The main directions of the economy under Peter 1. The economic policy of Peter I and the growth of manufactories in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century

Mercantilism and protectionism prevailed.

He focused on the army and navy: leather, metallurgical, cloth, rope, sailing, manufactories, silk spinning, glass industry. Agriculture based on large land ownership. In 1714, he issued a decree on single inheritance (he equalized the rights of boyar and noble landownership, the land was transferred to only one heir, the land could not be sold or mortgaged, the rest had to serve). 1718-1724 – Peter 1 carries out tax reform: (as I understand, this is how people were divided into such categories) 1. Profit-makers - they were looking for a loophole for indirect taxes 2. Drinkers - drinking people 3. Distilling - only the state disposed of alcohol. 4. Household - every peasant household paid a tax (before Peter 1), and now - a poll tax - they pay from every male soul.

The Russian monetary system was created: 1. Copper coins (kopecks, denezhki, half rubles) 2. Silver coins (kopecks, fifty kopecks, half-fifty kopecks, rubles) 3. Gold coins (chervonets)

First signs capitalist relations: - rapid growth of manufacturing production - transition from handicraft to small-scale production - formation of an all-Russian market.

Fairs – goods wholesale and retail.

Under Peter 1, the first banks appeared.

Question 17. The struggle for power in the first half of the 18th century (palace coups)

Reasons: 1. Decree on succession to the throne (Peter 1 did not have time to transfer power, since he only managed to write: “give everything,” and to whom, it is not known) 2. Claims of foreign applicants.

Catherine 1 sat on the throne (ruled from 1725 to 1727)

3 stages of the enslavement of the peasants: 1. The beginning of the enslavement of the peasants (Yuriev Day) 2. Further enslavement of the peasants (Ivan’s Code of Law 4, they increased the payment for the elderly): the introduction of fixed and reserved years. 3. The final enslavement of the peasants (under Alexei Mikhailovich)

A secret supreme council appeared.

Under the queen, Menshikov rules mainly.

The pedestal was painted, clearly regulating who should rule over whom.

The next tsar is Peter 2 (from 1727 to 1730)

Menshikov betroths Peter 2 to his daughter in order to remain with the kings. Menshikov (the patient) is then arrested with his entire family and sent into exile in Berezovo.

Peter 2 is re-engaged to Princess Dolgoruky.

Then Peter 2 falls ill and dies a few days later at the age of 16.

The next queen whom my gaze fell on was Anna Ioanovna (from 1730 to 1940)

(supreme privy council invited her to take the throne on conditions, and she agreed => she will be crowned)

She brought Beron with her, and he rules the country. Therefore, her period of reign is called Beronovschina. Anna loved to dress up and have fun, and while she was having fun, Beron ruled the country as he wanted.

Anna writes a will for Jonn, the baby, and makes him heir to the throne.

The grown-up Elizabeth 1, together with the guards (nobles), arrests everyone from the reign of Anna Ioannovna.

Elizabeth I Petrovna begins to rule (from 1741 to 1761)

Opened by State. University.

Removes all duties and establishes one duty for all customs offices.

Elizabeth settled on the candidacy of Peter 3 (to make her the next king). But he turned out to be a dunce => Elizabeth began looking for a bride with character for him. The choice settled on Angeld Fika Tserpska.

Came to the throne Peter III(from 1761 to 1962)

Conspiracy of Catherine 2 with the guards => they drove Peter 1 from the throne and elevated Catherine 2 to the throne.

Catherine II became the Russian Tsarina. (from 1762 to 1796)

Her full name is Sophia Frederika Augusta.

It ended the palace coup.

Convenient navigation through the article:

Russia in the era of transformations of Peter I

Considering the personality of the Russian Tsar Peter the Great, the majority modern historians comes to the conclusion that it was this ruler who became the starting point for a new round of Russian development. And all this is thanks to the extraordinary character of the monarch, who was not afraid to use the experience of European countries. However, the era of Peter's transformations is, first of all, a period of many reforms that in a short moment changed the life of Russian society as a whole.

Prerequisites for Peter's reforms

Reasons for the transformations of Peter I

Among the main reasons for Peter's reforms, historians especially highlight the following factors that prompted Peter to begin reforms:

1. Russia lacks convenient access to the sea, which significantly complicates trade with other states.
2. Economic isolation of Russia.
3. Lack of large factories and industrial production.
4. There was no development of trade relations with other countries.
5. The parochial education system did not provide the country with the necessary professional personnel.
6. Russia lags behind Western countries in military-technical terms.

One of the most important was class reform, according to which society was officially divided into three main classes:

• city ​​residents;
• peasants;
• nobles

At the same time, nobles had to perform military service, starting their service with the same ranks as ordinary people. This suggested that people from the lower classes could receive the most high ranks thanks to my own diligence. The actual order of service degrees was regulated by order of Peter "Table of ranks", published in 1722 and establishing fourteen main ranks of civil and army service.

Interesting fact! Peter personally took part in editing the law, which was based on borrowings from the “schedules of ranks” of the French, Prussian, Swedish and Danish kingdoms.

An important change in peasant life was associated with the so-called tax reform of Peter the Great, which came into force in 1718, replacing the previous household method of taxation. Thus, the poll tax was introduced.

The above-described financial transformation had a strong social connotation, because from now on taxes were removed not only from peasants, but also from privately owned slaves who had not previously paid taxes. It was this situation that became decisive for the development of views on serfs as workers, not slaves.

Urban reform divided residents into “irregular” and “regular”, and also divided guilds and guilds by occupation. At the same time, Peter allowed the cities to choose their own mayors who were included in the town hall. At the end of the Peter the Great period, the latter turned into magistrates, elected from the “first-ranking residents” and had more rights.

Transformations in the military sphere

Peter's military reforms increased the importance of regular regiments, as a result of which the noble militias disappeared completely, and the army itself did not disband after military operations, remaining in a constant composition.

One of the most important introductions to military reform there was a king creation of a full-fledged Russian fleet, which consisted of eight hundred galleys, forty-eight ships and almost thirty thousand crew.

As state and administrative transformations of the state during the reign of Peter the Great, it is worth highlighting abolition of the boyars and the order system. Also, self-government of volosts and cities actually ceases to exist.

One of the most influential governing bodies was created - Governing Senate, whose members were chosen by the sovereign himself “not by last name, but by knowledge of the matter.”

In addition, the former Moscow orders, according to the Tsar's decree of 1718, are replaced according to the Swedish model by a dozen boards, each of which was in charge of a certain area of ​​affairs (financial control, trade, maritime affairs, etc.). At the same time, the tsar “takes away” power from the church, subordinating it to the state and abolishes the patriarchate. And the main church body becomes Holy Synod.

With the next administrative reform, the ruler divides the state into eight separate provinces, which themselves are divided into provinces and districts, headed by governors, voivodes or commandants with zemstvo commissars.

In addition to the above, it is worth noting Petrovsky law on single inheritance from 1722, which abolished the usual order of inheritance within the family. At the same time, Peter himself now had the right to choose to the throne whoever he considered necessary for the country.

During the period of the longest Northern War, Peter continually introduced new indirect taxes (for example, on stamp paper, beards or oak coffins) to provide for the army. In addition, the Tsar abolishes the fiat ruble and introduces the kopeck. Also during this period, the position of profit-makers was introduced, indicating to the ruler possible areas for obtaining new funds.

Already at the end of Peter's reign, the tax system was significantly transformed. The former household tax is replaced by a capitation tax. Like many European rulers of that time, Peter tried to follow the principles of mercantilism in the economy. He develops industry in every possible way, building factories with treasury funds and assigning serfs to factories and factories.

Interesting fact! At the end of the reign of Peter 1, more than two hundred and thirty factories were operating in Russia.

Returning from a trip to Europe in 1698, the Tsar ordered the boyars to shave and the nobles to wear clothes in the European style to give modern look country. In addition, he tries to spread knowledge in society and is personally involved in editing the first periodical.

Complex church writing is simplified by an alphabet accessible to everyone, the Academy of Sciences and many schools (church and parish) are opened.

Table: transformations of Peter I in the economic sphere

Table: social transformations of Peter I

Table: transformations of Peter I in the field of trade

Table: transformations of Peter I in the field of culture

Table: Results of the transformations of Peter I

Video lecture: The inconsistency of the transformations of Peter I

Detailed solution to paragraph §6 on history for 8th grade students, authors N.M. Arsentiev, A.A. Danilov, I.V. Kurukin. 2016

Questions and tasks for working with the text of a paragraph

1. List the features of the economic policy of Peter I.

Such grandiose reforms and long wars with Turkey, Sweden, Persia demanded huge funds. So, for example, if at the beginning of the 18th century. of the total state expenditures on the army and navy, 38.5% (964 thousand rubles) of all funds were allocated, then in 1710 they already amounted to 80% (3 million rubles) total amount state expenses. A gigantic mobilization of intellect and labor was required to find the necessary sources of income. In 1704, a staff of “profit makers” was even formed. Their task was to find new sources of government revenue. There was also a broad search for the most effective reforms. An active supporter of Peter's reforms and mercantilism, Russian economist and publicist I.T. Pososhkov in “The Book of Poverty and Wealth” (1724) outlined the ways of development of Russian industry and trade, emphasized the role in the prosperity of Russia of the exploration of its richest mineral deposits, however, while maintaining the “legality” of serfdom.

