Sigmund Freud born into a family of Galician Jews. His father, Yakov, was 41 years old and had two children from a previous marriage. Sigmund's mother, Amalia Natanson, Jacob's third wife, was 21 years old. In 1860, Freud's family moved to Vienna due to financial difficulties. At the age of 9 Freud entered the Sperl gymnasium ( high school), where he was one of the best students, and graduated with honors at the age of 17.
After graduating from high school Freud wanted to do military or political career, but due to anti-Semitic sentiments and financial difficulties, his ambitions were crossed out.
In the fall of 1873, he entered the medical department of the University of Vienna. From 1876 to 1882 he worked in the psychology laboratory of Ernst Brücke, studying histology nerve cells. In 1881 he passed with honors final exams and received his Doctor of Medicine degree.
In March 1876 Freud researched under the guidance of Professor Karl Klaus sex life eel In particular, he studied the presence of testes in a male eel. This was his first scientific work.
In 1882 Freud started medical practice. His scientific interests led him to the Vienna General Hospital, where he began research at the Institute of Cerebral Anatomy. In the early 1880s. became close to Josef Breuer and Jean Martin Charcot, who had a huge influence on his scientific work.
In 1886 Freud married Martha Bernays. Subsequently, they had six children, the youngest, Anna Freud, became a follower of her father, founded child psychoanalysis, systematized and developed psychoanalytic theory, made significant contributions to the theory and practice of psychoanalysis in her writings.
The work was published in 1891 Freud“On Aphasia”, in which he, in particular, for the first time made a reasoned criticism of the then generally accepted concept of localization of brain functions in certain of its centers and proposed an alternative functional-genetic approach to the study of the psyche and its physiological mechanisms. In the article “Defensive neuropsychoses” (1894) and the work “Study of Hysteria” (1895, together with I. Breuer), it was evidenced that there is a reverse effect mental pathology on physiological processes and the dependence of somatic symptoms on emotional state patient.
With the beginning of the 20th century, he began to publish his main scientific works:
- "" (1900)
- "Psychopathology everyday life"(1901)
- "One early memory Leonardo da Vinci" (1910)
- "" (1913)
- "Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis" (1916-1917)
- "Beyond the Pleasure Principle" (1920)
- “Psychology of the masses and analysis of the human “I”” (1921)
- "" (1923)
In 1923 Freud palate cancer caused by smoking was detected. The scientist underwent 33 operations, but continued to work until last days life.
Suffering painfully from cancer, in 1939 he asked his doctor and friend Max Schur to help him commit euthanasia, the idea of which was quite popular at that time. He gave him a triple dose of morphine, from which Freud died September 23 at the age of 83.
Some are pure scientific terms from his theories about personality development and the sexual origin of neurological complexes and diseases have become firmly established daily life people.
Sigmund Freud was the first-born and favorite of his mother, who after him had seven more children. Sigmund's father had 4 children from his first marriage. Freud studied at the University of Vienna and was always a capable student. But his studies took 8 years, since he moved from one faculty to another several times, being unable to finally decide what profession to choose. Sigmund eventually decided on medicine after concluding that his initial decision to become a politician was futile: Freud realized that his opportunities in this profession would be very limited because he was Jewish.
Freud began to carry out scientific research, studying the human nervous system. This led him to study diseases of the nervous system and possible ways their treatment. He experimented with hypnosis, enthusiastically studied cocaine as a therapeutic agent, and in 1896 took up private practice as a specialist in diseases of the nervous system. That same year, at the age of 30, he married Martha Bernays.
In the late 90s, Freud suffered a severe nervous breakdown, caused by the agony and death of his father and loss of interest in sex after the birth of his last child. In the process of analyzing the difficult dreams and even nightmares that haunted him at that time, he began to use psychoanalysis, this " talking treatment", which was first developed and applied by his teacher Joseph Breuer. Over the next 40 years, Freud lived in an environment of domestic stability and great scientific achievements. He managed to gather around himself many talented scientists, such as Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Sandor Ferenczi and Ernst Jones. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, they burned Freud's scientific works, declaring them "Jewish pornography." Only in 1938 did Freud manage to escape to London. The Greek princess Marie Bonaparte, a close acquaintance and former patient of Freud, paid a ransom of £20,000 for him. Last year Freud spent his life in London. He died there in 1939 from jaw cancer.
