Definitely personal proposals. What are definitely personal sentences: specific examples

In modern syntactic research, the question of isolating a single-component definite-personal construction as an independent syntactic category not resolved. Researchers highlight among one-part sentences definitely personal: T.G. Venerable, A.A. Yudin, E.A. Sedelnikov, A.G. Rudnev, V.V. Babaytseva and others. A number of scientists classify one-part constructions as two-part incomplete sentences, some scientists consider all two-part constructions to be definite personal sentences. It is important to resolve the issue of identifying any type of sentence is to determine its formal grammatical features and semantic function, taking into account both the content plan and the expression plan.

Definitely personal are called subjectless one-part sentences, main member which is expressed by the personal form of the verb, indicating a specific person, characterized by action, state, relationship to other persons, objects, etc. The verb in this case does not need a pronoun, since the meaning of a specific person is conveyed by its personal ending. For example: I will set my soul free and walk across a wide field(Yu. Kuznetsov).

The main member in definite personal sentences can be expressed:

1) 1st person singular verb including indicative mood when the actions of the speaker, the “author” of speech are expressed: I'll take it pen, obeying habit, writing poems and - dissatisfied, I'm burning (N. Nekrasov);

However, it should be noted that the form of the 1st person is singular. numbers can be used to indicate generalized subject, and in this case its individual-personal meaning weakens. This generalized use is especially expressive in reasoning, in general maxims (for example, in sayings: Whose I eat, whom I listen to, etc.). However, even in these cases direct relation to the speaking subject, to I, is still clearly preserved, therefore sentences, the main member of which is represented by the verbal form of the 1st person singular. part V.V. Vinogradov recommends classifying them as definitely personal: I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing And, like a criminal before execution, I am looking around for my dear soul...(M. Lermontov).

2) 2nd person singular verb including indicative mood, when the actions of the interlocutor, the listener, the reader are expressed, that is, the one to whom the speech is addressed - the “addressee” of the speech: Poet! Do not value people's love. There will be a momentary noise of enthusiastic praise;You will hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd: But you remain firm, calm and gloomy(A. Pushkin). Sentences of this type have a definite personal meaning only in cases where the speaker addresses the interlocutor directly .

3) 1st person plural verb. including indicative mood when expressing the action of a group of persons united talking face: the speaker and other persons (“we”). In this case, in the context, the actors can be named specifically: And finally, let's go… There are two of us. We're sitting in the canteen at Shilovo station.(V. Peskov). Sliding through the morning snow, dear friend,let's indulge I'm running an impatient horselet's visit the fields are empty, the forests, recently so dense, and the shore, dear to me
(A. Pushkin).

4) the main member can be represented and verb in the imperative mood, both singular and plural. h.:Your tearsleave it for later
(Yu. Kuznetsov); Be quiet, hide Andthai And your feelings and dreams(F. Tyutchev).Often in such sentences the imperative sounds more categorical and definite: Run in town , Tell so that the horses and the carriage, and the britzka, and a cart for luggage, are brought for transportation,–Understood? Ride!(Bitter).

The following models emerge:

A) subject of action - the speaker and his interlocutor: Let's leave this conversation,” Trubachevsky said decisively. Nevorozhin frowned, then smiled. – Let's put it aside. (V. Kaverin).

b) subject of action - the speaker and the group of his interlocutors, listeners, etc.: Let's run come to me, children!(M. Gorky); let's discuss it’s about working together: there are heights that cannot be reached alone(L. Leonov). Such sentences serve to express the compatibility of the actions of the speaker and his interlocutor

Verb 1st and 2nd person singular can be replaced for stylistic purposes by a verb in the 1st person plural form. h.:

a) with the meaning of incentive to joint action : Are we tinkering? - he said indifferently(Close). Here the speaker becomes, as it were, a participant in the action;

b) action with the meaning of a sympathetic totality, compatibility V addressing your interlocutor: How are we feeling?(when a doctor addresses a patient).

