Means of allegorical expression in literature. Artistic means of expressive speech

Expressiveness of Russian speech. Means of expression.

Fine- means of expression language

TRAILS -using the word figuratively. Lexical argument

FIGURES OF SPEECH

A generalized name for stylistic devices in which a word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily have a figurative meaning. Grammatical argument.

VISUAL POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY

Lexical argument

EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY

PICTURE POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

Grammatical argument

SOUND EXPRESSIVENESS

PICTURE POSSIBILITIES OF SYNTAX

Grammatical argument

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphorb) hyperbole) metonymy

2.You'll freeze in the shine of moonlight,

You're moaning, doused with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliterationb) assonancec) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust and soar in the skies;

Strange to everyone in the world - and ready to embrace the world. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoronb) antonymc) antithesis

4. Let it be filled with years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this miracle

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotav) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with beaded rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and mist of water mist floated in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithetb) similec) metaphor

6.And in autumn days The flame that flows from life and blood does not go out. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphorb) personificationc) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls in love passionately

In your elegant sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesis) oxymoronc) epithet

8.The diamond is polished with a diamond,

The line is dictated by the line.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. On one assumption similar case you would have to tear out the hair from your head by the roots and let go streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M. Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats rushed about separately and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphorb) metonymy c) personification

11. The quitter sits at the gate,

With my mouth wide open,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotav) comparison

12. C insolent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithetb) metaphorc) oxymoron

Fine and expressive means of language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical means of expression make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means used when necessary emotional impact on listeners or readers. It is impossible to make a presentation of yourself, a product, or a company without using special language tools.

The word is the basis visual expressiveness speech. Many words are often used not only in their direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to the description of a person’s appearance or behavior - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) is the use of a word in different meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have same sound, but at the same time they carry different semantic loads and serve to create in speech sound game.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are written the same way, change their meaning depending on the emphasis placed (lock - lock);
• Homophones - words differ in one or more letters when written, but are perceived equally by ear (fruit - raft);
• Homoforms are words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts speeches (I'm flying on an airplane - I'm curing a runny nose).

Puns are used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning; they convey sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their polysemy.

Synonyms - describe the same concept with various sides, have different semantic meanings and stylistic overtones. Without synonyms it is impossible to construct a bright and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Types of synonyms:

• complete - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (meaningful) - designed to give color to words (conversation);
• stylistic - have same value, but at the same time relate to different styles speech (finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different connotation of meaning, relate to different styles of speech (do - bungle);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms – words have the opposite lexical meaning, refer to one part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in figuratively. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, and vividly recreate the picture.

Defining Tropes

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative meaning. There is always no subject of comparison, but there is something with which it is compared. There are short and extended metaphors. The metaphor is aimed at external comparison objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects based on internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) - figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and artistic works.

Types of stylistic figures

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, and phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such revolutions are indispensable in public speaking, election campaigns, rallies, presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases are more important than emotions.

Metonymy(Greek metonymia - renaming) – a type of trail based on contiguity principle. Like metaphor, M. is a word that, in order to enhance the figurativeness and expressiveness of speech, simultaneously denotes two (or more) phenomena that are actually connected with each other. Thus, in the phrase “Everything flags they will come to visit us" (A.S. Pushkin, " Bronze Horseman") the word "flags" means: ships with flags of various states, merchants and sailors sailing on them, as well as these flags themselves - preserving that. and its usual meaning.
Several can be distinguished. types of metonymic subject pairs. 1) The whole is a part, i.e. synecdoche; the subject as a whole is denoted by k.-l. a striking detail (it becomes a representative of this item). Wed. about man: “no human foot has set foot here”; “Hey, beard! and how to get from here to Plyushkin?..." (N.V. Gogol); about the royal gendarmes - “And you, blue uniforms...” (M. Yu. Lermontov); “a detachment of two hundred sabers” (cavalry). 2) Thing – material. About dishes: “It’s not like eating on silver, I ate on gold” (A. S. Griboyedov); about the pipe: “Amber smoked in his mouth” (Pushkin). 3) Content – ​​containing. “I ate three plates” (I. A. Krylov); about wood in the stove: “The flooded stove is cracking” (Pushkin); “No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head” (Pushkin). 4) The carrier of the property is the property. Instead of a thing, a person is indicated. internal its property, which is, as it were, abstracted from its bearer and objectified. About brave people: “The city takes courage” (last); in addresses: “my joy” (about a person who brings joy). 5) The product of the action is the producer of the action. “A man... Belinsky and Gogol will be carried away from the market” (N. A. Nekrasov). 6) Product of action - place of production. Wed. in Gogol - Captain Kopeikin in the St. Petersburg reception room “huddled... in a corner so as not to push with his elbow... some America or India - a gilded, you know, porcelain vase of sorts” (M. with its immediate “decoding”). 7) Action is an instrument of action. “For the violent raid he doomed their villages and fields to swords and fires” (i.e., destruction and burning; Pushkin).

