyk is an awl, a tool for making bast shoes.
Kochet is a rooster.
Kroma - a loaf of bread, a crust; beggar's bag.
Kuzhel, kuzhen - tow, a bunch of flax prepared for yarn.
Kuzhnya - basket, wickerwork, box.
Kulazhka, kulaga – a delicious dish: steamed malted dough.
Kumach is scarlet-colored cotton fabric.
Kunya (fur coat) - made from marten fur.
Show off - mock, mock.
Kut is a corner of a peasant hut.
Kutia is a cult food served at funerals and on Christmas Eve (porridge made from barley, wheat, rice with raisins or other sweets).

Gusset, gusset - quadrangular multi-colored inserts in the sleeves of women's shirts.
Lying under images (icons) - dead people were placed under icons.
Bowl - wooden utensils for household needs.
Lubya, bast, bast - the subbark layer of linden and some other trees, from which baskets are made and bast shoes are woven.
Onion - arc, bow.
Bast – fibrous inner part linden bark and some other deciduous trees.
Lying - avoiding work, running away from work.
Lyadina, lyada - wasteland, abandoned and overgrown land.

Malek - from small: little guy, child,
Maslenitsa is a holiday of farewell to winter among the ancient Slavs, dedicated to Christian Church for the week before Lent; During Maslenitsa, they baked pancakes, ate plenty of cheese and butter, and organized various entertainments.
Mizgyro is a spider.
Myschatoye (tree) – possibly distorted: mast (tree).

Nadolba - a pillar, a curbstone by the road.
Nadolon, nadolonka - a piece of fabric or leather sewn onto a mitten from the palm side.
A daughter-in-law is a married woman in relation to her husband's relatives.
Stayed overnight - last night.
Needed, needed - poor, beggarly, wretched, meager.

Mass is a church service for Christians.
Drop - drop, lose.
A barn is a building in which sheaves were dried.
Ovsen (Avsen, batssen, tausen, usen, the personification of the New Year.
Clothes - the remains of hay from a stack or the bottom layer of hay, straw in luggage
Winter winter is a field sown with winter crops.
Ozorbdy - a seed, a stack. To die is to die.
Opara is a leaven for bread dough.
Oprbska - from overgrown; empty - here: free.
Yelling means plowing the ground.
Ochep (Otsep) - a flexible pole on which a cradle was suspended.

To dirty - to harm, to pollute.
Dad, folder - bread ( children's language).
Brocade – gold or silver fabric; silk fabric woven with gold and silver.
Parchyovnik - ancient clothing made of brocade.
Easter is a Christian spring holiday in honor of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Plow (floor, hut) - sweep, sweep.
Pedaling - fidgeting with your fingers, moving your hands in vain.
Perezh, perezhe - before, in advance, earlier, first
Perelozhek, fallow land - a field that has not been plowed for several years.
A pestle is a pusher for grinding something in a mortar.
Pester is a basket woven or sewn from birch bark or bast.
Petun is a rooster.
Povet - a flooring over a barnyard where hay was stored, a roof over a barnyard.
Povoinik is the headdress of a married woman.
Drive - whip.
Pogost - cemetery, burial ground.
Podgrebica is a building above the cellar.
Pozhnya is a meadow during haymaking.
Polptsa - a shelf for storing food and dishes.
Polushka is an old quarter-kopeck coin.
To commemorate - to participate in the rite of remembrance of the deceased.
A funeral is a ritual meal in memory of the deceased.
More honest - more honest: friendly, courteous.
Pryadushka - weddings, get-togethers, parties; good spinner.
Helper - helper.
Delivery - each individual dish at the table, meal, break.
Pochepochka is a chain.
Honor - respect.
Ice hole - ice hole.
Pulanok – according to the performer’s explanation – is a sparrow.
The bullet is snot.

To wake up - to have fun, to disperse, to take a walk.
Undressed, undressed - a clergyman, deprived of rank or title.
Ripachok ribachok - from rpbusha: rags, rags, torn clothes, cast-offs.
Christmas is a Christian holiday (December 25, Old Art.) dedicated to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Horn - a dressed cow horn with a dried teat from a cow's udder attached - for feeding a baby.