Among the most important economic reforms of the great transformer, the economic policy of the state itself occupied not the least place. With numerous decrees, Peter I mobilized efforts in various spheres of economic life huge country. Thus, stimulating geological exploration resulted in significant rewards. The "Mountain Freedom" decree decreed the right of the discoverer to exploit the subsoil, guaranteeing the owner of the land only minor compensation. The state also transferred state-owned enterprises to the most skillful, honest and wealthy entrepreneurs. At their disposal were loans on fairly favorable terms, lands rich in mineral resources and forests, and forced labor. By decree of 1721 it was allowed to buy villages for factories and sell factories also with people. This category of workers is called sessional.

Russia, rich and always famous for its domestic craftsmen, did not neglect foreign experience. Peter I's practice of training his own national personnel abroad is widely known. Foreign specialists were also invited to Russia to transfer experience and knowledge.

2. What was the role of the state in the Russian economy in the first quarter XVIII V.?

The state was the initiator of industrial development. Merchants who built factories received benefits. The state often sold unprofitable enterprises to merchants. The state also encouraged mining. Peter attracted foreigners to the development of Russian production.

3. What industries became priority during the reign of Peter I?

Having realized Russia's technical backwardness during the Grand Embassy, ​​Peter could not ignore the problem of reforming Russian industry. In addition, the creation of its own industry was dictated by military needs, as indicated by a number of historians. Having started the Northern War with Sweden in order to gain access to the sea and proclaiming as a task the construction of a modern fleet in the Baltic (and even earlier in Azov), Peter was forced to build manufactories designed to meet the sharply increased needs of the army and navy: weapons factories, shipyards, cloth factories for sewing uniforms, canvas-sail.

4. How did agriculture develop in the first quarter of the 18th century?

The regular army, the increase in the number of cities, the development of manufacturing production, and the export of agricultural products led to an increase in the marketability of agriculture. However, its pace was slowed by the development of serfdom and the intensification of feudal exploitation, which prevented peasant farms from being drawn into market relations. In agriculture, the state did not implement a policy of strict regulation of production, as in industry, therefore the main figure determining its growth remained the landowner, who established the order in the estate at his own discretion.

Agriculture under Peter developed slowly, mainly in an extensive way. However, a policy of reforms was carried out here too. By decree of 1721, peasants were ordered to use scythes and rakes instead of sickles during the harvest, which, of course, greatly contributed to increasing the productivity of the peasant, reducing the harvest time and losses during harvesting. New crops were grown - tobacco, grapes, mulberry and fruit trees, medicinal plants. New breeds of livestock were bred. The development of the territories of the Volga region, Siberia, the Black Earth Center and Ukraine was carried out. These areas became the breadbaskets of the country. With their help, Russia fully satisfied its needs for bread and other agricultural products. Cereals are widely used as important articles Russian exports.

5. How was the problem of labor shortage solved during this period?

Due to the abolition of the walking class, manufactories faced the problem of labor shortage. To do this, Peter allowed the assignment of part of the state peasants to factories (later these peasants began to be called assigned) or the purchase of peasants at reasonable prices, however, with the condition that such a peasant could only be sold with manufactory - the peasants received the name possession. In addition, Peter attracted foreigners to the development of Russian production and contributed to the development of education.

6. What goal did Peter I pursue when issuing the Decree on Single Inheritance?

According to the provisions of the decree, there was a legal merger of local and patrimonial land ownership (in practice, this convergence occurred much earlier, however, it received legitimation only now). A new concept has emerged - real estate. “Even though the division of estates after fathers to the immovable children is a great harm in our state, both to the interests of the state and to the subjects and to the families themselves.” The decree prohibited the alienation of real estate, except in cases of “need.”

The decree gave the right to inherit undivided property to only one son (usually the eldest). However, this was not the principle of primogeniture. Here is how V. O. Klyuchevsky writes about it: “This is not a law on primogeniture or “primacy,” supposedly inspired by the orders of Western European feudal inheritance, as it is sometimes characterized, although Peter made inquiries about the rules of inheritance in England, France, Venice... The March decree did not assert the exclusive right of the eldest son; primordacy was an accident that occurred only in the absence of a spiritual one: the father could bequeath real estate and youngest son past the elder. The decree did not establish primogeniture, but sole inheritance, the indivisibility of immovable estates.”

Thus, Peter achieved the following results: landownership was protected from endless fragmentation, and the noble class was protected from impoverishment. The prohibition on alienation prevented a nobleman from losing at cards or in any other way “squandering” precious land. In addition, the right to inheritance, reserved for only one son, forced his brothers to regularly serve in the public service - “to look for ranks.”

Peter I, as most historians note, carried out all his transformations “in a hurry,” without always thinking about the consequences. A new decree that had many progressive features, caused dissatisfaction. Moreover, like many normative acts of the Peter the Great era, it was not well developed from the point of view of legal technology. The vagueness of the wording created difficulty in implementing the decree.

V. O. Klyuchevsky: “It is poorly processed, does not foresee many cases, gives unclear definitions that allow for contradictory interpretations: in the 1st paragraph it decisively prohibits the alienation of real estate, and in the 12th it provides for and normalizes their sale according to need; establishing a sharp difference in the order of inheritance of movable and immovable property, it does not indicate what is meant by both, and this gave rise to misunderstandings and abuses.” These shortcomings caused repeated clarifications in subsequent decrees of Peter. By 1725, the decree had undergone significant revision, allowing significant deviations from the original edition.

According to V. O. Klyuchevsky: “The law of 1714, without achieving the intended goals, only introduced confusion of relations and economic disorder into the landowning environment. So, an officer of an army regiment, trained and provided with indivisible real estate, or a secretary of a collegiate institution - this is the official purpose of an ordinary nobleman according to Peter’s thought.”

7. What is the essence of the tax reform of Peter I? What is the difference between poll tax and yard tax? What was more profitable for the state? For taxpayers?

Since 1716, Peter again seriously took up issues financial policy and economics. In 1716-1717, the tsar's policies were significantly influenced by the ideas of mercantilism. This was expressed primarily in the creation of new manufactories and the development of the country's natural resources - minerals.

Along with these problems, the question of a more thorough calculation of the number of taxpayers was again raised. I was very concerned about the question sharp decline population of the country, which was shown by the 1710 census. However, it later became clear that the main reason for the “demographic crisis” in the country was the simple desire of taxpayers to avoid tax oppression. If peasants escaped taxes by running away, landowners everywhere artificially reduced the number of taxpayers. The search for new sources of replenishment of the state budget led to a radical reform of the entire tax system - the introduction of a single poll tax, which took into account the entire male population. The idea of ​​such a reform was not new. Princess Sophia also wanted to implement a tax reform, replacing the household tax with a poll tax. Under Peter I, this idea was defended by Chief Fiscal Alexey Nesterov. He believed that taxation based on household taxes was in itself unfair: 20-30 people could live in some households, and 5-10 in others. For the latter, the tax burden is significant, since they have fewer workers. Therefore, Alexey Nesterov proposed collecting taxes, fees and duties not from households, but from working souls. Further proposals suggested introducing a special police force and a passport system in the village, which would significantly reduce the escape of peasants.

All projects advised, firstly, to count the entire male population of the country without distinction of age, secondly, to calculate the amount required by the treasury, except for tavern and customs duties, and thirdly, to determine the amount of fees from each person by dividing the amount of income by the number of souls.

The introduction of the poll tax in Russia was greatly influenced by the tax systems of European countries, primarily France. On November 26, 1718, by decree of Peter I, a population census was started. In January 1720, Peter ordered a census not only of the peasant population, but also of courtyard people, serfs and clergy.

From January 1722, the distribution of regiments in the provinces and also the revision of the census began. To carry out the audit, generals were sent to the provinces with officers assigned to each, who were supposed to revise the census on the spot. This work was completed only in 1727, but already in 1724 it was clarified total number taxable population: it turned out to be 5,570,458 against 2,874,685 people according to the 1710 census. In 1724, it was appointed to take 80 kopecks per soul, but in 1725 this figure was reduced to 74 kopecks, and after the death of Peter - to 70 kopecks. These amounts were determined from the annual maintenance needs of the army (4 million rubles) and the navy (2.2 million rubles). Moreover, state peasants who did not pay rent to the owners were subject to an additional fee of 40 kopecks. Posad population had to pay the state 1 ruble 20 kopecks. Thus, the poll tax contributed to an increase in state revenues compared to the income from the previous tax.

The implementation of the tax reform had not only financial, but also serious social consequences, extending tax service to previously tax-free categories of the population (“walking people”, free serfs) and at the same time forming a new social stratum within the peasantry (state peasants). The gravity of the poll tax was also in the fact that it was never a tax levied, so to speak, on a living soul. The soul was countable - between revisions, the dead were not excluded from the tax lists, and newborns were not included.

