Test who you are: choleric, sanguine, melancholic. Mixed temperament type sanguine choleric

What is the difference between the concepts of “character” and “temperament”? Temperament is what a person receives at birth. Properties, motives of behavior and skills that are genetically determined. Character is developed through experience, often in an attempt to change temperament. For example, a shy young man from childhood becomes more decisive in adulthood because he attended courses acting and developed the ability to speak boldly in public. Here shyness is a temperamental trait. And acquired determination is a character trait. Diagnosing your own temperament contributes to the development of character if you work on yourself. Self-knowledge at the psychological level allows you to reveal positive features personality and work on negative ones. For parents, the diagnosis will give the key to their upbringing and will tell them how to treat the baby so that he hears and understands correctly.

Temperaments

Ever since school, everyone knows the four types of temperament into which people are divided. The distinction is made depending on behavioral reactions to expected events, they form clear patterns of behavior. It is interesting that character traits can manifest themselves in a person regardless of the type of temperament. Many people do not think about this, confusing the concepts or combining them into one. But from these differences it is clearly clear that each person is unique, since events, everyday experiences, childhood, social environment - all this develops character.

Properties of temperament

The manifestations of properties depending on the personality type differ significantly. This is what makes it possible to conduct a high-quality diagnosis of temperament and character.

1. Sensitivity. This definition characterizes an individual's reaction to external stimuli. Each type reacts differently, one will show a violent reaction if touched. The other one won't pay attention.

2. Reactivity. Characterized by an involuntary reaction to external or internal stimuli, such as sharp sounds, loud music or screaming.

3. Activity. Refers to the reaction to external world. Purposefulness, willingness to overcome difficulties, the ability to steadfastly resist life's troubles.

4. Plasticity (rigidity). The ability to adapt to changing circumstances. Life flexibility.

5. Rate of reactive activity. Speed ​​reaction. Ability to quickly respond to stimuli.

6. Introversion (extroversion). Ability to make quick decisions. Speed ​​of information perception.

7. External manifestations response.

Based listed properties a complex diagnosis of temperament types is being built. How do you know which type to classify yourself as? The properties of temperament types are also associated with hormonal nature, physiological processes in the body, the structure of the figure.

Method for determining the type of temperament

The most extensive and popular method is the Eysenck temperament diagnostic method.

Hans Jurgen Eysenck is a British psychologist. He has developed a system of questions, answering “yes” or “no” to which one can diagnose the properties and types of temperaments. The result of completing the questionnaire will be the identification of your true self, taking into account introversion and extraversion. The technique also reveals the emotional stability of the individual. Eysenck's test is classical method definitions of personality typology, one of the most used in modern psychology.

Eysenck questionnaire

So, answer a series of questions. Don’t think too long about the answers, act according to the dictates of your consciousness. Place a plus next to the question number if the answer is “yes”. And minus if the answer is “no”.

Questionnaire text:

1. Do you often experience a craving for new experiences, to be distracted, to experience strong sensations?

2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand, encourage, and sympathize with you?

3. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?

4. Is it very difficult for you to give up your intentions?

5. Do you think about your affairs slowly and prefer to wait before acting?

6. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is unprofitable for you?

7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

8. Do you usually act and speak quickly?

9. Have you ever had the feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?

10. Is it true that in a “dispute” you are able to decide on anything?

11. Do you feel embarrassed when you want to meet someone of the opposite sex who you like?

12. Does it ever happen that when you get angry, you lose your temper?

13. Does it often happen that you act thoughtlessly, on the spur of the moment?

14. Do you often worry about the idea that you shouldn't have done or said something?

15. Do you prefer reading books to meeting people?

16. Is it true that you are easily offended?

17. Do you often like to be in company?

18. Do you ever have thoughts that you would not like to share with others?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything in your hands burns, and sometimes you feel tired?

20. Do you try to limit your circle of acquaintances to a small number of your closest friends?

21. Do you dream a lot?

22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?

23. Do you consider all your habits to be good?

24. Do you often have the feeling that you are to blame for something?

25. Are you sometimes able to give free rein to your feelings and have carefree fun in a cheerful company?

26. Can we say that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?

27. Are you known as a lively and cheerful person?

28. After something is done, do you often mentally return to it and think that you could have done it better?

29. Do you feel restless when in a large company?

30. Does it happen that you spread rumors?

31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?

32. If you want to know something, do you prefer to find it in a book or ask people?

33. Do you have palpitations?

34. Do you like work that requires concentration?

35. Do you have tremors?

36. Do you always tell the truth?

37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a company where they make fun of each other?

38. Are you irritable?

39. Do you like work that requires speed?

40. Is it true that you are often haunted by thoughts about various troubles and horrors that could happen, although everything ended well?

