Writing activity as mentioned in this interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways selecting text from total mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and the desire to read it in full are literary writing techniques. They have been used at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, stories and others works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write bright and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, to look at things from a perspective.

It doesn’t matter whether you are writing texts professionally, taking your first steps in writing, or creating good text It just appears on the list of your responsibilities from time to time; in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. The ability to use them is a very useful skill that can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be supplied a shining example for a more precise understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

• “To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks about himself” (Dale Carnegie)
• “Immortality costs us our lives” (Ramon de Campoamor)
• “Optimism is the religion of revolutions” (Jean Banville)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which true meaning is put in contrast real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

• A phrase said to a slacker: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today.”
• A phrase said about rainy weather: “The weather is whispering”
• A phrase said to a man in a business suit: “Hey, are you going for a run?”

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its peculiarity. Using an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

• Proud warrior, be steadfast
• Suit fantastic colors
• beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

Metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another based on their common feature, but used in figuratively.

• Nerves of steel
• The rain is drumming
• Eyes on my forehead

Comparison

Comparison is figurative expression, connecting with each other various items or phenomena by means of some common features.

• From bright light sun Evgeny went blind for a minute as if mole
• My friend's voice reminded creak rusty door loops
• The mare was frisky How flaming fire bonfire

Allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

• You are right great schemer(reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”)
• They made the same impression on these people as the Spaniards did on the Indians. South America(reference to historical fact conquest of South America by conquistadors)
• Our trip could be called “The incredible movements of Russians across Europe” (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov “ Incredible adventures Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

• Poor, poor little boy!
• Scary, how scared she was!
• Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don’t be timid!

Personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, through which the properties of animate ones are attributed to inanimate objects.

• Blizzard howls
• Finance sing romances
• Freezing painted windows with patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative connection between two or three objects.

• “The waves splash in the blue sea, the stars sparkle in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
• “What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary device in which, in the same context, different meanings of the same word (phrases, phrases) that are similar in sound are used.

• The parrot says to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you”
• It was raining and my father and I
• “Gold is valued by its weight, but by pranks - by the rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the creation of one new word by combining two others.

• Pizzaboy - pizza delivery man (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
• Pivoner – beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
• Batmobile – Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlines

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the author’s personal attitude, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

• We will change the world for the better
• Acceptable losses
• It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradation is a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them are strengthened or lowered semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

• “Higher, faster, stronger” (Yu. Caesar)
• Drop, drop, rain, downpour, it’s pouring like a bucket
• “He was worried, worried, going crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses rhetorical opposition between images, states, or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

• “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “He who was nobody will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetyev)
• “Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is stylistic figure, which is considered stylistic mistake- it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

• Living Dead
• Hot ice
• The beginning of the end

So, what do we see in the end? The number of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those we have listed, we can also name parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows anyone to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and development. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and not as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when using these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the manner of writing or speech outstanding personalities. There are examples huge amount: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and rhetoricians of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we have not mentioned.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?

Why are artistic techniques needed? First of all, in order for the work to correspond to a certain style, implying a certain imagery, expressiveness and beauty. In addition, a writer is a master of associations, an artist of words and a great contemplator. Artistic techniques in poetry and prose they make the text deeper. Consequently, both the prose writer and the poet are not satisfied with just the linguistic layer; they are not limited to using only the superficial, basic meaning of the word. In order to be able to penetrate into the depth of thought, into the essence of the image, it is necessary to use various artistic means.

In addition, the reader needs to be lured and attracted. For this purpose they are used various techniques, giving special interest story and some mystery that needs to be solved. Artistic media are also called tropes. These are not only integral elements of the overall picture of the world, but also the author’s assessment, the background and general tone of the work, as well as many other things that we sometimes don’t even think about when reading another creation.

The main artistic techniques are metaphor, epithet and comparison. Although the epithet is often considered as a type of metaphor, we will not go into the jungle of the science of “literary criticism” and will traditionally highlight it as a separate means.

Epithet

The epithet is the king of description. Not a single landscape, portrait, interior can do without it. Sometimes a single correctly chosen epithet is much more important than an entire paragraph created specifically for clarification. Most often, when talking about it, we mean participles or adjectives that endow this or that artistic image with additional properties and characteristics. An epithet should not be confused with a simple definition.

