D dialectisms. Dialectisms, their types

Instructions

Dialectisms have certain features that distinguish them from popular ones language constructs, for example, phonetic, morphological, special meaning word usage and usage, unknown literary language. Depending on these features, dialect words are divided into several groups.

Lexical dialectisms are words that are used in speech and writing by speakers of a certain dialect, and which most often do not have word-formation and phonetic variants. For example, the southern Russian dialects are characterized by the words “tsibulya” (onion), “buryak” (beets), “gutorit” (to speak), and for the northern ones - “golitsy” (mittens), “sash” (belt), baskoy (beautiful) etc. Moreover, dialectisms usually have equivalents in common language. The presence of synonyms is the main difference between lexical dialectisms and other varieties of dialect words.

Ethnographic dialectisms are words that denote objects, known to residents a certain area: “shanezhki” (pies prepared according to a special recipe), “shingles” (potato pancakes), “manarka” (a type of outerwear), “nardek” (watermelon molasses), etc. Ethnographisms do not have , since the objects designated by these words have an exclusively local distribution. Usually, the names of household items, clothing, plants and dishes act as ethnographic dialectisms.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words with an unusual meaning. For example, the floor in a hut can be called a bridge, mushrooms - lips, etc. Such dialectisms are most often homonyms for common words that are used in the language with their inherent meaning.

Phonetic dialectisms are words with a special phonetic design in the dialect: “chep” (chain), “tsai” (tea) - in northern dialects; “zhist” (life), “passport” (passport) - in the southern dialects.

Word-forming dialectisms are distinguished by a special affix design: “evonny” (him), “pokeda” (for now), “otkul” (from where), “darma” (for free), “zavsegda” (always) and others.

In addition, there are morphological dialectisms, which are inflections not typical of the literary language: the presence of soft endings for verbs in the third person (to go, to go); ending -e: for you, for me; ending -am in the instrumental u in plural(under pillars), etc.

In linguistics, the term “dialectism” has two main meanings. Firstly, this term is sometimes used to refer to a set of narrower terms such as “vulgarism”, “professionalism”, etc. Secondly (and this concept of dialectism is much more established), this is the collective name territorial features speech.

On the territory of Russia there is huge amount dialects and dialects. This is explained by the multinational nature of the state, historical events and even natural conditions. There are so many dialects that even in one locality in use can be completely different names and one. There is, for example, a book “Dialects of Akchim”, where in the territory of just one village dialectologists identified about forty dialects.

So, this is language features, characteristic of a particular territory and used in literary speech.

There are several types of dialectisms.

Lexical dialectisms are words that are used exclusively in a given territory and do not have any phonetically similar analogues in other territories. For example, in southern Russian dialects “on horseback” is called a ravine. Despite the fact that these words are used only in one territory, their meaning is familiar to everyone.

But ethnographic dialectisms name concepts that are in use only in a certain area. As a rule, these are names household items, dishes, etc. For example, paneva (poneva) is a woolen skirt, which is exclusively in the southern Russian provinces. There are no analogues of such a concept in all-Russian language.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that change their usual meaning in a dialect. Like, for example, “bridge” - in some dialects this is what the floor in a hut is called.

Phonetic dialectisms- This is the most common phenomenon in dialects. This is a distortion of the familiar sound of the word. For example, “bread” in southern Russian dialects is called “khlip”, and in northern dialects you can hear “zhist” instead of “life”. Most often, such dialectisms arise due to the fact that the word is difficult to pronounce. For example, older people may call a radio “radivom” because articulatory apparatus It's easier that way.

There are also word-formation dialectisms - these are words formed differently than in the literary language. In dialects, for example, a calf can be called “telok”, and a goose can be called “goose”.

Morphological dialectisms are forms of words for a literary language. For example, “me” instead of “me”.

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Dialectisms are words and phraseological units, the use of which is characteristic of people living in a certain area.

Pskov dialectisms: lava'street', scrape'shell', perechia'contradiction', harrow‘horse in the second year’, petun'rooster', barkan'carrot', bulba'potato', good'bad', slimy'slippery', readable'sober', kick‘to walk around doing nothing’.