Multi-Union(from the Greek polysyndeton - multi-union), - special the use of conjunctions in stylistics. purposes; such a construction of a phrase in which all homogeneous members of the sentence are connected by conjunctions, while usually only the last two homogeneous members are connected by a conjunction. P. is often associated with anaphora and usually emphasizes internal. enumerable connection:
AND more insidious than the northern night,
AND more intoxicated than golden ai,
AND gypsy love in short
Your caresses were terrible... (A. Blok).
P. also enhances the perception of the unity of the events described: “And finally, they screamed at him, and laid him down, and the whole thing was over” (Yu. Tynyanov).

Means of expressiveness add brightness to speech, enhance its emotional impact, and attract the attention of the reader and listener to the statement. Means speech expressiveness diverse.

There are phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with the word lexeme), syntactic (associated with phrases and sentences), phraseological (phraseological units), tropes (turns of speech in a figurative meaning) visual arts. They are used in different spheres of communication: artistic, journalistic, colloquial and even scientific speech. The poorest in them are officially

business style of speech.

Means of expression play a special role in artistic speech. Means

the reader enters the world work of art, reveal the author's intention.

Dictionary- minimum

Lexical funds expressiveness

SYNÓ NIMS- words that are close in meaning, but are not the same root, for example: enemy,

enemy, adversary. S. help to express a thought most accurately, allow

detail the description of phenomena or objects. The most important stylistic function

S. is a substitution function when it is necessary to avoid repetition of words. Row S.,

arranged so that each subsequent one reinforces the previous one, creating a gradation (see): “I was in a hurry, flying, trembling...” (A.S. Griboedov). S. are used in artistic

text (along with antonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a means of artistic expression:

I'm talking to a friend from my younger days;

I am looking for other features in your features;

In the mouths of the living, lips have long been mute,

In the eyes there is a fire of faded eyes.

ANTONYMS- words that are opposite in meaning, helping to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena: “whiter is only the shine, blacker is the shadow”; “they came together: wave and stone / / poetry and prose,

ice and fire..." A. may be present in titles: “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy,

“Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev. A. used in literary text(along with

synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as a lexical means

artistic expression, for example:

You are rich, I am very poor,

You are a prose writer, I am a poet,

You are blushing like poppies,

I am like death, skinny and pale. A.S. Pushkin

HOMONYMS- words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings: marriage

(marriage) - marriage (poor quality products). In addition to O. itself, there are

Homophones (words that sound alike but are spelled differently) and homographs

(words that only match in writing). O. are used in artistic

text (along with synonyms (see), antonyms (see) and paronyms (see)) as

lexical means of artistic expression or language play:

You fed the white swans,

Throwing away the weight of black braids...

I was swimming nearby; the helmsmen came together;

The sunset ray was strangely oblique. (V.Ya. Bryusov)

OCCASIONALISM-a type of neologism (see): individually authored words created

a poet or writer in accordance with the laws of word formation of the language, according to

models that exist in it and are used in literary text

as a lexical means of artistic expressiveness (“…hammer-faced,

sickle soviet passport", "I don't care about bronze medals..." V.

Mayakovsky) or language game:

Smart girl,

bent over the table,

squints, bespectacled girl,

mischievous viper.