41. Is it true that you are leisurely in your movements and somewhat slow?

42. Have you ever been late for work or a meeting with someone?

43. Do you often have nightmares?

44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you don’t miss any opportunity to talk with a new person?

45. Do you have any pain?

46. ​​Would you be upset if you couldn’t see your friends for a long time?

47. Are you a nervous person?

48. Are there anyone among your friends who you clearly don’t like?

49. Are you a confident person?

50. Are you easily offended by criticism of your shortcomings or your work?

51. Do you find it difficult to really enjoy events that involve a lot of people?

52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?

53. Would you be able to bring some life into a boring company?

54. Does it happen that you talk about things that you don’t understand at all?

55. Are you worried about your health?

56. Do you like to make fun of others?

57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Decoding the result

All questions are divided into groups that relate to the personal qualities of the individual. Count how many times you answered “yes” or “no” to the number questions in each group.

Processing the results:

1. Extraversion - is the sum of the answers “Yes” in questions 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56, and the answers “No” in questions 5 , 15, 20, 29, 32, 37, 41, 51.

If the sum of points is 0-10, then you are an introvert, closed within yourself. If 11-14, then you are an ambivert, you communicate when you need it. If 15-24, then you are an extrovert, sociable, facing the outside world.

2. Neuroticism - find the number of “Yes” answers in questions 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57.

If the number of “Yes” answers is 0-10, you have emotional stability. If 11-16, then emotional sensitivity. If 17-22, then they appear individual signs looseness nervous system. If you are 23-24, you have neuroticism bordering on pathology, a breakdown or neurosis is possible.

3. False - find the sum of the points for the “Yes” answers in questions 6, 24, 36, and the “No” answers in questions 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

If a score of 0-3 is the norm for human lies, the answers can be trusted. If 4-5, then it is doubtful. If 6-9, your answers are unreliable.

If the answers can be trusted, then a graph is built based on the data received.

Score the results on the Eysenck scale. Check which part of the circle the value of your questionnaire result is in.

Eysenck scale values

Interestingly, there are no 100% extroverts or introverts. In every personality different ratios the qualities of both types of temperaments are combined. Let's take a closer look at the meaning of each pole of the temperament test using the Eysenck circle.

Extrovert

He won’t reach into his pocket for words. Loves to talk about everything in the world. There is such a person in every team; he attracts listeners and is ready to support any conversation. Likes to meet new people and makes many friends. But he lacks the ability to give everyone due attention. Therefore, the relationship is superficial. An extrovert likes to create movement around him. They constantly call him on the phone, he is going somewhere, he is in a hurry. He enjoys being in company; it fills him with energy. Externally, an extrovert can be recognized by loud voice, ringing laughter and active gestures. It is often difficult for him to stop; he may say too much. He gets bored being alone with himself. Even when alone at home, an extrovert will communicate with someone on the phone or text. Prone to risk, impulsive in actions. But cheerful and lively.

Introvert

A certain detachment from society is typical for him. The circle of friends is chosen carefully, with the expectation of a lifetime. Introverts are reluctant to make contact, only when necessary. These are rare guests at parties, and if they appear there, it is under pressure, since they do not want to go of their own free will. An introvert's loved ones are people who have proven themselves over the years and are sympathetic to him. If he doesn't see them for a long time, the relationship still remains sincere and friendly. Introverts feel comfortable alone and always have something to do. The company gets tired quickly. At the same time, in society they can lead quite active life, they do not necessarily sit at home within four walls. An introvert gets energy from things: good food, interesting literature, healthy sleep. For him, the internal component of his life, stability and tranquility are more important. As a rule, he is pedantic and does not like to accept quick solutions. Characteristic high degree self-control, is rarely angry. He has high morality and is prone to excessive pessimism.

Neuroticism

Characterized by increased excitability and irritability. This temperamental trait gives a person uncertainty in everything (in himself, in others, in things and actions). In diagnosing a person’s temperament type, this property indicates a restless nature, vulnerable and prone to depression. Reactions to external stimuli may be inadequate, which is fraught with consequences in the form of stress and neurosis. The person is susceptible to external events and anxious. In psychology, it is defined as an emotionally unstable personality type. An individual with signs of neuroticism worries all the time about and without reason, is overly self-critical, and fears public transport. Fears about loved ones are exaggerated.

Neuroticism is accompanied by feelings of guilt and defenselessness.

Emotional stability

Self-confidence, aptitude for leadership. Calm and poise. The individual is ready to help everyone (and helps whenever possible). There is no tension in stressful situations acts clearly and quickly. Adapts quickly to new circumstances and easily assimilates information. A person does not pay attention to the little things in life. Purposefully moves towards his goal.