Sazhen is an old Russian unit of length equal to 2.13 m.
To go crazy - to be cowardly, to go backwards, to lie.
Semik is a national holiday celebrated on Thursday of the seventh week after Easter.
Sennaya girls are courtyard serf girls, maids.
Sibirka - a short caftan at the waist with a stand-up collar.
Skolotochek, skolotok - a child born out of wedlock.
Malt is a grain of bread sprouted in a warm place, dried and coarsely ground; used for making beer, mash, kvass.
Solop, salop - women's outer clothing, a type of cloak.
Magpies - a holiday in honor of the forty martyrs, March 9 according to Art. Art.
Christmas Eve - eve church holidays Christmas and baptism.
Candlemas is a Christian holiday in honor of Christ (February 2, O.S.).
Stretu - towards.
The wall is a shadow.
A pod is a pod.
Sugreva - dear, sweet, warm-hearted.
Susek - a chest for grain in a barn.
Wort is a sweet brew made from flour and malt.
To cheat, to cheat - to deceive, to deceive, from a cheat: a deceiver, a swindler.
Full - water sweetened with honey, honey decoction.

Tiun – clerk, manager, judge.
Oatmeal – crushed oatmeal; oatmeal food.
Tonya is a seine, a fishing net.
Sharpened - peasant canvas, whole tube, in a piece.
Trawls are trawls, bag-shaped nets for catching fish.
Reeds are marsh thickets or marsh plants.
Tuesok, tues - a type of bucket with a lid made of birch bark.
Tukachok, tukachok - a beaten, threshed sheaf.
Tickmanka - a poke in the head with your knuckles.
Tur is a stove pillar in a hut, the base of which is painted.

Ustoek, Ustoi – cream on established milk.
A grip is a type of iron fork used to place pots in and out of the oven.
Flail - threshed, a tool for threshing sheaves.
Child - child, child.
Scabs - scabs, scabs, rashes.
Shendrovat - distorted: to generous - to go from house to house singing on New Year's Eve, receiving rewards from the owners for this.
Shtofnik - silk sundress.
Brother-in-law - brother wives.
Yalovitsa is a non-pregnant cow or heifer.
Yarka – young sheep

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A dialectical relationship also exists between working conditions in general and the outcome of work activity, its results, which is especially important for psychology. Working conditions as defined affect labor activity and its result; numerous results of labor become working conditions.  

The differences in dialectical relationships, from Baxter’s point of view, are determined by the context of socio-cultural attitudes, the relationship between the private and the public, the ideal and reality, values ​​and actions, the correspondence of the understanding of one’s self and the other to the meanings attributed by communicants to these parameters.  

Identity and difference are a dialectical relationship already in differential calculus, where dx is infinitesimal, but nevertheless effective and produces everything.  

Identity and difference are a dialectical relationship already in differential calculus, where Ax is infinitely small, but nevertheless effective and produces everything.  

Identity and difference are a dialectical relation already in differential calculus, where dx is infinitely small, but nevertheless effective and produces everything.  

Only with such a dialectical attitude towards this technique can it provide equally reliable results when studying heterogeneous oil objects and continue to improve as new structural information is accumulated, systematized and used to clarify the introduced assumptions.  

In addition, it should be taken into account that there is a dialectical relationship between actual and fixed individual conditions. Current individual conditions can turn into fixed prerequisites for achievements that influence the occurrence and nature of the impact of current individual conditions.  

Teaching and learning are didactic processes that are associated with activities, actions of the main characters learning process, teaching and learning, teachers and students. In other words, the concepts of teaching and learning characterize the main types of activities of persons directly involved in the learning process. To understand the dialectical relationship between both sides of the learning process, we must first define each of these sides more precisely.  

As you can see, redundancy (R) is the reciprocal of information and its value. But the relevance of the information - its novelty lies in close connection with redundancy. The value of a banal message is minimal, but its clarity is absolute. Thus, a dialectical relationship arises between two extremes: absolute banality and originality of the message.  

Labor methods become useful because the tasks that arise during the labor process are not unique and do not require a new method of solution every time. And in changing conditions, problems arise permanent ways actions that are very economical. Moreover, relatively constant components of the task can be ordered under changing conditions. It should also be taken into account that not every task is special and different from other tasks, and the method of work indicates that many tasks have more general requirements. Thus, labor methods provide a solution to a class of problems. It is precisely this dialectical relationship of stability and variability, as well as the relationship of the special and the general between requirements, that corresponds to the labor method.  