For example, PU-dialectisms of Pskov dialects: even a finger in the eye‘very dark’, three legs fast ', live on dry spoons ' poor ’, from all worlds ‘ from everywhere ', show annexation ' fight back ’, lead the ends ‘ deceive ’.

From linguistic phraseological units, which lose the power of their impact, gradually losing their distinctive qualities in the constancy of nationwide use, dialectal phraseological units are distinguished by their unique imagery, brightness and freshness of naming realities. Wed: old maid (lit.) and Don Mikolaevskaya (Nikolaevskaya) girl“old maid” (a name from the times of Nicholas I, when the Cossacks left to serve for 25 years); Petra's girlI "old maid" Or: kick your ass (lit.) and Don with the same meaning: beat the buggies (baglay"idler"), beat frogs, beat kayaks (kaydak"idler"), knock down kitushka (kitushka“an earring near a flowering tree (birch, willow, etc.)”); Milky Way (lit.) and Don with similar semantics Batyev (Batyev, Batyev) way(by name Tatar Khan Batu, who in his movements was guided by the Milky Way), Batyeva (Bateva, Bateva, Batyoeva, Patyoeva) road, Batyovo wheel.

Dialectisms are used mainly in the traditional form of speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral, everyday speech of residents of rural areas.

Dialectal vocabulary differs from the national vocabulary not only in its narrower scope of use, but also in a number of phonetic, grammatical and lexico-semantic features.

Depending on what features characterize dialectisms (as opposed to literary vocabulary), there are several types of them:

1) phonetic dialectisms- words that reflect the phonetic features of a given dialect: barrel, Vankya, tipyatok(instead of barrel, Vanka, boiling water)- South Russian dialectisms; kuricha, tsyasy, tselovek, nemchi(instead of chicken, watch, man, Germans)- dialectisms reflecting the sound features of some northwestern dialects;

2) grammatical dialectisms- words that have grammatical characteristics different from those in the literary language or differ from the popular vocabulary in morphological structure. Thus, in southern dialects, neuter nouns are often used as nouns feminine (the whole field, such a thing, the cat smells whose meat it ate); forms are common in northern dialects in the cellar, in the club, in the table(instead of in the cellar, and the club, in the table), instead of common words side, rain, run, hole and others in dialect speech words with the same root are used, but different in morphological structure: sideways, dozhzhok, run, burrow etc.;

3) lexical dialectisms- words that differ in both form and meaning from words in the popular vocabulary: kochet"rooster", korets"ladle", the other day"the other day, recently" speed up"harrow", on the ground"manure", drone"speak", inda"even" etc.

Among the lexical dialectisms, local names of things and concepts common in a given area stand out. These words are called ethnographisms. For example, ethnography is the word Paneva- this is how a special type of skirt is called in Ryazan, Tambov, Tula and some other regions - ‘ a type of skirt made from variegated homespun fabric’. In areas where floors are used as draft power, the word is widespread nalygach- designation of a special belt or rope tied to the horns of oxen. The pole at the well, with the help of which water is obtained, is in some places called ochep; birch bark bast shoes used to be called cats etc. Unlike actual lexical dialectisms, ethnographic dialectisms, as a rule, do not have synonyms in the literary language and can only be explained descriptively.

4) Semantic dialectisms- words that have a special meaning in dialects, different from the commonly used one. Yes, in a word top in some southern dialects it is called a ravine, verb yawn used to mean "shout, call" guess- meaning “to recognize someone by sight”, dark- meaning “very, strongly” (I love it dark"I love you very much"); in northern dialects plow means "to sweep the floor", in Siberian wonderful means "a lot"; ceiling- floor, coward- hare, etc.

Ceiling'attic', mushrooms'lips', coward'rabbit', cockerel‘butter mushroom’, plow'sweep', suffer‘to laugh, to have fun’.

It must be remembered that dialect words are outside the scope of the literary language, therefore, if possible, you should refrain from using local words, especially if there is literary words with the same meaning.

Some dialectisms are capable of penetrating into the literary language. For example, words of dialectal origin include wild rosemary, carefree, roach, coo, length, flabby, creepy, sweetheart, strawberry, in vain, strawberry, picking, clumsy, fawning, foliage, mumble, shaggy, hassle, annoying, tedious, roadside, careful, cloudy, spider, plowman, background, fishing, ingenuity, hill, dragonfly, taiga, smile, earflaps, eagle owl, nonsense and many others.