Freud made it his profession to study the sexual secrets and secrets of the people around him, but he did everything possible to hide his own from everyone. intimate life. He simply destroyed many of his private letters, and the few that have survived to this day are stored in the Library of the US Congress and will be open to researchers only in 2000.
At the age of 16, Sigmund fell in love for the first time in his life. His beloved Gisela Fluse rejected his love. He took revenge on her by falling in love with her mother. Until the age of 26, Freud then showed no interest in women. In 1882, he met Martha Bernays, a thin, pretty girl from a Jewish family. She turned 21 years old. For 4 years they were engaged, exchanging hundreds of letters, but meeting quite rarely, although Freud lived not far from her. Freud was a very passionate and jealous correspondent.
They eventually managed to save enough money and married in 1886. After several moves, they settled in a house in Vienna, where they lived until 1938. During the first nine years of her marriage, Martha had six children. In 1895, Martha's sister Minna came to them and lived with them for two years. Freud was faithful to Martha, but began to move away from her. He threw himself into work, and Martha had enough household chores and worries. She was in charge of the whole house, and she always tried to create all the conditions for her husband to work and rest. Freud later admitted that Martha never felt at ease and at ease when communicating with him.
Soon after his father's death, Freud met and became friends with Wilhelm Fliess, a prominent Berlin specialist in diseases of the ear, nose and throat. They became very attached to each other, often exchanged letters and met for “conventions,” as they themselves called these meetings. Freud wrote: “I look forward to our next meeting with great impatience... My life is sad... Only a meeting with you can make me feel better again.” Fliss treated his friend very carefully and caringly. He tried to wean Freud from the habit of smoking 20 cigars a day. Freud himself, by the way, argued that smoking, drug use and gambling- just a futile attempt to replace the “primitive habit” - masturbation. During one of their “conventions,” Freud fainted. He later spoke about the incident as follows: “The basis of all this is some kind of uncontrollable homosexual feeling.” The friendship with Fliess ended in 1903, mainly due to Freud's reaction to Wilhelm's theory of universal bisexuality. Freud initially rejected this theory, and then began to claim that it was first put forward by himself, and decided to write a large book on this topic. scientific work. Freud believed that every personality is bisexual, and even stated: “In every sexual act there are four separate personalities involved.”
There were rumors that Freud and his wife's sister Minna were lovers. Minna was more beautiful and much smarter than her sister Martha. Freud loved to talk with her and tell her about his theory of psychoanalysis. He once wrote that Minna was very similar to himself: they were both “uncontrollable, passionate and not very good people". Martha, unlike them, was, in his words, "very good person"Freud loved to travel. Minna often accompanied him, and Martha stayed at home with the children. The main source of rumors that Freud and Minna were lovers was Carl Jung, a student of Freud. It was he who allegedly told one of his friends about that Minna and Martha separately initiated him into this secret. American professor Jung, in particular, reported that one day in 1907, when he was visiting Freud's house in Vienna, Minna told him that Freud loved her very much and that there was a very close relationship between them. Jung was very upset and turned to Freud himself for clarification. He also suggested that Freud approach him as a psychoanalyst and become his patient. Freud coldly refused this offer.
Freud had an insatiable sexual appetite, but sex itself was for him intellectual entertainment. He had just turned 40 when he once wrote to Fliess: “Sexual arousal no longer exists for me.” He lived in accordance with the requirements of a strict moral code, which he wrote for himself. Despite the fact that all of his theories argued that sexual impulses underlie almost all human behavior and actions, Freud tried not to allow these impulses to have any influence on his own behavior. He was, after all, a respectable married man and always maintained that a family could not be strong until the wife became a mother. Six children, who were born almost one after another, partially extinguished his desires, forcing him to think more about contraceptives. In 1908, he wrote: “Family life ceases to provide the pleasure that it promised to give at first. All contraceptives now in existence reduce sensual pleasure, strike partners in their most vulnerable places and can even make them sick." In 1909, Freud came to the United States with Jung and several other colleagues to give public lectures there. One morning, Freud confessed to Jung that he was having erotic dreams about American women. “I have been sleeping very poorly since I came to America,” Freud admitted. “I dream about prostitutes all the time.” “Well, why don’t you do something to solve this problem?” asked Jung. Freud recoiled from him in horror: “But I’m married!” he exclaimed.