Glaser and Stroe in 1967 tried to put forward the so-called basic theory. Gouldner in 1970 called on sociologists to develop a reflexive sociology, emphasizing that it should be a moral sociology. Robert Friedrich, considering in 1972 the idea of ​​the need to take into account the dialectical relationship of object and subject in sociological observation, believed that dialectical sociology should become dominant in sociology in the near future.  

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The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It contains many original words known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology they are called limited in use and are classified into special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter can most often be heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in the living colloquial speech and usually reflect the realities existing there. Moreover, for the name of the same object, residents can equally use different options: “local”, commonly used.

Dialectal word - what is it?

“A fawn is grazing behind the house.” Not many people who hear this phrase will understand what it means. we're talking about. This is understandable. A foal is sometimes called a foal in a Russian village.

Dialectisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain area and are not included in any of the lexical groups literary language. Their distribution may be limited to a few settlements or an entire region.

Interest in the “local” word in Russia arose back in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dal, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have conducted great job in this direction. They looked at various variations and examples of the use of the word dialect. In literature, both domestic and foreign, this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (features of vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social status speakers of local dialects).

Groups of dialects in Russian

There are several varieties of dialects in Russia. The main principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation and therefore in the greatest possible way close to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including commonly used ones): house - hut (north) - hut (southern); talk - beat (northern) - gutar (south).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect, as a rule, has its own distinctive features. In addition, in science it is customary to distinguish several groups, which include dialect words with different methods of formation (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

1. Actually lexical. They either have no connection at all with words in the literary language (for example, squirrel in the Pskov region - veksha, basket in the Voronezh region - sapetka), or are formed from an existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe means to take a steam bath).
2. Lexico-word formation. They differ from commonly used words only in one affix: poor fellow - trouble on the Don, talkative - talkative in Ryazan, etc.
3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm lies in one phoneme (sound): andyuk instead of turkey, pahmurny - i.e. cloudy.
4. Osemantic. They are completely identical to commonly used words in sound, spelling and form, but differ in lexical meaning: begovoi in the Smolensk region - agile, noodles in Ryazan region- the name of chickenpox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many territories have their own peculiarities of life, customs, and relationships between people, which most often find expression in speech. Recreate full picture Life in such cases is possible precisely through dialect words. highlighting individual details in the general structure of everyday life:

• methods of laying sheaves of hay or straw ( common name- baburka) in the Pskov region: soyanka - small laying, odonok - large;
• the name of a foal in the Yaroslavl area: up to 1 year - sucker, from 1 to 2 years - strigun, from 2 to 3 years - duck.

Designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option is when dialects and their meaning always arouse interest among “outsiders”) help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north it is customary to build a house and all outbuildings under one roof. Hence a large number of “local” words denoting different parts of one building: bridge - canopy and porch, hut - living room, ceiling - attic, tower - living room in the attic, povet - hayloft, zhirka - a place in a barn for livestock.

In the Meshchersky region, the main economic sector is forestry. A large group of names is associated with it, which is formed by dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, needles - pine needle, cleared places in the forest - cutting, a person engaged in uprooting stumps - stump.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on a work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the images of the characters. Dialect words play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often, writers whose childhood spent in the village turn to dialect words. As a rule, the authors themselves provide footnotes containing the interpretation of words and where they are used.

The function of dialectisms in work of art may be different. But in any case, they give the text uniqueness and help realize the author’s idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet for whom the main means of recreating rural life are Ryazan dialect words. Examples of their use: “in an old-fashioned shabby shushun” - a type of women’s clothing, “there is kvass at the doorstep” - for dough.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating a landscape sketch: “I look ... at the padi” - gorges. Or from I. Turgenev: “the last... squares (large thickets of bushes) will disappear.”

The so-called “village” writers have one of the ways of creating literary image- the hero’s speech, which includes dialect words. Examples: “God (God) helped (helped) you” from V. Astafiev, “they (they) ... will spoil (destroy) the earth” - from V. Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory one they will be marked obl. - regional or dial. - dialectal. The largest special dictionary is the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that a word that was once used only by a certain group of people becomes common. This long process, especially in the case of “local” words, but it also occurs in our time.