A. Levin (“The Little Gray Student,” 1983-95)

PARONYMS- words with the same root, similar (but not identical) in sound, but differing in individual morphemes (prefixes or suffixes) and not the same in meaning: dress -

put on, signature - painting, spectacular - effective. P. are used in

literary text (along with synonyms (see), homonyms (see) and antonyms (see))

Dark glory brand,

not empty and not hateful,

but tired and cold,

Vocabulary limited scope use

DIALECTISM- words and expressions inherent folk speech, local

dialect (chereviki - shoes, base - yard, biryuk - lonely and gloomy person). D.

are used in a literary text, like other vocabulary that has a limited

sphere of use (colloquial elements (see), professionalisms (see), jargon

(see)), as a means of artistic expression (for example, as one of

ways speech characteristics character).

ARCHAISMS- outdated words and expressions,

used, as a rule, in a “high poetic” style and giving

artistic speech solemnity “The wondrous genius has faded away like a torch” (M.Yu.

Lermontov); “Show off, city of Petrov, and stand unshakably, like Russia...” (A.S. Pushkin).

However, A. can also add an ironic tone to the text: “Again I’m in the village. I go to

hunting, // I write my verses - life is easy...” (N.A. Nekrasov); “Once upon a time there was a Monster...//

Ran to the walks, // Gatherings and gatherings. // Loved the spectacle, // In particular -

disgrace..." (B. Zakhoder

JARGON(from French jargon) - emotionally and expressively colored speech,

different from the commonly used one; profane conventional language any

social group, containing many words and expressions that are not part of the colloquial

language. Varieties of life: high society or salon, student, army, thieves, sports, youth, family, etc. (for example, in the jargon of bandits: khaza - brothel, gun, volyn - revolver,

to rat - to steal, a sucker - a gap, an ingenuous person, and also - a businessman, trader;

PROFESSIONALISM- words and expressions characteristic of human speech

various professions and service various areas professional

activities, but have not become commonly used. P., in contrast to the terms,

are considered “semi-official” words (lexemes) that do not have a strict

of a scientific nature, for example: organics - organic chemistry, steering wheel

car. IN fiction P., like other vocabulary that has

limited scope of use (colloquial elements, dialectisms,

jargon) are used as one of the ways to characterize

character, for example: “We do not speak of storms, but of storms” (V. Vysotsky).

NEOLOGISM- a newly formed or newly introduced into the language) word or expression that reflects the emergence of new concepts, phenomena, objects in people’s lives. N. are formed both on the basis

existing forms, in accordance with the laws of language (“If there is a storm, we will argue

// And let’s be brave with her” (N.M. Yazykov); “Oh, laugh, you laughers” (V.

Khlebnikov).

Phraseological stylistics

PHRASEOLOGISTS- phrases (expressions) that are stable in composition, the meaning of which is fundamentally

cannot be deduced from the meanings of their constituent words, for example: take water into your mouth -

remain silent, the fifth wheel in the cart is superfluous, press all the pedals - do your best

efforts to achieve a goal or accomplish something, etc. For F.

characteristic: permanent staff(instead of the cat crying, you can’t say the dog

cried), the inadmissibility of including new words in their structure (it’s impossible to say

instead of seven Fridays this week - seven Fridays this week), sustainability

grammatical structure (you cannot say sewn with white thread instead of sewn with white thread

thread), in most cases, a strictly fixed word order (it is impossible to replace the beaten unbeaten with the unbeaten with the beaten one). By origin they distinguish F.,

borrowed from Old Slavonic language and, as a rule, going back to the Bible

(voice in the wilderness, Babel etc.) who came from

ancient mythology ( Achilles heel, Gordian knot, etc.), native Russians (in full

Ivanovskaya, pull the gimp, etc.), tracing papers, that is, expressions, literally

translated from the source language

Phonetic means of expression

ALLITERATION- one of the types of sound writing (cm): repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same

consonant sounds in order to enhance its expressiveness.

The hiss of foamy glasses

And the punch flame is blue.

ASSONANCE(from the French assonance - consonance) - 1. One of the types of sound recording (see):

repeated repetition in a poem (less often in prose) of the same vowel sounds,

enhancing the expressiveness of artistic speech.

Do I wander along the noisy streets

I enter a crowded temple,

Am I sitting among the crazy youths,

I indulge in my dreams.

ONOMATOPOEIA- one of the types of sound recording (see): use

phonetic combinations capable of conveying the sound of the described phenomena (“echo

laughter", "clatter of hooves").

Paths (words and phrases in a figurative meaning)

METAPHOR(from Greek metaphora - transfer) - type of trope: figurative knowledge of a word,

based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another; hidden comparison,

built on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words “as”, “as if”,

“as if” are absent, but implied. The varieties of M. are

personification (see) and reification (see).

