Municipal budget educational institution"Average secondary school» Ust-Kulom village Prepared by: Elena Petrovna Koksharova, teacher of Russian language and literature from. Ust-Kulom 2015 Literature lesson on the works of A.S. Pushkin in grade 10 (1, 2, 3 lesson)

The originality of the Pushkin era. Stages of creativity.

The main themes and motives of the lyrics of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

“...This name, familiar from childhood, is soldered into speech along with the letter” P. Antokolsky

Why are A.S. Pushkin’s lyrics relevant today?

Goal: - to reveal the originality of the Pushkin era, in which the poet’s formation took place. - To identify the originality of the main themes of A.S. Pushkin’s lyrics

Objectives: study the poems of A.S. Pushkin; analyze works on the main themes of A.S. Pushkin’s lyrics and identify their relevance; draw a conclusion about the problem.

In every developed national literature there are names that testify to its peak, giving this literature a spiritual and aesthetic ideal for centuries. In England - Shakespeare, in France - Racine, in Germany - Goethe, and here in Russia - Pushkin.

The peculiarity of such writers is their “eternal modernity”. They are perceived as “the beginning of all beginnings.” “It is impossible to repeat Pushkin,” argued N.V. Gogol.

By the end of the 20s, Pushkin's popularity began to fade. This could be due to the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. Hopes and hopes for the possibility of restructuring the socio-political life of an entire generation were shot with grapeshot on December 14, 1825. The defeat was followed by arrests and convictions.

The times that followed the defeat of the uprising were terrible. “It took at least ten years for a person to come to his senses in his sad position as an enslaved and persecuted being,” wrote A.I. Herzen in the article “Literature and public opinion after December 14, 1825” - People were overcome by deep despair and general despondency.”

Society was stratified into those who were sympathetic to the Decembrists and those who took a conservative point of view, insisting on evolutionary path. Naturally, to preserve the foundations of statehood and strengthen the central government, tough measures were necessary, often leading to the total destruction of centers of free thought and the suppression of unrest. The III Department of the Office of His Imperial Majesty was created under the control of the chief of gendarmes A.Kh. Benckendorf. Surveillance, detection, and eavesdropping have spread and become legalized. Moscow, according to the recollections of the poet’s contemporaries, was filled with spies. People of high society were sometimes among the agents, including writers.

Pushkin returned to such an atmosphere after exile. He did not recognize society - neither Moscow nor St. Petersburg. The poet was cut off from the best people of his generation. Many of his close friends and good friends languished in convict bunks in Siberia. Even the names of many could not be spoken out loud...

At this time, the poet had to find his place and be true to his ideals. Pushkin tried to establish a close connection with the Moscow Telegraph magazine, where young poets collaborated, but soon, after taking a closer look, the poet moved away from them. During these years, he gradually moved away, and the public began to greet him less enthusiastically. He was still admired, read and revered, but by the end of the decade the drain of interest became noticeable.

This also happened because Pushkin began to create realistic works, but the reading public was not ready for this. Going out to wide open space realistic creativity, the poet did not confirm, but destroyed his image created by the readership, which did not meet the expectations of the public, who longed for a repetition of the melodies that had once conquered them.

The poet created new genres, created truly innovative works, introduced new heroes, and mastered new themes. He covered with his gaze endless spaces native land, delved into the life, customs, psychology, and attitudes of his contemporaries, people of different classes and characters. Everything was subject to his talent, his imagination, artistic thought, which had unlimited power over the world of the past and contemporary reality.

Y. Lotman wrote: “Pushkin went so far ahead of his time that his contemporaries began to feel that he was behind them.”

Why was there a cooling towards the poet on the part of those who found echoes of their aspirations and hopes, experiences and delights in his freedom-loving lyrics? What are the main motives that permeate Pushkin’s work? - What are the main themes of Pushkin’s lyrics? - How are the main motives of Pushkin’s lyrics implemented in the themes of his poetry?

Lyrics Philosophical Freedom-loving Love Theme poet and poetry About nature

Poetry of freedom and friendship “To Chaadaev” To the sea “October 19” “In the depths Siberian ores..." "Anchar"

To Chaadaev. While we are burning with freedom, While our hearts are alive for honor, My friend, let us dedicate our Souls to beautiful impulses to the fatherland! Comrade, believe: she will rise, the Star of captivating happiness, Russia will rise from her sleep, And on the ruins of autocracy They will write our names! Love, hope, quiet glory The deception did not last long for us, Our youthful amusements disappeared, Like a dream, like the morning fog; But desire still burns within us, Under the yoke of fatal power, With the impatient soul of the Fatherland, we heed the call. We wait with languorous hope for the moment of holy freedom, As a young lover waits for the minute of a faithful date.

