Using Multimedia Technology

Educational computer programs for developing students' creative abilities
Psychological components of creative activity :
Three stages of creative thinking development
Complex of multimedia computer programs "Move the Brain"
First level - development of visual and effective thinking.
The second level is aimed at developing causal thinking.
The third level is aimed at developing heuristic thinking.
Types of History Assignments
Types of language tasks
Diagnosis of creative thinking
Test of development of logical operations
Literature

Usage multimedia technologies allows you to include in the training course at the same time video, sound, photos, drawings, paintings, diagrams, text. A variety of information sources creates a situation of novelty and diversity and, despite the great information richness, such an activity is perceived with interest by students and leaves them with a good impression.
Using a new computer technology multimedia opens up wide opportunities for the development of a fundamentally new type of independent learning, which in these conditions becomes managed, controlled and adapted to individual characteristics trainee. Automated learning systems can help students who miss classes for any reason fill the learning gap. Their use can contribute to the reorganization of distance learning and a significant increase in its effectiveness. With the help of these systems, it is possible to provide successfully working students with additional or optional material, to purposefully manage the competitive element present in students’ activities, individualizing and differentiating learning.
To develop a computer course, the teacher selects educational material that best suits the style problem-based learning. The educational text is divided into separate components, each of which can be presented in the form of a problem. Next, each component of the problematic question is formulated so that students can understand this text by hearing only the question. Having broken the educational text into fragments, the teacher compiles a series consecutive questions for each component of the text, or a question about a picture or drawing, or a question about a video fragment. A diagram, sound accompaniment of a question, or a drawing can be used as a hint to the question.
For each controlled topic, several questions are drawn up that reveal its essence. For each question you must write either one correct answer, or answer options, of which only one is correct. The question is formulated in such a way that it does not give the correct answer. For the preparation of educational material and questions, you can involve the students themselves by dividing the students into two teams with captains and choosing a jury.
Each team must prepare several entertaining, tricky questions on the topic being studied. The collected questions are checked by the teacher and divided into three categories: simple, medium and difficult. The teacher evaluates the results of the teams’ competition in preparing questions, identifying which questions are particularly difficult and the most interesting, and what most of what students have prepared helps them better assimilate the proposed text.

Instrumental system "Multimedia-BRIG"
Developed by us instrumental system "Multimedia-BRIG" has several modes:

training mode,
control mode with recording of results in the database for each student,
training mode.

Educational computer programs for developing students' creative abilities
We have developed educational computer programs for developing students’ creative abilities, which can be used for distance learning.

Psychological components of creative activity:
Research by psychologists has revealed psychological components of creative activity:
- mental flexibility;
- systematic and consistent thinking;
- dialecticity;
- willingness to take risks and take responsibility for the decisions made.
Flexibility of mind includes the ability to identify significant features from many random ones and the ability to quickly change from one idea to another. People with flexible minds usually offer many solutions at once, combining and varying individual elements of a problem situation.
Systematicity and consistency allow people to control the creative process. Without them, flexibility can turn into “idea racing”, where the solution is not fully thought through. In this case, a person who has many ideas cannot choose among them. He is indecisive and dependent on the people around him. Thanks to systematicity, all ideas are brought into a certain system and analyzed sequentially. Very often, with such an analysis, a seemingly absurd idea is transformed and opens the way to solving the problem.
Often, a discovery was born from the connection of the seemingly incompatible. This feature was called dialectical thinking. For example, for a long time Phenomena such as wireless transmission of speech at a distance, flight on heavier-than-air aircraft, and recording and storage of sound seemed intractable. A dialectically thinking person can clearly formulate a contradiction and find a way to resolve it. Remember the possibilities of the Internet.
A creative thinker also needs the ability take risks and not be afraid of responsibility for your decision. This is because often the old and familiar ways of thinking are more understandable to most people.
It is known, for example, that the laws of heredity were discovered and published by Georg Mendel in 1865. But until 1900, all biologists ignored Mendel's discovery. Only 35 years later, after three different groups scientists rediscovered the laws of heredity, Mendel’s discovery was remembered and accepted.