Important- hard, hard.
Valjak, felted, felted - cast, chased, carved, turned, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on the mound, on the jew’s harp”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowed, open place in the forest.
Veredy - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(ropes, rope, rope) - a post on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretye- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps this refers to the spindle, i.e. a type of copperhead - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, pair, couple.
Pounded mile - probably from “gverst” - coarse sand, crushed stone.
Nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead on horseback.
Evening- yesterday.
Heave up- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, twig, long branch.
Water-carrier - a vessel for carrying and storing water and drinking.
Volzhanaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Red tape (bow) - ordinary, everyday, well-worn.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Patrimony - estate (hereditary, ancestral); surname; “according to the patrimony” - according to inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; upper part sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
Dress up- tell yourself something.
Howl - food, eating; amount of food at a time; hour of food.
Outputs - tribute, submit.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, knitting - a baton made of flexible wood, used for the manufacture of runners, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viriy, iriy)- a wonderful, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- blizzard.

G ah- oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr is a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, bare, devoid of vegetation and stones.
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're baking - you will run into, you will fly (from “bounce”).
reception, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes .
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're toasting- run into, run into (from “bounce”).
Gridenka, gridnya, grinya, grinyushka - reception room, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness on top of the shaft.
Gusli, guslishki, guslishki- plucked string instrument.
Suitable- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Godina- good clear weather, a bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
Dutchman- chervonets, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- ten-kopeck piece; V Ancient Rus' monetary unit- a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
bed- a shelf going from the stove to the wall.
Lip- bay, backwater.
Horn- a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.

D trust- husband's brother.
Devyatina- a period of nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the hero's lineage.
Del - share division of spoils (“share of affairs”).
Hold - spend; does not hold on - is not spent, does not dry up.
Dominates - appropriate, befitting; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a warrior, i.e. a weapon, perhaps long-stinged - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, plenty, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got enough? (Are you tired?)- at the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“she won’t come to the Duma”).
Durodny - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's patrimony - a family estate that came into possession by lateral inheritance.
Deja- dough dough, sauerkraut; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, former.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and outside.
Drolya- dear, dear, beloved.

Ye ndova- wide copper bowl with spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless vest, fur coat.
Ernishny- from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Yestva- food, food.

Zhelnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; livestock
Zhito- any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- antique half-caftan.

Z convince- complain, cry.
Zagneta (Zagneta)- ash pan of a Russian stove.
Conspiracy- the last day before Lent, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch to damage or destroy the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- something new and clean that is soiled or contaminated; lightened the heart (from “renew”; take away the soul, lighten the heart).
Get excited- be happy.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not round, but oblong.
Spotted- bottom, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zink- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Zrelki- ripe berries.

And weed- praise, glory, thank you.

Kazak, Cossack woman- worker. (worker), farm laborer, hired worker.
Damask- antique thick silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
Karavaytsy- wheat pancakes.
Wire rods- felt boots.
Cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
Kisa- bag.
Kitina- grass trunk, pea stalk.
Kichka- an ancient Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
Cage- a room or storage room in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Klyuka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant's plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- bun with egg.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, used for a bedspread and veil.
Kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a frame.
Kopyl- a short block in the runners of a sled that serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Kostritsa (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after they are scuffed and carded.
Slanted (skewed) window- a window made of jambs or metal rods intertwined at random, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.
Cats- a type of warm footwear.
Red corner- a corner in the hut where icons hung.
Beauty- a bride’s crown made of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and maiden will.
Kroma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma the Big Crema” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, this is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- handloom; thread base when weaving on a handloom; fabric woven on crosses.
Crosenza- homespun shirts.
Krynica- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrow and tall.
Tow- a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- a slob, an unkempt person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
Smoking- get up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in a hut under the icons or near the stove: “rotten corner” - north-west wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- little plump.
Ladom- good, as it should be.
Swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the arms and sleeves of the shirt.
lollipop - ice block.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in a lake protruding from the water.