“My friend, let’s dedicate our Souls’ beautiful impulses to the Fatherland!” Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev, whom Pushkin met as a lyceum student in Karamzin’s house, was one of the most remarkable people of his time. Having received an excellent education at home, Chaadaev at the age of sixteen joined the Semenovsky Guards Regiment... Chaadaev taught Pushkin to prepare for a great future and to respect himself as a person whose name belongs to posterity. The teachings of a friend did not humiliate, but elevated Pushkin to own eyes..." Yu.M. Lotman

Questions for analysis 1) How do you understand the first four lines of the poem? 2) Reveal the meaning of the epithets: “fatal power”, “impatient soul”, “holy freedom”, “captivating happiness”. 3) How does the intonation of the poem change? 4) Which are enduring moral values are stated in the message “To Chaadaev”?

Philosophical motives in Pushkin’s lyrics The search for support for “human independence”, the idea of ​​house-building are the most important components of Pushkin’s philosophical lyrics. Problems of the purpose and meaning of life, the correlation of being and personality, self-knowledge, man's place in the world, relationships with God and nature are the central issues of all Russian literature. They are called " eternal questions", because it is impossible to find a definite answer to them, they have always worried and will worry people. And this is the guarantee of the immortality of humanity, because the eternal life of the spirit is in this restlessness, in this endless thirst for self-knowledge. Philosophical motives

“A vain gift, an accidental gift...” What is it? philosophical lyrics? What does the lyrical hero call life? The lyrical hero calls life a “vain” and “accidental” gift in a poem marked May 26, 1828 (the poet’s birthday). Why is the power of the Giver called hostile? Because life is condemned to execution.

“A vain gift, a random gift...” What epithets characterize the heart and mind? A heart filled with passion. A mind troubled by doubt. And in the third stanza the heart is called empty, the mind idle. - To whom are these repeated questions “why?” addressed? For what?". - What is the perception of life in this poem? Life is aimless and dreary.

The touching message of Metropolitan Philaret is known, exhorting Pushkin, instilling faith and hope in his soul: It was not in vain, not by chance that Life was given to me from God, Not without the secret will of God And condemned to execution. I myself, with my wayward power, called out Evil from the dark abysses, I myself filled my soul with passion, I excited my mind with doubt. Remember me, forgotten by me! Shine through the darkness of thoughts - And by You a pure heart will be created, a bright mind!

Pushkin cannot remain ungrateful. And on January 19, 1830, he wrote the poem “In hours of fun or idle boredom...”, in which the work of A. S. Pushkin likens Philaret’s message to fragrant oil that heals wounds of conscience.

In hours of fun or idle boredom, It happened that I entrusted the pampered sounds of Madness, laziness and passions to my lyre. But even then the evil strings Involuntarily I interrupted the ringing, When your majestic voice suddenly amazed me. I shed streams of unexpected tears, And the wounds of my conscience received pure oil from Your fragrant speeches. And now, from a spiritual height, you extend your hand to Me, And with the strength of meek and loving power, You subdue wild dreams. With your fire the soul is scorched, Rejected the darkness of earthly vanities, And the poet listens to the harp of the Seraphim In sacred horror.

In vain do I run to the heights of Zion... In vain do I run to the heights of Zion, Greedy sin is hot on my heels... So, dusty nostrils buried in the loose sand, A hungry lion follows the odorous run of a deer.

Can someone wise advice, example completely replace internal work souls, personal responsibility? - What does the expression “Zion Heights” mean? The path to Zion is the path to God, to Divine Harmony. - What does the word “in vain” mean in this poem? The desire for an ideal and the inability to achieve it. - Why is this impossible? Because man is a sinner: “Greedy sin is hot on my heels” - Why is “quick sand” mentioned in the third verse? This is a desert in which a lion is chasing a deer. But this is also the “dark desert” in which the hero of the “Prophet” dragged himself, tormented by spiritual thirst.

Am I wandering along noisy streets? Do I wander along the noisy streets, Do I enter a crowded temple, Do I sit among crazy youths, Do I indulge in my dreams. I say: the years will fly by, And no matter how much we are seen here, We will all descend under the eternal vaults - And someone’s hour is already close. I look at the solitary oak, I think: the patriarch of the forests will survive my forgotten age, As he survived the age of his fathers...

Am I wandering along noisy streets? Pushkin’s poem “Wander along the noisy streets...” was written on December 26, 1829. It represents a philosophical reflection on the thirty-year outcome of the poet’s life. The poem conveys the idea of ​​the inevitability and predestination of death. Here life seems to be a transition to something eternal, absolute and inevitable. - What does the first stanza sound like? It seems that the first stanza sounds mournful. Such “mourning” helps to plunge into an atmosphere of hopelessness and the inevitability of death. The poet’s thoughts are directed towards only one thing: “We will all descend under the eternal vaults...”

Am I wandering along noisy streets? The idea of ​​death is intensified in the poem gradually, and in each subsequent in an expressive manner one feels the increasing inevitability of death. In the poem, the poet conveys movement. This is the movement of poetic thought, the path to eternity through death. It is thanks to the presence of movement that one can understand what kind of ideological content the poet puts into his poem.