c) the action is correlated with the person speaking, revealed contextually, in connection with this, speech stamps: You They say (I'm telling you); They ask keep quiet(we ask you not to make noise);

d) 1st person unit. h. for greater expressiveness can be replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. h., such a replacement of persons allows the speaker not to put himself as a character in the foreground: – We understand - Parabukin intervened, clearing his throat. – You’re not the only one who reads newspapers.(K. Fedin);

e) 1st person unit. h. is replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. h. in scientific literature and in writing other styles – the so-called “author’s we”: Let's take phrase... (A. Peshkovsky); Let's give three examples of surgical treatment...(P. Kornev);

e) 2nd person unit. h. is replaced by the form of the 1st person plural. h.: Tea we will drink? – asked the conductor. “We’ve already treated you,” said Trubnikov. – In Moscow in Moscow style(Vl. Lidin ). In such cases, the speaker seems to imagine himself as a participant in the action.

Sentences whose main member is represented by other verbal forms cannot be considered definitely personal:

1. Predicate cannot be in third person form. This form in itself does not indicate a specific actor. Wed: I'm on the train(I). – Rides on the train(he she it?). Therefore, a sentence, the main member of which is represented by one verbal predicate in the form of the 3rd person singular. h., is incomplete, the subject is missing in them and is easily restored both situationally and contextually: Let him build himself an apartment(E. Vorobiev);

2. Past tense forms of verbs cannot be predicates definitely personal one-part sentences, since they do not identify a specific person: By the hat that turned white in the night guessed right Polovtseva. Threw it on frock coat, stripped off felt boots from the oven , came out (Shol.); In the morning through force got up And went in hospital(Ch.) - only the context helps to establish the character, while the form of the verb itself equally corresponds to the first, second and third person. Such sentences are classified as two-part incomplete ones. Even in the case when the predicate in to a greater extent specifies the actor, the sentence is not one-part, but incomplete two-part: Turned it's all a joke at first, Understood – began to reproach, Beautiful head rocked, became tears with a handkerchief wipe… (Block).

The use of definitely personal one-part sentences imparts greater dynamism and energy to the narrative, making it more concise. Lomonosov also wrote: “The silence of personal pronouns before the conjugated forms of the verb serves for decoration and importance”: I see a cloud of battle rising. A
A.M. Peshkovsky spoke about sentences without subject pronouns (although he did not distinguish them from one-component sentences): “We will notice here some energy, speed and excitement of speech, but it is precisely from this point of view of the words me, you, we, you turn out to be directly inappropriate: by inserting them, we will get speech that is more sluggish, thinner, calmer, but no clearer (for example, I love you, Peter's creation; I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon etc.)".

I praisepepper - in grain and pollen, all kinds: black - in crimson borscht, like an imp in a crimson cloak; red-fiery– in a nutshell... I praise pepper in everything(N. Matv.); I don't approve of your theories(Green); I will not insult the petals of a red rose with shades. Even if flowers without two names are unthinkably simple: I will go to battle for flowers, as for banner colors(N. Matv.).

One-part definitely-personal sentences, being synonyms of two-part ones, help to avoid verbal repetition. IN similar cases the focus is not on the character, but on the action that is important to the author in his message: Yes, and you are like that, you are too you won't cry, just an old alarm clock you'll learn to put at seven. You will become doubled work... Having decided to forget,– you'll forget. Having forgotten, you won't remember without remembering– you'll forget at all(Sim.).

She doesn’t say: let’s put it aside -

We will multiply the price of love,

Or rather, let’s start it online;

First we'll stab you with vanity

Hope, there is bewilderment

We'll torture our hearts, and then

We will revive the jealous with fire...

A.S. Pushkin:

Definitely personal sentences are used mainly in works of art, in dialogical speech.

One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is sufficient for a complete verbal expression thoughts. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete."

Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone forms the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in terms of its meaning and methods of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except for denominative sentences) is close to the predicate, and the main member of denominative sentences is close to the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes denominative sentences.

Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.

Definitely personal proposals

Definitely personal proposals - these are sentences denoting actions or states direct participants speech - the speaker or interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (main term) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular verbs or plural.

