Special or professional terminological vocabulary includes two groups: terms and professionalisms.

Words and phrases used in a certain branch of science, technology, and art constitute terminological and professional vocabulary [Lekant 2007].

The most significant group in special vocabulary are scientific and technical terms, forming a variety of terminological systems. Terms are the names of concepts in a certain field of science, technology, or art. TO terminological vocabulary refer to words or phrases used to logically precise definition special concepts, establishing the content of concepts and their distinctive features. The emergence and functioning of such vocabulary is due to the development of science, technology, and art; it has a pronounced social character and is under the control of society.
Terminology is one of the most mobile, rapidly growing parts of the national vocabulary. Modern researchers note that those accelerating over last decades The pace of the scientific and technological revolution has led and is increasingly leading to an avalanche-like growth of information in all areas of knowledge, production and scientific activity.

A twofold process is taking place: a sharp increase in special terms available only to specialists, the number of which in each highly developed language is growing enormously and numbers in the millions, many times exceeding the generally accepted vocabulary, and at the same time, the intensive penetration of special terminology into the general literary language. Special terminology becomes the main source of replenishment vocabulary literary language.
The semantic essence of a term and its specificity lie in the nature of its meaning, which is established in the process of conscious, deliberate agreement and, within a given terminological system, is direct, nominative, syntactically or constructively unconditioned. IN different systems the meanings of terms can be expressed differently - using words and phrases, formulas or other sign systems. Terms are, to a certain extent, an artificial lexical-semantic formation; their semantic essence must necessarily reflect the volume of information, the amount scientific knowledge, which

help to reveal the content of the concept.
Unlike non-terms, words are nothing limited use, many of which are polysemantic, terms within one science, as a rule, must have unambiguity. They are characterized by clearly limited, predominantly motivated specialization and absolute semantic precision. However, the concept of unambiguity, usually used as an absolute differential feature terms is somewhat relative. This is most likely a requirement for ideal terminological systems. In real-life terminologies there are many terms that are characterized by so-called categorical polysemy. For example, one of the types of terms that have it are nouns with the meaning of an action and its result : winding- 1) distribution of turns of something; 2) the cone-shaped or cylindrical shape of the product acquired as a result of winding (compare also the ambiguity of a number of other terms in textile production: lapping, processing and others).
The polysemy of terms, as well as their synonymy (linguistics - linguistics) as well as homonymy (reaction - chemical and socio-political) and antonymy (polysemy - monosemy) are usually noted among the shortcomings of many modern terminologies. In this case, apparently, the general lexical-semantic patterns of language functioning and development also apply to terminological systems. Consequently, when speaking about unambiguousness, polysemy, homonymy, synonymy of terms, it is necessary to take into account the known, actually existing relativity of this feature.
Among the word-forming distinctive features terms refers to the regularity (sameness) of their formation within a certain terminological system. Terms are constantly being formed in various ways. Along with the process of creating new names, there is a terminology of words already existing in the language, that is, their rethinking (transfer of names), as a result of which secondary, in this case, special terminological nominations arise. To form terms the following are used:

Metaphorical transfer of the title: loop(sport.), pelvis(honey.), shepherd's purse(bot.), - similarity of shape; pillow(geol.), sail(arch.), golden ratio (claim) – similarity of function;

Actually lexical method, that is, the formation of words and phrases based on native Russian words (charging, maternal substance - physical);

Lexical-word-formation, that is, the creation of terms using existing Russian or borrowed word-formation elements, morphemes, according to models existing in the language.

The most productive among them are addition and affixation. Yes, they apply different types addition of stems and words. Addition of complete basics: cotyledon, oxygen-containing and so on; addition of truncated stems (compound abbreviated words): hyperbaric apparatus, space navigation and others; use of foreign language elements avia-, auto-, aero-, bio-, video-, zoo-, geo-, hydro-, hyper-, inter-, iso-, macro-, micro-, para-, pan-, radio , tele-, ultra-, electro- and others: aeronomy, biophysics, hydrometeorological service, zooplankton And other; abbreviation: AMC(automatic interplanetary station), MN(magnetic saturation), computer(electronic computer); mixed method, that is, a combination of complex partially dismembered names and different word-forming elements: hydrosandblast perforation.