So, for example, to describe the eyes, the following words can be suggested: lively, brown, bottomless, large, painted, crafty. Let's try to divide these adjectives into two groups, namely: objective (natural) properties and subjective (additional) characteristics. We will see that words such as "big", "brown" and "painted" convey in their meaning only what anyone can see, since it lies on the surface. In order for us to imagine the appearance of this or that hero, similar definitions very important. However, it is the “bottomless”, “living”, “crafty” eyes that will best tell us about his inner essence and character. We begin to guess what is in front of us unusual person, prone to various inventions, having a living, moving soul. This is precisely the main property of epithets: to indicate those features that are hidden from us during the initial examination.

Metaphor

Let's move on to another equally important trope - metaphor. comparison expressed by a noun. The author’s task here is to compare phenomena and objects, but very carefully and tactfully, so that the reader cannot guess that we are imposing this object on him. This is exactly how, insinuatingly and naturally, you need to use any artistic techniques. “tears of dew”, “fire of dawn”, etc. Here dew is compared with tears, and dawn with fire.

Comparison

The last most important artistic device is comparison, given directly through the use of such conjunctions as “as if”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”. Examples include the following: eyes like life; dew like tears; tree, like an old man. However, it should be noted that the use of an epithet, metaphor or comparison should not only be used for the sake of a catchphrase. There should be no chaos in the text, it should gravitate towards grace and harmony, therefore, before using this or that trope, you need to clearly understand for what purpose it is used, what we want to say by it.

Other, more complex and less common artistic techniques are hyperbole (exaggeration), antithesis (contrast), and inversion ( reverse order words).

Antithesis

A trope such as antithesis has two varieties: it can be narrow (within one paragraph or sentence) and extensive (placed over several chapters or pages). This technique is often used in works of Russian classics when it is necessary to compare two heroes. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin in his story " Captain's daughter" compares Pugachev and Grinev, and a little later Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol will create portraits of the famous brothers, Andriy and Ostap, also based on antithesis. Artistic techniques in the novel "Oblomov" also include this trope.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a favorite device in such literary genres as epics, fairy tales and ballads. But it is found not only in them. For example, the hyperbole “he could eat a wild boar” can be used in any novel, short story, or other work of the realistic tradition.

Inversion

Let's continue to describe artistic techniques in the works. Inversion, as you might guess, serves to give the work additional emotionality. It can most often be observed in poetry, but this trope is often used in prose. You can say: “This girl was more beautiful than others.” Or you can shout out: “This girl was more beautiful than the others!” Immediately, enthusiasm, expression, and much more arise, which can be noticed when comparing the two statements.

Irony

The next trope, irony, in other words - hidden authorial ridicule, is also used quite often in fiction. Of course, a serious work should be serious, but the subtext hidden in irony sometimes not only demonstrates the wit of the writer, but also forces the reader to take a breath for a while and prepare for the next, more intense scene. In a humorous work, irony is indispensable. The great masters of this are Zoshchenko and Chekhov, who use this trope in their stories.

Sarcasm

Another technique is closely related to this - it is no longer just a good laugh, it reveals shortcomings and vices, sometimes exaggerates the colors, while irony usually creates a bright atmosphere. In order to have a more complete understanding of this trail, you can read several tales by Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Personification

The next technique is personification. It allows us to demonstrate the life of the world around us. Images appear such as grumbling winter, dancing snow, singing water. In other words, personification is a transference to inanimate objects animate properties. So, we all know that only humans and animals can yawn. But in the literature there are often such artistic images like a yawning sky or a yawning door. The first of them can help create a certain mood in the reader and prepare his perception. The second is to emphasize the sleepy atmosphere in this house, perhaps loneliness and boredom.

Oxymoron

Oxymoron is another interesting technique, which is a combination of incompatible things. This is both a righteous lie and an Orthodox devil. Such words, chosen completely unexpectedly, can be used by both science fiction writers and lovers of philosophical treatises. Sometimes just one oxymoron is enough to build an entire work that has dualism of existence, an insoluble conflict, and a subtle ironic subtext.