8. What advantages did the protectionist policy pursued by Peter I provide?

Mercantilism based its economic teaching on two principles: first, every nation, in order not to become poor, must produce everything it needs itself, without turning to the help of other people's labor, the labor of other peoples; second, in order to get rich, every nation must export manufactured products from its country as much as possible and import foreign products as little as possible. Realizing that Russia is not only not inferior, but also superior to other countries in the abundance of natural resources, Peter decided that the state should take upon itself the development of industry and trade of the country. “Our Russian state,” said Peter, “is more abundant than other lands and is blessed to have the necessary metals and minerals, which to this day have been sought without any diligence.”

With the help of various reforms and orders, Peter I seeks to increase the country's capital; creates manufactories to increase the productivity of various products and thereby reduce imports. It also reduces taxes for domestic merchants. The Chamber of Burmisters is created, which is in charge of collecting most of the taxes previously collected by orders. The first customs tariff in Russia was published, the essence of which was to collect duties from foreigners who imported their goods into our country, withheld in foreign currency and accepted into the treasury at a reduced rate.

Summing up the results of the reforms of Russia's first emperor, Peter I, it is worth saying that many of the reforms and the mercantilism policy he pursued largely benefited our country. Manufactories appeared, an all-Russian market was formed, and attention was paid to the exploration and development of ore and many other deposits. With the help of such actions, the level of development of the country has increased.

Working with the map

1. Find on the map the territories where the largest enterprises founded during the time of Peter I were located. Find out which of them have survived to this day.

Under Peter, at least 200 new manufactories were founded, and he encouraged their creation in every possible way. The first silver smelter in Russia was built near Nerchinsk in Siberia in 1704. IN next year he gave the first silver. Significant measures have been taken for geological exploration of mineral resources in Russia. Previously Russian state in terms of raw materials, it was completely dependent on foreign countries, primarily Sweden (iron was brought from there), however, after the discovery of deposits iron ore and other minerals in the Urals, the need for purchasing iron disappeared. In the Urals, in 1723, the largest ironworks in Russia was founded, from which the city of Yekaterinburg developed. Under Peter, Nevyansk, Kamensk-Uralsky, and Nizhny Tagil were founded. Weapon factories (cannon yards, arsenals) appeared in the Olonetsky region, Sestroretsk and Tula, gunpowder factories - in St. Petersburg and near Moscow, leather and textile industries developed - in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kazan and Left Bank Ukraine,

2. Point to modern map water canals built and laid under Peter I.

Under Peter, the Volga-Don, Ladoga, Vyshnevolozhsky, and Moscow-Volga canals were built and laid.

Studying the document

From Berg-privilege

1. How did the Berg privilege stimulate the development of industry and entrepreneurship in Russia?

The main legislative advantage of the Berg privilege was the guarantee of hereditary ownership of factories. This helped protect budding industrialists from excessive interference in their affairs by local authorities. The Berg Privilege also obliged the Berg Collegium to provide technical and financial assistance to industrialists and proclaimed the right to freely sell iron. In order to attract qualified labor, the privilege temporarily exempted artisans from conscription duty and poll tax. In general, the Berg privilege served as an incentive for the spread and development of mining production in Russia, which was just beginning to emerge at that time.

2. Why did Peter I limit the property rights of land owners?

If the owner does not have the desire to build himself and does not want to enter into a partnership with others, or due to his own lack of ability, he will not be able to, then he will be forced to endure that others will search for ore and minerals in his lands, dig and remake them, so that God’s blessing underground will be in vain ( no use) left.

3. Was the industrialist required to pay the land owner a share of the profits from mining? Explain your findings using quotes from the document.

We think, compare, reflect

1. Compare the economic development of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. with the economic development of European countries of this period. Draw conclusions.

Thus, under Peter, the foundation of Russian industry was laid. Many new industries entered the circulation of people's labor, that is, the sources of people's well-being increased quantitatively and qualitatively improved. This improvement was achieved through a terrible effort of the people's forces, but only thanks to this effort the country was able to endure the burden of a continuously lasting twenty years of war. In the future, the intensive development of national wealth that began under Peter led to the enrichment and economic development of Russia.

Domestic trade under Peter also picked up significantly, but, in general, continued to have the same caravan-fair character. But this side of the economic life of Russia was stirred up by Peter and brought out of the peace of inertia and lack of enterprise that characterized it in the 17th century and earlier. The spread of commercial knowledge, the emergence of factories and factories, communication with foreigners - all this gave new meaning and the direction of Russian trade, causing it to revive internally and, thereby, becoming an increasingly active participant in world trade, to assimilate its principles and rules.

By the end of the reign of Peter the Great, a powerful Russian empire, headed by an emperor who had absolute power. During the reforms, Russia's technical and economic lag behind European countries, access to the Baltic Sea was won, transformations were carried out in all spheres of life of Russian society. At the same time, the popular forces were extremely exhausted, the bureaucratic apparatus grew, and the preconditions were created (Decree on Succession to the Throne) for a crisis of supreme power, which led to the era of “palace coups.”

2. Using the Internet and additional materials, prepare a slide tour of one of the current channels created in the time of Peter the Great.

Ladoga Canal

3. There is a legend that the breeder Nikita Demidov secretly minted silver coins in the basement of the Nevyansk Tower and later hid part of them. Using additional materials, evaluate the reliability of this legend. Prepare a 15-minute message for your classmates on this topic.

Archival documents convincingly showed that under Akinfiy Demidov, secret silver smelting was carried out at the Nevyansk plant. The technology for separating copper from other metals, including silver, is quite complex. In the 18th century it had 7–8 stages. The initial smelting of the Kolyvan semi-finished product could be carried out openly - at a copper smelter. But the final separation of silver from copper was probably carried out secretly. Where? It is quite possible that in the Nevyansk dungeons.

In the pre-revolutionary reference book by F.P. Dobrokhotov “Northern, Middle, Southern Urals” there is the following message. In 1890, there was a big fire at the Nevyansk plant. When they began to clear out the fire, under the ruins of one of the workshops they discovered an underground workshop with smelting furnaces... But it is difficult to judge the reliability of such a message.

Let's give another interesting fact. In 1951, the State Hermitage received a silver mug. Its modern attribution says: “Silver, casting, forging, chasing, engraving, 22.5x21x14.7... The body is decorated with three chased cartouches with a rocaille pattern, and in the medallions there are allegorical images, which is very characteristic of the 18th century.” On the side of the mug is carved: “Mug of Nikifor Semenovich Shishkov.” But here’s the most interesting thing: on the same side of the mug there is an older inscription: “SIBER 1742.” But “SIBIR” is the Demidovs’ factory mark. This is exactly the same sign on the copper products of the Demidov factories. For example, on the distillation cube of M.V. Lomonosov, which is stored in the State historical museum in Moscow, there is the same mark: “SIBIR 1748 MFK.” The last three letters, as E. N. Dmitrieva deciphered at one time, mean “Master Fedot Kiselev.” There is no master's mark on the silver mug, and according to the laws of that time, every master who was allowed to work with precious metals was obliged, under pain of severe punishment, to put his mark.

Does this mean that Akinfiy Demidov started a secret jewelry workshop? The following document also suggests this idea; discovered in the Central State Archive of Ancient Acts. On August 26, 1741, Akinfiy Demidov wrote to the Nizhny Tagil factory office: “Yes, with this I sent with our brownie... eighty spools of silver and a half, which I ordered him to stretch into the thinnest wire, just like copper, and stretched it so that he would send to me with the same brownie..."

Was it for jewelry that Demidov needed the thinnest silver wire? It is known that the Nevyansk plant became the place where casting from cast iron and copper, the production of varnished iron trays and other artistic crafts were first born in the Urals. It is quite possible that products made from precious metals were also created there...

4. How do you think economic policy differs from economic activity? Give reasons for your opinion using quotes from the text of the paragraph.

Economic policy- a set of measures, government actions to select and implement economic decisions at the macroeconomic level. The implementation of economic policy presupposes the achievement of socially significant goals. The goals of economic policy are determined by the state of the country's economy at a given moment. Peter's economic policy, first of all, was aimed at meeting military needs and eliminating Russia's technical and economic lag behind the West.

Economic activity is a set of actions at different levels of management, as a result of which people satisfy their needs through the production and exchange of material goods and services. Definition this term is closely related to the definition of the economy itself. An activity becomes economic when it aims or has the effect of producing and exchanging goods or services that are recognized as either useful or rare.

5. With additional sources conduct research and write a short essay “The role of Peter I in the creation of the Russian fleet.”

Thanks to his lively and inquisitive mind, Peter I perfectly understood the need to create a combat-ready navy in Russia. Therefore, shipbuilding and navigation became one of his most passionate hobbies.