Terms formed by addition can be indivisible lexicalized units ( cosmology, biocybernetics and so on), but can also represent units of incomplete lexicalization, that is, those that are not one indivisible lexeme ( vector function, alpha particle), as evidenced by hyphenated spelling words

Different types of term formation using the method of affixation (prefix, prefix - suffix) are also very productive: vortex, grounding, reduction etc.

No less productive is the lexical-semantic method of replenishing terminological vocabulary; that is, the creation of a term in the process of scientific (or technical) rethinking of well-known words. This process goes in two ways:

1) by completely rethinking existing word and the subsequent separation of the newly created unit from the source word. This is how, for example, one of the terminological meanings of the word elementary arose in the combination elementary particle;

2) by using name transfers taking into account emerging associations. This is how they arose terminological meaning words snow - special kind images. This method allows in some cases to create terminological names with elements of expression in semantics, for example: wormy image, dead time, alien atom. [ Special vocabulary, her functions 2012]
A significant role in replenishing terminological systems is played by foreign language borrowings. For a long time, many international scientific, technical, economic, cultural, historical, socio-political terms of Latin and Greek origin have been known in the language, for example: agglutination, binary; humanity, dictatorship, literature and other words from Latin language; agronomy, dynamics, grammar, space, democracy and others from Greek language. Many terms come from other languages.

The use of borrowed terminological vocabulary is, first of all, related to the specifics of the field of activity - in scientific and technical literature, in professional communication. However for modern language characteristic is the use of terms in everyday life, everyday speech[Valgina 2012].

The spread of scientific and technical terminology, its intensive penetration into various spheres of life leads to the fact that the language, along with the process of terminology common words, the reverse process is also observed - the development of terms in the literary language, their determinologization . Frequent use of philosophical, art, literary, medical, physical, chemical, industrial and technical and many other terms

And terminological phrases made them commonly used lexical units, For example: argument, concept, consciousness; drama, concert, novel, contact, tension, resonance; analysis, synthesis, and others, as well fulcrum, freezing point, boiling point, center of gravity And
so on. Many of these words and phrases in general literary use have a different, often figurative and metaphorical meaning: catalyst- (special) substance that accelerates, slows down or changes the flow chemical reaction, And catalyst- (portable) stimulant of something.

Determinologization of professional and technical names contributes to oral speech, systematic broadcasts on relevant topics on radio and television. The inclusion of special words in this case is determined by the topic and genre of publications (or oral transmissions), that is, caused by a certain situation. The spread and then complete or partial (which is more often observed) determinologization of professional terminological names is also helped by works of art in which these words are used for specific stylistic or characterological purposes; the desire to update the generally accepted tone of the narrative, focusing on word usage unusual for a work of art.
However, excessive saturation of artistic and journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces the power of their impact and artistic value.

Through means mass media, and also due to the active introduction of technology into everyday life modern man, special concepts and terms become active components of the everyday vocabulary. Moreover, similar lexical introductions into colloquial vocabulary are observed. Of course, such vocabulary is often transformed, sounds distorted, altered: “She X-ray works. In the apartment limit lives.

Professional vocabulary includes words and expressions that are characteristic of the speech of people in one field of activity and are everyday and expressive-figurative names in a given occupation.

Production words and expressions are created “for oneself”, as duplicates or synonyms of terms in the chosen field of activity. Often, professionalisms replace the missing members of the terminology system. For example, in technology: burner nose, shaft neck, tenon body. These semi-official names impart liveliness and looseness to speech and have expressive and emotional connotations.

Distinctive features professionalisms are the oral nature of use, figurative meaning, intersection of semantics of names different types labor activity, lack of systematic organization in the nominative ranks.