Freud's theories claim that it is sexual forces that shape individual behavior. Culture muffles and suppresses instinctive sexual energy and directs it to the formation of stereotypes in a given individual social behavior. Freud's own life is partly proof of one of his statements. He considered this thought tragic, but true. Here it is: " Sex life civilized man is seriously crippled."
Sigmund Freud - Austrian psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and neurologist. Founder of psychoanalysis. Suggested innovative ideas, which resonate in scientific circles even today.
Sigmund Freud was born in the city of Freiberg (now Příbor, Czech Republic) on May 6, 1856, becoming the third child in the family. Sigmund's mother is the second wife of Jacob Freud, who already had two sons from his first marriage. Trade in fabrics brought the family profit, which was enough to live on. But the outbreak of the revolution trampled even such a small undertaking against the background of other ideas, and the family had to leave home. First, the Freud family moved to Leipzig, and a year later to Vienna.
A poor area, dirt, noise and unpleasant neighbors are the reasons that did not create a positive atmosphere in the house of the future scientist. Sigmund himself did not like to remember early childhood, considering those years unworthy own attention.
The parents loved their son very much, entrusting him high hopes. Passion for literature and philosophical works was only encouraged. And Sigmund Freud didn’t read like a child serious literature. In the boy’s personal library, the works of Hegel and Hegel occupied a place of honor. In addition, the psychoanalyst was interested in studying foreign languages, and even complex Latin was surprisingly easy for the young genius.
Studying at home allowed the boy to enter the gymnasium earlier than expected. IN school years Sigmund was given the conditions for unhindered completion of assignments in various subjects. Such love from his parents was fully justified, and Freud graduated from high school successfully.
After school, Sigmund spent many days alone, thinking about his future. Strict and unjust laws did not give a Jewish boy much choice: medicine, law, commerce and industry. All options except the first were immediately discarded by Sigmund, considering them unsuitable for such educated person. But Freud had no interest in medicine either. special interest. In the end, the future founder of psychoanalysis chose this science, and psychology will become the basis in the study various theories.
Push to final decision became a lecture at which a work entitled “Nature” was read. The future philosopher studied medicine without his usual zeal and interest. Staying in student years in Brücke's laboratory, Freud published interesting and informative articles about nervous system some animals.
After graduation, Sigmund planned to continue his academic career, but the environment required the ability to earn a living. Therefore, after working for several years under some famous therapists of that time, in 1885 Sigmund Freud applied to open his own neuropathology office. Thanks to the recommendations, the scientist received permission.
It is known that Sigmund also tried cocaine. The effect of the drug struck the philosopher, and he wrote large number works in which he revealed the properties of the destructive powder. One of Freud's closest friends died as a result of cocaine treatment, but the enthusiastic explorer of mysteries human consciousness did not pay due attention to this fact. After all, Sigmund Freud himself suffered from cocaine addiction. Later for many years After a lot of effort, the professor finally recovered from his addiction. All this time, Freud did not abandon his studies in philosophy, attending various lectures and keeping his own notes.
Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis
In 1885, thanks to the support of friends, influential luminaries of medicine, Sigmund Freud got an internship with the French psychiatrist Jean Charcot. The practice opened the eyes of the future psychoanalyst to the differences between diseases. From Charcot, Freud learned to use hypnosis in treatment, with the help of which it was possible to cure patients or alleviate suffering.
Sigmund Freud began to use conversations with patients in treatment, allowing people to speak out and change their consciousness. This technique became known as the “Free Association Method”. These conversations of random thoughts and phrases helped the insightful psychiatrist understand the patients' problems and find solutions. The method helped to abandon the use of hypnosis and pushed me to communicate with patients in full and clear consciousness.
Freud introduced the world to the view that any psychosis is a consequence of a person’s memories, which are difficult to get rid of. At the same time, the scientist came up with the theory that most psychoses are based on the Oedipus complex and infantile childhood sexuality. Sexuality, as Freud believed, is the factor that determines a large number of psychological problems person. “Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality” supplemented the scientist’s opinion. Such a statement based on structured works caused scandals and disagreements among Freud's psychiatrist colleagues who opposed the theory. Representatives of the scientific community said that Sigmund was delusional, and he himself, as experts suggested, was a victim of psychosis.