Myna- wormwood.
Uterus, mother- middle ceiling beam in the hut.
Mezhenny (mezhony)- long, long, summer.
Low water - intermediate level water, which is established after the flood (in June - before heat and drought).
Merezha- a fishing net stretched over a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, “by the whole world.”
Young guy- new month.
Muzzle- wickerwork.
Hassle- (trouble) - cloud, cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
Animated- covered with glaze.
Myalitsa- a crusher, a projectile used to crush flax and hemp, clearing the fibers from the kernel.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, grief.
Nat- necessary (short for “put on” - necessary).
Stretch- stumble upon, attack.
Neoblyzhny- real, not false.
Neudolny- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
Novina- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; grain of the new harvest.
Stayed overnight- last night.

Oh grandmas- mushroom, boletus.
Charm (charm)- slander, jinx.
Obloukhy- long-eared, long-eared, long-eared.
Twist- dress; dress up (the young woman after the crown in women's clothing); marry.
Omshanik- a caulked log house for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- foot wraps for boots or bast shoes, foot wraps.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn out and tattered shoes.
Yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass that has grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year in place of what was cut.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in a hut on which the cradle was suspended.

P a g e- pasture, place for grazing livestock.
Pasma- part of a skein of thread or yarn.
Peltish- with fringe.
Relog- a neglected arable place.
Povet, povetka- barn, stable; canopy, roof over the yard; covered yard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
Undercut- “sled with undercuts” - with a shackled sleigh runner.
Pokut- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an antique small copper quarter penny coin.
Popeluinik (popeluinik)- from “sang”: ash, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
Porosha- snow falling evenly; a layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
stand- strip, field; plot, part of the field occupied by reapers.
Poyarchatiy- from the wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- drawn-out, mournful.
Proletye- early summer, June, time for petrovka.
Pryazhenets- flatbread, pancake with butter; pancake made from black flour, with butter.
Pryazhenitsa- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Spinning- part of the fence from pillar to post; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoop.

Apply- try, care, assist. To get sick is to undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- spread out, spread out, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
Zealous, quick-tempered- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a shed for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- a crossroads, an intersection of roads, where they say goodbye, separate, part.
Rubel- a wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, throw.
Row (rad)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction for purchase, hire, supply, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freeze-up.
Scroll- long outerwear (usually among Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain that the sower carries over his shoulder.
Week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko- north, north wind.
Speed ​​up- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, fold.
Get crowded- gather in a bunch, in one place.
Smashny- delicious.
Smychina- a knotty, strong stick that goes to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
Sporyadny- neighbor, fellow villager (from “row” - street).
Stavets- large cup, bowl.
Flock- stall, barnyard, corral, fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stanovik- fence from small forest.
Stanitsa neudolnaya- children of the deceased.
Surplice- clergyman’s clothing, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
Streha- lower, hanging edge of the roof wooden house, hut.
Styazhye- poles, poles, thick sticks for strengthening a haystack or a cart of hay.
Sukoleno- a knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
adversary- rival.
Sousek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Full- honey infusion; water sweetened with honey.

T Alan- happiness, luck, fate.
Talina- thawed ground, thawed patches.
Tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- cobweb.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one cast net; a place where they fish.
Torok- gust of wind, squall.
Toroka (toroki)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo or a travel bag to it.
Torok- a beaten, beaten path.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse’s mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tulley- tulle frill.
Tyablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

U timber- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
Dinner bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, number of sheaves.
Calm down (about water)- come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
Steal- caulk it in one fell swoop, prepare it for winter.

H scarlet- it seemed to be hoped.
Chelo- the front part of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Chernets, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Chetverik- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 units (for example, a sack of 4 poods).
Chuika- long cloth caftan.

Sh alyga (shelyga)- wicker ball; wooden ball; scourge, whip, goad.
Shanga- cheesecake, very juicy, simple flatbread.
Shelomchaty- with a convex cap.
Woolbit- the one who beats, ruffles, fluffs the wool.
Wool- hornets.
Six- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian stove.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a full-width piece of fabric.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

Shcherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barking- barren (about cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a permanent epithet for gusli.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

Dialectisms, translated from Greek language mean conversation, dialect, adverb. These are words and phrases used in a certain area, region, or country. You can take any country in the world to study dialects and make sure that there are a lot of dialects in every corner of our planet.