Professionalisms are characterized by significant differentiation in the designation of special concepts, tools and means of production, the names of objects, actions, and so on. For example, in meteorology, in accordance with the different types of snowflakes, there are several names: star, needle, hedgehog, plate, fluff, column. In hunting speech, there are many names for foxes (by color and breed), for example, simple, red, forest, fire, red-brown, cross, black-brown, black, white, karsun, karaganka, fragrant fox, and so on. In the speech of carpenters and joiners, many varieties of tools are distinguished, for the name of which in the literary language there is the word planer: shaving, humpback, road worker, bear, and so on. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]

Professionalisms are formed metaphorically: cracker, bull (technical), flies (marine), plates (geographical); lexical and word-formation: hangers (sewing.), filly (zool.); colloquially: gearbox, silence zone, white noise(tech.), invertebral column, acute abdomen, cornerstone glaucoma, spinal cord(honey.). [Lekant 2007]

Narrowly professional words are usually not widely used in literary languages, that is, the scope of their use remains limited. Special and professional vocabulary used in fiction and memoirs, in the speech of characters when describing professional activity etc. [Special vocabulary, its functions 2012]

Thus, special terminology becomes one of the sources of replenishment of the vocabulary of the literary language.

Professionalisms- This special words, used in colloquial speech among professionals. Professionalisms are “unofficial” names of special phenomena and concepts of the profession; they constitute professional jargon.

An important difference between professionalisms and terms is that professionalisms are relevant primarily in colloquial speech people of one profession or another, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always with the mark “professional”. Unlike terms - the official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific nature. These words form a lexical layer, which is also sometimes called professional slang or professional jargon.

For example, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, a specialist involved in the selection of illustrations is called build editor. Build editor is a term. However, in the actual production process it is most often called for short build– this is professionalism, professional jargon. Build trampled all the photos according to the layout– undoubtedly, this sentence uses professionalisms, but not terms (With terms, the same phrase would sound more cumbersome. In addition, terms often have a foreign language origin and are difficult to pronounce, which also does not contribute to their use in business conversation. By the way, this is why Professionalisms often become reduced terms: build editor – build, calipers(special measuring ruler) – barbell etc.).

Professionalism simplifies speech and makes it more suitable for quick everyday support of production processes.

Professionalisms, like terms, can be grouped according to the area of ​​their use: in the speech of economists, financiers, athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. A special group includes technicalisms - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.

Professionalisms most often serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. In other words, they designate phenomena for which the use of terms, although possible, is cumbersome and unprincipled. In addition, professionalism is often the result of creative rethinking, “mastering” a highly specialized phenomenon. These are the words spare tire(spare tire for car mechanics and drivers), corral(spare texts prepared by newspaper editors), paws And herringbone(types of quotation marks used by proofreaders and printers). Such professionalisms, easily and in their own way replacing terms, make special speech more lively, simple and mastered, easier for quick use and understanding.

For example, the following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending– graphic decoration at the end of the book, clogged font– worn out, worn-out font due to outdated linotype printing, etc. Journalists prepare the future text, called a draft fish or dog. Engineers jokingly call it a self-recording device sneaker. In the speech of pilots there are words underdose,peremaz, meaning undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage– balloon, give the goat– landing the plane hard, causing it to bounce after touching the ground, etc. Many of these professionalisms have an evaluative or understated tone.

In the professional speech of actors, they use a complex abbreviated name chief manager; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name for major repairs is used capital; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in companies are system administrators. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchiki. Bankers in a conversation among themselves instead of the term car loans use the word car loans, officials call housing and communal services communal apartment, and the social sphere - social media etc.

Many professional words have entered into wide business and colloquial use: give out on the mountain, storming, turnover etc.

Professional vocabulary is indispensable for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader or listener. However, the information content of highly professional names decreases if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry (departmental) newspapers and is not justified in publications aimed at a wide readership.