Three stages of development of creative thinking:
The psychological components of creativity identified by scientists are properties of adult thinking. Students develop their ability to be creative gradually, going through several stages of development. These stages occur sequentially. Studies of student creativity make it possible to identify at least three stages of development of creative thinking:
- visually - effective;
- causal;
- heuristic.
Visual - actionable thinking allows the student to understand spatial and temporal relationships. Thinking is born from action. Very important for the development of thinking are tasks to study the image-conception and to develop fantasy. We can name several psychological qualities underlying fantasy:
- clear and precise representation of images of objects;
- good visual and auditory memory, allowing long time hold an image-representation in consciousness;
- the ability to mentally compare two or more objects and compare them by color, shape, size and number of parts;
-the ability to combine parts of different objects and create objects with new properties.
One of the directions for the development of creativity at the stage of visual-effective thinking is going beyond the usual thought patterns. This quality of creative thinking is called originality, and it depends on the ability to mentally connect distant images of objects that are not usually connected in life.
Causal thinking associated with going beyond the presented image of the situation and considering it in a broader theoretical context. The research activity of students at the stage of causal thinking is characterized by two qualities: increased independence mental activity and the growth of critical thinking (Shardakov M.N. Essays on the psychology of a schoolchild. - M., 1955. P. 126-139). The ability to manage one’s thinking, set research goals, put forward hypotheses of cause-and-effect relationships, and consider known facts from the standpoint of put forward hypotheses are the main prerequisites for creativity at the stage of causal thinking. Evaluating one's own and others' activities from the point of view of the laws and rules of nature and society is critical thinking. On the one hand, thanks to an awareness of the rules and laws, students’ creativity becomes more meaningful, logical, and believable. On the other hand, criticality can interfere with creativity, since at the stage of putting forward a hypothesis, they may seem stupid, unrealistic and will be discarded. Such self-restrictions narrow the possibilities for the emergence of new, original ideas.
To stimulate creativity and eliminate the negative impact of criticality, various methods and techniques are used.
Thinking, which, based on the criteria of selective search, allows solving complex, uncertain, problematic situations, is called heuristic .
Complex of multimedia computer programs "Move the Brain"
Developed by us complex of multimedia computer programs "Move the Brain" consists of three levels. Each level is named according to the stages of development of creative thinking.

First level includes computer programs related to the development of visual and effective thinking.
The second level is aimed at developing causal thinking.
Third level aimed at developing heuristic thinking.

identifying one main one from several probable causes,
etc.................

Cause and effect thinking

Let's move on to consider the first cognitive style: analytical, positive, deductive thinking. Let's call it cause-and-effect. Its carriers are socionic types IL (ILE), LF (LSI), FR (SEE), RI (EII).
As statics, they are stable and clear in their mental activity, as evolutionists, they think procedurally, without missing details and intermediate links, and as positivists, they strictly move towards one, the only correct decision.

Cause-and-effect intelligence is known synonymously as formal-logical or deterministic thinking. In both cases it is emphasized hard temper. Speech with this kind of thinking is formed using connectives (conjunctions of reason) “since”, “because”, “therefore”. The mental process itself consists of constructing chains of cause and effect. They reduce explanation to pointing to producing causes. If we use the example of Aristotle, who first pointed out four ways of explaining phenomena, then the reason for the existence of a sculpture is the sculptor who directly sculpted it.
In the scientific sphere, IL (ILE) thinks this way, in the technical and managerial sphere - the methodical LF (LSI), in social sphere calculates the chains of material interests FR (SEE), while in the humanitarian sphere it is subject to the categorical imperative RI (EII).

Aristotle is considered the discoverer of this thinking technique. The basic laws of formal thinking were outlined by him in the theory of syllogism. However, the first who consistently put it into practice was Euclid, who constructed the famous geometry. In modern times, its principles were substantiated by the rationalist Descartes in his Discourse on Method (1637). Then it finally took shape in mathematical logic. Cause-and-effect thinking reached its apogee in logical positivism, then its importance began to decline more and more towards the end of the 20th century. However, as a mass stereotype of evidence, it still prevails today.
Let me touch on its advantages. Firstly, it is perceived in society as the most authoritative, convincing, and the only correct one. In mathematics it is formalized as a deductive-axiomatic method. Mastering it requires great intellectual endurance. Secondly, this style of thinking is characterized by greater clarity and concentration. The LF type is particularly concentrated. However, the irrational FR (SEE) also reasons quite sensibly, deducing one consequence from another, which involves focusing on a chain of steps. If at least one link drops out for some reason, then determinists lose the sense of reasonable explanation and find it difficult to take actions, since they see no reason for them.
But at the same time, cause-and-effect thinking also has its drawbacks. Firstly, it is the most artificial, far from the laws of functioning of living things. Its effectiveness extends to the “logical” design of existing results, the design of working mechanisms, but not to fundamentally new discoveries. The first dead end into which formalization risks leading is scholasticism, that is, pointless, albeit logically impeccable reasoning. Secondly, consistent determinists, deducing the whole from its parts, fall into another intellectual dead end - the trap of reductionism. This shortcoming was noticed by ancient skeptics, and in modern times by Hume, who doubted that any event is dictated by a strict cause.
Indeed, when constructing long chains of cause and effect, it is difficult to avoid the danger of cycling, the risk of falling into circulus vitiosus - a vicious circle in proof. In the theorem on the incompleteness of formal systems, K. Gödel states that any sufficiently a complex system rules is either contradictory, or contains conclusions that can neither be proven nor disproved by the means of this system. This sets the limits of applicability of formal logic. Using the formal deductive method, medieval scholastics, in particular, tried to strictly prove the existence of God. As a result of closing cause and effect in a circle, they came to the definition of God as a thought that thinks itself.