The category of person is in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definitely personal proposals can be expressed in the following forms: I’ll tell you, you’ll tell me, let’s tell you, tell me, tell me, tell me, let’s tell you; I'm going, you're going, we're going, you're going, you're going to go, you're going to go, we're going to go, you're going to go, go, go, let's go.

For example: I don't ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will leave the ring of roads and sit in a pile of fresh ones under a nearby haystack (S. Yesenin); Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Don't Anticipate happy days, presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths Siberian ores keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).

These sentences are very close in meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by including a subject in the sentence. me, you, we or You.

The sufficiency of one main member is due here morphological properties predicate: verb forms The 1st and 2nd person endings clearly indicate a very specific person. Subject me, you, we, you turn out to be informationally redundant with them.

We use one-part sentences more often when we need to pay attention to an action, and not to the person who performs this action.

Vaguely personal proposals

- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an unspecified person; the actor is not grammatically named, although he is thought of personally, but the emphasis is on the action.

The main member of such sentences is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will speak, they spoke, let them speak, they would speak; (they are) satisfied; (he) is welcome.

For example: They say in the village that she is not his relative at all... (N. Gogol); They led an elephant through the streets... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It’s okay that we are poets, as long as they read us and sing (L. Oshanin).

The specificity of the meaning of the figure in vaguely personal sentences is that in reality it exists, but is not grammatically named.

The 3rd person plural form of the predicate verb does not contain information about the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively addressing the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) person known and unknown: Somewhere in the distance they are shouting; I got an A on the exam.

Vaguely personal proposals most often have secondary members, i.e. vague sentences, as a rule, common.

Included vaguely personal proposals two groups of minor members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the actor: In hall sang. In the next class they make noise. Often in my youth strive to someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually indirectly characterize the actor, denoting the place and time associated with human activity. 2) Direct and indirect objects, placed at the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; Him here glad; Now hiswill bring here (M. Gorky).

If these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences become incomplete two-part sentences with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late evening.

Generalized personal proposals

Generalized personal proposals occupy special place among one-part sentences. This is explained by generalized personal proposals do not have their own forms, and, thus, the main criterion for their identification is the semantic feature.

The meaning of generality can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what kind rus skiy does not love fast ride (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Searching for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal sentence); You can't order your heart (proverb)(a sentence that is definitely personal in form).

Generalized-personal Only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote the actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences that formulate observations related to a generalizing characteristic. certain items, life phenomena and situations: Take care of your honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have?- we don’t keep it, it’s lost- we cry (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); When you take your head off you don't cry through your hair (proverb).

The most typical shape is the 2nd person shape singular present or future simple indicative: You involuntarily surrender to the power of the surrounding vigorous nature (N. Nekrasov); ...In a rare girl you will find such simplicity and natural freedom of look, word, and action (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth (proverb).

Unlike outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the 2nd person form, in general-personal proposals never talks about concrete actions interlocutor, the subject of action is thought of in such sentences in a general way, like any person.

Impersonal offers

Impersonal offers - these are one-part sentences that speak of an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the state. Feature grammatical meaning impersonal offers is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn’t sleep; He was cold); state environment (It gets dark; It feels fresh);"the state of affairs" (Bad with personnel; Experiments cannot be postponed) etc.

The main term can be expressed:

1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); The smell of spring through the glass (L. May);

2) shape neuter: You, happiness, were covered with snow, carried away centuries ago, trampled under the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even until Christmas time (A. Chekhov);

3) in a word No(in the past tense it corresponds to the neuter form was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will answer me that you, my humble one, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); Stronger than cats there is no beast (I. Krylov);

5) combination of a state category word(With modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know that you can't laugh, then- then it is precisely then that this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's past seven (A. Pushkin);

6) brief passive participle neuter(composite nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); U I haven’t been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);

7) infinitive: You will never see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how can you not please your loved one? (A. Griboyedov); Sing and ring for a long time in the blizzard (S. Yesenin)

Name sentences

Nominal (nominative) offers - these are one-part sentences that affirm the existence, being of objects or phenomena. Grammar basis name sentences consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member name sentences is expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), For example: Noise, laughter, running, bowing, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).