Professionalisms, being predominantly words for colloquial use, often have a reduced stylistic connotation, being, in fact, slang words. This should also be taken into account when using professionalisms in an official situation or in official publications. They may not only be incomprehensible outside a professional audience, but also sound risky for the reputation of the person using them.

On the other hand, skillful use of professional jargon can even give official speech richness, color, will help demonstrate knowledge of the subject, characteristic of a professional who has regular and direct contact with the work environment. A top manager of one large oil company, a professor and doctor of sciences, said that when you go on a business trip to the north, then you should never talk at the rig production– Oil workers simply won’t talk to you. It is imperative to speak like them: to Mining. Then you are a person from the industry, and they recognize you as one of their own. Thus, the manager deliberately deviates from the accentological (sometimes lexical) norms of the Russian language in order to speak the same language with specialists.

An integral part of the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is special vocabulary. Unlike dialect vocabulary, special vocabulary is part of the literary language. Special vocabulary is a set of words used

which are limited to special areas human activity: science, production, technology, agriculture, art, etc. These are words whose use is limited to the professional field:

– solfeggio, reprise, libretto (from the world of music);

– atrophy, emphysema, cataracts, lymph, red blood cells (medicine);

– diphthong, parcellation, cataphora (linguistics).

Special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.

Terms are words or SS, upot- Professionalisms are semi-formal words used to denote logically precisely formulated concepts. Each term is based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate, concise description of the subject. The presence of a definitive function is the ability to express a precise scientific concept. There is great differentiation in the designation of concepts: in the speech of forest processors, there are different words for naming boards: plate, slab, lay, lath. In the speech of hunters, hares are called differently depending on the time of litter: deciduous, mentor (on crust), vernal (in the spring), leaf faller, herbalist, etc.

Terminological vocabulary differs not only in its composition, but also in its scope of use. Some terms have a wide range of distribution, are generally known and generally understood: globe, jazz, excavator, proposal. This is explained by familiarity with the terms back in high school, increased level of culture of the population as a whole; popularization of science on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Nevertheless, the terminological vocabulary contains highly specialized words, the meaning of which is understandable to a limited circle of people, for example, rift is a depression formed when an area subsides earth's crust, chrona is a unit of sound longitude, subito is a sharp transition in music from loud to quiet sonority. Highly specialized vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries is usually marked with marks indicating a special field - music, technology, physics.

Ways to form special vocabulary

1. Semantic path (rethinking the semantics of commonly used words) – person, sentence, conjunction.

2. Word formation path (formation with the help of morphemes) – cardiocop, hydrostat.

3. Syntactic path (formation of a term-phrase) – question mark, blank verse.

4. Lexical path (borrowing) – chrona, diaeresis, assimilation.

The formation of a professional terminological group of words occurs mainly in two ways: as a result of borrowing and on the basis of native vocabulary. On a primordial basis, special words arise as a result of rethinking commonly used words: cup (med.), shoe (tech.); by creating words using word-forming elements: dehydration, folder, flux, left-centrism; as a result of the penetration of dialect and slang names into literary terminology: plowing, upper reaches, tremble, draft.

Special vocabulary - these are words and combinations of words used primarily by people of a certain profession or specialty. Among special words stand out terms And professionalism.

Terms(from Lat. legttis - border, limit) - these are fisheries that are officially accepted names scientific concepts, devices, instruments, machines. The set of terms of a specific science or profession is called terminology(for example, physical, linguistic, medical terminology).

The characteristic features of the term are: 1) unambiguity, 2) emotional and stylistic neutrality. Each term has a precise, logical definition, so it doesn't need context like most ordinary words. For example:

Sharp [ie], -a, m.(specialist.). A musical note that requires the sound to be raised by a semitone.

Lysis,-A, m.(specialist.). A slow drop in temperature with a gradual weakening of the symptoms of the disease, as opposed to a crisis.