Even before he became the real ruler of the country, Peter became interested in navigational science and became interested in shipbuilding. His first ship was an old boat, which he discovered in one of the storerooms among his grandfather’s things. The next step was the organization of a shipyard on Lake Pereyaslavl. Together with Dutch craftsmen, Peter built and launched two small frigates and three yachts here.

Having ceased to be a purely nominal ruler, and having received full power, the future emperor decides to take the construction of a naval flotilla seriously. Leaving Lake Pereyaslavl, he moved to the port of Arkhangelsk, where he personally participated in the foundation of a shipyard, where modern ships were subsequently built. He orders a third ship from Holland.

A few months later, all three ships were launched White Sea. Under the leadership of the king, this small fleet escorts foreign ships.

After this, Peter turns his gaze towards Azov - it is here that he plans to build and deploy his fleet. To besiege a fortress from the sea, using a Dutch galley as a basis, 22 galleys and 4 fire ships are being built in Russia. Moscow and Arkhangelsk carpenters, foreign specialists and ordinary soldiers. All work, despite the fact that most of the workers involved in it were far from shipbuilding, took 3 months. At the same time, two ships with 36 guns were laid down at the Voronezh shipyard, and flat-bottomed barges and rafts were built in the surrounding cities.

For the most productive work, at the behest of the tsar, kumpanstvos were formed everywhere - unions of landowners, which included at least 100 peasant farmsteads. Each such association had to build one ship. The same obligations were imposed on both the clergy and the merchants. In total, 18 landowner merchants, 14 merchants and 17 among the clergy were created in the country.

The timber for construction was allocated by the state, which also provided shipwrights, contracted specifically for this purpose from many European countries.

The development of shipbuilding made it possible to ensure the creation of a fleet, and therefore the defense capability of the state, and guaranteed success in foreign policy. A ship for the era of Peter is like a space station for our time, an indicator of the strength and power of the state. And shipbuilding is the most advanced industry, locomotive economic development, which “pulls” with itself the development of metallurgy, sailing, transport, etc.

Left a reply Guru

More than 200 manufactories were created under him

Russia has taken third place in Europe in metal production (after England and Sweden). The peculiarity of Russian industry was that it was based on serf labor. The government allowed breeders to buy peasants, who were called possessions. Difficult working conditions and high mortality rate led to frequent changes of workers. The number of artisans continued to grow. The largest centers of crafts were Moscow and St. Petersburg. The main types of production were household items: locks, knives, pewter, canvas, jewelry made of gold, silver, and enamel. Felting craft (felt boots and hats), candle and soap production developed. Unlike industry, changes in agriculture were not significant. Peter ordered the use of a Lithuanian scythe and rake when harvesting grain. They were purchased in thousands and distributed throughout the provinces, which made it possible to increase the productivity of peasant labor. Agricultural development of lands in the Volga region and Siberia continued. For the production of cloth, Merino sheep were purchased from Holland and Spain. The first stud farms were created. Silkworms were bred for the needs of the yard. The plantings of industrial crops - flax and hemp, which were required for army needs, increased significantly. Peter I brought potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco to Russia. The all-Russian market developed. The main centers of trade were rural markets, where sellers and buyers from neighboring villages gathered two or three times a week. Wholesale fairs also appeared. Peter I improved the means of communication: he built the Vyshnevolotsky Canal and began construction of the Ladoga Bypass Canal, which had a positive effect on the development of domestic trade. This was also facilitated by the growth in the number of cities and urban population, the increase in the volume of manufacturing production, and the creation of a large army. Access to the Baltic Sea also contributed to an increase in the volume of foreign trade. Main European trading partners Russia was England and Holland. Through Astrakhan, Russia traded with Persia and Transcaucasia. As part of the policy of protectionism, Peter in 1724 adopted the Customs Tariff, which established a 75% duty on the import of foreign goods if they sufficient quantity were produced in Russia. It was also prohibited to export raw materials needed by domestic industry.

The sage avoids all extremes.

The Russian economy in the 17th century lagged significantly behind European countries. Therefore, the economic policy of Peter 1 was aimed at creating conditions for the economic development of the country in the present and future.

Separately, it should be noted that the main direction of economic development of that era was the development, first of all, of the military industry. This is important to understand, since the entire reign of Peter 1 took place during a period of wars, the main one of which was the Northern War.

The economy of the era of Peter should be considered from the point of view of the following components:

State of the economy at the beginning of the era

The Russian economy before Peter 1 came to power had a huge number of problems.

Suffice it to say that in a country with a huge number natural resources, there was no necessary material to supply even the needs of the army. For example, metal for cannons and artillery was purchased in Sweden. The industry was in a declining state. There were only 25 manufactories throughout Russia.

For comparison, more than 100 manufactories operated in England during the same period. As for agriculture and trade, the old rules were in effect and these industries practically did not develop.

Features of economic development

Peter's great embassy to Europe revealed to the tsar the problems that existed in the Russian economy.

These problems worsened with the outbreak of the Northern War, when Sweden stopped supplying iron (metal). As a result, Peter I was forced to melt down into cannons church bells, for which the church almost called him the Antichrist.

The economic development of Russia during the reign of Peter 1 was aimed primarily at the development of the army and navy.

It was around these two components that the development of industry and other objects took place. It is important to note that since 1715, individual entrepreneurship began to be encouraged in Russia.

Moreover, some of the manufactories and factories were transferred into private hands.

The basic principles of the economic policy of Peter 1 developed in two directions:

• Protectionism. This is support for domestic producers and encouragement for the export of goods abroad.
• Mercantilism. The predominance of export of goods over import. Economic terms— exports prevail over imports. This is done to concentrate funds within the country.

Industrial development

By the beginning of the reign of Peter I, there were only 25 manufactories in Russia.

This is extremely small. The country could not provide itself with even the most necessary things. That is why the beginning of the Northern War was so sad for Russia, since the lack of supplies of the same iron from Sweden made it impossible to wage war.

The main directions of the economic policy of Peter 1 were distributed in 3 main areas: the metallurgical industry, the mining industry, and shipbuilding. In total, by the end of Peter’s reign, there were already 200 manufactories operating in Russia.

The best indicator that the economic management system worked is the fact that before Peter came to power, Russia was one of the largest importers of iron, and after Peter 1, Russia took 3rd place in the world in iron production and became an exporting country.

Under Peter the Great, the first industrial centers in the country began to form.

Or rather, there were such industrial centers, but their significance was insignificant. It was under Peter that the formation and rise of industry took place in the Urals and Donbass. back side industrial growth - attracting private capital and difficult conditions for workers.

During this period, assigned and possessional peasants appeared.

Possession peasants appeared by decree of Peter 1 in 1721. They became the property of the manufactory and were obliged to work there all their lives. Possession peasants replaced the assigned peasants, who were recruited from among urban peasants and assigned to a specific factory.

Historical reference

The problem of the peasants, expressed in the creation of the possession peasantry, was associated with the lack of qualified labor in Russia.

The development of industry in the Peter the Great era was distinguished by the following features:

• Rapid development of the metallurgical industry.
• Active participation of the state in economic life.

  The state acted as the customer for all industrial facilities.

• Involvement of forced labor. Since 1721, factories have been allowed to buy peasants.
• Lack of competition.

  As a result, large entrepreneurs had no desire to develop their industry, which is why there was a long stagnation in Russia.

In the development of industry, Peter had 2 problems: the weak efficiency of government administration, as well as the lack of interests of large entrepreneurs for development.

It was all decided simply - the tsar began to transfer, including large enterprises, to private owners for management. Suffice it to say that by the end of the 17th century the famous Demidov family controlled 1/3 of all Russian iron.

The figure shows a map of the economic development of Russia under Peter I, as well as the development of industry in the European part of the country.

Agriculture

Let's consider what changes occurred in Russian agriculture during the reign of Peter.

The Russian economy under Peter I in the field of agriculture developed along an extensive path. The extensive path, in contrast to the intensive one, did not imply an improvement in working conditions, but an expansion of opportunities. Therefore, under Peter, active development of new arable lands began. Lands were developed most quickly in the Volga region, the Urals, and Siberia. At the same time, Russia continued to remain an agricultural country. Approximately 90% of the population lived in villages and was engaged in agriculture.

The orientation of the country's economy towards the army and navy was also reflected in the agriculture of Russia in the 17th century.

In particular, it was precisely because of this direction of the country’s development that sheep and horse breeding began to develop.

Economic reforms of Peter 1

Sheep were needed to supply the fleet, and horses to form cavalry.

It was during the Peter the Great era that new tools began to be used in agriculture: a scythe and a rake. These tools were purchased from abroad and imposed on the local economy.

Since 1715, which year Peter I issued a Decree to expand the sowing of tobacco and hemp.

As a result, an agricultural system was created in which Russia could feed itself, and for the first time in history it began to sell grain abroad.

Trade

The economic policy of Peter 1 in the field of trade generally corresponds general development countries.

Trade also developed along a protectionist path of development.

Before the era of Peter the Great, all major trade was conducted through the port in Astrakhan. But Peter the Great, who loved St. Petersburg terribly, by his own decree forbade trade through Astrakhan (the Decree was signed in 1713), and demanded a complete transfer of trade to St. Petersburg.