Cause-and-effect thinking gives rise to a psyche that is poorly protected from training or, in extreme cases, even zombies. By skillfully combining words and memorable actions, you can achieve control over the behavior of specific people. Intellectual determinists, in particular, are characterized by a strong dependence on childhood events, which, as S. Freud once discovered, are poorly understood in full. The habits of pronounced determinists are comparable in their rigidity to conditioned reflexes.
Standard military interrogation techniques are designed taking into account guaranteed cause-and-effect effects on the psyche. It includes such measures as sleep deprivation, changes in temperature and/or humidity in the chamber, deprivation of food with its subsequent distribution as a reward, etc. Isolating the arrested person and gradually imposing his instructions on him sooner or later bears fruit, since over time an unstable-thinking person develops dependence on the investigator conducting the interrogation.
It is significant that in extreme, extremely compressed situations, people who think in a cause-and-effect way experience a “slow motion” effect. Thinking becomes especially clear, but stretched out over time. Seconds subjectively lengthen to minutes. For the same reason, sharp shocks of the psyche, stresses of suddenness greatly slow them down brain activity until deep sleep.
This model of the psyche is used psychological school behaviorism. Its supporters believe that learning any behavior is carried out through training - encouraging adherence to the rule and punishment for violating it. B.F. Skinner formulated the principle of operant conditioning, according to which the behavior of living organisms is completely determined by the consequences to which it leads. He proposed a method of successive approximations, in which the learner receives positive reinforcement when his behavior becomes similar to the desired one.
The concept of programmed learning, developed by behaviorists, also bases its actions on a strictly step-by-step method of moving towards a goal.

Formal logical thinking at one time gave rise to a cause-and-effect picture of the world. This is a picture of the world classical physics, the cornerstone of which is Newtonian mechanics. As a paradigm, it dominated until the beginning of the 20th century. Rigid systems—mechanisms, organisms—function according to these rules. However, where multifactorial processes occur (psyche, society), reductionism, explaining complex phenomena through their simple components, loses its explanatory power. In addition, the classical paradigm is too susceptible to the influence of the positive idea of ​​progress, while in history there are many examples of negative-regressive tendencies, rollbacks, repetitions of what has already been done, etc.
A full-scale model of cause-and-effect thinking is a representation of information in the form of a drawing or realistic drawing. They are produced using direct perspective. Closely located objects in this technique are depicted larger, and distant ones, respectively, on a smaller scale, in proportion to their distance from the observer. According to such a drawing, following strict instructions, any product can be easily manufactured.
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Dialectical-algorithmic thinking

Of particular interest is the second cognitive form: synthetic, negative, deductive thinking. The working name of this thinking is dialectical-algorithmic. Representatives of this thinking are the socionic types ET (EIE), TP (OR), PS (LSE), SE (SEI).
As dynamics, these types are good at synthesizing holistic images, as deductive thinkers, they increasingly complicate them, and as negativists, they work well with contradictions and paradoxes.