Thus, few people would think that the fairly well-known word “rustle” is dialect in origin. This is indicated by I.S. Turgenev’s note in “Notes of a Hunter”: “the reeds rustled, as we say,” i.e. c The writer uses the word for the first time as onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - tyrant, which during the time of A. Ostrovsky was a dialect in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it found a second birth and today no one raises any questions.

These are not isolated examples. Previously, eagle owl, tues, and ukhvat resembled dialect words.

The fate of dialect words in our time

Due to the increase in recent years migration processes within the country, the dialects are now spoken mainly by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in individuals was strong. The more significant is the work of people who study dialect words, which today are becoming one of the ways to study ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and uniqueness. For modern generation is a living memory of the past.

Research work

Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

2. Main part:

2.1. Dialect concept

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms

3. Practical part:

3.1. Dialectisms in literary language (example of Russian fairy tales)

4. Conclusion
List of used literature
Application

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the dialectological sphere of language still arouses keen interest of linguists. Today, Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them the unique facts of the history of the language and the culture of the Russian people in general, the significance similar works it is difficult to overestimate, and over time it will only increase.

The object of the study was dialects of the Russian language.
Our object of study raises an important question about the research boundaries of our object of study.
As you know, the lexical composition is divided into 2 layers: the first layer is general linguistic, such lexemes are familiar and used by the entire group of Russian speakers; the second layer is of a lexical-corporate nature, in particular of a special scientific nature. This group of lexemes is familiar and used by a limited number of people. The peculiarity of dialects is that they relate to vocabulary limited use. The scope of our analysis included dialects collected by continuous sampling from Russian fairy tales.

Dialects have been studied many times in different languages. Scientific novelty The research is determined by the fact that for the first time dialects of the Russian language became the object of study in Russian fairy tales from the point of view of typification.
The purpose of our research is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of artistic narrative occurs, creating speech characteristic heroes. This study will be carried out using the example of Russian fairy tales.

Setting this goal led to the selection of the following tasks:

1. define the concept of dialect;
2. consider dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language;
3. identify types of dialects;
4. classify dialectisms;
5. analysis of dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

Our material has been analyzed based on following methods: descriptive method, historical method, component analysis method.

Dialects and their influence on literature.

The purpose of this study is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of an artistic narrative occurs and the speech characteristics of the characters are created. This study will be conducted using Russian fairy tales as an example.

Main part.

2.1. The concept of dialect.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), include significant amount original folk words known only in a certain area. Thus, in the south of Russia, a stag is called a grip, a clay pot is called a makhotka, a bench is called an uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in oral speech peasant population. In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature. The dialects imprinted the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source restoration of historical processes that once affected our language [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of its functioning, is divided into two large groups: commonly used and limited in scope. The first group includes words whose use is not limited either by the territory of distribution or by the type of activity of people; it forms the basis vocabulary Russian language. This includes the names of concepts and phenomena from different areas life of society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, which gives grounds to identify various thematic groups of words in the national vocabulary. Moreover, all of them are understandable and accessible to every native speaker and can be used in the most different conditions.
Vocabulary limited scope usage is widespread within a certain area or among people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Similar words are used primarily in unstandardized oral speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them [Rosenthal, 2002:14].

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms.

In linguistic literature there is a broad and narrow understanding of dialectism as the main component of dialectology.

1. The broad approach (presented in the linguistic encyclopedia) is characterized by an understanding of dialectisms as characteristic of territorial dialects linguistic features included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm [Yartseva, 1990: 2].
2. The narrow approach (reflected in the monograph by V.N Prokhorova) is that dialectisms are dialect words or stable word combinations used in the language of artistic, journalistic and other works [Prokhorova, 1957:7].

In linguistics, the question of dialectisms in the composition of the language of a work of art is one of the least studied. Separate works of such scientists as V. N. Prokhorov “Dialectisms in language” are dedicated to him fiction", E. F. Petrishcheva "Extraliterary vocabulary in modern artistic prose", P. Ya. Chernykh "On the issue of artistic reproduction techniques folk speech"and others. A number of works are devoted to the analysis of dialect vocabulary in specific works of Russian writers of the XIX– XX centuries: dialectisms in the works of I. S. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Belov, F. Abramov.

