Changing a noun. Pluralizing nouns in English

We can say that a noun is one of the main parts of speech in the Russian language. Let us remind you that this independent part speeches answering the questions: who? What? It follows that a noun denotes animate and inanimate objects. How does a noun change, according to what characteristics?

Morphological characteristics

A noun has morphological characteristics. The word “morphology” (from the Greek “morphe” - form) means a system of forms of word change in a language. These features, in addition to animation, also include common noun (proper, common noun), declension, gender, number, and case. In Russian, the noun changes according to numbers and cases.

Let us immediately note that according to gender (as many people think) the noun does not change. It simply refers to one of the genders - feminine, masculine or neuter. You can determine your gender using pronouns:

male - he, mine;
female - she, mine;
the middle one is mine.

Number of nouns

As a rule, nouns are used in both singular and plural. It depends on how many words are being spoken. For example: ship - ships, road - roads, river - rivers.

But there are words whose form implies only a singular number. These are collective names, qualities, signs, actions, proper names: detvora, sineva, Volga, etc.

Words used only in the plural are composite objects (trousers), periods of time (everyday), activities (troubles), games (tag), place names (Andes).

Change by case

This change is called declination. The six cases of the Russian language correspond to certain questions:

Nominative case: who? What? (ocean, oceans).
Genitive: whom? what? (ocean, oceans).
Dative: to whom? what? (ocean, oceans)
Accusative: whom? What? (ocean, oceans)
Creative: by whom? how? (ocean, oceans)
Prepositional: about whom? about what? (about the ocean, about the oceans).

When determining the case of a noun, pose a question from the word to which it refers.

So, remember: nouns change according to number and case.

Russian language is one of the most complex languages. To know it perfectly, you need to carefully study the rules and lexical norms. The most difficult language in terms of grammar is Russian.

The first part of speech studied at school is the noun. Many people have had difficulty learning the noun, since this part of speech has many different exceptions to the rules. They are a collection of words that do not fit into the rules. Everyone needs to memorize all the exceptions.

The problem is the incorrect pronunciation and inflection of words. To solve this problem, you need to turn to dictionaries, encyclopedias and any other sources of information about the noun. Having mastered a language perfectly, people can increase their level of erudition. The information presented will help you learn all the subtleties and tricks. It will be useful to everyone: children, schoolchildren, adults, teachers, students. The easiest way to demonstrate the change in nouns by number is with examples that can help when studying the material.

Terminology

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object. Answers to the following questions: Who? What? The meaning of an object can be different meaning. For example, the name of objects: chair, armchair, the name of substances (vinegar, milk), the names of animals, people and other meanings. There are over a million meanings for objects, so it is impossible to list all the examples.

The use of nouns can be singular or plural. For example, the singular is apartment, then the plural is apartments. You can also change nouns by case.

Features of the number

A grammatical number is a sign for designating one or many objects. The singular number implies only one object: a person, a wardrobe, a sofa. Plural means more than one thing. For example, cabinets, tables, people.

Singular examples

Changing a noun by numbers is the simplest topic for study. Examples will be used simple words to achieve the required level of understanding. For example, a magpie is a bird (one), a chair is an object (one), a rabbit is an animal (one). It is worth remembering that a noun can have several meanings of one word, so some words in the singular can indicate plurality. Example: fishing - denotes a number of activities, but one subject. Teachers explain the topic in elementary school: changes in nouns by numbers (grade 2). It is in the second grade that one has to become familiar with this section of nouns.

You need to ask the right question to define a noun. Questions: who? What?
You can define a singular number using the endings: -a; -And; -I.

Exceptions related to the singular

Russian language - grammatically difficult language. It contains a number of exceptions. Learning to change a noun by numbers in grade 4 involves repeating the program. All words related to exceptions must be memorized. These include:

Chemicals, consumer products: iron, steel, sugar, water, gasoline. Form plural possible with designation individual species substances. For example, essential oils, lightly salted waters.
It is important to understand that many exceptions depend on the definition of the subject matter. Brain - main body person, cannot be used in the plural. Brains are food from animal organs (does not have a singular number).
Subjects that are collective in nature: students, humanity, foliage.
Nouns representing abstraction. Examples: anger, kindness, laziness, coldness, warmth. The plural can be used when talking about the characteristics of abstraction: reachable heights, stone depths.
Proper names. For example, the Karamazov brothers, the Rurik family.