Essential distinguishing feature dialectical style - a reflection of the world as a unity and struggle of opposites. In speech it is used syntactic construction“if-then-else”, predicting options for the development of the process. At its limit, dialectics strives to find an intermediate point of dynamic equilibrium between extremes. Dialectical intelligence is born from the collision of the flow and countercurrent of thought, consciousness and the unconscious. Thinkers of this style are distinguished by a pronounced desire to synthesize opposites, to remove the contradictions that they perceive so acutely.
Its advantages are obvious: it is the most flexible and sophisticated thinking. It can easily switch to the opposite direction and is predictive. It is accompanied by an effective type of associative memory. Algorithmic thinking is also good at solving classification problems because it has the gift of recognizing complex patterns. Behind the conditions of the problem, it sees a typical algorithm for solving it.
According to Aristotle, dialectical-prognostic thinking explains the world on the basis of target causes. For example, the reason for the appearance of a sculpture is the idea of ​​it in the sculptor’s head. The main role here is played by the program, the creator’s intention. Thus, it can be considered teleological, and therefore the most religious in its essence, thinking. Many scientists of this type sooner or later come to faith (not necessarily church-confessional).

Historically, the first representative of the dialectical understanding of the world in history should be called Heraclitus. Absolutizing the dynamic pole, he was of the opinion that “you cannot enter the same river twice,” because different waters flow to those who enter the second time. In modern times, his theory was expanded into an extensive rational system Hegel. Since dialectical intellect, compared to other forms of thinking, is most creationist-oriented, it inevitably leads to the idea of ​​a creator, the absolute, cosmic mind, etc.
Its two representatives - ET (EIE) and TP (OR) are usually perceived in society as the most intellectual types. They form the backbone of various intellectual elites, clubs of experts, esoteric groups, etc. They are also the best computer programmers, since they are better than other types at working with moving structures - algorithms. The algorithm diagram consists of blocks and arrows showing the order of transitions, branches and cycles. Moreover, the main thing in the program is its dynamic part - arrows, not blocks. The formula “if - then - otherwise” is, in fact, the core of any algorithm.
The disadvantages of dialectical-algorithmic thinking include instability and vagueness. Algorithmists suffer from the difficulty of making a choice, of making an unambiguous decision. This thinking can be compared to a symphony, a stream of intertwining images, rather than a well-oiled mechanism. Another problem is increased criticality, which can be so high that it causes self-destruction, puts one in danger of complete separation from reality, and in the presence of a hereditary predisposition, with a certain probability, leads to mental disorders.

Dialectically thinking types the psyche is most susceptible to transformation. From a psychological point of view, an unstable, transformable psyche is the most fertile ground for suggestibility. The fact is that dialecticians sometimes do not have time to control parallel flows of thought in their heads! You just need to synchronously adapt to their internal fluctuations between freedom of choice and fatalism and strengthen last pole. Doctors know that a small, but precisely timed shock can plunge the heart into a state of fibrillation. In the same way, a well-directed signal leads the dialectical psyche into a chaotic state.
The socionic type ET (EIE) has a very suitable psyche for suggestive influences. It is characterized by so-called moments of imprint vulnerability. At these moments, a quick suggestion is triggered - an imprint, the necessary prerequisite for which is fear, confusion, surprise. A “no exit” sign, suddenly seen by a person with an algorithmic psyche at a moment of severe mental turmoil, can serve as a trigger for a decision to commit suicide. Exploiting the paradoxical thinking of dialectical types, shock therapy is capable of completely reprogramming their perception of the world, including the main value judgments.
A sure, although rare, sign of dialectical thinking is an accident that leads to states like deep fainting or coma, and then to insight or the discovery of special abilities.
The second option is slow suggestion, which is mainly based on rote learning through pronunciation and/or listening. It comes down to repeated repetition of the same phrase with variations. The variations are especially significant. They work the same way as a chorus in a song. A trance state is gradually generated - external relaxation with internal concentration. The more monotony, the sooner a deep trance is achieved. So, some people calm down and quickly fall asleep to the monotonous drone of the TV.