Other artistic techniques

It is interesting that the “and, and, and” used in the previous sentence is also one of the artistic means called polyunion. Why is it needed? First of all, to expand the narrative range and show, for example, that a person has beauty, intelligence, courage, and charm... And the hero can also fish, and swim, and write books, and build houses...

Most often, this trope is used in conjunction with another, called This is the case when it is difficult to imagine one without the other.

However, this is not all artistic techniques and means. Let's also note rhetorical questions. They don't require an answer, but still make readers think. Perhaps everyone knows the most famous of them: “Who is to blame?” and "What should I do?"

These are just basic artistic techniques. In addition to them, we can distinguish parcellation (division of a sentence), synecdoche (when singular used instead of the plural), anaphora (similar beginnings of sentences), epiphora (repetition of their endings), litotes (understatement) and hyperbole (on the contrary, exaggeration), periphrasis (when a certain word is replaced by its brief description. All these means can be used in both poetry and prose. Artistic techniques in a poem and, for example, a story are not fundamentally different.

Allegory

Allegory is the expression of abstract concepts through concrete artistic images.

Examples of allegory:

The stupid and stubborn are often called the Donkey, the coward - the Hare, the cunning - the Fox.

Alliteration (sound writing)

Alliteration (sound writing) is the repetition of identical or homogeneous consonants in a verse, giving it a special sound expressiveness (in versification). At the same time great value has a high frequency of these sounds in a relatively small speech area.

However, if entire words or word forms are repeated, as a rule, we are not talking about alliteration. Alliteration is characterized by irregular repetition of sounds, and this is precisely the main feature of this literary device.

Alliteration differs from rhyme primarily in that the repeating sounds are not concentrated at the beginning and end of the line, but are absolutely derivative, albeit with high frequency. The second difference is the fact that, as a rule, consonant sounds are alliterated. The main functions of the literary device of alliteration include onomatopoeia and the subordination of the semantics of words to associations that evoke sounds in humans.

Examples of alliteration:

"Where the grove neighs, guns neigh."

"About a hundred years
grow
we don't need old age.
Year after year
grow
our vigor.
Praise,
hammer and verse,
the land of youth."

(V.V. Mayakovsky)

Anaphora

Repeating words, phrases, or combinations of sounds at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.

For example :

« Not in vain the winds were blowing,

Not in vain there was a thunderstorm"

(S. Yesenin).

Black ogling the girl

Black maned horse!

(M. Lermontov)

Quite often anaphora, like literary device, forms a symbiosis with such a literary device as gradation, that is, an increase emotional nature words in the text.

For example :

“Cattle die, a friend dies, a man himself dies.”

Antithesis (opposition)

Antithesis (or opposition) is a comparison of words or phrases that are sharply different or opposite in meaning.

Antithesis allows you to make a particularly strong impression on the reader, to convey to him strong excitement author at expense quick change opposite in meaning concepts used in the text of the poem. Also, opposing emotions, feelings and experiences of the author or his hero can be used as an object of opposition.

Examples of antithesis:

I swear first on the day of creation, I swear by it last in the afternoon (M. Lermontov).

Who was nothing, he will become everyone.

Antonomasia

Antonomasia - means of expression, when used, the author uses a proper name instead of a common noun to figuratively reveal the character’s character.

Examples of antonomasia:

He is Othello (instead of "He is very jealous")

A stingy person is often called Plyushkin, an empty dreamer - Manilov, a man with excessive ambitions - Napoleon, etc.

Apostrophe, address

Assonance

Assonance is a special literary device that consists of repeating vowel sounds in a particular statement. This is the main difference between assonance and alliteration, where consonant sounds are repeated. There are two slightly different uses of assonance.

1) Assonance is used as an original tool that gives literary text, especially poetic, has a special flavor. For example :

Our ears are on top of our heads,
A little morning the guns lit up
And forests blue tops –
The French are right there.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

2) Assonance is widely used to create imprecise rhyme. For example, “hammer city”, “incomparable princess”.

One of the textbook examples of the use of both rhyme and assonance in one quatrain is an excerpt from poetic work V. Mayakovsky:

I won’t turn into Tolstoy, but into a fat man -
I eat, I write, I’m a fool from the heat.
Who hasn't philosophized over the sea?
Water.