Meaning name sentences lies in the affirmation of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominative sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate was or will be: Autumn(nominal sentence). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).

There are three main varieties name sentences.

1.Existential: Twenty first. Night. Monday. Outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).

2. Index fingers; these include demonstrative particles here, here and, over there, over there: This is the place where their house stands; Here is the willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).

3. Evaluative-existential; they are pronounced with exclamatory intonation and often include exclamation particles what, what, and: Siege! Attack! Evil waves are like thieves climbing through windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! The frost is bitter... (A. Pushkin).

Feature name sentences is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the described situation or events.

More often nominative sentences used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in stage directions dramatic works: Rocks, blackened by tanning... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. The majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).

From a syntax point of view, a sentence is one of the basic units of language. It is characterized by semantic and intonation completeness and necessarily has a grammatical basis. In Russian, a predicative stem can consist of one or two main members.

The concept of one-part sentences

Types of one-part sentences with examples serve as a visual illustration theoretical material in the “Syntax” section of the Russian language.

Syntactic constructions with a base consisting of a subject and a predicate are called two-part. For example: I don't like fatality(V.S. Vysotsky).

Sentences that contain only one of the main members are called one-part sentences. Such phrases have a complete meaning and do not need a second main member. It happens that its presence is simply impossible (in impersonal sentences). In works of art, one-part sentences are very often used, examples from literature: I melt window glass with my forehead(V.V. Mayakovsky). There is no subject here, but it is easy to restore: “I”. It got a little dark(K.K. Sluchevsky). This sentence does not and cannot have a subject.

IN colloquial speech Simple one-part sentences are quite common. Examples of their use prove this: − Where will we go? - To the cinema.

One-part sentences are divided into types:

1. Nominal (with a basis from the subject).

2. With a predicate at the base:

• personal;
• impersonal.

• But they called all three daughters witches(V.S. Vysotsky) (predicate - past tense verb, plural, indicative).
• And let them talk, let them talk, but no, no one dies in vain(V.S. Vysotsky) (in the role of a predicate - a verb in the present tense, in the 3rd letter and plural).
• They would give me a plot of six acres not far from the car plant(Sholokhov) (predicate verb in the form subjunctive mood plural).

Features of generalized personal proposals

Some linguists (V.V. Babaytseva, A.A. Shakhmatov, etc.) do not distinguish this group of one-part sentences into separate species, because the forms of expression of the predicates in them are identical to the definitely and indefinitely personal and differ only in the semantic load. In them the predicate has a generalized meaning. Such constructions are most often used in proverbs and sayings: If you love the tops, love the roots. Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Once you lied, you became a liar forever.

When studying the topic “One-Part Personal Sentence”, examples have great value, because they clearly help to determine the type of syntactic construction with one of the main members and distinguish between them.

Impersonal offer

One-part impersonal sentence (example: It gets dark early. There's a noise in my head.) differs from personal in that it does not and cannot have a subject.

The predicate can be expressed in different ways:

• Impersonal verb: It was getting dark. I'm sick.
• A personal verb transformed into an impersonal form: I have a tingling sensation in my side. There was a rumble in the distance. You are lucky! I can not sleep.
• Predicative adverb (state category or impersonal predicative words): It was very quiet(I.A. Bunin). It's stuffy. Sad.
• Infinitive: Don't bend to a changing world(A.V. Makarevich).
• The negative word “no” and negative particle"neither": The sky is clear. You have no conscience!

Types of predicate

In one-part sentences

In Russian linguistics, the predicate is represented by three types:

1. Simple verb. Expressed by one verb in any form.
2. Compound verb. Consists of a linking verb and an infinitive.
3. Compound nominal. It contains a linking verb and a nominal part, which can be expressed by an adjective, noun, participle or adverb.