Memories of Tsarskoe Selo Freedom-loving lyrics

Arion. There were many of us on the boat; Some strained the sail, Others pressed together with powerful oars into the depths. In silence, leaning on the helm, our smart helmsman steered the heavy boat in silence; And I, full of carefree faith, I sang to the swimmers... Suddenly the bosom of the waves was crushed by a noisy whirlwind... Both the feeder and the swimmer died! - Only me, mysterious singer, Thrown ashore by a thunderstorm, I sing the old hymns And my wet robe Land in the sun under a rock.

Arion. Poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Arion" was written in 1827. The heroes of the poem are swimmers who set off on a journey. Everyone on the ship has their own job: “some strained the sail, others pushed powerful oars deep into the depths…” The shipmen overcome obstacles together, they are led by a “clever helmsman,” and the hero, “full of careless faith,” sings to them, confident that his talent, his songs help swimmers in their difficult work. The lyrical hero, trusting, open, free, is certainly very close to the author. Pushkin also “sang, full of carefree faith,” not knowing about the impending uprising, about the plans of its leaders, not knowing what kind of “voyage” his friends were preparing.

Arion. - What is in the poem? central place? Central event poem - “a noisy whirlwind” that crashed a ship, taking the lives of both the helmsman and the swimmers. This is a metaphorical image of the Decembrist uprising and its defeat. For Pushkin, the events of 1825 were a tragedy, a storm, a shipwreck. Just like the poet, Arion escaped death in the storm; he was “thrown ashore by a thunderstorm.” But this accident did not break the hero, did not force him to renounce his friends. “I sing the same hymns” - these words contain both loyalty to the Decembrists and loyalty to one’s convictions, faith in justice.

Lyrics love feeling"I remember wonderful moment..." "On the hills of Georgia lies darkness of the night..." "I loved you..." Madonna

Genius pure beauty And the heart burns again and loves because it cannot help but love... Love lyrics

Burnt letter. Goodbye love letter! goodbye: she ordered. How long have I delayed! How long did the Hand not want to burn all my joys!.. But that’s it, the hour has come. Burn, letter of love. I'm ready; My soul listens to nothing. It's already a flame greedy sheets yours accepts... Just a minute!.. flared up! blazing - light smoke Winding, lost with my prayer. The faithful ring has already lost its impression, The melted sealing wax is boiling... Oh providence! It's finished! Dark sheets curled up; On the light ashes their cherished features turn white... My chest felt tight. Dear ashes, Poor consolation in my sad fate, Stay forever with me on my sorrowful chest... This poem was written in 1825, during the period of Pushkin’s exile in the village of Mikhailovskoye and dedicated to Vorontsova. Eternal theme love developed by Pushkin Very original. He writes about the letter being burned, but in reality we're talking about about burnt love, and writing is only a way of conveying experiences lyrical hero, some kind of artistic symbol. This poem is imbued with pain and bitterness from the very beginning. The mood of the lyrical hero is not uniform. Having barely calmed down, he immediately begins to suffer again; this is evident due to the fact that the author uses exclamation sentences and silence. Numerous epithets also help the reader understand the experiences of the lyrical hero: “greedy flame”, “sweet ashes”, “poor joy”, “sad fate”, “sorrowful chest”. It is no coincidence that Pushkin calls the ashes “dear”, as well as “poor joy”, because this is the only trace, the only memory of burnt love, without which the lyrical hero does not see a glimmer of happiness in his “sad fate”.

Poems about poetry Prophet “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” Poet

he did not teach people, did not preach - he awakened “good feelings” in their souls, sought to give people a powerful impulse for spiritual self-improvement, to awaken to life the good that is in every soul - the only thing to which art can and should appeal. Theme of the poet and poetry

Poet. Until the poet demands the sacred sacrifice, Apollo, in cares vain light He is cowardly immersed; His holy lyre is silent; The soul tastes a cold sleep, And between children insignificant world Perhaps he is the most insignificant of all. The poem “The Poet” was written in 1827, when Pushkin began to increasingly think about his destiny. The theme of the poet and poetry ran through all of Pushkin’s work. The poem “Poet” is no exception in this regard. In this poem, the author speaks of the poet as an unearthly being, for whom everyday life among ordinary people- these are shackles that prevent his soul from waking up. The division of the poem into two parts perfectly shows the change in the feelings of the lyrical hero. The first part is the life of a poet without inspiration, under the yoke of everyday life before the arrival of the Muse. And the second part is the period of the poet’s creation of something new. And then nothing in the whole world can break great power a poet, his voice penetrating everywhere. It is as if he becomes higher than all people, everything around him disappears, and he is left alone with his creativity. This is, according to Pushkin, the true happiness of the poet.