Exclamation

The exclamation can appear anywhere poetic work, but, as a rule, authors use it, intonationally highlighting particularly emotional moments in the verse. At the same time, the author focuses the reader’s attention on the moment that particularly excited him, telling him his experiences and feelings.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, or significance of any object or phenomenon.

Example of a hyperbole:

Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon; baobabs to the skies (Mayakovsky).

Inversion

From lat. inversio - permutation.

Changing the traditional order of words in a sentence to give the phrase a more expressive tone, intonation highlighting of a word.

Inversion examples:

The lonely sail is white
In the blue sea fog... (M.Yu. Lermontov)

The traditional order requires a different construction: A lonely sail is white in the blue fog of the sea. But this will no longer be Lermontov or his great creation.

Another great Russian poet Pushkin considered inversion one of the main figures poetic speech, and often the poet used not only contact, but also distance inversion, when, when rearranging words, other words are wedged between them: “An old man obedient to Perun alone...”.

Inversion in poetic texts performs an accent or semantic function, a rhythm-forming function for building poetic text, as well as the function of creating a verbal-figurative picture. IN prose works inversion serves to arrange logical stresses, to express author's attitude to the characters and to convey their emotional state.

Irony

Irony is a powerful means of expression that has a hint of mockery, sometimes slight mockery. When using irony, the author uses words with opposite meanings so that the reader himself guesses about the true properties of the described object, object or action.

Pun

A play on words. witty expression, a joke based on the use of words that sound similar but have different meanings or different meanings one word.

Examples of puns in literature:

A year for three clicks for you on the forehead,
Give me some boiled food spelt.
(A.S. Pushkin)

And previously served me poem,
Broken string, poem.
(D.D.Minaev)

Spring will drive anyone crazy. Ice - and that got under way.
(E. Meek)

Litotes

The opposite of hyperbole, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of the size, strength, or significance of any object or phenomenon.

Example of litotes:

The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in big boots, a short sheepskin coat, and large mittens... and he himself from marigold! (Nekrasov)

Metaphor

Metaphor is the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense based on some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison. Metaphor is based on similarity or resemblance.

Transferring the properties of one object or phenomenon to another based on their similarity.

Examples of metaphors:

Sea problems.

Eyes are burning.

Boiling wish .

Noon was burning.

Metonymy

Examples of metonymy:

All flags will be visiting us.

(here flags replace countries).

I'm three plates ate.

(here the plate replaces the food).

Address, apostrophe

Oxymoron

A deliberate combination of contradictory concepts.

Look, she it's fun to be sad

Such elegantly naked

(A. Akhmatova)

Personification

Personification is transference human feelings, thoughts and speech on inanimate objects and phenomena, as well as animals.

These signs are selected according to the same principle as when using metaphor. Ultimately, the reader has a special perception of the described object, in which the inanimate object has the image of a certain living being or is endowed with qualities inherent in living beings.

Impersonation examples:

What, a dense forest,

Got thoughtful,
Sadness dark
Foggy?

(A.V. Koltsov)

Be careful of the wind
From the gate came out,

Knocked through the window,
Ran on the roof...

(M.V.Isakovsky)

Parcellation

Parcellation is a syntactic technique in which a sentence is intonationally divided into independent segments and highlighted in writing as independent sentences.

Parcelation example:

“He went too. To the store. Buy cigarettes” (Shukshin).

Periphrase

A paraphrase is an expression that descriptive form conveys the meaning of another expression or word.

Examples of paraphrase:

King of beasts(instead of lion)
Mother of Russian rivers(instead of Volga)

Pleonasm

Verbosity, the use of logically unnecessary words.

Examples of pleonasm in everyday life:

In May month(suffice it to say: in May).

Local aborigine (suffice it to say: aborigine).

White albino (suffice it to say: albino).

I was there personally(suffice it to say: I was there).

In the literature, pleonasm is often used as stylistic device, a means of expression.

For example:

Sadness and melancholy.

Sea-ocean.

Psychologism

An in-depth depiction of the hero’s mental and emotional experiences.