The publication of the book “The Interpretation of Dreams” initially did not bring the author due recognition, but later psychoanalysts and psychiatrists recognized the importance of dreams in the treatment of patients. According to the scientist, dreams are a significant factor influencing the physiological state human body. After the release of the book, Professor Freud was invited to give lectures at universities in Germany and the USA, which the representative of medicine himself considered a great achievement.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is another of Freud's works. This book is considered the second work after The Interpretation of Dreams, which influenced the creation of the topological model of the psyche developed by the scientist.
The book "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" took special place among the scientist's works. This work contains the core of the concept, ways of interpreting theoretical principles and methods of psychoanalysis, as well as the author’s philosophy of thinking. In the future, the basics of philosophy will become the basis for creating a set of mental processes and phenomena that have received a new definition - “Unconscious”.
Freud tried to explain and social phenomena. In the book “Psychology of the Masses and Analysis of the Human Self,” the psychoanalyst discussed the factors that influence the crowd, the behavior of the leader, and the “prestige” obtained as a result of being in power. All of these books by the author are still bestsellers.
In 1910, there was a split in the ranks of Freud's students and followers. Disagreement among students that psychosis and hysteria are associated with repression sexual energy man (Freud adhered to this theory) is the cause of the contradictions that led to the split. Disagreements and strife tired the great psychiatrist. The psychoanalyst decided to gather around himself only those who adhered to the basics of his theory. Thus, in 1913, a secretive and almost secret community, the “Committee,” appeared.
Personal life
For decades, Sigmund Freud paid no attention to the female gender. Frankly speaking, the scientist was afraid of women. This fact caused a lot of jokes and gossip, which embarrassed the psychiatrist. Freud convinced himself that he could live his whole life without women interfering in his personal space. But circumstances developed in such a way that the great scientist succumbed to the influence of the charm of the fair sex.
One day, on the way to the printing house, Freud almost fell under the wheels of a carriage. The passenger, who regretted the incident, sent the scientist an invitation to the ball as a sign of reconciliation. Already at the event, Sigmund Freud met his future wife Martha Beirnais, as well as her sister Minna. After some time, a magnificent engagement took place, and then a wedding. Married life was often overshadowed by scandals; jealous Martha insisted that her husband break off communication with Minna. Not wanting to quarrel with his wife, Freud did just that.
In 8 years family life Martha gave her husband six children. After the birth of his youngest daughter Anna, Sigmund Freud decided to completely renounce sex. Judging by the fact that Anna became last child, the great psychoanalyst kept his word. Exactly youngest daughter looked after Freud at the end of the scientist’s life. In addition, Anna is the only one of the children who continued the work of her famous father. A children's psychotherapy center in London is named after Anna Freud.
The biography of Sigmund Freud is full of interesting stories.
- It is known that the psychoanalyst was afraid of the numbers 6 and 2. The scientist never stayed in hotels with more than 61 rooms. Thus, Freud avoided ending up in the “hell room” number 62. In addition, on February 6, under any pretext, the Austrian did not go out, he was afraid negative events, which, as the scientist assumed, were expected on this day.
- Freud listened only to himself, considering own opinion the only true and correct one. The scientist demanded that people listen to the speeches very carefully. Surely, more than one theory of the scientist is connected with these moments, but with similar demands on others, the psychoanalyst tried to prove his superiority, satisfying his pride.
- The psychiatrist’s phenomenal memory is another mysterious moment in the biography of the Austrian doctor. Since childhood, the scientist memorized the contents of books, notes and pictures that he liked. Such abilities helped Freud in learning languages. The famous Austrian, in addition to German, knew a large number of other languages.
- Sigmund Freud never looked people in the eye. This feature was clearly noticed by those around him who met the doctor during his lifetime. The scientist avoided looking, so representatives of the scientific community suggest that the famous couch that appeared in the psychoanalyst's room is connected with this moment.
Death
Intensive study of medical and philosophical works, a busy daily routine and the work of a thinker left a heavy mark on Sigmund Freud’s health. An Austrian psychoanalyst fell ill with cancer.
Having undergone a large number of operations and not getting the desired result, Freud asked the attending physician to provide a favor and help him die, free from pain. In September 1939, a dose of morphine ended the scientist’s life, consigning his body to dust.