Sometimes there are words with two or more meanings, used not in one, but in several professional fields. For example:

Diaphragm,-s, and.(special) 1. The muscular septum separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. 2. Plate in optical instruments With a hole that allows rays to pass through.

Deviation [de], -i, and.(specialist.). 1. Deviation of the compass needle from the meridian line under the influence of those nearby large masses gland. 2. Deviation from the right direction(for example, the flight of a projectile, a bullet, the progress of a ship, etc.) under the influence of some reasons.

Terms can be highly specialized and commonly used.

Highly specialized terms are used only by specialists in this field. For example, words abasia(loss of ability to walk), abulia(pathological weakness of will, lack of will), bradycardia(slow heart rate) are used only in medicine, ablaut(morphologically determined vowel alternation), prosthesis(appearance of additional sound in absolute beginning words), thesaurus(language dictionary with complete semantic information) are used in linguistics, aval(guarantee for a bill of exchange made by a third party in the form of a special guarantee note), advice note(a notice sent by one counterparty to another about changes in the state of mutual settlements), surplus- (excess of revenue over expenditure) are used in the field of economics;.;, Such vocabulary is given in dictionaries with notes indicating that the word belongs to a certain special field: Av.(aviation), anat.(anatomy), biol.(biol;); military(military affairs), lingu(linguistics), mat.(mathematics), psychol.(psychology), physical(physics), etc.

Commonly used terms have a wider scope and are understandable to many: adrenaline, appendicitis, tonsillitis, vaccine(honey.); square, rectangle, trapezoid(math.), balance, deficit, credit(econ.).

Professional words- these are words used in the colloquial speech of people united by some profession or specialty, which are not officially recognized names of special concepts. For example: window(in the speech of teachers) - “free lesson in the middle school day»; zero(in the speech of teachers) - “ preparatory class; children preparing to enter the first grade of school,” etc. When professionalisms are used in texts, words are often placed in quotation marks.

Special words, used in work of art, give the work color, brightness!, connect literary text with life. For example:

Four domain the furnaces dominated the plant with their monstrous chimneys. Next to them towered eight cowpers, intended for circulation heated air - eight huge iron towers, topped with round domes. Around domain furnaces scattered other buildings: repair workshops, foundry yard, locomotive, rail rolling, open hearth And puddling ovens and so on (A. Kuprin).

Special vocabulary

Special vocabulary is words and combinations of words that denote concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity. For example: holdings("cash, checks, bills, letters of credit, through which payments can be made and the obligations of their owners can be repaid"), dividend("part of the profit received by the shareholder"), convertible currency(“a currency that can be easily exchanged for another currency”) – words related to the field economy; apsuda("a semicircular or polygonal protruding part of a building that has a floor itself"), Attik("the wall located above the cornice crowning the structure"), nave("longitudinal part Christian temple, usually divided by a colonnade or arcade into the main and side naves") - words related to architecture; verlubre("a verse that is not connected by either rhyme or a specific metric"), lithota ("stylistic figure understatement of the subject"), tank ("ancient form five line poem Japanese poetry, without rhyme and without a clearly felt meter") - words naming concepts from the field literary studies, etc.

Special words include terms and professionalisms.

Term (from Latin terminus - “border, limit”) is a word or combination of words that is the officially accepted, legalized name of any concept of science, technology, etc. As a rule, in the system of a given terminology (i.e. in the system of a given scientific discipline or this scientific school) the term is unambiguous, emotionally and stylistically neutral.

Among the terms there are highly specialized and commonly used * (they are also called generally understandable), meaning last words, understood (to varying degrees of completeness) and used not only by specialists. Examples of the former - medical: immobilization(“creating stillness, peace”), hemothorax("accumulation of blood in the pleural area"), pericarditis(“inflammation of the pericardial sac”), etc.; linguistic: simplification("transformation of the previously articulated basis of words into an indivisible one, into new root", cf.; "cloud", "rim", "forget", once associated with the words "envelop", "encircle", "to be"), prosthesis("the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word", cf.: "eight" and "octam", "lamb" and "lamb", "patrimony" and "fatherland", "caterpillar" and "whisker"). Examples of the second - medical: amputation, hypertension, cardiogram, potassium permanganate, pleurisy, angina pectoris etc.; linguistic: antonym, infinitive, metaphor, adverb, case, synonym, connecting vowel, suffix etc.