Nature theme

Winter morning. ... In the evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry, cloudy sky the darkness was moving; The moon, like a pale spot, turned yellow through the gloomy clouds, And you sat sad - And now... look out the window: Under blue skies Magnificent carpets, Glistening in the sun, the snow lies; transparent forest one turns black, And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice... In Pushkin’s lyrics, a prominent place belongs to the poem “Winter Morning,” written on December 3, 1829 in the village of Pavlovskoye. It is imbued with a sunny mood and accurately conveys the feelings that overwhelmed the author. There are two heroes in the work: the so-called lyrical hero, and the beauty to whom the poem itself, which is the monologue of the lyrical hero, is dedicated. It is this beauty that the author calls “adorable friend” and “dear friend.” The contrasting description of “today” and “evening” occupies the main place in the poem. The splendor of a winter morning is felt even more acutely in comparison with yesterday's storm, which is described just as accurately. The most poetic landscape is in the second stanza; it is full of comparisons and personifications, although it evokes the heroine’s sadness. The third stanza is a winter landscape. The picture created by the poet is rich in color: blue, black, and green. The poet’s feeling of joy grows and requires movement; he wants to visit the “empty fields.” In my opinion, in last line lies the main magnet of the work. After all, the entire poem is a monologue of a man persuading his “dear friend” to wake up in order to immediately go to the shore, dear to the poet.

Man of the era Pushkin's work - unique phenomenon. By absorbing all previous literary eras, it completes the process of development of the literature of its time and at the same time, creating new language, giving birth to new themes and genres, stands at the origins of modern Russian literature, opening the way to the future.

Conclusion Pushkin is timeless, his poetry is sincere, fascinating with ease of presentation and depth of feelings. And oddly enough, it resonates in our souls! We, too, can feel and love this way, but we can’t express it THAT way. He wrote about the eternal, original features of man and society. The surroundings change over the centuries, but the essence of human life remains, so Pushkin’s work will always be modern and relevant.

Homework: Compare in writing the main themes of Pushkin’s lyrics with any of his poems. Write a mini-essay on the topic: “By reading Pushkin, you can perfectly educate a person within yourself.”

"Pushkin era"

The central position occupied by Pushkin in Russian XIX literature c., was determined not only by the uniqueness of his individual talent. They also acted here general patterns historical and literary process - the forces that united as if in a single focus in the phenomenon of Pushkin and pushed him to this place. First third of the 19th century. in Russia it is no coincidence that it is defined as the “Pushkin era” - and this term means not only the era that passed under the sign of Pushkin, but also the era that shaped him.

Pushkin's initial literary education was nourished by the origins Enlightenment XVIII V. in its French and Russian versions. It is generally accepted that it was dominated by the French Enlightenment - and in general this is true, but the role of national principles in it should not be underestimated. Moscow literary environment, with which the family of the future poet was in close contact, was at that time at the forefront of the Russian literary movement: Karamzin and I.I. lived in Moscow. Dmitriev, and their closest circle included, in particular, Pushkin’s uncle Vasily Lvovich, former first his literary mentor. The best Russian works were published in Moscow literary magazines Karamzin orientation; in the "Bulletin of Europe", founded by Karamzin, in the first decade of the 19th century. cooperate V.A. Zhukovsky, brothers Andrei and Alexander Turgenev, young P.A. Vyazemsky, somewhat later K.N. Batyushkov and Pushkin himself.

By the time he moved to St. Petersburg and entered the Lyceum (1811), Pushkin already had a fairly wide stock of literary impressions and orientations. Of course, his sympathy belongs entirely to the future “Arzamas residents” and then to the organized circle; his literary creativity Lyceum time is literally permeated with ideas and sayings from the arsenal of the “Arzamas people”; he also closely follows the literary production of “Conversations”, responding to it with satires, messages and epigrams in the “Arzamas” spirit. He directly considers himself to be a member of the “Arzamas brotherhood,” and this group is Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Al. Turgenev, D.V. Davydov would later form his literary circle.

Two literary figures from this environment are put forward as Pushkin’s direct literary teachers. These are Batyushkov and Zhukovsky. Traditionally, Batyushkov is put in first place.

In the first post-lyceum years, new trends in Pushkin’s literary relationships were also identified. Most of all, he is captured by theatrical impressions. The theater brings him closer to his former opponents of Arzamas - A.A. Shakhovsky, P.A. Katenin, A.S. Griboyedov. These were not just personal contacts, but also an expansion of the aesthetic range.

A completely special sphere with which creativity turned out to be correlated young Pushkin, there was a sphere civic poetry. In the broad and diverse social and literary movement of the 1810s-1820s. literature played the role not only of a herald and propagandist of freedom-loving sentiments, but also of a conductor of specific socio-political programs. This role was enshrined in the charter of the Union of Welfare - secret society, from which it directly grew revolutionary organization Decembrists - Northern Society. K.F. Ryleev, the leader of the latter, was himself one of the most significant Russian poets of the 1820s. St. Petersburg literary, theatrical and public associations, with whom young Pushkin came into close contact. The most significant of them was Free Society lovers of Russian literature, publishing the magazine “Competitor of Education and Charity.”