In works of fiction, the originality of dialects can be reflected to varying degrees. Depending on what specific traits are transmitted to dialect words they can be classified into four main groups:

1. Words that convey the features of the sound structure of a dialect - phonetic dialectisms.

2. Words that differ grammatical forms from words of the literary language - morphological dialectisms.

3. Features of the construction of sentences and phrases conveyed in the literary language of a work of art, characteristic of dialects - syntactic dialectisms.

4. Words from the vocabulary of the dialect used in the language of fiction are lexical dialectisms. Such dialectisms are heterogeneous in composition. Among the vocabulary contrasted vocabulary, the following stand out:

a) semantic dialectisms - with the same sound design, such words have the opposite in the dialect literary significance(homonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

b) lexical dialectisms with full honors in terms of content from literary word(synonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

c) lexical dialectisms with partial differences in morphemic composition words (lexical-word-formative dialectisms), in its phonemic and accentological consolidation (phonemic and accentological dialectisms).

5. Dictionary non-opposed vocabulary includes dialect words that are names local items and phenomena that do not have absolute synonyms in the literary language and require a detailed definition - the so-called ethnographisms.

The above classification of the use of dialectisms in the language of a work of art is conditional, since in some cases dialect words can combine the characteristics of two or more groups [Prokhorova, 1957: 6 - 8].

When dialectisms from oral speech come to the author’s disposal, he intersperses them into the language literary text, subordinates each dialect word to the general concept of the work, and this is done not directly, but through narration methods.
For the original population of villages, dialect (that is, local dialect) is, first of all, native language, which a person masters in early childhood and connected with it organically. Precisely because articulatory speech skills are formed naturally, they are very strong in everyone. It is possible to rebuild them, but not for everyone and not in everything.

With the help of dialectology data, it is possible to more clearly resolve the issue of the principles of selection of dialecticisms of the author, the manifestation of his artistic taste, awareness in the selection of material for creating images of folk - colloquial speech. Dialectological data helps answer the question of what vocabulary of the dialect the artist prefers to use.

Thus, the processes occurring in the sphere dialect language as part of the language of a work of art, have much in common with the processes characteristic of Russian colloquial speech, the oral variety of the literary language. In this regard, dialectisms represent a rich source for identifying processes and trends in the literary language.

We came to the conclusion that dialects differ from the national dialect national language various features- phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.

Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (to speak); in the northern ones - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). IN common language these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

Ethnographic dialectisms are words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, manarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants and fruits.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect. For example, the bridge is “the floor of a hut”, the lips are “mushrooms of all varieties (except white)”, shouting (to someone) is “calling”, oneself is “the owner, the husband”. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

Phonetic dialectisms- words that have received a special meaning in the dialect phonetic design. For example, tsai (tea), chap (chain); hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life).

Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect. For example, peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), zavsegda (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (bye) ), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs), etc.

Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (to go, to go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural(under the pillars); ending -e for personal pronouns in genitive case singular: from me, from you, etc. [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

Practical part.

3.1. Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

There is another unsolved phenomenon: this is the language of Russian fairy tales, which is called simple, colloquial.
In the language laboratory we will highlight the simplest: lexical categories. Let's name the individual functions of the Russian verb.

1.GET TO GET, gather in a crowd, flock, gang, crowd. Passing birds are flocking. || Novg. chickens Thumb. get to know, communicate, hang out, get in touch with someone; get acquainted, make friends.
(V. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary)

“The princess cried a lot, the prince persuaded her a lot, commanded her not to leave the high tower, not to go to conversation, not to bully other people, not to listen to bad speeches.” (“White Duck”)

2. SWIM OUT
3.ZAREZATI

Let's group dialects by type:

Ethnographic
1. BIRD, reed, cf. (tech. region). Weaving machine accessory, comb for nailing weft to fabric.

There was a lot of yarn; It’s time to start weaving, but they won’t find reeds that are suitable for Vasilisa’s yarn; no one undertakes to do something.
(“Vasilisa the Beautiful”)

Lexical
1. KISA, kitties, female. (colloquial fam.). An affectionate designation for a cat (from the call: kitty-kiss).
II. KISA, kitties, female. (pers.) (reg.). A purse or bag secured with a drawstring. “Taking out a flask of wine and a large pie with cabbage from the kitty, he sat down.” Zagoskin. (In Ushakov's dictionary)
2. FLY, flies, women's.
1. A short piece of fabric (eg linen), towel, scarf (region).
2. A stitched or inserted strip of fabric from the motni (step) to the top in the front of the pants, trousers (port.). (In Ushakov's dictionary).