Dialectical thinking corresponds to a quantum-probabilistic picture of the world, developed by non-classical physics. According to this paradigm, there are no hard and fast laws, only trends and probabilities. Quantum mechanics is built on an unusual common sense the principle of wave-corpuscle dualism, according to which objects of the microworld behave either as a corpuscle (particle) or as a wave. On this issue, there was a dispute between two great physicists of the 20th century - A. Einstein and N. Bohr. The first defended cause-and-effect determinism as the main principle of nature, the second - probability. In the end, Bohr won. Although this dispute, if we ignore the historical context, makes no sense, because both thoughts are dual to each other. Jung's principle of synchronicity also lies in line with the dialectical paradigm.
Contemporary British mathematician Roger Penrose suggested that human intelligence uses quantum gravity as a tool for intuitive insights. He even wrote several books ("The Emperor's New Brain", "Shadows of the Mind") in which he proves that the brain is quantum computer and logical Aristotelian thinking is alien to man. If he is right, then it follows that the integral type of person is dialectical-algorithmic.
The full-scale model of this thinking is dual images that periodically transform into each other. The simplest of them is the projection onto the plane of a truncated pyramid. When examined for a long time, it alternately appears to be either convex, with its top facing the observer, or deep, with the back wall extending into the distance.
Another clear illustration of dialectical perception. What do you see in the picture: a vase on a black background or two profiles on white? It depends on what will be the background for you and what will be the figure. Some see a vase, and the profiles for them turn into a dark background, while others see, on the contrary, two black profiles, and the white vase fades into the background. But as soon as a person sees both images, fluctuations in attention begin. The picture seems to pulsate: you see now a vase, now profiles. There is a dialectical change of background/figure. Negativistic reverse perspective works when distant or darkened objects are presented as more important than those located close to the observer.
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Holographic Thinking

In the theory of intelligence, the third cognitive form is the least studied: analytical, negative, inductive thinking. It is possessed by socionic types FL (SLE), LI (LII), IR (IEE), RF (ESI). Code name This intellectual style is holographic, or fully descriptive thinking. The term comes from ancient greek words holos - whole, whole and grapho - writing. The basis for this name was the ability of holographers to pack information very densely using the “like in like” method.
How static holographists achieve good clarity of thought, how negativists periodically rotate the subject of thought opposite side, and how involutionaries abruptly change the perspective - the angle of consideration or the criterion of judgment.

This intelligent technique has much in common with the holographic principle in physics. A hologram (optical) is a statically recorded pattern of interference between two rays of light - reference and reflected, coming from the same source. Holographic technology allows you to obtain a three-dimensional image of an object. The hologram itself is a collection of stripes and spots that bear no resemblance to the captured object. In it, two separate rays of light appear superimposed on each other, and this happens in such a way that each part of the hologram carries information about the entire volume.
Thus, by mentally superimposing several projections of the same object, holographers achieve a three-dimensional effect. To do this, they look through the image and select the desired viewing distance. Holographic thinking is served by the following grammatical connectives: “or - or”, “either or”, “on the one hand, on the other hand”. It actively uses the principle of a menu, a free choice of point of view. Holographic approximation is a sequential approach to or distance from a target, accompanied by a change in angles. In the process of holography, a kind of focusing is carried out.
Holographic thinking has a characteristic skeletal-grasping, penetrating, “X-ray” character. It cuts off details and shades without regret. Gives a general, very condensed idea of ​​the subject. Take for example two orthogonal sections of a cylinder. The horizontal section looks like a circle, and the vertical section looks like a rectangle. Two different manifestations of a single thing, when combined in the mind, provide a transition to a higher logical level of understanding of the subject.
This is how FL (SLE) thinks in battle. Analyzing the situation, he simplifies it to two or three projections (frontal, from the flank, from the rear), but then quickly comes to more high level understanding. LI (LII) concisely grasps the problem from alternative sides, mentally turning the situation around its semantic axes. RF (ESI), then bringing the person closer and then moving away, seems to be probing him with different sides, cutting off people who might let him down. IR (IEE) captures a person’s hidden, alternative motivations, as if building his psychological “hologram”.
The main advantages of holographic thinking are as follows. Firstly, multi-perspective. Due to this, as already mentioned, convexity, completeness of description, and holisticity are achieved. Secondly, it values ​​simplicity and clarity. Avoids pretentiousness, "bells and whistles". Holographers are especially effective in crisis situations, when you need to make a decision quickly and there is no time to weigh all the details.
The obvious disadvantage of this style of thinking is that it is too crude, not paying enough attention to the details that become significant when the process runs smoothly. Its information products are difficult to unpack. To outsiders, they seem to lack the intermediate links that should provide coherence.
According to Aristotle, holographic thinking corresponds to explanation using structural or formative causes. Aristotle called structure form. If we return to his example with the sculptor, then the cause of the sculpture turns out to be a form hidden in it, which the sculptor simply frees by cutting off excess pieces of marble.