In May 1820, Pushkin, whose political poems attracted the attention of the government, was expelled from the capital - into actual exile, framed as a transfer to a new duty station. He lives in Chisinau, in Odessa, from where he is officially sent into exile, under police supervision, to his father’s estate Mikhailovskoye. For six and a half years he finds himself removed from the active literary life of both capitals. During this time, “Ruslan and Lyudmila” (1820), “ Caucasian prisoner"(1822), "The Bakhchisarai Fountain" (1824), the first chapter of "Eugene Onegin" (1825), finally, "Poems of Alexander Pushkin", which concentrated the best part of his early lyrical creativity. At this time, Pushkin's creative maturation ended. European and Russian political life makes adjustments to his ideas about the social mechanisms driving it; the radicalism of his social position, reaching its apogee in the early 1820s, is replaced by the “crisis of 1823,” which resulted in the growth of historical consciousness. This makes him overestimate the problems of the individual and the environment, the figure and the masses- i.e., essentially, the very foundations of the Enlightenment worldview - and accordingly change the existing axiological scale.

The southern period of Pushkin's work begins under the sign of Byron. The type of “modern man” represented by Byron’s Childe Harold was reflected in “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” - a poem that gained particular popularity among liberal youth, whose mentality resonated with the spiritual appearance of the disappointed hero, a voluntary exile, animated by the “cheerful ghost of freedom.” “Prisoner of the Caucasus” opened a series of Pushkin’s poems, typologically close to Byron’s oriental poems. Their problematics and poetics were studied by V.M. Zhirmunsky (Byron and Pushkin, 1924, reprinted 1978), who also determined the role of Pushkin in the formation and development of the Russian Byronic poem; this impact is felt as in early classical samples such as “Chernets” by I.I. Kozlov and “Voinarovsky” Ryleev, and in the later poems of Lermontov, where Russian Byronism reaches its peak.

Pushkin's poems finally consolidated the victory of the romantic movement and gave a powerful impetus to theoretical thought. Already in 1822 P.A. Vyazemsky gives a detailed analysis of “Prisoner of the Caucasus”; close at that time to the critics of the Decembrist wing of literature, Vyazemsky emphasizes public importance the “story” and the very character of the Captive; close connection with the spiritual life of Russian society, according to Vyazemsky, makes Pushkin’s work a purely national phenomenon. Edition " Bakhchisarai fountain"was preceded by an extensive preface by Vyazemsky, "Conversation between the Publisher and the Classic with Vyborg side or from Vasilyevsky Island,” written at the direct request of Pushkin. Here Vyazemsky raised the problem of the nationality of literature and with polemical sharpness spoke out against the aesthetic normativism of the “classics”, the stronghold of which was the journal “Bulletin of Europe”, which he did not directly name, edited by M.T. Kachenovsky.

"The era of the 1830s." matured in the depths of the previous one, and the symptoms of the impending turning point were sometimes reflected in particular episodes in the history of Pushkin’s circle. One of them was the conflict between the “older” and “younger” generations of Delvig’s circle: Delvig (partly with Pushkin, who supported him), on the one hand, and Podolinsky and Rosen, on the other; the latter, offended by the strict analyzes of their works (belonging to Delvig), both leave the Literary Gazette. The fundamental meaning of Delvig’s speeches was the fight against epigonism, the appearance of which is a symptom of dying literary schools and directions. In a letter to Pletnev around April 14, 1831, Pushkin defined the poetry of Delarue and Podolinsky as “art” in the absence of “creativity”; Almost at the same time, Delvig ironically wrote about Podolinsky’s “smooth” poems, composed with great “ease.” Both Pushkin and Delvig were aware of the danger of reproducing ready-made poetic models created by Pushkin; Pushkin himself clearly gravitated toward poets “unlike” himself.

All these trends were fully manifested in the journal Sovremennik (1836), in which Pushkin made his last attempt to unite his circle of writers and establish his program in the difficult literary and social situation of the 1830s.

Having become the publisher of Sovremennik, Pushkin made a last attempt to unite his circle of writers and establish his aesthetic program. In 1836, his capabilities in this regard were limited by the existing ban on new periodicals. "Contemporary" was authorized as a literary collection in four volumes, i.e. publication of an almanac type, and from the very beginning experienced pressure that became increasingly harsh throughout the 1830s. censorship regime. IN in a certain sense he followed the program outlined by Pushkin for the Literary Gazette: to give the opportunity to publish to those writers who, for one reason or another, did not want to collaborate in other print media. Almost the entire Pushkin literary environment gravitated towards such isolation; Zhukovsky and Vyazemsky participated in Sovremennik, who published here, in addition to poetry, his most significant critical articles of the second half of the 1830s: “Napoleon and Julius Caesar,” “New Poem by E. Quinet,” “The Inspector General, Comedy, Op. N. Gogol"; Baratynsky (poem “To Prince P.A. Vyazemsky”), D. Davydov (poems, articles “About guerrilla warfare" and " Occupation of Dresden. 1813 March 10"), Pletnev, V.F. Odoevsky (articles “On the hostility to enlightenment noticed in latest literature", "How novels are written here"), N.M. Languages. Pushkin also attracts new literary forces to participate: A.V. Koltsova, N.A. Durov, Sultan Kazy Giray and others. Pushkin himself published in Sovremennik “ The Stingy Knight", "The Captain's Daughter" and a number of important critical articles.