Plural examples

Plural nouns refer to more than one thing. This could be a group or category. For example: tables, sofas, factories, rings. Any word that talks about two or more things is plural.

Plurals

Plurals are formed in various ways:

With the help of endings - tables, moles.
Replacements - children, people, gentlemen.

Setting the accent

Some words seem difficult to pronounce in the plural, so it makes sense to talk about correct positioning accents. For example:

Table - tables (emphasis on Y).
Luggage - luggage (I).
Jester - jesters (Y).
Language - languages (I).
Order - orders (A).

There are also words that do not require stress changes. It only falls on one letter. A similar option is possible with a zero ending or when placing a noun in genitive. For example:

Drop - drops.
Soil - soils.
Minus - minuses.

To consolidate the material covered, you are asked to complete a short task. The player needs to arrange the nouns in two columns with singular and plural numbers.

List of words that need to be inserted into the table:

Boy, animals, balls, toy, balls, shield, chairs, magnet, cups, row.

If difficulties arise, the answers are provided below. It looks like this:

And now it is proposed to complicate the task - for each word you need to find the missing number. Within 10 minutes you must complete the task and check the list below.

Boy - boys.
Toy - toys.
Shield - shields.
Magnet - magnets.
Row - rows.
Animal - animals.
Ball - balls.
Ball - balls.
Chair - chairs.
Cup - cups.

Features of zero ending

Zero ending is an ending that has no sounds or letters. possible in several cases:

If a noun has such an ending in nominative case in the singular, the ending appears in the plural. House - houses, steppe - steppes.
If initial form has no words null ending, then the plural genitive has a zero ending. Place - no places. Pear - no pears.
If the nouns are masculine and are based on a hard consonant, then both numbers will have a zero ending. One gypsy - several gypsies. One soldier - several soldiers.

Exceptions to the rules

The plural has a number of exceptions. As a rule, the topic is often covered in textbooks and is called this: changing the name of nouns by numbers (grade 3). Practice shows that children learn the material well, since there are not many exceptions. These nouns can only be used in the plural. These include categories such as:

Memo

In conclusion, below is an original reminder with which anyone can learn the exceptions among the changes in nouns by number. The table "Changing nouns by numbers" with examples looks like this:

Conclusion

In conclusion, it must be said that nouns are able to change their form due to changes in numbers. There are also words that are used in only one number. For example, coffee is only a singular number. Canned food - only plural.

After reading the above material and doing the suggested exercises, any student will be able to repeat the basic rules associated with the category of number in nouns.

1. ARE ALL WORDS INCLINED? WHAT ARE THE WORDS THAT DO NOT CHANGE ACCORDING TO CASES CALLED?

2. WHAT QUESTIONS DOES A NOUN IN THE NOMINATIVE CASE ANSWER? WHICH MEMBER OF THE SENTENCE IS IT?
3. WHAT QUESTIONS DO NOUNS IN INDIRECT CASES ANSWER? WITH WHAT PREPOSITIONS ARE THEY USED

Tell plz thanks in advance))

1) find the word that matches (scheme - prefix, root ending)

track
surcharge
domino
daughter.

2) from the sentence, write out the noun that does not have a suffix
The swallow invited poor Thumbelina to fly to warmer lands.

3)Which of the words is a noun feminine?
1)sad
2) be sad
3) sadness
4) calendar.

4) Find a phrase in which the noun is used in prepositional case
1) come to grandma
2) write with a pen
3) sew a doll
4) swim in the river

5) Four phrases are given. Determine what is violated in each of these combinations (gender, number, case). Mark your answer on each line
Phrase Gender Number Case Nothing violated
talented pianist
a moth fluttered
circling outside the window
reported on the radio

6) Choose the correct statement.
Nouns do not change by case.
Nouns change by gender, but do not change by case.
Nouns change according to number.
Nouns do not change by gender and do not change by number.