Refrain

A repeated verse or group of verses at the end of a song verse. When a refrain extends to an entire stanza, it is usually called a chorus.

Rhetorical question

A sentence in the form of a question to which no answer is expected.

Example:

Or is it new for us to argue with Europe?

Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?

(A.S. Pushkin)

Rhetorical appeal

An appeal addressed to an abstract concept, an inanimate object, an absent person. A way to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to express an attitude towards a particular person or object.

Example:

Rus! where are you going?

(N.V. Gogol)

Comparisons

Comparison is one of the expressive techniques, when used, certain properties that are most characteristic of an object or process are revealed through similar qualities of another object or process. In this case, such an analogy is drawn so that the object whose properties are used in comparison is better known than the object described by the author. Also, inanimate objects, as a rule, are compared with animate ones, and the abstract or spiritual with the material.

Comparison example:

then my life sang - howled -

Buzzed - like the autumn surf –

And she cried to herself.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

Symbol

Symbol- an object or word that conventionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon.

The symbol contains figurative meaning, and in this way it is close to metaphor. However, this closeness is relative. Symbol contains a certain secret, a hint that allows one to only guess what is meant, what the poet wanted to say. The interpretation of a symbol is possible not so much by reason as by intuition and feeling. The images created by symbolist writers have their own characteristics; they have a two-dimensional structure. In the foreground - a certain phenomenon and real details, in the second (hidden) plane - inner world lyrical hero, his visions, memories, pictures born of his imagination.

Examples of symbols:

dawn, morning - symbols of youth, the beginning of life;

night is a symbol of death, the end of life;

snow is a symbol of cold, cold feeling, alienation.

Synecdoche

Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with the name of a part of this object or phenomenon. In short, replacing the name of a whole with the name of a part of that whole.

Examples of synecdoche:

Native hearth (instead of “home”).

Floats sail (instead of “a sailboat is sailing”).

“...and it was heard until dawn,
how he rejoiced Frenchman..." (Lermontov)

(here “French” instead of “French soldiers”).

Tautology

Repetition in other words of what has already been said, which means it does not contain new information.

Examples:

Car tires are tires for a car.

We have united as one.

Trope

A trope is an expression or word used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Thanks to the use of tropes, the author gives the described object or process vivid characterization, which evokes certain associations in the reader and, as a result, a more acute emotional reaction.

Types of trails:

metaphor, allegory, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony.

Default

Silence is a stylistic device in which the expression of a thought remains unfinished, is limited to a hint, and the speech that has begun is interrupted in anticipation of the reader’s guess; the speaker seems to announce that he will not talk about things that do not require detailed or additional explanation. Often stylistic effect The default is that unexpectedly interrupted speech is complemented by an expressive gesture.

Default examples:

This fable could be explained more -

Yes, so as not to irritate the geese...

Gain (gradation)

Gradation (or gain) is a series homogeneous words or expressions (images, comparisons, metaphors, etc.) that consistently intensify, increase or, conversely, reduce the semantic or emotional significance of the conveyed feelings, the expressed thought or the described event.

Example of ascending gradation:

Not I'm sorry Not I'm calling Not I'm crying...

(S. Yesenin)

In sweetly misty care

Not an hour, not a day, not a year will leave.

(E. Baratynsky)

Example of descending gradation:

He promises him half the world, and France only for himself.

Euphemism

A neutral word or expression that is used in conversation to replace other expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate in a given case.

Examples:

I'm going to powder my nose (instead of going to the toilet).

He was asked to leave the restaurant (instead, He was kicked out).

Epithet

A figurative definition of an object, action, process, event. An epithet is a comparison. Grammatically, an epithet is most often an adjective. However, other parts of speech can also be used, for example, numerals, nouns or verbs.

Examples of epithets:

velvet leather, crystal ringing

Epiphora

Repeating the same word at the end of adjacent segments of speech. The opposite of anaphora, in which words are repeated at the beginning of a sentence, line, or paragraph.

Example:

“Scallops, all scallops: a cape from scallops, on the sleeves scallops, Epaulettes from scallops..." (N.V.Gogol).