Pushkin's death severed these ties. It coincided in time with the change of literary eras and largely accelerated this change. The “Pushkin era” was gradually becoming a thing of the past. Already 1840s. put forward new names and new priorities, but all further Russian literary life, now more, now less, from now on relates itself to this historical era, which it defines as the “golden age” of Russian literature.

Literature lesson notes, grade 10

Subject. The originality of the Pushkin era. Stages of creativity

But talent lives, genius immortal!

F.N.Glinka

Goals: introduce the life and work of A.S. Pushkin; reveal the uniqueness of Pushkin's era.

Tasks:

educational: work on expressive reading of poems; otradevelop skills and abilities to work on the analysis of lyrical text.

developing: promote development monologue speech(make presentations on literary theme); promote development expressive reading lyrical and works of art A.S. Pushkin; promote the development of creative initiative; development of memory and imagination.

nurturing: cultivate qualities such as perseverance, efficiency, independence; educate and develop communicative culture; cultivate a positive attitude towards learning activities.

Equipment:

- portrait of A.S. Pushkin; books about his life; statements of his contemporaries about him; presentation.

Hoduroka

Organizational moment (1 min.)

Hello guys! Have a seat. Write down the date, topic of the lesson and epigraph.

Opening remarks (2 min.)

Guys, today we meet with Pushkin again. Why "again"? We have known Pushkin since childhood. His creativity accompanies us all our lives, because there is no such life important issue, to which we would not find the answer in his poems. Pushkin is the same for everyone, but everyone can call him “my Pushkin” and tell what exactly attracts him in the poet.

Examination homework(7 min.)

Talk about the periods of Russian literature of the 19th century

I period (1801-1825)

II period (1826-1842) literature of the 30s

III period (1842-1855)

IV period (1855-1868)

V period (1869-1881)

VI period (1882-1895)

VII period (1895-1904)

Talk about the main themes and problems of 19th century literature.

Review what you have learned (7 min.)

Discussion of issues

What do you know about the era in which A.S. lived and worked? Pushkin?

What works by A.S. Do you know Pushkin?

What are the main themes of Pushkin's lyrics?

What are the main motives that permeate the work of A.S. Pushkin?

Work on literary concepts(8 min.)

Lyrics is a type of literature that reflects life through the depiction of individual (single) states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person caused by certain circumstances. Feelings and experiences are not described, but expressed. The characteristic features of the lyrics are poetic form, rhythm, lack of plot, small size, a clear reflection of the experiences of the lyrical hero. The word "lyrics" Greek origin, but has no direct translation. IN Ancient Greece poetic works, depicting inner world feelings and experiences, performed to the accompaniment of the lyre, and this is how the word “lyrics” appeared.

In every developed national literature there are names that are evidence of its peak, giving this literature a spiritual and aesthetic ideal for centuries. In Italy it is Petrarch, in England it is Shakespeare, in Germany it is Goethe, and in Russia it is Pushkin. The peculiarity of such writers is their “eternal modernity”; they are perceived as “the beginning of all beginnings.”

Let's remember the era in which the poet worked... “People born in Russia between 1785 and 1815 developed unusually early and went through their life path with speed, which is partly difficult to explain” V. Khodasevich M. Muravyov-Apostolov P. Pestel K. Ryleev A. Griboedov S. Muravyov V. Kuchelbecker A. Odoevsky A. Pushkin

December 14, 1825 Ardent patriots of the Motherland, the Decembrists, realized earlier than others that serfdom and autocratic tyranny were the main causes of troubles and backwardness in Russia. In a country deprived of free speech, fiction becomes an involuntary echo public opinion. “And my incorruptible voice was the echo of the Russian people” - all the Decembrist poets could subscribe to these words of A.S. Pushkin.

Periodization of the life and work of A.S. Pushkin. Childhood. Lyceum 1811 – 1817 St. Petersburg Southern link g.g. Mikhailovskaya link After exile years

3. Group poems by thematic principle: “I loved you”, “My first friend”, “To Chaadaev”, “Arion”, “October 19”, “Autumn”, “I visited again”, “Liberty”, “I remember a wonderful moment”, “Prophet” ", "Winter morning", "On the hills of Georgia...", "I erected a monument to myself", "To the poet", " Winter evening", "In the depths of Siberian ores", "Echo".

