Appeal and its purpose. Common requests
We know that in the Russian language there is the concept of a complicated simple sentence.
Complicating elements in writing are highlighted by punctuation: most often commas, but sometimes others are used.
Can complicate the proposal introductory words, appeals, homogeneous, clarifying or separate members. Today we’ll talk about appeal as a complicating element, its purpose in a sentence.
The term “conversion” itself accurately reflects its essence.
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. Most often it has the form of the nominative case and is pronounced with a special, vocative intonation.
It is no coincidence that intonation is called “vocal”. The whole point is that in Old Russian language there were not six cases, but seven. Just the seventh case was called - vocative, i.e. it was used when addressing people. Until now, this case has been preserved in the Ukrainian language, but has disappeared from Russian. But the forms vocative case we can find in some literary works.
Remember, for example, how the fish addressed the old man from A.S.’s fairy tale. Pushkin's "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish"? (“What do you want, old man?”). The poet used the vocative case in the tale.
In order not to confuse the address with the subject, which is also expressed by the nominative case form, it should be taken into account that the address is not a member of the sentence and is not included in grammatical basis. Just like introductory words or interjections, addresses are not associated with other words, neither subordinating nor coordinating connection. They correlate in meaning either with the entire sentence or with any part of it and serve to attract the interlocutor’s attention to the message or to evaluate the message. Addresses in letters are separated by commas or exclamation point.
For example:
Farewell, sea, I will not forget your solemn beauty. (A. Pushkin)
The appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. It can also be used as independent proposal. For example, we can say: For example:
Guys, come here!
And we can use the sentence for the same purpose:
Most often, addresses are used in colloquial speech. IN oral speech they serve to attract the interlocutor’s attention to the message and at the same time to express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor. Such addresses are expressed by animate nouns, less often - by adjectives in the meaning of such nouns.
For example:
Hush, Lidochka, darling, hush! (N. Chukovsky)
Also, when addressing there may be definitions, most often expressed by adjectives and participles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, dependent nouns, numerals, sometimes separate subordinate clause. This kind of treatment is called common.
For example:
Dear colleagues, congratulations on your professional holiday!
Now you won’t beat so much, heart touched by a chill. (S. Yesenin)
Common calls can be dissected. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech reproducing colloquial speech:
For example:
Why, smart one, are you delirious, head? (I. Krylov).
Undistributed requests are used to distinguish the addressee from among others who perceive speech. And common addresses not only name the addressee, but also characterize him and convey the attitude towards him.
IN poetic speech An inanimate noun can also act as a form of address. This is one of the techniques of personification.
For example:
Silver road, where are you calling me? (S. Yesenin)
There are also unique traditions in the use of appeals. So, for example, in many countries, generally accepted addresses have not changed for centuries, for example, in Great Britain - sir and miss, in Poland - pan and pani, in Italy - signor and signora, in France - monsieur and madame, etc. Are there traditional appeals in our country? Quite recently (by historical standards) in our country it was customary to address a woman as “citizen”, and to address a man as “citizen” or “comrade”, regardless of the gender of the interlocutor.
For example:
Comrade Petrova, speak at the meeting.
Nowadays we don't say that anymore. But we can use, for example, some addresses that reflect belonging to a particular profession.
For example, in medicine: doctor, sister, nanny;
Or traditional address to women and men: woman, girl, young man, man, etc.
But there is no generally accepted, universally recognized system of address in the Russian language. Often used impersonal form appeals:
For example, in transport: “Excuse me, what is the next stop?”
Or in unfamiliar city: “Please tell me how to get to the street of Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad?”
Now let's summarize briefly:
1. An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed.
2. It is distinguished by intonation in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing (usually commas, in some cases - an exclamation mark).
3. The appeal can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence. It can also be used as an independent sentence.
4. Most often, addresses are used in colloquial speech and can be expressed by an animate or inanimate noun in the form of the nominative case or by adjectives in the meaning of animate nouns.
5. There are also common appeals - these are appeals with a definition. In addition, before the address, the particle O can be used, which is not separated from it by a comma, but the interjection O (in the meaning of “ah”) is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.
6. In the Russian language there are no uniform addresses to women and men.
List of used literature:
- Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Baranov M.T., Trostentsova L.A. and others. Russian language: textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7. educational institutions; Scientific ed. acad. RAO N.M. Shansky. – M.: Enlightenment.
- Trostentsova L.A., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language: textbooks for grades 8, 9. educational institutions. – M.: Enlightenment.