All of the following are found in one-part sentences

Chilly(one-part impersonal sentence). An example of a predicate with an omitted verb linkage in the present tense, but which appears in the past tense: It was cold. Nominal part expressed

In a definitely personal sentence: Let's join hands, friends(B.Sh. Okudzhava) - simple verb predicate.

In an indefinite personal sentence: I don't want to listen to any of you(O. Ermachenkova) - predicate - personal verb + infinitive.

Nominal one-part sentences are examples of a compound nominal predicate with a zero verb connective in the present tense. Demonstrative particles are often placed side by side with the nominative: Here's your ticket, here's your carriage(V.S. Vysotsky). If nominative sentences are presented in the past tense, they are transformed into two-part sentences. Compare: There was your ticket, there was your carriage.

One-part and incomplete sentences

It is necessary to distinguish incomplete two-part sentences from one-part ones. In one-part sentences, in the absence of one of the main members, the meaning of the sentence does not change. In incomplete ones, any member of the sentence may be missing, and the meaning may not be clear out of context: Opposite is a table. Or: Today.

In some cases, it is difficult to distinguish between definitely-personal sentences and two-part incomplete ones. First of all, this applies to predicates expressed by a verb in the past tense form. For example: I thought and began to eat(A.S. Pushkin). Without basic context, it is impossible to determine whether a verb is used in the 1st or 3rd person. In order not to make a mistake, it is important to understand: in the past tense form the person of the verb is not determined, which means this is a two-part incomplete sentence.

Particular difficulty is caused by the differences between an incomplete two-part sentence and a denominative one, for example: Night. Frosty night. And Night in the village. To avoid difficulties, it is important to understand: a circumstance is a minor member related to the predicate. Therefore, the proposal " Night in the village"- a two-part incomplete with a compound nominal predicate, in which the verb part is omitted. Compare: Night fell in the village. Frosty night. This is a nominative sentence, because the definition agrees with the subject, therefore, the adjective “frosty” characterizes the main member “night”.

When learning syntax, it is important to do training exercises c, and for this it is necessary to analyze the types of one-part sentences with examples.

The role of one-part sentences in language

In writing and oral speech one-part sentences play a significant role. Similar syntactic constructions in a laconic and succinct form they allow you to formulate a thought brightly and colorfully, help you imagine images or objects. They give statements dynamism and emotionality, allowing you to focus attention on the necessary objects or subjects. Using one-part sentences you can avoid unnecessary pronouns.

The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's getting dark.

Types of one-part sentences

Notes

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: form genitive case will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also considered in school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. IN infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); indicates inevitability or desirability active action (Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).

4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).

In this case, we can talk about one-component and at the same time incomplete sentence(with the predicate omitted).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.

Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.

Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.

Wed: I'm walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Specify those grammatical features main member, which make it possible to classify the sentence specifically as this type of one-part sentence.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.

A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.

With a kind word and you will melt the stone(proverb).

The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).

It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).

The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).

The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

In Russian, according to famous dictionary Dahl, there are about two hundred thousand words, but even knowing them all by heart does not mean that a person will be able to freely express his thoughts. After all, for coherent speech even the rich vocabulary is not enough - you need to be able to correctly place words in a sentence and at the same time use them in in the required form. After all, it is the interconnected vocabulary units that make up statements with meaning, which in Russian are called sentences.

Sentence construction

Each statement must have a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject, expressed by a noun in the nominative case and being the subject of the action, and a predicate - a verb denoting the action it performs. However, there are also constructions where there is only one main member (predicate). Such sentences are called one-part sentences. They also have a complete meaning and are not at all empty, and sometimes the subject in them seems completely out of place. All one-component constructions are divided into several types, among which linguists note generalized personal, impersonal, denominative, indefinitely personal and definitely personal sentences. Each of them has its own characteristics in the form of the main member and the way of expression general meaning. Further in the article we will consider a specific personal proposal, the nuances of its design and application options.