5. Give historical commentary the following lines: “And a six-winged seraph appeared to me at a crossroads” “I remember a wonderful moment, you appeared before me” “...And I blessed fate when my secluded yard...your bell rang” “Once again I visited that corner of the earth where I spent exile for two years"

To reveal the uniqueness of the Pushkin era, in which the poet’s formation took place; prepare students to learn new material;

Develop logical thinking, speech ethics, ability to reason, analyze, give complete answers;

Cultivate interest in the life and work of the poet.
Equipment: portrait of A.S. Pushkin, books about his life and work.
Lesson progress:
I. Organizational moment.

II. Knowledge Update: Talk about the Romantic movement of the early 19th century.

III. Work on the topic of the lesson:

1. Teacher's word:

A.S. Pushkin occupies special place in Russian culture. He created world-class artistic values ​​and became a symbol of Russian spiritual life.

Each new generation asserts its understanding of the poet, seeing him as a contemporary. Pushkin is studied, debated about, idolized or rejected. According to Apollo Grigoriev, “Pushkin is our everything - a representative of everything that is spiritual, special, such that will remain our spiritual, special after all the collisions with strangers, with other worlds. Pushkin is so far the only complete sketch of our national personality...”

Pushkin's genius is universal. But the first “path” to Pushkin, the first stage of understanding him as an “extraordinary phenomenon of the Russian spirit” runs through literature. Pushkin, named V.F. Odoevsky “the sun of our poetry,” the creator of “ solar system"Russian literature.
2. Conversation:

What do you know about the era in which A.S. lived and worked? Pushkin?

What works of the poet do you know?

Which Pushkin heroes are your favorite? Why?

What is the secret of being fascinated by Pushkin?

What are the main motives that permeate Pushkin’s work? (love and friendship, biographical facts).

What are the main themes of Pushkin's lyrics? (Creativity, poet and poetry, nature, historical theme, philosophical lyrics).
3. Independent work: quiz.

Which poem by A. Pushkin was the first to appear in print? (“To a friend-poet” in “Bulletin of Europe!” at the age of 15).

To which work was the proverb taken as an epigraph: “Take care of your honor from a young age? (" Captain's daughter»).

Name the works in which the name main character- Maria. (“The Captain’s Daughter”, “Blizzard”, “Dubrovsky”, “Shot”).

What was Tatyana Larina's middle name? (Dmitrievna).

Who is “cut in the latest fashion, dressed like a London dandy” (Onegin).

- “wild, sad, silent, like a fearful deer in the forest” (Tatyana).

- “always modest, always obedient, always cheerful, like the morning” (Olga).

- “a handsome man in the full bloom of his years, an admirer of Kant and a poet” (V. Lensky).

What films were made based on the works of Pushkin? (“Blizzard”, “Captain’s Daughter”, “ Stationmaster", "Dubrovsky", fairy tales (cartoons).
4. Students’ report about children’s and youth life of A.S. Pushkin.

5. The main periods of life and creativity of A.S. Pushkin (compiling a chronological table):

1813 – 1816: time of choosing the path; the formation of Pushkin as a poet under the influence of the works of Derzhavin, Karamzin, Radishchev, Zhukovsky.

Petersburg period (1717 – 1820): romanticism, Decembrist sentiments, freedom-loving lyrics.

Creativity of the second half of the 20s (1826 – 1830): loyalty to the ideals of the Decembrists “To Siberia”, “Arion”, “Anchar”.

Boldino Autumn (1830): the pinnacle of Pushkin’s creativity. Completion of work on “Eugene Onegin”, “Belkin’s Tale”, philosophical lyrics.

Creativity of the 30s (1831 - 1836)6 realistic prose, philosophical understanding history. "The Captain's Daughter"
6. The originality of the Pushkin era (the message is read by a previously prepared student):

The poet's first poems are dated 1813. For Russia, this is a time of patriotic upsurge after the victory in Patriotic War 1812.

At the Lyceum, Pushkin wrote more than 130 works. The breadth of poetic vision, the variety of feelings and moods, the sensitivity of poetic hearing, and the desire for harmony were already reflected in the early poems.

After graduating from the Lyceum, young Pushkin entered the civil service - the College of Foreign Affairs. Petersburg " big light“I was amazed by a lot of new impressions: meeting Chaadaev, participating in the work of the literary and theatrical society “Green Lamp” and the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

In the lyrics of the period of southern exile, the leading place belonged to the romantic genres: the elegy “It went out daylight...”, “I experienced my desires...”; ballad "Song of prophetic Oleg"; poems “Caucasian Prisoner”, “Robber Brothers”, “Gypsies”.

Pushkin transformed Russian romantic poetry; she was imbued with the spirit of rebellion. The hero of Pushkin's poems is proud, independent person in conflict with the surrounding reality; a person striving for freedom.