7) Three out of four words have something in common grammatical feature(gender, number, ....) . Find and underline extra word. LEAVES, TEACHERS, LEMON, TASKS
Explain why this word can be considered redundant.
Because ____________________________

8) Find a word with a preposition and mark it.
(coated
(present
(by) others
(on) the road

9) Find a word with an unpronounceable consonant
dangerous
month
wonderful
interesting

10) What word can you use to check the spelling of the root?
pickling
salty
salt
pickles

11) In what case are two possible different spellings?
dr_zhat
z_lett
was born
larger
write down what words you get ______________________

12) In which of the fairy-tale words do you need to write a soft sign after the hissing one, according to the rules of the Russian language?
Tsasiy plyzh
artaya edin
awesome ardush
aruvaya troch

13) Find the group of words that contains the extra word.
rye, daughter, night, mouse
laugh, giggle, laugh, chuckle
earth, earth, earth, earth
glitter, brilliant, sparkle, glisten
Write down the extra word from this group.
____________________
____________________

14) Write the words in three columns depending on what spelling is at the root.
SPONGS, LOW, STARRY, CARPET, SORE, LATE, SAD, EYES, DUNGEON.

15) What parts of the word, besides the root, are there in the word (RECHENKA)
prefix and suffix
prefix and ending
prefix, suffix and ending
suffix and ending.

Instructions

There are six cases in Russian: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental and Prepositional. Each case corresponds to auxiliary questions:
- I. p. – “who?”, “what?”;
- R. p. – “who?”, “what?”;
- D. p. – “to whom?”, “what?”;
- V. p. - “who?”, “what?”;
- T.p. – “by whom?”, “with what?”;
- P. p. – “about whom?”, “about what?”.

Changing by case, nouns acquire certain endings. And depending on what endings they are, nouns belong to the I, II or III declension.

The word “work,” like other feminine and masculine nouns ending in “a/ya,” belongs to the 1st declension. It changes as follows: in the singular: I. p. - “work”, R. p. - “work”, D. p. - “work”, V. p. - “work”, T. p. - “work”, P. p. – “about work”; in the plural: “works”, “works”, “works”, “works”, “works”, “about works” respectively.

Masculine and neuter words belong to the II declension. For example, the masculine word “forest”. Its singular forms: “forest – forests – forests – forests – forests – about the forest”; plural: “forests – forests – forests – forests – forests – about forests.”

The third declension includes feminine words with soft sign at the end. For example, the word “youth” (“youth – youth – youth – youth – youth – about youth”).

There are two numbers in Russian: singular and plural. Most nouns have both singular and plural forms. This means, changing in numbers and cases, these words will have 12 forms.

Which are used only in the singular or only in the plural. For example, words such as “foliage”, “milk”, “youth” are always in the singular. And the words “scissors”, “pants”, “wallpaper” are only in the plural. Accordingly, these words will no longer have 12, but only 6 case forms. For example, “milk - milk - milk - milk - milk - about milk”, or “wallpaper - wallpaper - wallpaper - wallpaper - wallpaper - about wallpaper”.

Sometimes it can be difficult to decide on one or the other case form. What is the correct way to say “locksmiths” or “locksmith”, “I want some tea” or “I want some tea”? In this case, the orthographic one will come to the rescue, in which, in addition to the initial one, some case endings. Variants of the use of words are also given.

Sometimes they say that nouns change according to gender. This is a grave mistake. Nouns do not change by gender, but have a gender category. The word “” is feminine, “forest” is masculine, and “field” is neuter. Those words that have only a plural form are not associated with the category of gender.

Sources:

noun how it changes

All nouns have the morphological feature of number. Most words related to this part of speech can be used in the plural or singular. However, there are often nouns that have the form of a single number. Here it is important to take into account the lexical meaning of the word.

Instructions

The number helps convey quantitative characteristics words related to . One object or person is indicated by the singular (general, state), the presence of several is conveyed by the plural (declarations, documents). There are many names that tend to be used only in one number. If there is difficulty in determining this morphological character, pay attention to the semantic content of the word.

Some nouns only have a singular form. Among them are names with a collective meaning: teachers, children, youth. Words that convey state and action (smoldering,), qualities (, old age) indicating a substance (aluminum, gasoline, onion) can only be used in the singular. Naming individual objects with proper names (Novgorod, Baikal), some indeclinable nouns(flame, crown, udder, burden) do not change in numbers.

Nouns that name paired (trousers, glasses) and composite (rakes, pitchforks), materials (white), time periods and states of nature (days, ), representing the names of games (hide and seek, checkers) are distinguished by the absence of a singular number. Among geographical names There are many similar words: Alps, Sochi, Netherlands.