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I., Kapinos V.I. and others. Russian language: Textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. educational institutions /Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Bustard.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language: Textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7, 8. educational institutions. – M.: Mnemosyne.
- Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. Textbook for grades 5-9. educational institutions. – M.: Bustard.
- V.V. Babaytseva, A.P. Eremeeva, A.Yu. Kupalova, G.K. Lidman-Orlova and others. Russian language. Practice. Textbooks for grades 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. educational institutions. – M., Bustard; Nikitina E.I.
- Russian speech. 5-9 grades. – M.: Bustard.
- Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov A.Yu. and others. Russian language: Textbooks for grades 8, 9. educational institutions - M.: Education.
- Bogdanova G.A. Test tasks in Russian. 8th grade. M.: Education, 2012
- Goldin Z.D., Svetlysheva V.N. Russian language in tables. Grades 5-11: Reference manual. – M.: Bustard, 2000
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article topic: | Common requests. |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Finance |
Addresses expressed by nouns or pronouns are common. Οʜᴎ can be extended by adjectives and participles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, dependent nouns, numerals, sometimes as a separate subordinate clause:
Make noise, make noise, obedient sail! Worry beneath me, sullen ocean!(Pushkin).
Goodbye, it's time, my joy!(Past.).
You recognized them, maiden of the mountains, the delights of the heart, the sweetness of life...(Pushkin)
Anyone who has lost their wallet, contact the administration(Trifonov).
Common appeals can be dissected. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech reproducing colloquial speech: Otkole, smart, you're delusional, head? (Krylov).
Uncommon addresses are used to distinguish the addressee from among others who perceive the speech. And common addresses not only name the addressee, but also characterize him, convey the attitude towards him.
Place of reference in a sentence.
The appeal does not have a strictly fixed place in the sentence; it can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence. His place is in specific proposal depends on the form of address, the conditions of its use, the volume of the address itself and the entire proposal.
At the beginning of a sentence Most often there are appeals expressing a call for attention. Especially often, first place is given to appeals whose emotional connotation is specially designed (for example, appeals accompanied by interjections, repeated appeals, common appeals that represent different names one person or thing).
Dear friend, great! (Krylov).
O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones?(Pushkin).
The steppe is wide, the steppe is deserted, why do you look so cloudy?? (Nikitin).
Appeals at the beginning of a sentence often express the meaning of motivation: Reznikov, come with me(Bondarev).
Appeals are at the beginning of the sentence in letters, appeals, orders, slogans, appeals, as they aim to attract the attention of the interlocutor, listener, reader.
At the end of the sentence usually stand in the following cases:
1) in sentences that represent politeness formulas, in interrogative and exclamatory sentences, consisting of interrogative and exclamatory particles, in interjection sentences, in indivisible sentences consisting of the words yes, no;
Farewell, my happiness!
What's wrong with you, my friend?
Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant! ( Bitter).
2) if the proposal to which the appeal relates is uncommon or little widespread, and the appeal itself is common.
Appeals placed in the middle of a sentence , usually do not carry logical emphasis.
At the end or in the middle of a sentence, appeals are usually placed, expressed in words with weakened lexical meaning, as well as references-characteristics and abusive references used in colloquial speech.
Question 2. Appeals and similar structures.
One of controversial issues Linguistics is the question of distinguishing between addresses and related structures.
1. Vocative sentences - ϶ᴛᴏ ________________________________________________.
Some scientists identify them as special type one-part sentences(Babaytseva, Maksimov; Valgina), others include them in nominative sentences, others consider them as part of indivisible sentences (Gvozdev; Modern Russian literary language, 2001), the fourth define vocative sentences as special variety appeals (Russian language. Encyclopedia, 1979).
According to researchers, vocative sentences are similar in form to addresses, but, unlike the latter, they express emotional reactions and motivations. Vocative sentences are ϶ᴛᴏ ʼʼaddresses, complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, expression of willʼʼ (Babaytseva, Maksimov).
Vocative sentences contain a noun (or pronoun) in the nominative case, pronounced with a special intonation that conveys reproach, joy, prohibition, appeal, encouragement to stop an action, regret, indignation, etc.
Darling! Darling! - said the aunt, screaming as if in hysterics (Shukshin).
Eh, mother!.. - he sighed, looking at the window...(Shukshin).
However, vocative sentences are similar to addresses in terms of syntactic structure(the nominative case form is required for them), but differ in that they contain more complex content than addresses.