Sagittarius visited the king, received a whole bunch of gold from the treasury and comes to say goodbye to his wife. She hands him a fly and a ball (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

3. DAMAGE, damage, plural. no, female
1. Action and condition according to Ch. spoil and deteriorate. Damage to instruments. Damage to vision. Damage to relationships. Damage to character.
2. In popular belief - a disease caused by witchcraft (reg.).
(Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

So the king went hunting. Meanwhile, a witch came and cast a spell on the queen: Alyonushka became sick, and so thin and pale. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

4. BOILING, boiling, boiling; boiling, boiling, boiling. 1. Boiling, heated to a boil (reg.). 2. Boiling, foaming. A seething stream. 3. transfer Intensely active, stormy. He discovered his ebullient character here. Full of activity. “In... ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary)

Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore. The fires are burning flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the knives are sharpening damask knives, they want to stab me to death! (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

5. POMELO, a, plural. (region). pomelya, ev, cf.
A stick wrapped at the end with a rag for sweeping, sweeping; broom. Kitchen p. Drive him with a broom. (Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov).

Soon a terrible noise was heard in the forest: trees were cracking, dry leaves were crunching; Baba Yaga left the forest - she rides in a mortar, urges with a pestle, and covers her trail with a broom (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

6. UPPERSONA, upper rooms, women. 1. Room, original. room on the top floor (outdated). 2. Clean half of the peasant hut (region). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary).

You should follow the fire! - the girls shouted. - Go to Baba Yaga! And they pushed Vasilisa out of the upper room (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

7. Dashing, dashing, plural. no, cf. (regional, folk-poet.). Evil. “You can’t escape from the shame.” (last).
To remember someone dashingly (colloquial) - to remember someone badly.
II. LIKHO, adv. to dashing. (Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).

8. CLOSER, bins, plural. bin, husband (region). A fenced-off area in barns for storing grain. “There’s not a grain in the bins.” A. Koltsov (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940).

Baba Yaga began to go to bed and said:
- When I leave tomorrow, look - clean the yard, sweep the hut, cook dinner, prepare the laundry, and go to the granary, take a quarter of the wheat and clear it of the chernushka (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

Phonetic
1. APPLE TREE (abbreviation: Y.) - apple trees, w. (region). Same as apple tree. The apple tree brings apples; Hazel is nuts, but the best fruits come from good upbringing. K. Prutkov (Explanatory Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).
There are apple trees.
- Apple tree, mother apple tree. Hide me! (“Geese-swans”).

Derivational
1. RAM
- Don’t drink, brother, otherwise you’ll become a little lamb (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. RINSE
- Tsar! Let me go to the sea, drink some water, rinse my intestines (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
3. NIECE
- There, niece, a birch tree will whip you in the eyes - you tie it with a ribbon (“Baba Yaga”).
4. FROM HERE
- Is there any way to get away from here? (“Baba Yaga”).

Morphological
1. SWIM OUT
Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. KILLED
The fires are flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the damask knives are sharpening, they want to stab me to death. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).
The gerund is often used as a predicate. This is a syntactic feature. Participles are formed using suffixes.
3. Happily Ever After The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).
4. DON'T STAY
She locked herself in her room and got to work; She sewed tirelessly, and soon a dozen shirts were ready (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
5. FLAX
Go buy me the best flax, at least I’ll spin (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
Adjectives often have contracted forms.
6. ABOUT CHEESE
The king of the sea galloped to the lake and immediately guessed who the duck and the drake were; hit the damp ground and turned into an eagle (“The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”).
7. AFTER
- Why didn’t you destroy the church and capture the priest? After all, it was them! - the sea king shouted and he himself galloped after Ivan Tsarevich and Vasilisa the Wise (“The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”).
8. ASSISTANCE - ASSISTANCE, blue, I mean; Sov., to whom what (simple and regional). Help, assist. P. mow. Help my grief (help in trouble). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary.
- Help, grandma! After all, the archer returned and brought a deer - golden antlers (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

This is truly a piece of jewelry, but almost unexplored by stylists and lexicologists. It remains to add that the language of fairy tales is an unplowed field where everyone who values ​​the richest Russian speech can find their own corner.