This did not bring much effect for Russia, but it was an important factor in strengthening the position of St. Petersburg as a city and the capital of the Empire. Suffice it to say that Astrakhan, as a result of these changes, reduced its trade turnover by about 15 times, and the city gradually began to lose its rich status.

Simultaneously with the development of the port in St. Petersburg, ports in Riga, Vyborg, Narva and Revel were actively developing. At the same time, St. Petersburg accounted for approximately 2/3 of foreign trade turnover.

Support for domestic production was achieved through the introduction of high customs duties. So, if a product was produced in Russia, then its customs duty was 75%.

If the imported goods were not produced in Russia, then their duty varied from 20% to 30%. At the same time, payment of the duty was made exclusively in foreign currency at a rate favorable to Russia. This was necessary to receive foreign capital and be able to purchase the necessary equipment. Already in 1726, the volume of exports from Russia was 2 times higher than the volume of imports.

The main countries with which Russia traded in those days were England and Holland.

In many ways, the development of trade was facilitated by the development of transport.

In particular, 2 large canals were built:

• Vyshnevolotsky Canal (1709). This canal connected the Tvertsa River (a tributary of the Volga) with the Msta River. From there, through Lake Ilmen, a path opened to the Baltic Sea.
• Ladoga Obvodny Canal (1718). I took a detour Lake Ladoga. This detour was necessary because the lake was turbulent and ships could not move across it.

Finance development

Peter 1 had one strange thing - he loved taxes very much and in every possible way encouraged people who came up with new taxes.

It was during this era that taxes were introduced on almost everything: on stoves, on salt, on government forms and even on beards. In those days they even joked that there were no taxes only on air, but such taxes would soon appear.

Increasing taxes and their expansion led to popular unrest. For example, the Astrakhan uprising and the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin are the main major discontents of the popular masses of that era, but there were also dozens of small uprisings.

In 1718, the tsar carried out his famous reform, introducing a poll tax in the country.

If earlier taxes were paid from the yard, now from every male soul.

Also, one of the main initiatives was to conduct financial reform 1700-1704. The main attention in this reform was paid to the minting of new coins, equating the amount of silver in the ruble with silver. The very weight of the Russian ruble was equal to the Dutch guilder.

As a result of financial changes, the growth of revenues to the treasury increased by approximately 3 times.

This was a great help for the development of the state, but made it almost impossible to live in the country. Suffice it to say that during the Peter the Great era the population of Russia decreased by 25%, taking into account all the new territories that this tsar conquered.

Consequences of economic development

The main results of the economic development of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, during the reign of Peter 1, which can be considered the main ones:

• Increase in the number of manufactories by 7 times.
• Expansion of production volume within the country.
• Russia has taken 3rd place in the world in metal smelting.
• New tools began to be used in agriculture, which later proved their effectiveness.
• The founding of St. Petersburg and the conquest of the Baltic states expanded trade and economic ties with European countries.
• Main trading and financial center St. Petersburg became Russia.
• Due to the government paying attention to trade, the importance of the merchants increased.

  It was during this period that they established themselves as a strong and influential class.

If we consider these points, a positive reaction to the economic reforms of Peter 1 naturally suggests itself, but here it is important to understand at what cost all this was achieved. The tax burden on the population increased greatly, which automatically caused the impoverishment of most peasant farms.

In addition, the need to develop the economy at a rapid pace actually contributed to the strengthening of serfdom.

New and old in Peter's economy

Let's consider a table that presents the main aspects of the economic development of Russia during the reign of Peter 1, indicating which aspects existed before Peter and which appeared under him.

Regarding the growth in the number of entrepreneurs, it should be noted that Peter 1 actively contributed to this.

In particular, he allowed any person, regardless of his origin, to conduct research into the location of minerals and establish his own factories at the location.

Russia under Peter I

In Russia in the 18th century. Along with the strengthening and formalization of the class system, profound changes are taking place in economic and social development, affecting all parties National economy and the social image of the country. These changes were based on the process of decomposition of feudalism and the genesis of capitalist relations, which began in the 17th century. The culmination of this process was, of course, the era Peter I(1672-1725), king-transformer.

Peter I correctly understood and realized the complexity of the tasks that faced the country, and began purposefully to implement them.

Absolutism and government. Under Peter I, absolutism was finally established in Russia, Peter was proclaimed emperor, which meant strengthening the power of the tsar himself, he became an autocratic and unlimited monarch.

In Russia, a reform of the state apparatus was carried out - instead of the Boyar Duma, a Senate, which included nine dignitaries closest to Peter I.

The Senate was the legislative body and controlled the country's finances and the activities of the administration. The Senate was headed by the Prosecutor General.

The public administration reform affected the system of orders and they were replaced collegiums, the number of which reached 12. Each board was in charge of a certain branch of management: external relations were managed by the Board of Foreign Affairs, the Admiralty fleet, revenue collection by the Chamber Board, noble land ownership– Patrimonial, etc.

The cities were in charge of the Chief Magistrate.

During this period, the struggle continued between the supreme and secular authorities and the church. In 1721 it was established Spiritual College, or Synod, which testified to the complete subordination of the church to the state.

In Russia, the position of patriarch was abolished, and the supervision of the church was entrusted to the chief prosecutor of the Synod.

The system of local government was reorganized, the country was divided in 1708 into eight provinces(Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian) led by governors who were in charge of the troops. Since the territories of the provinces were huge, they were divided into 50 provincial In turn, the provinces were divided into counties.

These measures indicated the creation in Russia of a unified administrative-bureaucratic management system - an indispensable attribute of an absolutist state.

The reforms of Peter I affected the army and navy.

In the country, conscription was introduced in 1705, and the standard for assigning a soldier to lifelong service was established - one recruit from 20 peasant households. Thus, the army was created with a single principle of recruitment, with uniform weapons and uniforms. New military regulations were introduced. Officer schools were organized. Artillery pieces were supplied to the army, and many ships were built. So, by 1725 Baltic Fleet had more than 30 battleships, 16 frigates and more than 400 other ships.

Under Peter I, the Russian army and navy became one of the strongest in Europe.

An important result and legislative consolidation of the entire reform activities Peter appeared Table of ranks(1722), which was a law on the procedure for public service.

The adoption of this law meant a break with the previous patriarchal tradition of governance, embodied in localism. Having established the order of ranks in the military and civil service not according to nobility, but according to personal abilities and merits, the Table of Ranks contributed to the consolidation of the nobility and the expansion of its composition at the expense of persons loyal to the tsar from different strata of the population.

Development of manufacturing production The most characteristic feature of Russia's economic development was the determining role of the autocratic state in the economy, its active and deep penetration into all spheres of economic life.

Established by Peter 1, the Berg, Manufactory, Commerce Collegium and the Chief Magistrate were institutions of state regulation of the national economy, bodies for implementing the trade and industrial policy of the autocracy.

There are two stages in industrial policy: 1700-1717. - the main founder of manufactories - the treasury; from 1717, private individuals began to found manufactories.

At the same time, the owners of manufactories were exempted from government service.

At the first stage, priority was given to the production of products for military needs.

Economy under Peter 1

At the second stage, industry began to produce products for the population.

By decree of 1722, urban artisans were united into workshops, but unlike Western Europe, they were organized by the state, and not by the artisans themselves, to produce products needed by the army and navy.

A higher form of industrial production was manufacture.

As a result of the transformations of Peter I in the first quarter of the 18th century. There was a sharp leap in the development of the manufacturing industry. Compared to the end of the 17th century. the number of manufactories increased approximately fivefold and in 1725 amounted to 205 enterprises.

Particularly great successes were achieved in the metallurgical industry, which was necessitated by the need to arm the army and build a navy. Along with factories in the old regions (Tula, Kashira, Kaluga), factories arose in Karelia, and then in the Urals.

It was during this period that the widespread development of iron and copper ores in the Urals began, which soon became the main metallurgical base of the country. Pig iron smelting reached 815 thousand.

poods per year, according to this indicator Russia has taken third place in the world, second only to England and Sweden. Large copper production was organized. In second place were textile manufactories, which were developed in the center of the country. Tanneries also operated here, providing products primarily to the army.

Under Peter I, new industries arose in Russia: shipbuilding, silk spinning, glass and earthenware, and paper production.

The state played a major role in the development of large-scale industry.

It built factories, helped private entrepreneurs, and provided manufactories with labor.

The manufactories used both free and forced labor of peasants who worked in the patrimonial enterprises of their landowners, as well as assigned peasants from the state and palace villages. Decree of 1721

merchants were allowed to purchase serfs for their factories, which later became known as sessional. Thus, in the first quarter of the 18th century. There was a leap in the development of large-scale production and in the use of civilian labor. This can be considered the second stage in initial period the genesis of capitalist relations in Russian industry (first stage - 17th century).

Trade. During the reign of Peter I, domestic and foreign trade received incentives for development.