2. Nominative topics (nominative representations) - ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Addresses and nominative representations do not contain statements and are not sentences. But the nominative topic, in contrast to the address, is a construction containing the name of an object or phenomenon that serves as the object of speech in the subsequent (and sometimes in the previous) text:
Zamoskvorechye. Even in its topography it seemed remote from the old, indigenous Moscow(Lakshin).
The nominative topic is used when remembering something or someone, when this or that idea or impression emerges in memory, and it is experienced in the order of reflection and further reasoning. For this reason, the nominative presentation is not accompanied by vocative intonation, which is typical for addresses.
Oh you , chick, spoiled girl…– Ivan muttered tenderly(Shukshin).
To draw the line between an appeal and a separate application, it is extremely important to be guided by the following principles demarcations:
1. The difference in the semantic functions of calls and separate applications. An address, unlike an application, does not perform an attributive function and does not contain an evaluative characteristic of a designated person or object, but only identifies the person or object to which the speaker’s speech is addressed.
2. An isolated clause usually has the same form as the word to which it refers. Address, on the contrary, appears only in the nominative case, can itself have an application, and, as a rule, an action expressed in the 2nd person form of a singular verb or plural, treats him as an interlocutor.
3. The isolated application is devoid of vocative intonation, which is characteristic of address.
Babaytseva V.V. The system of sentence members in modern Russian. – M., 2011. – P. 462-463.
Differential features clarifying and explanatory terms presented in the table are described in the monograph by V.V. Babaytseva ʼʼSystem of sentence members in modern Russian languageʼʼ (M., 2011. – P. 462-464).
In the monograph by Babaytseva V.V. ʼʼSystem of sentence members in modern Russian languageʼʼ (M., 2011) these means of communication are classified as particle conjunctions: ʼʼComparison marker in comparative turnover combines the properties of a conjunction and a particle. The properties of the union predominate. For this reason, we call such markers particle unions. – P. 453.
Common requests. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Common requests." 2017, 2018.
Come up with a character and write down calls to him (the same character)
according to the text style.
1) ..., hello! Call me!
2) ... ! Thank you for your attention to my work.
3) I don’t know... when you will come to me, when we will see each other.
4) ..., take a walk with your son while I cook dinner!
Abstract
Lesson 43. Purpose and use of addresses. Common requests
–– Answer the questions.
What is an appeal?
Give your examples of sentences with appeals.
Are appeals members of a proposal?
Answer.
What is an appeal? An address is a word or combination of words that names someone or what one is addressing in speech.
___________________________________________________________
Give your examples of sentences with appeals. ____________
Those meeting the train from Saratov, go to the second platform!
Are appeals members of a proposal? The appeal is not part of the sentence.
How are addresses distinguished in oral speech and in writing?
The letter is highlighted with a comma (commas) or an exclamation point (if it is at the beginning of a sentence and pronounced with increased vocative intonation).
In this lesson we will get acquainted with the types of addresses, the peculiarities of their use, and also learn how to correctly place signs when addressing.
Main content of the lesson
Every day we use in our speech words that are addresses. Let's clarify what kind of words these are, what semantic load they carry, and how the punctuation differs with them.
Let's read the lines of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Let's highlight the appeals in them.
My friends, our union is wonderful!
Farewell, free elements! IN last time in front of me you roll blue waves and shine with proud beauty.
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. Addresses can be both proper names and common nouns.
Compare.
I. p.
Olga went for a walk.
I. p.
Olga, did you go for a walk?
The address, like the subject, is expressed by a noun in the nominative case. The subject is included in the grammatical basis. From the predicate you can pose a question to the subject. Appeal is not included in the grammatical basis. It is impossible to pose a question to it from the predicate.
So that it doesn't happen punctuation errors, you need to be able to distinguish between appeals in a sentence. Difficulties in detecting addresses are due to many reasons: the way of expressing the address, its place in a sentence, the possibility of confusing the address with the subject.
The easiest way to detect an address is if it is a first name, patronymic and last name. More often, the appeal is not noticed if it indicates the name of the person by occupation or family relationship.
There are many inaccuracies in defining appeals, if the appeal is expressed inanimate nouns or other parts of speech are used instead of nouns. Be careful when analyzing offers!
Fedya Mordvintsev, come to the board!
Ivan Nikolaevich, please repeat your phone number.
Hey, in a tunic, come here.
Goodbye, blue eyes, I don't blame you.
Hello, in a white sundress made of silver brocade!
The text from The Tale of Bygone Years says: Come, prince, with us.
Before us is the word PRINCE in the form of an obsolete case of the Russian language, which was called vocative and was used when addressing.