Sometimes you may encounter the fact that residents of the same country, living only in different cities, villages, villages, do not always understand each other. How different are the dialects of populations belonging to the same linguistic group, but not using a literary language, but speaking a dialect developed over centuries. As an example, I’ll tell you a little about what I encountered while living in Syria.

When I arrived in this wonderful country, I didn’t know how to communicate at all. I had to take courses. We need to somehow communicate with the population. After finishing the course, I decided that I could easily go somewhere alone, without being accompanied by a person who knew Arabic.

Let's go. When I started explaining to one shopkeeper what I needed, he started laughing. Quite a lot of people gathered, who also had fun listening to me. For a long time I could not understand what was the matter. For several days in a row, everyone I talked to laughed until they cried. In the end, I was enlightened.

It turned out that I spoke pure literary Arabic, which is not used at all in oral speech. In use in this country spoken language, and every city, every village has its own dialect. Often even Arabs do not understand each other, the dialects are so different, which date back to Biblical times.

Let's look at dialectisms using the Russian language as an example

It will be simpler and clearer for us. This topic remains interesting for linguists because this is our history, and currently Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them we are losing the uniqueness of our linguistic history and Russian culture in general, which dates back to pagan times.

Russian folk dialects contain large number original folk words characteristic only of a certain place. Dialectisms are mainly present in colloquial speech village residents. In dialects we see the original language of the Russian people; in some places even today you can hear expressions of Old Russian speech.

And in public places, such as schools, higher educational institutions, law enforcement agencies and governing bodies, even people who are accustomed to communicate using dialectical expressions, try to use the generally accepted, so to speak, literary language.

• "Red Maiden" - a very beautiful girl;
• “Alatyr-stone” is the father of all stones (the one that lies on the island of Buyan;
• “grab” - grabbed;
• “go” - go;
• “yarilo” - sun;
• “whirled” - sad, sad.
• “Baba Yaga” is an old, scary, angry, lonely grandmother.

Dialectisms are very clearly visible in ancient sayings and proverbs that came to us from paganism.

For example

• “The day that has come has reached us, and the day that lies ahead, take care of it,”
• “Trouble is in the family”
• "Brotherhood judges like a judge"
• “Be afraid or afraid, but fate cannot be avoided.”

Let me give a few more examples of dialectisms

Everyone is well aware of the word “sarafan”. And in the time of Ivan the Terrible they called a sundress men's clothing? The ancient numeral “far away” is preserved in fairy tales (“far away lands”). The word "blindness" means absurd, absurd.

In conclusion, I would like to recall what a huge role in our modern native language Our heritage plays to this day, the vocabulary that our people have accumulated over the centuries.

Without this experience, you and I would not have such a rich, versatile language. Without this, we would not be able to express our thoughts, feelings, and experiences so clearly and accurately. Let us preserve this heritage and increase it, learning more and more deeply and deeper story our ancestors.

From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like

Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength

And I would become like dead language, what

Now is the Latin language.

L.V.Shcherba

The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents use the literary language, but the means everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia it is their native dialect .

A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic, grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.

Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local flavor, speech characteristics characters).

Depending on the nature of the differences dialect word distinguished from literary following types dialectisms:

1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features sound system dialects This is okana, yak, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.

2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features grammatical structure dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects a feature of the dialect of Moscow, which at the beginning of the 20th century was considered literary norm. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in indefinite form love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.

Grammatical dialectisms also include special use prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (Being to break your cup).

3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:

A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - handsome, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);

b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular ones (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features (vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words different from literary accent (h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).

V) lexical-word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).

4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “white mushroom”, bridge “floor”, kettle “a person who loves to drink tea”).

5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens door during the wedding ceremony").

6. Phraseological dialectisms- This stable combinations words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).

Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “ Vocabularies villages are richer than the city's reserves... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, then here is knowledge vernacular will provide us with invaluable services."

Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.

Studying dialects helps to gain a deeper understanding of kinship Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.

The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. Borders linguistic phenomena often coincide with the ancients political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the boundaries of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches scientific knowledge, such as history, archeology, ethnography, folkloristics.

Many Russian writers loved living things folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.

The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.