This was facilitated by the development of industrial and handicraft production, the conquest of access to the Baltic Sea, and the improvement of communications. During this period, canals were built that connected the Volga and Neva (Vyshnevolotsky and Ladoga). Exchange between individual parts of the country intensified, the turnover of Russian fairs (Makaryevskaya, Irbitskaya, Svenskaya, etc.) grew, which reflected the formation of an all-Russian market.

For the development of foreign trade, not only the construction of the St. Petersburg port was important, but also the support of Russian merchants and industrialists from the government of Peter I.

This was reflected in the policy of protectionism and mercantilism, in the adoption of the Protective Tariff of 1724. In accordance with it (and the emperor himself took part in its development), the export of Russian goods abroad was encouraged and the import of foreign products was limited. Most foreign goods were subject to very high duties, reaching up to 75% of the cost of the goods.

Income from trade contributed to the accumulation of capital in the field of trade, which also led to the growth of the capitalist structure. A general feature of the development of trade was the implementation of a policy of mercantilism, the essence of which was the accumulation of money through a positive trade balance.

The state actively intervened in the development of trade:

monopolies were introduced on the procurement and sale of certain goods: salt, flax, yuft, hemp, tobacco, bread, lard, wax, etc., which led to an increase in prices for these goods within the country and restriction of the activities of Russian merchants;

often the sale of a certain product, on which a state monopoly was introduced, was transferred to a specific tax farmer for payment by him large amount money;

direct taxes (customs, drinking taxes), etc. were sharply increased;

forced relocation of merchants to St. Petersburg, which at that time was an undeveloped border city, was practiced.

The practice of administrative regulation of cargo flows was used, i.e.

it was determined in which port and what to trade. The gross intervention of the state in the sphere of trade led to the destruction of the shaky foundation on which the well-being of merchants rested, especially loan and usurious capital.

Currency reform. In conditions when there was a significant expansion of industrial production, the turnover of domestic and foreign trade increased, it was necessary to reform the monetary system.

It developed in the 17th century. and now, in the era of Peter’s reforms, it has ceased to correspond to the interests of economic development.

For wholesale trade and foreign trade operations, the silver penny in circulation turned out to be too small a monetary unit. At the same time, it was too valuable for small market trade.

Therefore, Peter 1 carried out a coinage reform. It provided for the minting of gold, silver and copper coins. The monetary system was based on the decimal principle: ruble, kopeck, kopeck. The main units of the new monetary system were the copper kopeck and the silver ruble, which, to facilitate foreign trade payments, was equal in weight to the thaler, which was used as a monetary unit in a number of European countries.

Coinage became a state monopoly.

Agriculture. A notable phenomenon in the history of agriculture in the 18th century. became the process of territorial division of labor, which began in XVII century. The formation of regions specializing in the production of certain agricultural products has largely been completed, and their trade orientation has become more clearly defined. Agriculture was dominated by the production of grain and industrial crops, among which leading place flax and hemp occupied.

Social politics. In area social policy Peter's legislation followed in principle that general trend, which emerged in the 18th century.

The attachment of peasants to the land, fixed by the Code of 1649, not only did not change during that period, but also received further development. This is evidenced by the introduction of a new system of population registration and taxation, carried out in order to increase the efficiency of control over the collection of taxes from the population.

The state, in an effort to identify each individual taxpayer, introduced new principle taxes - poll tax. Taxes began to be collected - now not from the yard, but from revision soul1. IN 1718-1724

A census of the entire taxable population was carried out, and everyone included in the lists had to pay a certain capitation tax per year. The introduction of the poll tax led to several important consequences: the consolidation of existing social structures, the strengthening of the power of landowners over peasants and, in addition, the spread of the tax burden to new groups of the population.

Another major initiative in the field of state regulation of social relations was the attempt of Peter I to stabilize the ruling class economically and politically.

In this regard important role played the Decree on the procedure for inheritance of movable and immovable property dated March 23, 1714, known as the decree of primogeniture. According to the new law, all land holdings of a nobleman were to be inherited only by one eldest son or daughter, and in their absence, by one of the family members. In the long-term historical perspective, Peter's decree would have preserved large land holdings indivisible and would have prevented their fragmentation.

However Russian nobility He was met with extreme hostility. The decree on primogeniture, despite repeated reminders and threats, was never implemented, and was canceled in subsequent reigns.

The history of this legislative provision clearly shows the limits and possibilities of state intervention in the rationalization of social relations and regulation of the ruling class.

At the same time, it was important, since from that moment the noble estate was equal in rights to the boyar estate, there were no differences between them - the estate, like the estate, became inheritable.

This decree marked the merger of two classes of feudal lords into a single class. From that time on, secular feudal lords began to be called nobles.

If the Code of 1649 formalized serfdom for the bulk rural population, then the tax reform extended serfdom to segments of the population that were either free (walking people) or had the opportunity to gain freedom after the death of the master (slaves). Both of them became serfs forever.

The results of the census conducted by Peter give an idea of ​​the population of Russia; it was 15.5 million.

people, of which 5.4 million were men, from whom taxes were collected.

Increased tax oppression led to a mass exodus of peasants. In 1724, Peter issued a decree prohibiting peasants from leaving their landowners to earn money without written permission. This was the beginning of the passport system in Russia.

the main objective government activities Peter (1696-1725) was to transform Russia into a powerful modern state. Peter set himself the main tasks: 1.creation of large-scale production (manufacture), 2.development of trade (especially maritime), 3.Creation of a powerful army and navy, 4.development of science, enlightenment and education. To solve the first problem, capital and free labor were required.

There was neither one nor the other resource in the country. The only free labor force in the country were the walking people, but there were very few of them. Many scientists were brought from abroad to develop mining resources and to teach Russians mining. Peter's persistent efforts were crowned with success; iron and copper were even exported abroad. Under Peter, many linen, sailing, and cloth factories arose, as well as factories for the production of consumer goods.

Since trade could only be by land, Peter took care of improving communication routes. Peter's great deed was the creation of a regular Russian army. Recruitment sets were introduced to staff the army with soldiers (1-1705).

Several institutions were established to train officers. special schools. It was forbidden to promote nobles who had not served as soldiers in guard regiments as officers. At the end of Peter's reign, the number of regular ground troops reached 200 thousand. One of the tasks was to create a navy. As a result, the navy consisted of 48 battleships, 800 galleys and other vessels.

No less important were the reforms to transform public administration.

The highest institution of Peter's administration was the Senate, which replaced the boyar duma. Peter made a radical restructuring of the central government.

In 1717-18 9 boards were established: military, admiralty, foreign affairs, justice board, chamber board (state revenue department), audit board, states board (state expenditure department), commerce board, berg board, manufacturing board. The board consisted of 11 members. At the end of 1708 Peter issued a decree dividing Russia into 8 provinces. Governorates were divided into provinces, provinces into districts.

Russia reared up

He spent church reform. Approved spiritual regulations: liquidation of the autonomy of the church and its subordination to the state, establishment of a spiritual college (synod) for governance, abolition of the patriarchate.

The nobility under Peter was far from being a privileged class. Peter appointed senior officials of the central and regional administration, completely disregarding their origin.

The service obligation of the entire noble class under Peter not only did not become easier, but, on the contrary, became more difficult than it was in the Moscow state. Nobles under Peter were required to enroll in regular soldier regiments from the age of 15. They had to serve in the army until old age or until they became incapacitated. On the other hand, every soldier who rose to the rank of officer received hereditary nobility. Thus, access to the nobility through military service was open to all classes of the population.

The previous Moscow official “ranks,” which depended on the origin of the service people, were abolished by Peter. The “table of ranks” he published (1722) divided the entire mass of civil servants, military and civilian, into 14 ranks, or “ranks”, according to which each officer and civil official had to advance. In addition to official duties, Peter imposed on the nobility a completely new, educational duty. All male noble children were required to be taught literacy, arithmetic and geometry. At the same time, Peter limited the rights of nobles to dispose of their estates.

By decree on single inheritance, Peter prohibited landowners from dividing their estates between all their sons and ordered that real estate be bequeathed to only one son. Peter did not interfere directly and directly in the relations between peasants and landowners and did not regulate these relations. But the introduction of the “poll” tax contributed to the deterioration of the situation of the serf peasantry.

Taxes were paid equally to peasants and slaves.

Peter wanted Russian artisans to organize themselves into guilds, following the example of Western European ones.

Simultaneously with the reform in the field of education, the publishing industry developed rapidly. Great strides have been made in geodesy, hydrography, cartography, and in the study of subsoil and minerals. In the era of Peter the Great, the way of life of Russian society changed. The Tsar, by order of command, introduced barber shaving, European clothing, and the compulsory wearing of uniforms for military and civil officials. The behavior of young nobles in society was regulated by Western European norms.

Peter issued a decree on holding assemblies with the mandatory presence of women. Assemblies were held not only for fun and entertainment, but also for business meetings. Use in conversations was encouraged foreign words, mostly French.