Yaroslavl State University named after. P.G. Demidova

Faculty of History

Department of Regional Studies and Tourism

Test

On the Culture and Art of the Peoples of Russia

Completed by: 1st year student of the correspondence department,

Pavlenko N.A.

Checked by the teacher:

Lebedev A.V.

Yaroslavl, 2014

Part A.

1. In which city of Kievan Rus was not St. Sophia Cathedral built?

1) Novgorod

3) Kyiv

2. Which of the named architects built the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin?

1) Petrok Maly

2) Barma and Postnik

3) Aristotle Fiorovanti

4) Aleviz New

3. Which of the named persons was an outstanding icon painter of the 17th century?

1) Theophanes the Greek

2) Dionysius

3) Simon Ushakov

4) Simeon of Polotsk

4. Which of the named persons was an outstanding Russian portrait painter of the 18th century?

1) I. Kramskoy

2) A. Rublev

3) F. Rokotov

4) I. Repin

1) E. Falcone

2) F. Shubin

3) M. Kozlovsky

4) P. Klodt

6. Which of the named persons A.S. Did Pushkin call him “the last chronicler”?

1) N.M. Karamzin

2) G.R. Derzhavina

3) V.A. Zhukovsky

4) D.I. Fonvizina

7. Which of the named persons was the leader of the Itinerant artists?

1) I. Kramskoy

2) I. Repin

4) I. Shishkin

8. On the policy of the Soviet government in the field of culture in the 1930s. related:

1) encouragement of avant-garde movements in art

2) active development of cultural relations with Western countries

3) establishing ideological control over art and literature

4) mass closure of theaters and libraries

9. The reason for the appearance of the resolution “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” (1946)” was the publication:

1) his works abroad A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel

2) novel by V.D. Dudintsev “Not by bread alone”

3) abroad the novel by B.L. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago"

4) in the magazine “Murzilka” a story by M.M. Zoshchenko "The Adventures of a Monkey"

10. The story “The Thaw”, which gave its name to the period of N.S.’s reign. Khrushchev, belongs to the writer:

1) I.G. Ehrenburg

2) M.A. Sholokhov

3) A.I. Solzhenitsyn

4) M.M. Zoshchenko

Part B.

1. Which of the named cultural figures of the 18th century. were they writers?

A) V.K. Trediakovsky

B) F.G. Volkov

B) G.R. Derzhavin

D) D.I. Fonvizin

D) I.P. Argunov

E) Full name Shubin

Please indicate the correct answer:

2. Which of the cultural figures listed below belonged to the Itinerant artists?

A) I.N. Kramskoy

B) A.M. Opekushin

B) A.K. Savrasov

D) K.P. Bryullov

D) V.M. Vasnetsov

E) O.A. Kiprensky

Please indicate the correct answer:

1) AED; 2) BGE; 3) ABG; 4) WHERE.

3. Which of the following artists worked in late XIX– the beginning of the twentieth century?

A) I.E. Repin

B) K.P. Bryullov

B) A.A. Ivanov

D) M.A. Vrubel

D) K.S. Malevich

E) P.A. Fedotov

Please indicate the correct answer:

1) ABD; 2) AGD; 3) GD; 4) BDE.

4. Which of the following works of art and literature were created in the 1950s - 1970s?

A) ballet S.S. Prokofiev's "Romeo and Juliet"

B) novel by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"

B) film by A.A. Tarkovsky "Andrei Rublev"

D) sculpture by V.I. Mukhina "Worker and Collective Farm Woman"

D) waltz by A.P. Petrova for the film “Beware of the Car”

E) film by G.V. Alexandrov "Jolly guys"

Please indicate the correct answer:

1) ABE; 2) AGD; 3) BVD ; 4) VDE.