Pavlov's method

Russian scientist-physiologist I.V. Pavlov identified four well-known personality typologies. The classification is as follows: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic. Express diagnostics of Eysenck's temperaments, in combination with Pavlov's method, gave the most accurate and comprehensive definition of these concepts. As a result, we can characterize people as follows:

A sanguine person is a person with emotional stability and extroverted traits.

Choleric is an emotionally unstable personality and an extrovert.

Phlegmatic - emotionally stable and introverted.

Melancholic is an introvert prone to neurosis.

Let's study each type in more detail.

Choleric

In expressed representatives of this temperament, emotions prevail over reason. Any event in life is expressed in emotional level such a person. In a moment of joy, he will jump, scream, hug everyone and laugh loudly. At times of disappointment, it is bitter to cry and tell others about your misfortune. Moreover, it will move from one state to another quickly. The flow of energy released in a fit of emotion quickly dries up, which constantly requires replenishment with new sensations.

The choleric energetically takes on new things, his whole life is filled with actions that require his vigilant, urgent attention. If he has a favorite thing, the choleric person will devote himself to it with all passion. He has pronounced leadership skills, he is able to become a leader, leading people. He is highly resistant to stress because he is unable to hold attention to unpleasant moments for a long time. Choleric people tend to abandon unfinished business if they are not interested in it. The mood often changes because he reacts emotionally to every moment in life. Hot-tempered and unrestrained. Cholerics, who prefer honest relationships, will defend the unfoundedly accused until they lose their pulse. Truth-tellers, rather from lack of restraint. They strive to be in charge actor in any event.

Melancholic

Vulnerable, prone to knowing the inner “I”. If a temperament test shows that an individual is basically melancholic, this does not mean that he is a sad pessimist. This type of temperament has a clearly expressed creativity. A melancholic person is spiritually developed and prone to deep thoughts. emotional experiences. Able to look at the root of a problem or event, notices the details. Able to cope well with any job, especially one that requires perseverance and attentiveness. Sees beauty in the most ordinary things. He is suspicious, which is why he avoids contacts with people whom he does not completely trust. Reduced self-esteem, takes offense at statements addressed to him. Slow, but resilient and capable of analysis. A sensitive melancholic person is prone to long-term relationships with people. Having lost his trust, it will most likely not be possible to regain it.

Sanguine

Changeable type. If a temperament test shows that you are sanguine, you need to carefully monitor your emotions. A sanguine person changes his mind instantly, and the same goes for his commitment to hobbies and work. At the same time, the sanguine person is the most lively and cheerful of all types of temperaments. He is active, artistic, and has rich facial expressions. It's interesting to watch him. Quickly adapts to changing circumstances. He gets to work easily and joyfully, and since childhood he has been interested in various hobby groups and clubs. A sanguine person lives with pleasure, enjoys both work and rest. In case of lack of affection and interesting hobbies becomes superficial.

Phlegmatic person

This type of temperament is thorough and consistent. He is selective in his hobbies and always brings everything to its logical conclusion. Life position weak, not active. He is not prone to impulsive actions, is calm and collected, and does not like empty talk. He is a hard worker at work, always ready to help and take responsibility. A phlegmatic person has a deep inner world. In negative traits, he is lethargic, incapable of taking a decisive step. But the calmest of all, inert. Persistent in achieving the goal. Stress-resistant, avoids conflicts. Difficult to adapt to new conditions, not ready for drastic changes. Not susceptible to emotions, does not express feelings directly. He is able to listen to another person, but does not talk about his feelings. There are no problems with self-esteem; it is rarely a little low.

Personality typology in children

For parents, knowing the type of temperament their child has is undoubtedly important. Determination of personality temperament in childhood gives the key to education, construction efficient process training. If you correctly understand what type your baby is, there is a chance to make the most of his positive traits and provide the opportunity for favorable personality development. Having an understanding of how a child thinks and taking into account character traits temperament, a thinking adult is able to avoid causing harm to the child’s psyche and minimize the development negative aspects character.

Choleric child

This child is noisy, restless and active. Can be aggressive and is characterized by quick change moods. He perceives information well, but often forgets what was asked of him. Difficulty going to bed. He loves noisy games and quickly finds contact with other players. The body works quickly, the baby easily recovers from illness.

Parents need to fill out free time choleric child somehow useful activity. It would be better if it was a sports section. He needs to be taken out into nature more often; he needs a lot of space. After the release of energy in the sections, you can engage in intellectual activity. The child should approach educational activities physically tired, then he will be able to perceive information and be diligent. Fatigue will not affect the functioning of the brain; a choleric child has inexhaustible energy reserves.