Pushkin created magnificent images love lyrics, which reflected the poet’s feelings for Riznich, Sobanskaya, Vorontsova. Count Vorontsov, who had Pushkin in Odessa at his disposal, tried to get rid of him. The police opened one of Pushkin's letters containing careless expressions. Pushkin was aristocratic. The southern exile ended with an order for him to go to the family estate of Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province.

A real exile awaited him in Mikhailovskoye. ON behalf of the tsar they announced a terrible accusation of atheism and a corrupting influence on the minds of young people. Pushkin was placed under double surveillance: police and church. The poet was deprived of freedom of movement. WITH outside world he was connected by intensive correspondence and friendship with his neighbors - with the landowner of the village of Trigorskoye P.A. Osipova and her daughters.

Moscow was filled with spies. Pushkin returned to such an atmosphere after exile. The poet was cut off from the best people of his generation.

The poet created new genres, created innovative works, and mastered new themes. Everything was subject to his talent.

The love lyrics of this period are characterized by sophisticated psychologism: “I remember a wonderful moment”, “Burnt letter”, “Confession”. The poet creates realistic works in Mikhailovsky: “Eugene Onegin”, “Boris Godunov”, which reflect reflections on the relationship between history and personality, people and power.

Pushkin considered the problem of the nationality of literature put forward by the Decembrists to be an important problem. The poet understood the task of nationality not only as an appeal to the folk language and themes from his native history, but also as a study of folk psychology, the national mentality, and the characteristics of the people's mentality. Pushkin believed that these features are more clearly expressed in folklore. He writes down Arina Rodionovna’s fairy tales, goes to fairs and writes down folk songs, studies the folklore of other peoples.

In Mikhailovskoe, Pushkin received news of the death of Tsar Alexander I, about the events on Senate Square on December 14, 1825, about the investigation of the participants in the uprising carried out by the new Tsar, Nicholas I. These events could not but influence the fate of the disgraced poet. In September he was summoned to Moscow to talk with the Tsar.

The conversation changed Pushkin's fate: he was returned from exile, he was allowed to live in Moscow, and in 1827 - in St. Petersburg. Nicholas I respected the frankness of Pushkin, who stated that if he had been in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, he would have gone out to Senate Square.

Reflections on modernity, on the prospects of a new reign led the poet to the theme of Peter I “Stanzas”, in which he called on Nicholas I: “be like your ancestor in everything”, the unfinished historical novel “Arap of Peter the Great”, the poem “Poltava”.

In the second half of the 19th century Goths, Pushkin’s interest in philosophical issues"The Poet", "The Poet and the Crowd"; also reflects on the theme of the poet and poetry “Anchar”, “A vain gift, an accidental gift”, “Do I wander along the noisy streets...”.

Boldino autumn is a short but most fruitful period in Pushkin’s work. In three months he wrote as much as he had created in the previous decade. In the Boldino autumn, “Belkin’s Tales”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Tale of the Priest and His Worker”, “The History of the Village of Goryukhino”, and about 30 poems were created.

The 30s of the 19th century were unfavorable for Pushkin, despite his marriage to N.N. Goncharova (1831), despite his restoration to public service. At the end of 1833, the Tsar granted Pushkin the court rank of chamber cadet, which the poet considered offensive to himself.

Pushkin constantly experienced psychological discomfort. The literary atmosphere of this time was also unfavorable. Many of his works were not successful. The press began persecuting Pushkin, his longtime enemy and writer Bulgarin. IN recent years creativity of Pushkin, a crack in his relationship with modern literature has reached alarming proportions.

Pushkin followed his calling, striving to become the spiritual leader of the Russian nobility. In the spring of 1833, he collected materials about the Pugachev rebellion; worked on the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky", in which he first showed the peasant uprising.

The second Boldino autumn (1833) was marked by the creation of philosophical works “ Queen of Spades", "About the Fisherman and the Fish", "About the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights", "Autumn".

The last two facets of creativity in the last years of Pushkin’s life (1834 – 1836) were the philosophical lyrics “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...”, “Once again I visited...” and the novel “The Captain’s Daughter”.

The situation around the poet and his family worsened. Secular gossip and intrigue brought the “last act” of life’s drama closer. On January 25, 1837, Pushkin’s duel with Dantes took place, in which the poet was mortally wounded. On January 29 (February 10) he died. Thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great poet. On the night of February 3, the coffin with Pushkin’s body was secretly taken from St. Petersburg to the Holy Mountains of the Pskov province. On February 6, the poet was buried in the Svyatogorsk Monastery, not far from Mikhailovsky.

IV. Lesson summary: think about the meaning of G.V. Belinsky’s statement: “By reading Pushkin, you can perfectly educate a person within yourself.” Try to think about this topic. Name the stages of Pushkin's creativity.
V. Homework:

2) compare in writing the main themes of Pushkin’s lyrics with any of his poems.
VI. Ratings.