Definition

In order to understand the essence of the construction in question, you should first familiarize yourself with the definition of this type of sentence. IN school course in Russian it sounds like this: “Definitely personal sentences are a combination of words related in meaning with one main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of the first or second person plural or singular in the imperative or indicative mood, used in the present or future tense." As a rule, the person performing the action not specified in this one-part sentence can be called one of the personal pronouns of the first or second person. For example: “I love the ringing of bells”; “We are going on a hike”; “ Sit here and don’t get up." Definitely personal sentences cannot have a verb in the past tense as a predicate, since it does not by itself identify this or that person. In such cases, the statement requires an indication of the subject by whom the action is performed.

Types of definitely-personal proposals

Depending on which verb expresses the predicate, the sentences under consideration are divided into two types:

1. A complete statement with a predicate in the form of a first and second person verb in the indicative mood ( Tomorrow we'll go to the park).
2. A complete statement with a predicate, an expressed second-person verb in the imperative mood ( Be sure to submit your report today).

How to distinguish definitely-personal sentences from others

Knowing the features of such sentences, it is not difficult to isolate them from the context. So, first you need to identify one-part sentences in the text and highlight the grammatical basis in them. After this, you need to analyze the predicate, for which the verb will need to be parsed as a part of speech. This is how it will be possible to determine its inclination, number and time. And, based on the results of the analysis, determine whether the statement is single-part, complete and definitely personal.

Design Features

Such one-part sentences may well exist as independent statements. However, they are quite easy to combine with other sentences that are related in meaning. Another feature of this type of structure is that they are almost always common. If a definite personal offer is not widespread minor members, it is often incomplete and requires a subject. This connection can be clearly seen using an example: Yesterday we walked along the embankment. We looked at various sights and returned home late in the evening. Or: Yesterday we walked along the embankment, looked at various sights and returned home y. In this example, the one-part sentence is closely related to the previous one, and therefore they can be combined. For this purpose, you should change the form of the verb from “looked” to “looked”. The most main feature, which a definite-personal sentence has, is a special ending of the verb with which the predicate is expressed. It is thanks to the ending that the object from which the action comes is traced, which makes it possible not to use the subject in the statement.

The meaning of one-part sentences

When studying this topic, most schoolchildren have questions regarding the need for this type of sentence in the Russian language. Many people ask questions about the role and meaning of such structures. The answer to these questions is quite simple. The use of one-part sentences gives speech expression, brevity, and creates simple conversational intonations, without which it would be impossible to focus attention on any specific segment of the statement. Such brevity in spoken and written speech facilitates the perception of the author’s thoughts, who, in turn, does not have to overload the text with numerous pronouns.

Exercises to reinforce the topic

No theory can be understood without practical classes, especially if the learning process is aimed at children. Therefore, in school curriculum Along with numerous rules, students are given a lot of exercises in which they can apply all the knowledge they have acquired on this topic. So, to consolidate the material, teachers give the following tasks:

1. Children are offered options for sentences in which they should find definitely personal ones and analyze the predicate that is included in its construction. In this case, you should indicate the mood and person of the verb. For example: We want to go on vacation to the sea for at least a couple of weeks. “We want” is a predicate expressed by a first-person plural verb ending in -im. It follows that the main member in a one-part sentence clearly indicates the possible subject “we”, and therefore the statement is definitely personal.
2. Students are given a text in which they must determine which sentence is one-part and which is two-part. Next, you need to indicate which statements are definitely personal and explain why. As a rule, in the case of simple one-part sentences, no difficulties arise, and children easily cope with the task. But when it is necessary to single out a definitely personal sentence as part of a complex one, many people get lost. But to cope with this task, each compound statement should be broken down into simple ones and separated into them grammar basics. Afterwards, analyze a single predicate used without a subject.
3. Often students are asked to compose definite personal sentences on their own. To do this, you just need to take the necessary form of the verb and supplement the resulting predicate with secondary members.

Instead of an afterword

So we have briefly discussed what definitely personal proposals are. As you can see, there is nothing complicated in this material. But in order to finally master it, you need to practice. We have given examples of definite personal sentences, so there should not be any difficulties in finding such constructions in the text. Good luck!