The problem of the development of the USSR in the 20s: NEP

The Soviet government, led by the Communist Party, emerged victorious in the revolution. But having won, she found herself almost in a losing state. Workers fled the cities or engaged in primitive manual labor. Peasants everywhere took up arms. There was trouble in the army. Strikes began. By the spring of 1921 it became clear: the discontent of the lower classes and their armed pressure could lead to the overthrow of Soviet power if a policy of concessions was not initiated.

The Bolsheviks were pushed towards a more flexible economic policy by extreme difficult situation in the country. It was not only the war that led to the economic and political crisis, but also the policy of war communism.

The people were exhausted. For a number of years people lived from hand to mouth. There were not enough clothes, shoes, and medicines.

The transition to the NEP was proclaimed by Lenin in March 21. at the Xth Party Congress. The first step of the NEP was the abolition of surplus appropriation (most of the products were forcibly taken from the peasants). Instead, a tax in kind was introduced, which was half the size of the appropriation and was announced in advance. It could not be increased within a year. All surpluses remaining after paying the tax went to the disposal of the peasants.

This created a material incentive to increase agricultural production. Fundamental changes have occurred in the field of industrial production. The decree on the complete nationalization of industry was canceled.

Now small and some medium-sized enterprises were transferred into private hands. Some large enterprises were allowed to be rented out to private individuals. All these innovations required the abolition of forced labor and the introduction of a labor market, and reform of the wage system.

In 1992 a new land code was adopted, peasants received the right to freely enter the community and choose forms of land use.

The State Bank was restored, which controlled the network of newly formed cooperative banks, credit and insurance partnerships. 1992 A monetary reform was carried out, the result of which was the introduction of a hard currency backed by gold - the gold chervonets, which was highly valued on the world foreign exchange market.

But a significant part of industry and all foreign trade remained in the hands of the state. However, government industrial enterprises received more independence under the new charter.

Unprofitability of a large state industry, unequal exchange between city and countryside resulted in a sales crisis. Mass peasant uprisings broke out in a number of places. This forced the government to make some concessions - it was softened in favor of rural producers tse new policy, the right to lease land and use hired labor has been expanded.

During the transition to industrialization in the country, the problem of grain procurements worsened. The food supply of the cities was threatened. The seizure of surpluses and repression only worsened the crisis. In February 1929 food cards appeared in cities.

Small industry, retail trade and rural areas adapted most quickly to the NEP. The recovery of heavy industry proceeded at a slower pace.

But the introduction of self-financing (ensuring the profitability of production) and material interest still bore fruit. Agriculture gradually began to increase its volumes. By 28 The country has reached pre-war levels in terms of basic economic indicators. This created the conditions for some improvement in the financial situation of workers, peasants and office workers.

And yet, in general, there was a sharp shortage of industrial goods, which led to an increase in prices, and this, in turn, hampered the growth of living standards of all categories of the population. Unemployment was a serious problem. The housing problem not only was not resolved, but became even more aggravated. The real disaster of the country was agricultural overpopulation. All these serious problems indicated the need to adjust the NEP course.

Date of publication: 2015-01-26; Read: 183 | Page copyright infringement

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018 (0.002 s)…

Lesson summary on the history of Russia (grade 7)

School: No. 25

Teacher: E.I.Romanova

Lesson topic: Socio-economic development of Russia under Peter the Great.

Lesson type: combined

Lesson format: traditional.

The purpose of the lesson: talk about the economic policy of Peter I against the background of his foreign and domestic policies, as well as in connection with new European economic theories; characterize the economic state of Russia during his reign; give an idea of ​​the restructuring economic structure countries; talk about the increase in internal instability in the country during Peter's reign.

Program content: Reforms in the economy. Policy of protectionism and mercantilism. Usage foreign experience in agriculture, manufacturing, shipbuilding. Craft shops. Currency reform. Tax reform. Capitation tax. Development of communication routes. Beginning of construction of the Vyshnevolotsky, Ladoga bypass, and Volga-Don canals. The cost and consequences of Peter's reforms. I

Lesson objectives:

Educational results:

1. Describe the economic policy of Peter I.

To trace the close relationship between the economic recovery in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century and the sharp increase in feudal duties.

Continue to develop students’ skills in working with a map and analyzing statistical data.

Form the basic concepts of the topic.

To promote students’ interest in a given period of history, a sense of empathy, and pride.

Develop the historical style of thinking, speech and memory of students.

Continue the development of general academic and subject skills of schoolchildren.

Upon completion of studying this topic, the student:

Names the dates of the reforms of Peter I;

Lists what reforms have been carried out;

Gives a brief description of each reform;

Reasonably substantiates the importance of economic reform.

Pedagogical technology: explanatory and illustrative.

Basic concepts: protectionism, mercantilism, manufacture, poll tax.

Main dates: 1718 – the beginning of a census of the tax-paying population; 1714 – the estate was equated to a patrimony; 1724 – introduction of the poll tax.

Names of historical figures: N. Demidov.

Plan for learning new material:

1. The state of the Russian economy at the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries

2.Economic policy of Peter I. Trade.

3. Agriculture.

4. Manufactory.

5.Handicraft production.

6. Monetary and tax reform.

Lesson equipment: map “Russia in the first half of the 18th century,” textbook History of Russia: end of the 16th – 18th centuries. 7th grade / A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. – M.: Education, 2002., punched cards, handouts.

Board design: date, topic of the lesson, main question of the lesson, homework

Mise-en-scene of the beginning of the lesson: traditional

During the classes

Teacher activities

Student activity

I. Organizational moment

Greetings.

Marking absentees.

Checking readiness for the lesson.

Preparation for work: writing down the number, lesson topic, basic concepts, names.

II. Examination homework and repetition of what has been learned

Punch cards (dates, concepts).

Oral survey “state reforms” according to plan:

1. Date of reform.

2. Reason for reform.

3. Contents of the reform.

4. The significance of the reform.

III. Setting a learning task

Introductory conversation:

Students recall the definition of “economics.” Economy – production and consumption of material goods.

What are material goods? (Material goods - food, clothing, fuel, metals, housing).

Can people do without the economy? (Of course not).

Is economic development important in the era of reforms? Is it possible to reform a country if the economy is underdeveloped? (No you can not).

What was the development of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 18th century, when Peter began his reforms? The Russian economy lagged significantly behind the European economy in terms of its level of development. The country needed more close ties with European countries. There was a need to modernize a backward agricultural country.

The main question of the lesson: So what transformations have taken place in the field of economics?

Learning new material

The state of the Russian economy at the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries.

analytical description:

Most of inhabitants remained in the deep Middle Ages, based on the principles of subsistence farming. This circumstance constrained the development of not only domestic, but also foreign trade. In addition, Russia did not have its own merchant fleet; it was connected to Europe by a single port in Arkhangelsk.

The defeat at Narva ensured unprecedented government intervention in the economy. The tragic start of the Northern War not only did not bring battle trophies and new territories, but also deprived the army of all artillery. To equip again the army being created new guns were required a large number of metal that Russia itself did not produce, but imported from abroad. The weak capacity of the Arkhangelsk port could not meet the entire demand for metal. In addition, the war with Sweden cut off Russia's main source of supply of high-quality Scandinavian metal (iron, copper, tin) from which weapons were made. Overcoming the underdevelopment of the domestic metallurgy has become a priority strategic task.

Thus, Peter was faced with a problem that he must cope with. The Tsar set himself the goal of bringing Russia to international arena.

What exactly were the reasons for this backwardness? (Russia did not know the “school” of the Roman Empire with cities, roads, Roman law; a modern social system did not develop in Russia).

Economic policy of Peter I. Trade.

analytical description:

Under Peter I, trade achieved significant development. The internal one relied on grain trade, the center of Moscow and the Moscow region. Along the Oka and Moscow rivers from the Black Earth Region to Moscow - hemp, honey, lard, skins, etc. From Ukraine to the center - hemp, animal products, wax, saltpeter.

Domestic trade:

1). The lowest level was rural and county markets, where peasants and local small merchants gathered 2-3 times a week.

2). The highest level is wholesale trade of local merchants. Mostly it took place at fairs. The main one is Makaryevskaya (Nizhny Novgorod) and Svenskaya (Bryansk).

A huge network of small fair trade operated throughout Russia.

To develop trade, Peter I built canals to unite the waterways of different rivers. 1703-1708 - Vishnevetsky, connected the Volga with the Neva, 20th - through Lake Ivanovo Oka and Don.

Foreign trade played a huge role in the Russian economy of the Peter I era. Until 1719, the center of trade was the Astrakhan port, and by 1726 it was the St. Petersburg port.

Astrakhan is a traditional center of trade with the countries of the East; fisheries played a huge role. The port of Riga is the path to the European market in the southwestern region of the country, the second center of foreign trade after St. Petersburg.

Through the western Dvina - hemp, flax, canvas, leather, grain, waxes, etc.

In Left Bank Ukraine, trade took place through Greek and local merchants who settled there.