A large number of museums have been created in Freud's honor. The main such institution was organized in London, in the building where the scientist lived after forced emigration from Vienna. Also, the museum and hall in memory of Sigmund Freud is located in the city of Příbor (Czech Republic), in the scientist’s homeland. Photos of the founder of psychoanalysis are often found at events international level dedicated to psychology.
Quotes
- "Love and work - that's cornerstones our humanity."
- “The task of making man happy was not part of the plan for the creation of the world.”
- “The voice of intellect is quiet, but it never tires of repeating - and there are listeners.”
- “You never stop looking for strength and confidence outside, but you should look within yourself. They have always been there."
- “In a number of cases, falling in love is nothing more than a mental capture by an object, dictated by sexual primary urges for the purpose of direct sexual satisfaction and with the achievement of this goal it fades away; this is what is called base, sensual love. But, as we know, the libidinal situation rarely remains so uncomplicated. Confidence in a new awakening of a need that had just died out was probably the immediate motive why the capture of a sexual object turned out to be long-lasting and it was “loved” even during those periods of time when there was no desire.”
- “Just today my deceased daughter would have turned thirty-six years old... We are finding a place for the one we lost. Although we know that the acute grief after such a loss will be erased, we remain inconsolable and will never be able to find a replacement. Everything that stands in an empty place, even if it manages to fill it, remains something else. That's how it should be. This the only way to prolong the love that we do not want to renounce.” - from a letter to Ludwig Binswanger, April 12, 1929.
Bibliography
- Dream interpretation
- Three essays on the theory of sexuality
- Totem and taboo
- Psychology of the masses and analysis of the human “I”
- The future of one illusion
- Beyond the pleasure principle
- Me and it
- Introduction to Psychoanalysis
Freud's main feature is that he has the courage to think through every thought to the end, to bring every situation to its final and extreme conclusions. In this difficult and terrible thing he did not always have companions, and many left him immediately beyond the starting point and turned to the side. This maximalism of thought was the reason that even at the height of the rise of scientific interest in psychoanalysis, Freud as a thinker remained essentially alone. The book “Beyond the Pleasure Principle” (1920) belongs to the number of such lonely works of Freud. Even devout psychoanalysts sometimes find it possible to pass over this work in silence; As for the more outside circle of readers, here we have to face - both abroad and in Russia - a real prejudice that needs to be explained and dispelled.
This book leads to such stunning and unexpected conclusions that, at first glance, stand in fundamental contradiction with everything that we are all accustomed to consider as an unshakable scientific truth. Moreover: it contradicts the main provisions put forward at one time by Freud himself. Here Freud not only challenges the general opinion, but also calls into question the assertion that underlies all the psychoanalytic explanations of the author himself. The fearlessness of thought in this book reaches its apogee.
We are accustomed to consider the main explanatory principles of all biological sciences to be the principle of self-preservation of a living organism and the principle of its adaptation to the conditions of the environment in which it has to live. The desire to preserve one’s life and that of one’s kind and the desire for the most complete and painless adaptation to the environment are the main ones. driving forces total organic development. IN full agreement With these premises of traditional biology, Freud at one time put forward the position of two principles mental activity. The highest tendency to which one obeys mental processes, Freud called the pleasure principle. The desire for pleasure and aversion from displeasure, however, do not completely and exclusively direct mental life. The need for adaptation gives rise to the need for an accurate awareness of the external world; this introduces new principle mental activity - the principle of reality, which sometimes dictates the rejection of pleasure in the name of “more reliable, although delayed.”
More original than the principle of pleasure, according to Freud, should be considered, paradoxical as it may sound, the principle of the death drive, which is the basic, original and universal principle organic life. It is necessary to distinguish between two types of attractions. One, as more accessible to observation, has long been studied - this is eros in in a broad sense, sexual attraction, which includes not only sexual desire in all its diversity, but also the entire instinct of self-preservation; it is the attraction to life. Another type of drive, of which sadism should be considered a typical example, can be designated as the death drive. The task of this drive is, as Freud says in another book, “to return all living organisms to a lifeless state,” that is, its goal is “to restore the state disturbed by the emergence of life,” to return life to the inorganic existence of matter. At the same time, all positive life-preserving tendencies, such as the desire for self-preservation, etc., are considered as private drives aimed at providing the body with its own way to death and remove all extraneous possibilities of his return to the inorganic state. All life is revealed as a desire to restore the damaged life balance energy, like roundabout paths to death, like a constant struggle and compromise between two irreconcilable and opposing drives.