5. Establish a correspondence between architectural monuments and the cities in which they were created. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

CITY CULTURAL MONUMENTS

A) Vladimir 1) Ferapontov Monastery

B) Moscow 2) Dmitrievsky Cathedral

B) Novgorod 3) Tithe Church

D) Kyiv 4) Archangel Cathedral

5) monument to the “Millennium of Russia”

6. Establish a correspondence between the names of cultural figures and the works they created. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

A) K. Bryullov 1) “The Appearance of Christ to the People”

B) A. Ivanov 2) “Horsewoman”

B) P. Fedotov 3) “Fresh gentleman”

D) M. Glinka 4) “Life for the Tsar”

5) "Boris Godunov"

7. Establish a correspondence between the names of cultural figures and the works they created. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

CULTURAL FIGURES WORKS

A) A. Zakharov 1) Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

B) K. Rossi 2) general staff in St. Petersburg

C) B. Rastrelli 3) Admiralty building

D) O. Beauvais 4) Bolshoi Theater in Moscow

5) St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg

8. Establish a correspondence between the names of cultural figures and the works they created. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

CULTURAL FIGURES WORKS

A) O.A. Kiprensky 1) “The Last Day of Pompeii”

B) K. Ton 2) portrait of A.S. Pushkin

B) K. Mikeshin 3) Cathedral of Christ the Savior

D) K. Bryullov 4) monument “Millennium of Russia”

5) monument to Minin and Pozharsky on

Red Square in Moscow

9. Read an excerpt from the work of Russian art historian I.E. Grabar and write the name of the artist in question:

“The history of art knows artists whose names became legendary soon after their death. Among such legendary masters is he, the “Russian Raphael,” as our grandfathers called him, the “Russian Beato Angelico,” as it would be more correct to call him these days, if we resort to Italian comparisons: they are not only contemporaries, they were not only monks and for one the popular memory has retained the nickname “victorious”, and for the other “blessed”.

Such features as: an exceptional sense of rhythm, a sense of color harmony that no one else has so clearly expressed, a sense of color harmony, an extraordinary spirituality of the concept. One of these rare gifts would have been enough to distinguish the artist from his contemporaries and ensure his unfading fame; he mastered all three, and that is why the admiration for the “Trinity” of archaeologists and artists, realists and stylists, Russians and foreigners is so unanimous. Perfect and beautiful, this work answers all requests, satisfies all desires.”

Answer: Andrey Rublev

10. Read an excerpt from “Russian Gazette” of 1899 and write the name of the artist in question:

“This year the Peredvizhniki have their own title picture and their own leading artist. Historical painting – “Suvorov’s Crossing of the Alps in 1799.” The author is a first-class and very popular artist... On the canvas it is impossible to more clearly depict the triumphs and influence of ideas of a certain order: discipline, passion, devotion and some kind of harmony inherent in the spirit and temperament of the Russian soldier.”

Answer: Surikov Vasily Ivanovich

Part C. option 2

1. Define style classicism- Artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art XVII- XIXcenturies

2. Highlight the chronological boundaries of the existence of classicism in Russia, describe its distinctive features and stages:

Early classicism (1760s - 1st half of the 1780s), when the signs of Baroque and Rococo had not yet been completely eliminated

Mature classicism, strict classicism (1780s - 1790s) - almost declarative rejection of any non-classical trends, a fundamental tendency towards antiquity

High classicism, late classicism, Russian Empire style (1st third of the 19th century) - the influence of romanticism, which became stronger in painting and graphics, is felt.

3. Describe the most outstanding representatives of this style in Russia (your choice, but not less than 3 according to various areas activities: architects, sculptors, painters). At the same time, explain why you chose them. Based on an analysis of their creativity, try to evaluate their contribution to the development of national culture:

Antonio Rinaldi- Italian architect who worked in Russia.

Praxiteles- Ancient Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC. e.

Rafael Santi- great Italian painter, graphic artist and architect, representative of the Umbrian school.