* Of course, this designation is somewhat conditional, like the term “national vocabulary”.

The boundaries between highly specialized and commonly used terms are fluid. There is a constant movement of some highly specialized words into commonly used ones, which may no longer be recognized by non-specialists as terminological (although they remain terms in one or another special field, in one or another terminological system). This movement is facilitated by a number of objective* factors. One of these factors is an increase in the general educational and cultural level, the degree of special development of native speakers. Great value also has the role of one or another science, economic sector, or cultural area in any period of the life of society. Understanding the role of any knowledge and scientific achievements is associated with the promotion of this knowledge, familiarity with achievements in this field, etc., which are carried out by means available to society. Such means are fiction, criticism, popular science literature, finally, modern means mass media – print, radio, television. For example, the enormous public interest that aroused the development of astronautics and the constant coverage of its achievements in the periodical press determined that a number of relevant terms went beyond the bounds of highly specialized circulation. Such terms include apogee, perigee, weightlessness, sound chamber, soft landing, selenology etc.

*In the development of the term by non-specialists, individual factors also play a certain role, personal experience familiarization with the term. Thus, admirers of M. Bulgakov’s work, in particular the novel “The Master and Margarita,” probably remembered and learned the medical term hemicrania, naming the disease from which the procurator Pontius Pilate suffered. Those who are faced with any disease learn and assimilate medical terms names of this disease, methods of diagnosing it, means of treating it. Children who constantly hear the terms of this field from their musical parents (physicists, historians, etc.) not only remember them, but also use them in conversations with friends, thereby to some extent expanding the scope of existence of special vocabulary, etc. d. etc.

Proclamation and implementation of the course economic reforms government of Russia (and other countries of the former Soviet Union) and daily publications in newspapers of materials related to this course, advertisements of companies, banks, etc. made public wide circles non-specialist terms such as share, dividend, investment, hard currency, marketing.

Fiction also makes its contribution to the development of terms. Thus, the romanticization of the sea, people associated with maritime professions in the stories of K. Stanyukovich, A. Green, in a number of translated works (J. Verne, J. London, etc.), contributed to the acquaintance of a wide readership with maritime terms: emergency, brig, drift, cables, cockpit, wheelhouse, schooner, knot and others. Science fiction writers brought a considerable number of readers closer to scientific terms such as antimatter, asteroid, galaxy, gravity, modulator, plasma, repeater, force field etc.

The degree of understanding of a term and its inclusion in the category of generally understood words is also related to its structure. Thus, terms consisting of familiar elements are easily learned, cf.: airbus, seamless, bituminization, pressure helmet, adhesive concrete, reeds, refraction, neo-capitalism etc. Many terms that arose as a result of rethinking words are easily understood and mastered. An illustration of such terms can be the names of many parts of mechanisms, devices similar in appearance, by function, etc. With household items: fork, wiper, hammer, slide, apron. Wed. also anatomical terms shoulder blade, pelvis, cup(knee), apple(eye), cybernetics term memory. Conversely, borrowed terms, consisting of elements previously semantically unknown, can become understandable only as a result of familiarity with the concepts they denote. Compare, for example, terms such as holdings, musical andante, cantabile, moderato, presto, How apse, attic, lithota, nave, prosthesis, tanka and under.

When entering literary use, many terms are subject to metaphorization and thereby serve as a source of figurative language. Compare, for example, those that appeared in different times metaphors (and metaphorical phrases), like agony, apogee, atmosphere, bacillus, vacuum, turn, zenith, impulse, ingredient, orbit, perturbation, potential, symptom, embryo;center of gravity, fulcrum, specific gravity, star of the first magnitude, reduce to zero, nutrient medium, tune in to the desired wave, state of weightlessness etc.