There are cases when singular nouns are used in an unusual plural. This occurs due to a change lexical meaning. For example, the word “work,” indicating a process, in the sentence “The students presented creative works to the exhibition" acquired a plural category. For individual copyright and folk speech characterized by concretization of abstract names ( modern realities, progressive movements). The narrowly professional forms of names sometimes used in the plural do not correspond literary standards, so it is better to refuse them (for example, “major repairs”). To designate the species and variety various substances a plural sign may appear: “ mineral salts", "lubricating oils".

Nouns change according to number. In modern Russian there are two numbers: singular and plural. If we're talking about about one subject, the singular is used, if there are two or more subjects - the plural: table - tables, window - windows, book - books, horse - horses, night - nights, notebook - notebooks, tree - trees, feather - feathers etc.

Singular nouns usually have different endings (table, window, book), and in the plural most nouns ending in – s, – and And – a, – ya(for neuter gender and some masculine nouns). Gender differences in the plural are obscured. Yes, nouns clouds, shores, cities, snow, fields, seas, edges, trees, friends, ears, twigs, dresses refer to either the masculine or neuter gender, but in the plural they have identical endings. And nouns desks, hands, lands, tables, posters, shelves, doctors, knives, guests, nails, days, nights, shadows refer either to masculine, or to the female. This feature emphasizes the reasonable structure of the language, its economy, since main task numbers - indicate the number of objects (one object or many of them), and what kind they are - for us in at the moment immaterial.

There is a second feature here: not all nouns can change by number. Real nouns (milk, butter, cereals, tea, honey, cottage cheese, sour cream; silk, velvet, satin, wool, chintz; copper, manganese, tin, gold, silver, oil etc.), collective (humanity, youth, students; brushwood, rags, litter, foliage etc.), abstract (tenderness, beauty, whiteness; youth, girlhood; patience, development, pressure, heritage etc.), own (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Karpatyg etc.) do not change in numbers.

This is explained by the fact that the listed groups of words, especially real and collective nouns, already in singular form denote a set. After all, cereals consist of grains, brushwood - of twigs, litter - of specks, fluff - of fluff, youth - of young people, etc. Consequently, in essence, in content, they denote a multitude, and therefore do not need the plural .

One can, of course, object: don’t they say cereals, sausages? Isn't that plural? Yes, this is a plural form (its indicator is the ending – s), but it does not indicate the quantity of a given product, but its different varieties. If they say: “The store has a large selection of cereals,” they want to emphasize that there is different types cereals (semolina, pearl barley, barley, millet, etc.); “Masters of the dairy plant produce more than 200 different cheeses” - an indication of the number of varieties of cheese.

There are words in the Russian language that are used only in the plural (ending in – s, – i), but they can designate one object or many objects. Yes, in a sentence Shirts and trousers hung in the closet It is obvious that there are several shirts, but the number of trousers is unclear (either one or several), so for complete clarity it is necessary to indicate the number (one or two, three, four, etc.). Here similar words: jeans, stretchers, scales, watches, pitchforks, gates, elections, negotiations, cream, firewood, vacations, money, wallpaper, whitewash, curls etc. They have one more interesting feature- they lose the gender indicator, i.e. if nouns are always used in the plural form, then they will never have a gender indicator.

Let's open our minds

There are nouns on the board. The task is to quickly and accurately write these words in two columns: in one - nouns used only in the plural, in the other - other words, but in the singular form.

trousers, shoes, questions, questions, doors, chores, rakes, scythes, pitchforks, scales, weights, crops, shoots, wilds, debates, disputes, meetings, farewells, chess, games, pliers, tongs, worries, swings, carousels, cutlets, dumplings, subsoil, treasures, cream

Nouns that have only a plural form are often used in works of literature. Name these works.

a) ...The hounds shout: “Wow, guys, thief!”

And instantly gates for constipation...

My cunning man set off

IN negotiation…

b) The glasses have no effect...

c) He asked for cabbage soup with meat and sat down, leaning his hands on the table.

G) Curls black

They lie in brackets;

What I'm working on -

Everything works for me!

a) I. A. Krylov. "Wolf in the kennel."