Such a construction causes natural resistance against itself for two reasons. Firstly, Freud himself notes the difference between this work and his other constructions. They were straight and accurate translations factual observations into the language of theory. Here observation often takes the place of reflection; speculative reasoning replaces insufficient factual material. Therefore, it may easily seem that we are dealing here not with scientifically reliable constructions, but with metaphysical speculation. It is therefore easy to draw an equal sign between what Freud himself calls the metapsychological point of view and the metaphysical point of view.
The second objection naturally arises from anyone essentially against the very content of these ideas. There is a suspicion whether they are not imbued with the psychology of hopeless pessimism, whether the author, under the guise of a biological principle, is trying to smuggle in the decadent philosophy of nirvana and death. To declare death as the goal of all life - does not this mean laying dynamite at the very foundations scientific biology- this knowledge about life?
Both of these objections force one to be extremely cautious about this work, and some are even led to the idea that there is no place for it in the system of scientific psychoanalysis and that it is necessary to do without it when constructing reflexological Freudianism. However, it is not difficult for the attentive reader to see that both of these objections are unfair and incapable of withstanding the lightest touch of critical thought.
The value and merits of every scientific hypothesis measured by its practical usefulness, by how much it helps to move forward, serving as a working explanatory principle. And in this sense, the best evidence of the scientific usefulness of this hypothesis about the originality of the “death drive” is the later development of the same thoughts in Freud’s book “The Ego and the Id,” where psychological teaching O complex structure personality, about ambivalence, about the instinct of destruction, etc. put in direct connection with the thoughts developed in the proposed book. But still great opportunities Freud's bold hypothesis promises general biological conclusions. It breaks up completely and completely with all teleology in the field of psyche and biology. Every drive is causally conditioned by a previous state, which it seeks to restore. Every attraction has conservative character, it pulls backward, not forward. Thus, a (hypothetical) bridge is thrown from the doctrine of the origin and development of organic life to the sciences of inorganic matter. For the first time in this hypothesis, the organic is introduced so closely into the general context of the world.
Freud is ready to admit that “in every piece of living substance,” in every cell, both types of drives are active, mixed in unequal doses. And only a combination of the simplest single-celled organisms into multicellular living beings makes it possible to “neutralize the death drive of an individual cell and... divert destructive impulses to outside world". From this thought, enormous possibilities are revealed for the doctrine of the social substance of these death instincts. "Multicellular" social organism creates enormous, innumerable opportunities for neutralizing death drives and sublimating them, that is, transforming them into creative impulses of a social person.
Freud, Sigmund - Austrian psychiatrist, neurologist, psychologist, founder of psychoanalysis.
Biography
Sigmund Freud (Sigismund Shlomo Freud) was born on May 6, 1856 in the village of Freiberg, which was then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. The village was located 240 km from Vienna. Father, Jacob Freud, was a wool trader. Mother, Amalia Malka Natanson, came from Odessa. The family lived in one large room, which they rented from a drunken tinsmith.
In the fall of 1859, the family decided to seek their fortune elsewhere. The Freuds move to Leipzig, then to Vienna. True, even in the capital the family failed to improve their financial situation. Sigmund later recalled that his childhood was constantly associated with poverty.
In Vienna, Sigmund entered the private gymnasium and started demonstrating great success in studies. He learned English, French, Italian well, spanish languages, was interested in philosophy. At the age of 17, he graduated from high school with honors and was recognized as the best in his class.
After graduating from high school, Sigmund decided to tie his later life with medicine. He enters Faculty of Medicine University of Vienna. Experiences serious difficulties because of his nationality. Anti-Semitic sentiment reigned in Austria-Hungary at that time, and many classmates did not forget to laugh at the Jewish young man.
In 1881, having graduated from the university, but opened private practice I couldn't yet. He had theoretical knowledge, but nothing practical. The choice fell on the Vienna City Hospital. They paid little here, but you could gain valuable experience. Freud began working as a surgeon, but after two months he decided to focus on neurology. Despite his success in this area, Freud becomes tired of working in the hospital, he considers it too tedious and boring.