Special vocabulary also includes* professionalisms. Professionalisms are words and phrases that at the moment are not officially recognized designations of special concepts. They usually appear in cases where there is a need to designate a variety of a concept or object, and exist as professionalisms until they are officially recognized (and then they begin to be called terms). So, in essence, the difference between a term and a professionalism lies in the temporary informality of professionalisms. This difference can be demonstrated the following examples. In the "Reference Book of the Proofreader" K.I. Bylinsky and A.H. Zhilina (M., 1960) among the professionalisms (they were given in quotation marks) along with the words and phrases “hanging line”, “eye” error, “reins”, “corridor” were included “besiege the goose bump” and “hat” ( Marashka – typographical defect in the form of a square, strip, etc., appearing as a result of white space material appearing on the sheet; hat – large headline in a newspaper, common to several materials). In the second edition of the academic "Dictionary of the Russian Language" the word slur given as a term, with the mark typographic, hat is given here without any markings, in later editions of Ozhegov’s Dictionary (for example, in the 20th edition) with cap worth a litter specialist.(i.e. the litter that accompanies the terms in this dictionary). It is quite obvious that the generic concept of “heading” turned out to be insufficient and it was necessary special word – cap, which began to be called large headlines typical of a newspaper, “covering” several materials on the same topic. (The word also turned out to be necessary slur, to designate just such and such a marriage.) By the way, with the mark specialist. Ozhegov’s dictionary also gives another relatively recently widespread designation for a newspaper headline: full house - “a headline, a large headline in a newspaper.”(True, this interpretation lacks an indication that a full house is this is a sensational headline.) In any case, it is clear that professionalisms arise when there is a need to name some specific concept, a special phenomenon.

*See for example: Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. 3rd ed. M., 1978. P. 140.

The name “professionalism” as a designation of a special subject, concept in relation to certain types of activities, occupations in general is more suitable than a “term”. Such activities include amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. In a word, all those (having long tradition) occupations and occupations of those who do not enter into official, legal relations with the state (and these relations must always be defined in in exact terms law).

Professionalism of this kind is represented by vocabulary that is overwhelmingly Russian in origin: belotrop("first powder"), get worn out("to molt"), on 2yaw("fox trail"), rule 2lo("tail of a dog, fox") spike("face of a greyhound dog"), flower(“hare’s tail”) are hunting words widely reflected in our classical literature– from N.V. Gogol*, L.N. Tolstoy**, I.A. Bunin and others from Soviet writers hunting professionalism is found in the works of M. Prishvin and V. Bianchi. We find the professionalism of fishermen in V. Soloukhin’s essay “Grigorov Islands” (cf., for example, the types of artificial bait for fish mentioned here - jigs, bugs, coffins, pellets, droplets, fish eyes etc.).

* Compare: “Nozdryov was among them [the dogs] just like a father among the family: all of them, immediately throwing up their tails, the call of dogs rules, flew straight towards the guests..." ( Gogol N.V. Dead Souls).

** See, for example: "The hare is already halfway got lost(molded)"; "- Oh goy! - that inimitable hunter was heard at that time subclick which combines both the deepest bass and the most subtle tenor" ( Tolstoy L.N. War and Peace).

Related to terms and professionalisms are professional jargons - informal designations of concepts, objects of a special and non-special nature, which exist in the colloquial speech of representatives of a particular profession. So, chemists, especially young ones, call hydrochloric acid hodgepodge, glassblowers – glass blowers; in the speech of the military (and those who served military service) guardhouse - lip, guardhouse security - gubari, civil life – citizen, demobilization – demobilization; among sailors the boatswain - dragon, captain - cap, mechanic - grandfather, tell tall tales or simply amuse, amuse - poison etc. Professional jargon, as a rule, is expressively colored.