It has been preserved in some Slavic languages, for example, in Ukrainian.
Prince –– prince;
old man – older.
–– Come up with a character and write down addresses to him (the same person) in accordance with the style of the text.
1) _________________________, hello! Call me!
2) _________________________! Thank you for your attention to my work.
3) I don’t know, _________________________, when you will come to me, when we will see each other.
4) _______________, take a walk with your son while I cook dinner!
Key words:
Address, punctuation, common address, non-common address.
Basic concepts:
An address is a word or combination of words that names someone or what one is addressing in speech.
Punctogram is the use of the necessary written punctuation marks, or lack thereof, in each specific phrase or separate offer, in accordance with accepted in given language, punctuation rules.
Analysis of a typical training task
Please indicate your proposal with your request. (There are no punctuation marks.)
1) Where does the Motherland begin?
2) My friend Let us dedicate our souls to the Fatherland with beautiful impulses
3) You helped me a lot, thank you
4) Anton himself wanted to go and look at the new equipment.
Algorithm for completing the task:
1) read the examples;
2) identify the main members in each sentence;
3) highlight the appeal according to its meaning, making sure that the selected words are not the subject.
Answer: 2.
Analysis of a typical test task
Establish correspondences between addresses and parts of speech,
by which they are expressed.
1) Sing, sonorous one, make everyone happy with your love.
2) Malakhov, to the board!
3) Vacationers, please clean the beach!
4) Last one, turn off the lights!
a) noun
b) adjective
c) participle
8th grade Russian language Lesson No. _____
Date ______________________
Subject: circulation common and non-common.
Target: systematize and generalize students’ knowledge about conversion; introduce ways of expressing addresses, rules for emphasizing addresses in oral speech (vocal intonation) and in writing (emphasizing punctuation marks); find an appeal in a sentence, use it taking into account speech situation;
develop logical thinking and linguistic flair;
develop the ability to work in a group, listen carefully and listen to the opinion of another person; cultivate love for native language, culture.
Lesson type: combined
Equipment: presentation, emoticons, music
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
Hello guys! I want to start our lesson with the words of the famous singer, actor, who unfortunately passed away in his prime, V.S. Vysotsky
Epigraph
We are cutting down the steps... Not a step back!
And my knees are shaking from tension,
And the heart is ready to rush out of the chest to the top.
The whole world in the palm of your hand! Are you happy on it
And you’re just a little jealous of those
Others whose peak is still ahead.
V. Vysotsky
Teacher: Yes, there are peaks in life, and we will travel through the pages of the Russian language and conquer difficult linguistic peaks.
An excerpt from the song “TOP”
Therefore, I invite you to cooperation, co-authorship, community
What is the prefix in these words? (CO -)
Prefix with- means together. Let's be together throughout the lesson.
ll. Update background knowledge
Teacher: write it down
Top No. 1 “Letter dictation”
Priceless, disappear, limitless, unprincipled, homeless, unblock, disorder, endless, divorce, get sick, pity, anarchy.
Peak No. 2 Syntactic dictation. "Tic Tac Toe"
Name sentences contain main member sentences – predicate (0)
In definite personal sentences the predicate is expressed in 3 l. plural
Homogeneous can be both main and minor members offers
Homogeneous members of a sentence are words that answer the same question, refer to the same word, and are usually expressed by the same part of speech
Definitions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous
There can only be one row in a sentence homogeneous members offers
The sentence contains a generalizing word.Sounds were heard everywhere: outside the window, in the oven, above the roof.
lll. Motivation educational activities
Teacher: Guys, look at the sentence and determine the topic of the lesson
Svatovsky region, you inspire us to do great things: to create paintings and poems, to scientific discoveries and sporting achievements, for courage and perseverance in defense of one’s country.
Answer: I think the topic of the lesson is “Conversion”
Teacher: Write down the topic of the lesson in your notebook. The appeal is widespread and not widespread. Punctuation marks with it.
Teacher: determine the objectives of the lesson.
Repeat case details
Learn something new about appeal
Learn to find references in a sentence
Correctly use punctuation marks when addressing
Develop logical thinking and speech
Enrich vocabulary
Instill dedication and love for the native land
lV. Learning new material
Peak No. 3 “Theoretical” Page. 165 §40
A. Create a “Cluster” on the topic “Appeal”
B. Create an algorithm for setting up a PO
ALGORITHM
B. Introduce theoretical material using the Fishbone move
D. Teacher's addition
Usually used as an address animate noun
In poetic speech, the technique of personification is used - referring to objects and phenomena
For example: I will return to you, my native land!