In 1883, Sigmund moved to the psychiatry department. Here he felt that he had found his true calling. Despite this, he feels dissatisfied, largely due to his inability to earn enough money to get married. In 1884, Freud got lucky. Many doctors are sent to fight cholera in Montenegro, Sigmund’s boss is on vacation, so he’s quite busy long time appointed as the chief physician of the department.
In 1885, Freud wins a competition that allows him to go to Paris to study with the then famous psychiatrist Jean Charcot. Here Sigmund works on the study of neuropathology, finds a connection between sexual problems and psychological disorders.
In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna and opened a private practice here. The same year he married Martha Bernays.
In 1895, after many disappointments with various methods of studying the psyche, Freud discovered own method– free association. The essence of the method was as follows: the patient had to relax and say whatever came to mind. Sigmund found that patients soon began to talk about past events, experiencing them emotionally. Freud soon learned to understand exactly what events in the past caused certain disorders in the patient. In 1886 new method was called "psychoanalysis".
After this, Freud focused on the study of dreams. He noticed that during free association storytelling, patients often talked about dreams. As a result, Sigmund was able to discover what the secret meaning is hidden behind any dream. In 1900, Freud's book "The Interpretation of Dreams" was published, which many consider best work Austrian explorer.
In 1905 it comes out new book– “Three essays on the theory of sexuality.” Its essence is the study of connections between sexual problems and mental disorders. Colleagues did not accept Freud’s ideas, which was not surprising: at that time such thoughts were simply considered obscene. However, after a few years, Sigmund's ideas begin to become more and more popular.
In 1921, the University of London began giving lectures to five scientists: Einstein, Spinoza, the Kabbalist Ben Baimonides, the mystic Philo and Sigmund Freud. The psychiatrist is nominated for Nobel Prize. It was a confession.
When Vienna fell into Nazi hands, Freud decided to stay in the city, although his nationality represented serious problem. He had every chance to go to Auschwitz, but almost the whole world began to defend the scientist. Danish Queen And spanish king protested against the oppression of the scientist especially strongly. Franklin Roosevelt tried to get Freud deported. But the scientist’s fate was decided after Mussolini’s call to Hitler. A psychiatrist had once cured one of the fascist leader’s good friends, and now asked Freud to help. Himmler agreed to release Freud, but for a ransom. Maria Bonaparte, the granddaughter of Napoleon himself, agreed to give any amount for Freud. The Austrian Gauleiter asked for two of Mary's palaces, practically her entire fortune. Napoleon's granddaughter agreed. In Paris, the psychiatrist was met by Maria Bonaparte and Prince George. Soon Freud goes to Great Britain, where he meets Bernard Shaw.
On September 23, 1939, Freud's friend, at his request, injects him with a triple dose of morphine. Sigmund suffered greatly from oral cancer, so he decided to euthanasia. Three days later the body was cremated.
Freud's Major Achievements
- Creator of the method of free association and psychoanalysis.
- Through his research he proved that unconscious structures are completely accessible to analysis. As a result, Freud built an interconnected picture of the human psyche.
Important dates in Freud's biography
- May 6, 1856 - birth in the village of Freiberg.
- 1873 – admission to the University of Vienna.
- 1876 - beginning scientific work at the Institute of Zoological Research.
- 1881 – graduation from university. Start of work at the Vienna City Hospital.
- 1885 - arrival in Paris and work with Jean Charcot.
- 1886 - return to Vienna. Marriage. The term “psychoanalysis” was used for the first time.
- 1895 – publication of the book “Studies in Hysteria”.
- 1900 – publication of the book “The Interpretation of Dreams”.
- 1908 – foundation of Vienna psychoanalytic society like-minded people of Freud.
- 1909 – Arrival in the USA to give lectures.
- 1833 - a series of brochures “Continuation of Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis” is published.
- 1938 - becomes a hostage of the Nazis. He was able to leave Austria thanks to the intercession of Maria Bonaparte and a number of state leaders.
- September 23, 1939 – euthanasia.
- I used cocaine for some time, wanting to study its effects on the human body. Recognized cocaine as an extremely dangerous drug.
- Was heavy smoker. He considered smoking to be the greatest pleasure in life.
- He left behind 24 volumes of works.
- I was afraid of the number 62.
- Lost my virginity at age 30 because I was afraid of women.
- I hated music. He threw away his sister's piano and did not visit restaurants with an orchestra.
- He had a phenomenal photographic memory.