Tasks with a choice of the correct answer: 1 Tasks with choosing the correct answer:
1.Which of the named persons were contemporaries?
a) Alexander Nevsky and Khan Tokhtamysh
b) Ivan III and Batu Khan
c) Ivan IV and Shamil
d) Dmitry Donskoy and Mamai
Tasks using historical sources:
Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and indicate which of the princes Ancient Rus' This characteristic applies: “This prince, called Equal to the Apostles by the Church, has earned in history the name of the Great... The prince, having accepted the faith of the Savior, was sanctified by it in his heart and became a different person. Having been in paganism a ferocious avenger, a vile sensualist, a bloodthirsty warrior, and - most terrible of all - a fratricide, he, instructed in the humane rules of Christianity, was already afraid to shed the blood of the most villainous and enemies of the fatherland. His main right to eternal glory and the gratitude of posterity lies, of course, in the fact that he put the Russians on the path true faith».
a) Vladimir Svyatoslavovich
b) Vladimir Monomakh
c) Yaroslav the Wise
d) Alexander Nevsky
2. Read an excerpt from the memoirs former ambassador USSR in the Republic of Cuba A.I. Alekseev and indicate in what year the described events took place: “...None of the Soviet leaders objected to Khrushchev’s plans, and Marshal Malinovsky quite actively supported them. It was understandable: after all, in that period the ratio nuclear forces The USSR and the USA were 1 in 17. The appearance of our missiles in Cuba practically balanced the degree of nuclear risk for both countries.”
a) 1954
b) 1962
c) 1975
d) 1985
Tasks on the ability to build a chronological series of events
1. Which of the following events happened before all the others?
a) the beginning of the First Russian revolution
b) Russia’s entry into the First world war
c) publication of the Manifesto on the legislative (Bulygin) Duma
d) beginning Russo-Japanese War
2. Place the following names historical figures V chronological sequence their activities.
a) S.L. Perovskaya
b) V.I. Lenin
c) N.M. Muravyov
d) A.N. Radishchev
Tasks to establish cause-and-effect relationships:
1. One of the reasons for the anti-Bolshevik uprising of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries in July 1918 was their protest against:
a) convening Constituent Assembly
b) anti-church policy of the Bolsheviks
c) signed by the Bolsheviks " shameful world with the imperialists" - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
d) the desire of the Bolsheviks to liquidate the committees of the poor in the villages
2. What was one of the consequences of the reform political system USSR during perestroika?
a) establishment of a new government body - the State Council
b) settlement interethnic relations
c) strengthening the CPSU
d) the formation of a multi-party system
Knowledge tasks historical personalities and their activities:
1. Match the names of scientists and their achievements. SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
A) K.E. Tsiolkovsky 1) work in the field of low temperature physics
B) D.I. Mendeleev 2) creation of non-Euclidean geometry
B) P.L. Kapitsa 3) justification for the possibility of using rockets for interplanetary communications
D) N.I. Lobachevsky 4) creation periodic table chemical elements
2.In the battle of Moscow, the division under the command of General
a) Ya.F. Pavlova;
b) V.G. Klochkova;
c) I.V. Panfilova;
d) P.M. Gavrilova
Tasks on knowledge of historical dates:
1.What series of dates is associated with the creation international organizations socialist countries led by the USSR?
a) 1946, 1960
b) 1949, 1955
c) 1953, 1965
. d) 1961, 1967
Tasks on knowledge of historical concepts:
1.What three concepts arose in connection with the Peasant reform 1861?
A) temporary peasants
b) corvee
c) segments
d) localism
e) quitrent
f) redemption payments
Tasks to establish correspondence between in historical terms and concepts and their definitions:
CONCEPTS DEFINITIONS
A) niello, filigree, enamel 1) genres ancient Russian literature
B) Cyrillic, Glagolitic 2) types of jewelry technology
C) fresco, mosaic 3) types of writing in Ancient Rus'
D) chronicles, legends 4) types of ancient Russian painting
2. Establish a correspondence between terms related to life in the USSR in the 1930s and their definitions.
TERMS DEFINITIONS
A) GULAG 1) policy aimed at intimidation
B) “troika” 2) the body that led the correctional labor colonies
B) terror 3) an extrajudicial body that passed sentences on political charges
D) socialist realism 4) artistic method established in Soviet art
Tasks to establish compliance of the document and its provisions:
Establish a correspondence between the given provisions and the names of the documents in which they are reflected:
PROVISIONS DOCUMENTS
A) “The current generation Soviet people in the next 20 years will live under communism"
1) Constitution of the USSR 1977
B) “A developed socialist society has been built in the USSR”
2) Work by I.V. Stalin " Economic problems socialism in the USSR"
C) “It is necessary... to raise collective farm property to the level of national property”
3) Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993
D) "B" Russian Federation political diversity and multi-party system are recognized"
4) CPSU program 1961