Nineteenth century, iron,

Truly a cruel age!

By you into the darkness of the night, starless

A careless abandoned man!

METONYMY(from Greek metonymia - renaming) - type of trail: rapprochement,

comparison of concepts based on replacing the direct name of an object with another

the principle of contiguity (containing - content, thing - material, author - its

work, etc.), for example: “The bows sang frantically...” (A. Blok) - “they sang

bows” - the violinists began to play their instruments; “You brought swords to a bountiful feast...”

(A.S. Pushkin) - “swords” are warriors. “Porcelain and bronze on the table, // And, pampered feelings

joy, // Perfume in cut crystal..." (A.S. Pushkin) - "porcelain and bronze", "in crystal"

Products made of bronze, porcelain and crystal; “The theater is already full, // The boxes are shining, // The stalls and

chairs - everything is boiling..." (A.S. Pushkin) - "the boxes are shining" - women's boxes are shining (shining)

decorations on the ladies sitting in the boxes, “parterre and chairs” - audience in the orchestra

(the space behind the seats) and seats (seats in the front of the auditorium) of the theater.

REIFICATION- type of trope: likening to an object. For example: “Nails b

make of these people: There were no stronger nails in the world” (N.S. Tikhonov). Variety

metaphors (see).

OXYMORON (OXYMORON)- type of trope: a phrase made up of words that are opposite in meaning, based on a paradox: “Look, it’s fun for her to be sad, // So elegant

naked” (A. Akhmatova); “Woman, take heart, it’s okay, // This is life, it happened

after all, it’s worse...” (V. Vishnevsky). O. allows you to give greater expressiveness to the image: bitter joy, sweet tears, “Living Corpse” (L.N. Tolstoy)

PERSONALIZATION- type of trope: image of inanimate objects,

in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings (the gift of speech, the ability to think, feel, experience, act), and are likened to a living being. For example:

What are you howling about, night wind?

Why are you complaining so madly?

PERIPHRASE- type of trope: a descriptive figure of speech used instead of a word or phrase.

In P. the name of an object or phenomenon is replaced for greater expressiveness

indicating its most characteristic features: « Northern Venice" (Saint-

Petersburg), “king of beasts” (lion). P. are figurative (bearing metaphorical

character) and non-figurative (preserving the direct meaning of the words that form them,

for example: “city on the Neva” - Petersburg). Only figurative ones belong to paths

P. In figurative P. any one stands out key feature, and all the others seem to

depicted objects and phenomena that are especially important to him in

artistically. Unimaginative P. only rename objects,

qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author more accurately express a thought, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, avoid repetition of words (for example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - “the author of “Eugene Onegin””, "great Russian poet") In the poem “The Death of a Poet” by M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin is called a “slave of honor”, ​​a “wonderful genius”, and in a well-known obituary - “the sun of Russian poetry” - these are figurative P., tropes. P. is one of the leading tropes in symbolist poetry of the early twentieth century.

SYNÉ KDOHA- type of trope: a type of metonymy (see). The trope consists of replacing the plural

numbers are singular; using the name of a part instead of the whole or general, and vice versa. For example:

From here we will threaten the Swede,

The city will be founded here

To spite the arrogant neighbor...

EPITHET(from the Greek eritheton - application) - type of trope: figurative

definition emphasizing any property of an object or phenomenon,

having a special artistic expression. For example: iron

since they are used in a figurative meaning and carry a special semantic and

expressive-emotional load, while the same adjectives

used in direct meaning(iron bed, silver coin),

are not epithets. There are E. “decorating” - denoting permanent

sign (see CONSTANT EPITHET) and E. individual, author's, important

to create a specific image in this text(for example, in the poem by M.Yu.

Lermontov’s “Cliff”: “golden cloud”, “giant cliff”, stands alone”, “quietly”

cries"). E. is usually expressed by an adjective, participle, adverb or

noun as an application.

HYPERBOLA- type of trope: excessive exaggeration of feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc.

the same radium mining.

Per gram production,

per year labor.

Harassing

for the sake of a single word

Thousands of tons

verbal ore.

LITOTES(from the Greek litotes - simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a type of trail,

opposite of hyperbole (see): artistic understatement of size, strength,

the meaning of a phenomenon or object (“a boy the size of a finger,” “a little man the size of a fingernail”). For example:

the same radium mining.