The pronouns you, you are not addresses. However, sometimes there are sentences in which pronouns (you, you) act as addresses.
For example: Hey you, look around!
If the appeal is at the end of the sentence, then it can also be question mark
For example: What are you howling about, night wind?
There are etiquettes
For example: Hello, wide Dnieper!
WITH good morning, my favorite city!
You should avoid colloquial addresses (mother, grandmother, woman), familiar words and expressions (darling, beauty)
V. Fixing the material
Peak No. 4 “Practical”
Teacher: Your task is to find the appeal in the sentences, determine whether it is common or not. Pay attention to punctuation marks.
Sokolko Lidia Vasilyevna was born in the village of Pervomaiskoye, Svatovsky district. Specialty: artist-teacher
Mother! We have cherries
It blossomed under the window!
(Winter day)
N. Shchepenko born in 1915. He was a member of the Ukrainian Writers' Society. The children's institution "Slobozhanska Krynytsia" was named in his honor.
O Earth, our dear mother! There is not a person in the whole world whom you would not inspire with your life-giving juices.
Sergey Krivonos, Matchmaking poet, author poetry collections"Living Voices", "Cherry Blossoming" and others...
My poems, fly higher into the sky
And visit distant lands.
I may have never been to those parts,
But there are people like me there.
Olga Fomenko, Matchmaking poet, now retired, lives near our school
Thank you mom for your patience
And know that I live for you.
Working with the textbook
Exercise 267 A
l option – 1.2
ll option – 3.5
Task: transform the sentences so that they are appealing
People all over the world should cherish and protect architectural monuments.
Young people are attentive to older people.
Residents of our city remember the history of the Svatovsky region.
Anticipatory task
City tour using circulation
Dear listeners! I invite you to go on a journey through our Svatovsky region.
Slide No. 1
There is a lot going on in our city cultural events. We meet interesting and creative people.
Matchmakers! Respect the traditions of our region.
Slide number 2
Dear guests, in our city there are wonderful, amazing places. It has amazingly picturesque corners. Visitors admire its cleanliness and residents
Slide number 3
In order to better know the history of our region, the school teaches the course “Ukrainian Studies”, “Ethnogeography”.
Schoolchildren! Study the history of your native land.
Matchmakers! Love yours native land!
V l. Lesson summary
Guys, we have conquered the peaks of language. Friends, our union is wonderful,” said O.S. Pushkin and I, working with you. I was pleased to walk along the steps to the top. On your desk you have 2 types of emoticons. With their help, tell me: how do you feel about the lesson?
V ll. Reception "Unfinished sentence"
- Appeal is expressed by ..... word or ssch
At the end of a sentence with an appeal can be put .....! or?
Appeals can be…..common and uncommon
Particle O…. Not separated by a comma from the address
V lll. Homework: §40.41, exercise 271 A (1-4)
Appeal is a combination of word forms that express the name and title of the subject, to which the speech is directed.
They are usually nouns in nominative cases. Can be paired with dependent word, can be without them. Appeals can be anything. As highlighted in writing, and other aspects will be clarified further.
There are no specific, defined positions for these literary structures. They can be located anywhere in a sentence.
VKontakte
Examples
Start of sentence:
- Ivanov, Doesn't it bother you that you have such a standard surname?
- Teacher, can I ask your colleague for help?
- Mr Jones, do you know how a revolver differs from a pistol?
Appeal in the middle offers:
- It confuses me my dear friend, communicate with those who care about surnames.
- Let's read a little more Darling, because we don’t need to get up early tomorrow.
- To be honest, in my opinion, Doctor Stavropolsky, black lemonade cannot be tasty...
- If you were a bird dog, would you miss the owners?
At the end offers:
- I was reading the letter, and what, do you think I didn’t notice how you blushed? Smirnov?!
- I won’t repeat it three times, march to the blackboard, double student!
Appeals and subjects
What part of the sentence can the word form in be?
You can often hear the statement that the address is subject.
In fact, this is a misconception, although there are reasons to think so. The subject is also expressed in the same form, so it seems quite logical to confuse them. Nevertheless should be remembered:
- When the subject is a noun, the predicate must be in the third person. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich knows important things about all the residents of the house. Marinochka leaves after seven o'clock in the direction of the second tram.
- When there are appeals in sentences, it is, as a rule, one-part, and it contains a predicate verb in the second person form. Examples: Stepan Vasilyevich, do you know important things about all the residents of the house? Marinochka, are you leaving after seven o’clock in the direction of the second tram?