Vague ideas of holographic content were expressed by Leibniz in his Monadology. His monad, which reflects the entire world order in miniature, is very reminiscent of a hologram. Biologists systematically turned to him, trying to understand the reason for stability in nature. Due to the relationship between living and inanimate nature emerging in a certain territory, biogeocenoses or ecosystems are formed. Ecosystems are primarily characterized by self-identity in time and equilibrium. In them there is a long coexistence of opposites without fusion (synthesis). In such communities, statics therefore prevail over dynamics. This is the basic law of the ecosystem, called homeostasis.
On the basis of these ideas, the general theory systems Its founder is considered to be the Austrian biologist L. von Bertalanffy, who introduced the concept of an open system - one that exchanges matter, energy and information with the environment and, due to this, resists disorganization.
If determinists explain the behavior of a system through its component parts and connections between them, then holographists find new qualities in it, which are described by additional combinatorial features that do not in any way follow from its internal structure. Therefore, the holographic paradigm can be generally called a systemic-ecological picture of the world.
The modern ideology of the “greens” is an absolutization of this thinking. This in no way means that the ideologists of this movement are holographic types. The technique of thinking and the system of declared views do not necessarily have to coincide! An absolutely typical case is the manifestation of one style of thinking through another. As good example are the books of the “quantum” psychologist A. Wilson, in which the dialectical-algorithmic form is filled with multi-view, holographic content.

Holographic thinking corresponds to a stable, non-zombie psyche. Compare, for example, the programmability of the psyche of a person with disabilities and his involutionary-mirror SLE. As practice shows, the degree of resistance to psychological invasion from the outside is much higher. What explains this? - A strong mental framework on which it is based. The comprehensiveness that a periodic change of point of view on an object gives. Good balance between immune and nervous systems, as well as the main sense organs.
Neuro-linguistic programming uses this principle in a technique called reframing. Reframing is a change in the framework within which a particular event is perceived. If you mentally place a familiar object in an unusual environment, the meaning of the whole situation will change. Imagine, for example, a tiger, first in the jungle, then in a zoo cage, then on the threshold of your apartment. The socionic type is typically described as immersed in its “club.” What if you move it to a quadra? What if he finds himself among types with the opposite style of thinking? This series can be continued indefinitely.
With the help of reframing, you can look at something familiar with a fresh look. The type of psyche of a person who resorts to this technique is, of course, constant; only the attitude towards the subject of attention changes. The benefit from this technique is, first of all, that the new vision emphasizes those aspects of the situation that were previously underestimated, allows you to find new resources for growth, and expands the choices you have.

A physical, full-scale model of multi-perspective intelligence is a hologram - the overlay of several images in such a way that each of them is visible only when viewed from a certain angle. The change of pictures occurs spasmodically. In this case, it is not the system itself that changes, but only its priorities. This is how multi-criteria is implemented, allowing you to work with a complex system as if it were a series of simple ones.
Another full-scale prototype of holographic thinking is fractal objects. They were discovered by the mathematician B. Mandelbrot in the 70s of the last century. Geometrically, fractals are figures with blurry outlines that have self-similar properties. internal structure. For example, a tree, a snowflake, coastline etc. They are characterized by multiple internal investments according to the matryoshka principle. As in a hologram, a small fragment of a fractal contains information about the entire fractal. The part always turns out to be structurally similar to the whole.
Socionic objects are such fractals. Hence my holographic concept of personality as a system of types nested within each other. It conflicts with the dominant flat socionics, which is defended by people guided by reductionist thinking.
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Vortex thinking

Fourth cognitive style: synthetic, positive, inductive thinking. The thinking of ES (ESE), SP (SLI), PT (LIE) and TE (IEI) occurs in these forms. The most appropriate name for this thinking is vortex, or synergetic.
Synergetics is the science of how order is born from chaos. The word "synergy" translated from ancient Greek means coordinated actions. Currently, the term synergetics continues to be debated. IN Western sources it is called chaos theory or nonlinear dynamics. For our purposes, it is important to know that it deals with so-called dissipative structures - nonequilibrium, nonlinear, unstable.
How synergetics think dynamically, with one thought flowing into another, how positivists go to one point of attraction, how involutionaries often turn back, jump to the previous level, which curtails the flow of their thoughts like a vortex or a cloud changing its shape.
TE (IEI) sees, as if in a kaleidoscope, bizarre, iridescent pictures - now moving in, now moving away. PT (LIE) thinks very experimentally: he quickly goes through many options in his head and tests them for practical suitability. ES (ESE) initiates social processes, leaving behind a trail of small emotional twists. Thoughts “swarm” in his head, displacing each other. SP (SLI) seems to be “drifting” and waiting for a fair wind. But as soon as the situation becomes favorable, self-organization begins - his thinking quickly starts, scrolling through incoming information, highlighting the most and least successful options for action.