Per gram production,

per year labor.

Harassing

for the sake of a single word

Thousands of tons

verbal ore.

V. Mayakovsky

IRONY(from Greek eir?neia - pretense, mockery) - 1. Type of comic:

subtle, hidden mockery. The comic effect is achieved by

it says exactly the opposite of what is meant:

He [Onegin] sat down with a laudable purpose

Appropriating someone else's mind for yourself;

He lined the shelf with a group of books... A.S. Pushkin

Syntactic figurative means (figures of speech )

PARALLELISM(from the Greek parall?los - walking next to) - 1. Identical or

similar arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text, which, when correlated, create a single poetic image:

The waves splash in the blue sea.

IN blue sky the stars are shining.

A.S. Pushkin

ANAPHORA(from the Greek anaphora - bringing up) - stylistic figure:

unity of beginning, repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of poetic lines or

prosaic phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions

I love you, Petra's creation,

I love your strict, slender appearance. A.S. Pushkin

EPIPHORA(from Greek epophora - addition) - stylistic figure: repetition of a word or group of words at the end of poetic or prose lines

phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions (see.

PARALLELISM).

I won't deceive myself

Concern lay in a hazy heart.

Why am I known as a charlatan?

Why am I known as a brawler?

……………………………………….

And now I won’t get sick.

The hazy pool in my heart cleared up.

That's why I became known as a charlatan,

That’s why I became known as a brawler. (Yesenin)

GRADATION(from Latin gradatio - gradual elevation) - stylistic device: this arrangement of words (phrases, parts complex sentence), in which each subsequent strengthens (or weakens) the meaning of the previous one, which allows you to recreate events, actions, thoughts and feelings in

process, in development - from small to large (direct G.) or from large to small (reverse G.). Thanks to G., intonation increases and the emotionality of speech increases:

Thank you with my heart and hand

Because you have me - without knowing yourself! -

So love: for my night's peace,

For the rare meeting at sunset hours,

For our non-walking under the moon,

For the sun is not above our heads... (Tsvetaeva)

PARCELLATION(from the French parcelle - particle) - intonation-

stylistic figure: syntactic highlighting individual parts or words

phrases (most often homogeneous members) or parts of a compound

(complex) sentence as independent proposals With

with the aim of enhancing their semantic weight and emotional load in the text:

And his shadow dances in the window

Along the embankment. In the autumn night.

There. Beyond the Araks. In that country.

P. Antokolsky

“And here Latyshev, if he was a scientist, an intellectual, should have pushed the harpooner by the elbow and scolded the captain for thoughtlessness. And protect the white whale from fools, and let the handsome one sail further into legend.”

RHETORICAL EXCLAMATIONÁ NIE

figure: exclamation clause, enhancing the emotionality of the statement:

"Troika! Bird three! (N.V. Gogol). R.v. may be accompanied by hyperbolization, for example: “Lush! There is no equal river in the world!” (about the Dnieper) (N.V. Gogol).

RHETORICAL QUESTIONÓ WITH(from Greek rhetor - speaker) - stylistic

figure: an interrogative sentence containing an affirmation (or negation),

framed as a question that does not require an answer:

Weren't you the one who persecuted me so viciously at first?

His free, bold gift

And for fun they inflated

A slightly hidden fire?...

M.Yu. Lermontov

R.v. is put not with the goal of getting an answer, but in order to attract the attention of the reader (listener) to a particular phenomenon. R.v. used in poetic and oratorical speech, in journalistic and scientific texts, V artistic prose, as well as in colloquial speech.

RHETORICAL APPEALÉ NIE(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) - stylistic figure: an emphasized, but conditional appeal to someone (something). In form being an appeal, R. o. serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards a particular object or phenomenon: to give him emotional assessment, give the speech the intonation necessary for the author

(solemnity, cordiality, irony, etc.).

Flowers, love, village, idleness,

Fields! I am devoted to you with my soul. (A.S. Pushkin)

INVERSION(from Latin inversio - rearrangement) - stylistic figure: violation

generally accepted in given language word order. Rearranging words or parts of a phrase

gives speech special expressiveness, for example:

He ascended higher with his rebellious head

Pillar of Alexandria... A.S. Pushkin

ASYNDETON- stylistic figure: a structure of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Gives the statement speed and dynamism, helps convey quick shift pictures, impressions, actions.