- When addresses are pronounced with special vocative intonations, for example, there are increased stresses or pauses. Examples: Children, come here immediately! I won’t repeat it twice, Tolya, correct the mistake!
What part of the sentence are the presented word forms? They are not members of the proposal!
What words can be addresses
Most often, common sentences contain personal names(not to be confused with names, although names are included) or nicknames of animals. Moreover, it is not always the nickname that is applicable to them; often even the name of the species itself is a title. Examples:
- What can you tell me new, Penkov? When, Vanya, are you going to get married?
- Well, Sharik, here we are left alone...
- Oh, you dog, you can't be a normal dog!
However, in a speech with addresses from fiction, Appeals to inanimate objects are allowed:
- Well, Universe, I didn’t expect such a gift from you.
- I love you, life, do you hear?
Also possible geographical names:
- Eh, Russia, how glad I am to see you again!
- Well hello Germany, here we are seeing you again...
Important! Addresses and interjection-type phrases are two different things. Even if we take into account the seemingly obvious appeal to an animated personality. For example: God save, God have mercy, thank God, thank God.
"You" and "you", despite all their similarities, almost never used as address. They are the subject parts of a sentence.
For example:
Hello, expensive lands and the endless fields, and you, the birds of the air, and you, the mighty winds!
However, in some cases these pronouns may be requests. These cases are the following:
1) When pronouns are used on their own. Examples:
- Hey you! Come on as quickly as possible!
- - Louder, you! – the general shouted to the pianist and smiled imperiously.
2) When pronouns are combinations of adjectives with words that are defined if there are second persons between these words that are not separated by commas. Examples:
- Why do you look so stupid, my beautiful darling?
- You've let us all down, you hear, you're our smart guy.
3) When the appeal contains a pronoun before which a particle is coming“o”, and after – a subordinate clause definitive sentence. Examples:
- Can you hear me, oh you fools in Senate togas...
- O you, best of the best, goddess of goddesses, queen of queens, can I love you?
How does the appeal stand out?
If the appeal is in the middle of a sentence, then it highlight commas on both sides. If it is at the beginning of a sentence or at the end, it is separated by a comma on one side.
- Thirty-five, are you ready to go to another camp or would you like to have some more coffee?
- One day, son, you will learn to be a father yourself.
- Was it not for nothing that I was who I was all my life, tell me, not for nothing, Lavrenty?
I would like to point out one extremely common mistake, used in the placement of punctuation marks in addresses.
Most often, in texts, the address is used in one or two words, for example, “Hello, Pasha, how are you?”
The frequent use of just such short appeals leads to the fact that many consider the appeal to be a priori short part offers.
Let's give erroneous proposals with an appeal (attention, there is an intentional mistake in the sentences):
1) Our brothers, at the table next to you you got burnt by the summer sun.
2) Our brothers, at the table next to you, you got burnt by the summer sun.
In the first sentence, the comma is placed with the expectation that the address is the phrase “Our brothers.” However, it is obvious that the part “you got sunburnt in the summer sun” is a subordinate clause and should be separated by a comma.
That's exactly what they did in the second sentence. Nevertheless both are spelled incorrectly. The whole point is that there should not be a comma after the words “Our brothers” at all, since the address is: “Our brothers are at the next table.” Despite the large length, this is precisely what constitutes a complete and non-breaking appeal. It would be correct to write:
Our brothers at the table next to you, you got sunburnt under the summer sun.
A similar example, only using an address at the end of the sentence:
“All the best to you, my dear and highly cultured comrade!”
If the address is at the very beginning and it is pronounced with exclamatory intonation, then you should remember that it is not separated by commas, but is highlighted with an exclamation mark, after which something new is coming proposal, as expected, with capital letters. Example:
My dear! Forget about past problems...
Attention! No matter how integral and inseparable the addresses may seem, there are situations when they can be separated by commas.
This happens if the conjunction “and” is repeated in a homogeneous address, for example:
All the best to both Marina and Elena.
In addition, when contacting several times in one sentence, they should all separate. Example:
Stepan Semenovich, tell the guys, dear, how you spent the night at the front under the stars.
It also happens that one address is interrupted by another word form. This is done to emphasize the action. In this case, both parts must be separated by commas. Example:
Tighter, horse, hit, hoof, minting a step!
The sentence diagram with the word form being studied can be compiled by the student independently.
How is appeal highlighted in sentences?
Learning Russian - sentences with addresses