The characteristic “vortex” means self-organizing, moving like a vortex. In fact, it proceeds as a quick search of options, their testing and subsequent elimination of those that do not produce results. It is based on testing - moving towards a goal through trial and error. In a certain sense, it can be compared to an experiment in a laboratory, which is the human brain.
The first advantage of whirlwind thinking is its liveliness and naturalness. It seems to imitate those processes that actually occur in nature. Another advantage is his belief in success and luck. Synergetics are not embarrassed by temporary setbacks and current mistakes. They make attempt after attempt until they finally succeed.
The biggest drawback of this thinking is that intellectual search is blind and therefore wasteful. Another difficulty is its chaotic nature, its spontaneity. Synergetic intelligence is something like chain reaction, which unwinds itself. In this case, the mechanism of positive feedback: if you don’t stop in time, then the concentration of effort first leads to an explosion, and then to a slow cooling.
Synergetic intelligence explains phenomena using substantial causes. The substance itself (substance, substrate) due to natural movement gives rise to a phenomenon. Using Aristotle as an example, the material cause of a sculpture is the block of marble from which it was made.

Vortex thinking took shape as an independent paradigm and was appreciated by society later than everyone else, although it is the closest to natural phenomena. It is known that under natural conditions all processes occur as cycles. In a free economy, for example, A. Smith’s “invisible hand of the market” operates: cyclical fluctuations in supply and demand occur, which give rise to the natural price of a product.
Studying biological evolution, Charles Darwin discovered that its source is the struggle for the existence and survival of the most adapted organisms. The main engine of such “evolution” is precisely involution, since, firstly, the focus of events shifts to random variability and, secondly, there are no intermediate links between species; they do not arise smoothly, but abruptly.
Indeed, biological self-organization begins with mutations - a sudden, unpredictable change genetic material. This is involution itself, which generates pulsating chaos, while the consolidation and replication of useful mutations is already an action of evolution.
The so-called concept of punctuated equilibrium. Its authors, Gould and Eldridge, proceed from the fact that smooth, step-by-step changes in species are impossible under natural conditions. To survive, you need all organs in working order at the same time. There are no creatures that have half fins, half wings, half fingers, half hooves, etc. According to this theory, the lifetime of a species is divided into two stages of very unequal duration. The first stage is stasis, when nothing significant happens to the species for a long time. And the second period is the moment of turning point, when a species very quickly turns into another species or becomes extinct.
In the 20th century, as I already noted, the vortex principle was rediscovered and adopted by synergetics. The motto of synergetics is order through fluctuations. Fluctuations (local disturbances of the system) are an analogue of biological mutations. Socionics captured order in the chaotic development of complex socio-psychological systems through the law of turnover of quadra. However, we must not forget that in the irreversible changeability of quadras there are many involutional sections - explosions, leaps and turns. Because of this, the real, and not theoretical, evolution curve turns out to be jagged and winding. With its outlines it resembles the dancing flames of a burning fire.

This style of thinking gives the psyche such qualities as endurance and optimism. However, the psyche of synergetics is still less stable than that of holographists. Synergetics are partially programmable types, but capable of resetting unnatural programs. True, to restore normal mental life they need a certain, and sometimes a long period trial and error. Life's adversities and stopping the usual forward movement have a bad effect on their thinking. A regularity works: the lower the speed, the worse the self-control, as when flying an airplane. If the pressure of oncoming air on the aerodynamic rudders weakens, the plane obeys them much less well.
The best countermeasure in such situations is positive self-programming. It involves pushing disturbing thoughts into the background and dissolving them into a positive scenario. TE (IEI) before going to bed imagines a pleasant picture and takes pictures in this way anxious experiences day. PT (LIE) in his imagination draws the desired goal in all details and, like a positivist, eventually reaches the right people and resources. ES simply does not think about the mistakes of the past, and his mood improves on its own. SP (SLI) does not prioritize the positive development of events and tries to catch the moment when it can begin to implement it.
It is often forgotten that the synergistic component of development makes long-term forecasts unpromising. American meteorologist E. Lorenz figuratively called this phenomenon the butterfly effect. A butterfly that flaps its wings in some state of America can, under certain circumstances, cause a hurricane somewhere in Indonesia. Complex nonlinear phenomena are unpredictable because tiny initial influences sometimes lead to huge consequences. In ordinary life, this same phenomenon is called the domino effect. The initial fall of the first domino successfully entails a catastrophic fall of the entire row. Initial steps, the commission of which occurs at your will, determine which of the scenarios will start - pessimistic or optimistic.