Conclusion

During the study, we came to the following conclusions:

1. in Russian fairy tales, dialectisms reflect the worldview of the people, their national and cultural specifics;
2. analysis of dialects of the Russian language can be focused on reconstructing the process of interaction between different ethnic cultures;
3. ethnographic analysis showed how the language in different forms its existence, at different stages of its history reflected and reflects the history of the people;
4. language at all its levels should be considered as an ethnocultural phenomenon.

1. Avanesov R.I. Dialectological dictionary of the Russian language.
2. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. - M., 1949.
3. Blinova O.I. The language of literary works as a source of dialect lexicography. – Tyumen, 1985.
4. Kasatkin L.L. Russian dialectology. – M.: Academy, 2005.
5. Kogotkova T.S. Letters about words. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
6. Nazarenko E. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology (names). – Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2003.
7. Prokhorova V.N. Dialectisms in the language of fiction. – Moscow, 1957.
8. Russian language. Textbook for pedagogical students institutions. In 2 hours Part 1. Introduction to the science of language.
9. Russian language. General information. Lexicology of the modern Russian literary language.
10. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Terekhova; Under
11. ed. L.Yu.Maksimova. – M.: Education, 1989.
12. Modern Russian language. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. – M.: 2002.
13. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova. - M.: State. Institute "Sov.encyclical."; OGIZ; State Publishing House of Foreign and National Slovakia, 1935-1940.
14. Wonderful miracle, wondrous wonder: fairy tales / Hood. S.R. Kovalev. – M.: Eskimo, 2011.
15. The language of works of art. Sat. articles. – Omsk, 1966.
16. Yartseva V.N. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

Sometimes, reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as misunderstanding individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that it’s all about special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?

The concept of “Dialectism”

Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the residents of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or hamlets. Interest in such words arose among linguists back in the 18th century. Shakhmatov, Dal, and Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be varied in appearance.

Highlight following types dialectisms:

• Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “myashki” instead of “bags” or “Khvyodor” instead of “Fedor”;
• Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “At my place”;
• Word-forming. The population changes suffixes or prefixes in words when speaking. For example, guska - goose, pokeda - bye;
• Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared based on natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - cheesecake with potatoes or “poneva” - skirt;
• Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybul. And needlewort in northern dialects is needles.

Also, dialects are usually divided into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately transmits all the flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, as they are close to the literary norms of the language.

Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's look at the word “House”. In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house differently. The canopy and porch are a bridge, the rest rooms are a hut, the attic is a ceiling, the hayloft is a story, and the zhirka is a room for pets.

Dialectisms exist at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but are not studied separately by scientists.

Examples of “local” words in literature

It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it could be heard dialectisms in artistic speech, but over time they become commonly used and are included in the Russian language dictionary. Example, verb “rustle”. It was originally used in the work of art “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev. It meant “onomatopoeia.” Another word is “tyrant”. This was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Previously, such nouns as tues, ukhvat and owl were dialectal. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.

Conveying the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialectisms. Examples of such words include the following:

• in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
• kvass in a container - in a wooden barrel;
• Dracheny - food made from eggs, milk and flour;
• popelitsa - ash;
• damper - the lid of a Russian stove.

A lot of “local” words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Every sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all used skillfully, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.

• become cold - freeze, cool down;
• pokul - bye, goodbye:
• to party - to rage, to rage.

Mikhail Sholokhov in “ Quiet Don” was able to convey all the beauty of Cossack speech through dialect.

• base - peasant yard;
• Gaydamak - robber;
• kryga - ice floe;
• plow - virgin soil;
• zaimishche - water meadow.

In the author’s speech of “The Quiet Don” there are whole phrases that show us the way of life of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that an object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, baited.

Also in “Quiet Don” there are many possessive pronouns, which are formed using the suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's wipe, Christon's back.

But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.

Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read the texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”. You can also find such words in a regular explanatory dictionary. Next to them there will be a mark obl., which means “regional”.

The role of dialects in modern language

The role of such words can hardly be overestimated. They are designed to fulfill important functions:

The dialect is currently mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary scholars and linguists should do a lot of work; they should look for speakers of dialects and enter the found dialectisms into a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the connection between generations.

The meaning of works with dialectal usages very great. After all, despite big difference with literary language, although they are slow, but they replenish vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.