Women flash past the booths,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Boulevards, towers, Cossacks,

Pharmacies, fashion stores,

Balconies, lions on the gates

And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.

A.S. Pushkin

MULTI-UNION- stylistic figure: deliberate repetition of conjunctions,

which is used for intonation and logical emphasis

And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn,

And the azure, and the midday heat...

Means of speech expression- these are speech patterns, the main function of which is to give beauty and expressiveness, versatility and emotionality to the language.
Phonetic (sound), lexical (associated with a word), syntactic (associated with a phrase and sentence) means are distinguished.
Phonetic means of expression
1. Alliteration- repetition of consonant or identical consonant sounds in the text.
For example: G O r od g r abil, g r fuck, g r abastal.
2. Assonance- repetition of vowels. For example:
M e lo, m e lo on sun e y z e mle
On Sun e limits.
St. e cha mountains e la on the table e,
St. e it was burning... (B. Pasternak)

3. Onomatopoeia- Reproduction of natural sound, imitation of sound. For example:
How the drops carry news of the ride,
And all night long they keep chattering and driving,
Knocking a horseshoe on one nail
Now here, now there, now in this entrance, now in this one.

Lexical means of expression (tropes)
1. Epithet- A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
For example: golden grove, cheerful wind
2. Comparison- Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature.
For example: And the birches stand like big candles.
3. Metaphor - figurative meaning words based on similarity.
For example: The chintz of the sky is blue.
4. Personification- transferring human properties to inanimate objects.
For example: The bird cherry sleeps in a white cape.
5. Metonymy- replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts.
For example: I ate three plates.
6. Synecdoche- replacement plural the only one, consuming the whole instead of the part (and vice versa).
For example: Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts...

7. Allegory- allegory; image specific concept V artistic images(in fairy tales, fables, proverbs, epics).
For example: Fox- an allegory of cunning, hare- cowardice
8. Hyperbole- exaggeration.
For example: I haven't seen you for two hundred years.
9. Litota- an understatement.
For example: Wait 5 seconds.
10. Paraphrase- retelling, descriptive phrase containing an assessment.
For example: King of beasts (lion).
11. Pun- play on words, humorous use of multiple meanings of words or homonymy.
For example:
Getting into a taxi, Dachshund asked:
“What is the fare?”
And the driver: “Money from TAX
We don't take it at all. That's it!"
12. Oxymoron- a combination of words with opposite meanings.
For example: ringing silence, hot snow
13. Phraseologisms - stable combinations words
For example: bury talent in the ground.
14. Irony- subtle ridicule, use in the opposite sense to the direct one.
For example: Did you sing everything? This is the thing: go ahead and dance.
Syntactic means expressiveness (stylistic figures)
1. Inversion- violation of direct word order
For example: We've been waiting for you for a long time.
2. Ellipsis- omission of any member of the sentence, most often a predicate.
For example: We sat in ashes, cities in dust, and swords in sickles and plows.
3. Default- an interrupted statement that gives the opportunity to speculate and reflect.
For example: I suffered... I wanted an answer... I didn’t get it... I left...
4. Interrogative sentence - syntactic organization of speech that creates a manner of conversation.
For example: How to make a million?
5. Rhetorical question- a question that contains a statement.
For example: Who can't catch up with him?

6. Rhetorical appeal- highlighting important semantic positions.
For example: O Sea! How I missed you!
7. Syntactic parallelism- similar, parallel construction phrases, lines.
For example: Being able to ask for forgiveness is an indicator of strength. To be able to forgive is an indicator of nobility.
8. Gradation- arrangement of synonyms according to the degree of increase or decrease in the attribute.
For example: Silence covered, fell, absorbed.
9. Antithesis- a stylistic figure of contrast, comparison, juxtaposition of opposing concepts.
For example: Long hair - short mind.
10. Anaphora- unity of command.
For example:
Take care each other,
Warm with kindness.
Take care of each other
Don't let us offend you.

11. Epiphora- repetition of final words.
For example:
The forest is not the same!
The bush is not the same!
Drozd is not the same!

12. Parcellation- dividing a sentence into parts.
For example: A man came in. In a leather jacket. Filthy. He smiled.