This type of thinking reflects the synergetic picture of the world that is currently being formed. Within the framework of this paradigm, in the 18th century, the Kant-Laplace hypothesis about the vortex generation of the sun and planets from cosmic dust arose.
The synergetic paradigm is directed against creationism. She explains the emergence of complex systems by spontaneous generation, and not by external creation. Here typical example from the history of science. The hypothesis of biochemist A.I. Oparin about the spontaneous generation of life from inanimate matter - the primary “soup” on early stages the existence of the Earth was largely confirmed famous experiment Stanley Miller, made in 1953
Academician N. Amosov presents his worldview strictly within the framework of the synergetic paradigm. In his opinion, “the evolution of the world is explained by the self-organization of structures... miracles are possible, but they have no practical significance.” He is sincerely convinced that matter can be recreated in computer models.
Synergetics recognizes the decisive role of chance and free will at transitional moments in history. Therefore, synergistically minded scientists consider alternative options historical events. In particular, the English historian A. Toynbee modeled this version of the flow ancient history— if Alexander the Great had not died (pessimistic option), how would the world develop then (optimistic option)?
A full-scale model of synergetic thinking is a turbulent flow. Turbulent is a flow of liquid or gas in which there is strong mixing of its moving layers. The behavior of such a flow cannot be predicted. The laminar phase of flow preceding turbulence follows a clear pattern and corresponds to cause-and-effect thinking.
For mathematical modeling of natural growth processes, power functions are usually used. Such functions describe not arithmetic, but geometric progression quantities Especially often for dynamic modeling a logistic (S-shaped) curve is used. It necessarily ends with a saturation section. This means that self-organization is not omnipotent: having reached a certain limit, it exhausts its momentum of movement. Next you need to either give up your seat external organization, or start a new center of self-organization. Synergetic types choose, of course, the second.
Synergistically, taking into account involution, L. N. Gumilyov explains the process of birth, growth and death of ethnic groups. The ethnic system dictates the rules for selecting certain behavior of people. Passionate personalities (eccentrics, renegades, dissidents...) provide society with various mutations. Social system holds them back until it weakens for some reason (economic crisis, civil wars, satiety with the blessings of life, etc.). After this, the energy of the new sweeps away the decrepit system and begins to vigorously develop in its place. But sooner or later it will grow old itself and will be forced to give way to another alternative system that has matured in its depths, etc.
This thinking is most difficult for people with an algorithmic understanding of reality, since for them teleology, fate, the special role of the programmer, etc. are opposed to free choice and the play of chance. When synergetics talk about hidden order in chaos, if they translate their words into the language of socionics, they state that systemic-holographic thinking, which captures folded ordering structures, is dual to chaotic-vortex thinking.
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Don - Dume: Cause-and-effect thinking - Dialectical-algorithmic thinking.
Max - Hamlet: Cause-and-effect thinking - Dialectical-algorithmic thinking.
Nap - Bal: Cause-and-effect thinking - Dialectical-algorithmic thinking.
Stir - Dost: Dialectical-algorithmic thinking - Cause-and-effect thinking.

Rob - Hugo: Holographic Thinking - Vortex Thinking.
Zhukov - Yes: Holographic thinking - Vortex thinking.
Dry - Jack: Holographic thinking - Vortex thinking.
Huxley - Gabin: Holographic thinking - Vortex thinking.

Systemic psychotherapy for married couples Team of authors

The Cause-and-Effect Thinking Trap

Murray Bowen, and he was not alone, warned that when carrying out family therapy there is a problem of getting into the mainstream of cause-and-effect thinking. System theorists, cybernetics and computer science theorists pointed out that one of the main features scientific revolution is the rejection of the outdated concept of causality. However, in the field of alcoholism, many are still looking for the original cause, trying to understand whether alcoholism is a biological tendency, or alcoholics are people with oral fixation, or the cause of alcoholism this person is his wife, or is alcoholism caused by our social system. Once a therapist becomes committed to one of the above or other cause-and-effect explanations for alcoholism, then, in my opinion, he is unable to effectively treat alcohol problems. At the same time, he should strive to allow clients to adopt cause-and-effect thinking, similar to the disease model of alcoholism, if this will help them resolve their drinking problem. Thus, the therapist should not allow himself any causal understanding of alcoholism, but should act as if he were guided by one.