Foreign trade played a large role in treasury revenues. The number of goods that the treasury traded increased - caviar, rhubarb, hemp, tobacco, chalk, salt, bristles, etc. Merchants bought the right to trade goods from the treasury and became monopolists. The king himself gave out such rights. Since 1719, the list of government goods has been reduced. If the harvest failed, the export of grain was prohibited. The export of Ukrainian saltpeter was prohibited.

During the construction of large manufactories, Peter I sought to protect entrepreneurship. Patronage policies were based on politics mercantalism– the state accumulates money due to the active trade balance, the excess of the export of goods over the inflow. An integral part of this policy was protectionism– protecting the Russian economy from foreign competition through patronage of Russian industry.

The Customs Tariff of 1724 was created - it put a barrier against the penetration of products from Western countries if Russian industry fully satisfied domestic demand. In the interests of the Russian cloth industry, the export of wool is prohibited. They established the production of metal needles, their import was prohibited.

T.O., Peter’s new policy showed that Russia can develop as an independent country. Due to the opening of new ports and markets, the domestic and foreign markets are developing.

3.Agriculture

analytical description:

The great activity of the great sovereign was truly comprehensive. Even such an uncontrollable sphere of the economy as agriculture also turned out to be the subject of his attention.

The most important measure Petra - the introduction into the practice of harvesting bread instead of the traditional sickle - the Lithuanian scythe. The labor savings were tenfold and the scythe soon really became a widespread tool, although only in the black earth and steppe regions.
Three-field farming system. The plow is the main tool for tillage.

The main path of agricultural development is to expand sown areas, mainly through the development of lands in the Volga region, the Urals, and Siberia.

The main agricultural crops: winter rye (does not spoil longer, more reliable, yield, labor efficiency) and oats (unpretentious). Barley (zhido) occupied an important place - unpretentious, grows quickly (6-10 weeks), stable harvest. Spring wheat was sown less than rye.

Gardening developed; private gardening was encouraged in Astrakhan, near Kiev, and on the Don. Pharmaceutical gardens.

New breeds of livestock were introduced (cattle from Holland).

The development of sheep breeding was associated with the construction of cloth factories. They bought sheep in Spain and Silesia, sheepfold factories in the south of Russia, and existed for 7 years. Mostly civilian labor; the civilians were runaway peasants. Since 1722 state. sheep farms were transferred into the ownership of local landowners (private hands).

1720 - stud farms were created in Astrakhan of the Cherkassy and Persian breeds, and there were also private ones.

The growth of the army led to an increase in demand for agricultural products, as well as the development of foreign trade. They exported leather, salt, flax, down, and feathers.

To produce silk, great efforts were made to plant mulberry trees and breed silkworms in the south of the country. Silk “factories” were founded in Moscow and near Tsaritsyn.

Finally, under Peter I, the first attempts at state forest protection were made. In 1703 it was forbidden to cut down forest half a meter thick within the aisles of the 50-verst coastal zone large rivers and 20-verst small ones.

Thus, agriculture reached a new level of production. The tools of labor were improved, new breeds of livestock were raised, but this could not ensure high and stable yields of the fields.

Why do you think Peter paid special attention to forestry? (Development forestry should have contributed to the formation of the fleet).

What do you think was the main feature of the sovereign’s measures in relation to agriculture? (Forced nature and reliance on serf labor).

4. Manufactures.

working with the document:

How does a historian characterize the development of manufacturing production in Russia?

List the branches of production in which manufacturing production developed so actively. Support your answer with the text of the document.

Comment on the selected document text.

Craft production.

analytical description:

Speaking about the process of separating industry from agriculture, we should not forget about the specific conditions of Russia as a country whose economy was mainly based on agriculture. Managing in harsh climatic conditions, the country’s population could not bring agriculture to such an efficiency when a significant part of the people could switch from agriculture to crafts, become city dwellers, etc. Hence the relatively modest pace of development of crafts and the growth of the urban population itself. The urban artisan was largely associated with agriculture. And the villager, having a huge amount of time (6-7 months a year), only partially occupied with agricultural work, also practiced crafts either at home or going to the cities. As a result, the supply of craft labor was often greater than the demand. Often orders for products were sporadic. All these factors significantly influenced the pace and nature of Russia's socio-economic development.

At the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. There were about 7 thousand artisans concentrated in Moscow, not counting those who came from the villages to earn money. Even in St. Petersburg at that time there were already over 2.5 thousand artisans. In 1722, a guild system was introduced in Russia (although in Western Europe workshops during this period were already archaic). It is possible that the guild structure of the craft was one of the ways to complete the formation of the class system of society, the elimination of the archaic class of “posad people” enslaved by the autocracy. Also important was the state’s desire to create a system for monitoring the quality of handicraft products: from now on, the master was obliged to put a personal mark on the product.

However, the efforts of the authorities to organize urban crafts were significantly weakened due to the development of peasant crafts. During the off-season, Russian cities received a significant number of seasonal craftsmen from the villages. The treasury sought to streamline small-scale production by issuing decrees authorizing the activities of a particular institution (“decree proceedings”). “Unspecified” could be persecuted by the treasury.

Thus, if industry developed, handicraft production did not stop its production. Things like household items were made by hand, and there was always a demand for them.

Monetary and tax reforms.

Working with the textbook:

Why did Peter decide to carry out a monetary reform?

Why did he reduce the silver content of the coins?

Why did they conduct a house-to-house census?

Who was taxed? poll tax?

Thus, Peter's monetary and tax reforms increased the state budget threefold. However, this was achieved by robbing the population.

V. Primary repetition and summing up.

Repeated-summarizing conversation:

What prompted Peter to accelerate the development of manufactories?

Why do you think built on public funds Was the Nevyansk plant then transferred to private entrepreneur Nikita Demidov?

What kind of labor was used in the new factories?

In which industries did manufacturing develop faster? Why?

What goals did Peter pursue in developing Russia's foreign trade?

What is the name of the policy pursued by Peter's government in relation to domestic industry and trade?

Why did the government care about the excess of exports of goods over imports?

Why did Peter introduce the right of primogeniture?

That. The economic policy of Peter the Great, despite its harshness, brought logical results: there was rapid growth in industrial production. Now Russia could provide the army and navy with the necessary products, i.e. cloth, metals. Competent government customs policy supported domestic production. Peter achieved his goal - he managed to raise the economy so that he could safely wage war.

Brief description of students' work in the lesson.

Making marks.

Greeting teachers while standing

Duty Officer's Report

Prepare notebooks, pens, textbooks.

Write down the number.

8 people.

Frontal.

Recording the topic in a notebook.

D/Z: §16 notes in a notebook, textbook questions, give a report to one student by K.A. Bulavin

One student.

write down the definitions from the textbook on pp. 130-131 in your notebook.

2 students

Handout.

reading aloud, in a chain.

write the definition in a notebook from the textbook, see p. 131 assigned peasants

reading aloud 1 student.

frontal survey. Token system.

frontally. Token system.

Manufacturing production in Russia

Metal factories appeared not only in the Ural country, but in many other places, thanks to the efforts of Peter, “so that God’s blessing under the earth would not remain in vain.” First thought about the meaning coal for Russia it also belongs to Peter; but with plans for future fuel, Peter ordered the preservation of the old: he took measures to preserve old forests and to plant new ones. In general, the converter paid attention to the protection and strengthening of crafts that already existed in Russia and the products of which were the subject of foreign holidays: for example, he ordered the strengthening of the flax and hemp industries “for the benefit of the people and the profit of the peasants.”

This includes his efforts to improve tanning production; leather industrialists, several people from each city, had to go to Moscow for two years to learn the best tanning of leather; Foreign masters were sent to remote provinces for this training.

In 1712, the Senate was ordered to establish stud farms in the Kazan, Azov and Kyiv provinces. When establishing a permanent army, Peter was burdened by the need to order cloth from abroad for uniforms, and therefore he opened cloth factories, for which he paid attention to improving sheep breeding. In 1705, Peter wrote: “They make cloth, and this work multiplies greatly, and God gives a fair amount of fruit, from which I will make myself a caftan for the holiday.”

In 1716, they were sent abroad to hire shepherds and cloth makers. Rules were distributed to the regions on how to keep sheep according to Shlensky custom, and Peter, to force them to follow these rules, pointed out that landowners who follow the rules sell wool for two rubles and 2 hryvnias and more, and those who keep sheep according to the old custom , they sell only for half and 20 altyn poods.

The establishment of a fleet required the establishment of sailing factories, and they were established in Moscow in 1702. Moscow generally became the center of manufacturing activity; here at the end of the reign the linen factory of Tames and company was remarkable; all the workers were Russian, there were Russian craftsmen. The factory had 150 machines and produced all types of linen - from coarse to the finest - beautiful, according to foreigners, tablecloths, napkins, teak, rosin, colored handkerchiefs.

Before Peter the Great, all the writing paper consumed in Russia was brought from abroad. Peter started his own factories, and in 1723 all colleges and offices were already using Russian paper. The manufacturing business has risen. (Soloviev S.M. Reading and stories on the history of Russia)