Melancholic child

Extremely reasonable, unhurried. He feels uncomfortable in an unfamiliar atmosphere and has difficulty getting along with other children. But if you make friends with someone, then for a long time. Sensitive, this makes us vulnerable. You need to communicate with him carefully, as he takes everything personally. It takes a long time to learn information, and is timid and unsure when communicating. A change of place of residence or kindergarten is difficult for a melancholic child. It is difficult to put him to sleep, but in the morning he is alert and ready for active actions.

A melancholic child needs parental approval and support. He needs this more than anything else. He withdraws from criticism and scolding; this will bring him a lot of problems in the future. Support for his initiative in any endeavors is required, stimulation of stories about own feelings.

Sanguine child

The soul of the company, open to both other children and adults. A little careless, lacking a sense of self-preservation. He takes on a lot of things, but brings few things to completion. Doesn't calculate strength. Does not remember insults, is restless. He is prone to team games, loves sports and communication.

Parents need to train perseverance and hard work in their sanguine child. Joint activity will place the child at ease and prepare the ground for a trusting relationship. Assembling a construction set or a jigsaw puzzle is something that he cannot do alone, but together with his parents such an activity will give the desired educational effect. It is necessary to instill in the child the basics of morality so that a light attitude towards life does not develop into a superficial one.

Phlegmatic child

Slow, thorough. Loves to find out what the essence of everything is. He is not emotional, so he often gets the feeling that he doesn’t care what happens around him. Can play independently for a long time and enthusiastically and not disturb adults. He sleeps well, but has difficulty getting up in the morning. Loves to snuggle under a blanket.

Parents need to learn to broadcast to their child positive emotions. He will easily succumb to a passion for useful activities: caring for animals, household chores. It is necessary to add variety to his daily routine: watching cartoons and films, going to the circus and the zoo. For stimulation physical development homemade will do Swedish wall or rope.

Finally

Psychological diagnostics temperament affects not only self-knowledge. Knowing which type you are provides the opportunity to stimulate the development of personality strengths. By recognizing your weaknesses, you can combat them. Or, conversely, use it for good. Diagnosis of temperament in adolescents and children early age allows parents to raise a child without disrupting his worldview and attitude. Willingness to work and develop the child’s strengths will definitely find a response.

Each type of temperament has its own strengths and weaknesses, and a person’s task throughout life is to find harmony between them. The integrity of the individual is determined by the ability to find the edges of all inherent possibilities and skillfully use them in own life. Society consists of many individual personalities, and even complete opposites by temperament they can exist side by side without mutual claims.

Since ancient times, a connection between temperament and physiology has been observed. The father of medicine, Hippocrates, who lived in the 5th century BC, identified four types of temperament. In his opinion, they were determined by one or another liquid prevailing in the human body. For sanguine people it is blood, for choleric people it is bile, for phlegmatic people it is mucus, and for melancholic people it is black bile. That is, temperaments were viewed as exclusively physiological phenomena. What changes in their understanding have occurred since then? - This is what we will talk about.

What is temperament

Temperament - in psychology it is individual feature of a person, which largely depends on his innate, psychophysiological qualities. Temperament is a strictly individual trait based on mental activity, speed and intensity of psychophysiological processes.

There are three areas in which temperament manifests itself:

• The degree of human activity in in a general sense.
• Differences in the area of ​​movement.
• Degree external expression feelings.

General activity characterized by the intensity with which a person interacts with the natural or social environment. There are two extremes here: some people are too sluggish and passive, while others are very fast and active.

Motor activity (motility) is expressed in how fast and sharp the movements and speech are or, conversely, how slow they are and the person is silent.

Expression of feelings or emotionality, manifests itself in how quickly it changes emotional condition, sensitivity to external influences, to the feelings of another person.

Types of temperament

IN early XVIII centuries, the types of temperament described by Hippocrates were compared with four psychotypes, which was the beginning psychological direction in the study of temperaments. To date simple representations ancient people are practically no different from those in the 18th century.

• The choleric type is defined as irritable.
• The sanguine type is associated with cheerfulness.
• The phlegmatic type is defined as calm.
• The melancholic type is associated with sadness and excessive impressionability.

In modern psychology, temperament is described as stable and established natural personality qualities that determine the speed of mental activity, regardless of its internal content.

Extroverts and introverts

The qualities of temperament include introversion and extraversion, the pace of reactions, rigidity (inflexibility) and plasticity.

Extraversion and introversion are qualities of temperament that were introduced as concepts by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung.

• Extrovert focuses on its own manifestation in the surrounding world, that is, on external impressions that arose in this segment time. These include choleric and sanguine.
• Introvert- to your inner world, psychological condition, that is, internal reality is more important for him than external reality. These are phlegmatic and melancholic.

Reaction speed, rigidity, plasticity

Reaction speed is a characteristic of the pace at which mental processes and the body’s response occur. These include quickness of mind, speech and gestures. The speed of reactions is high in people who are sanguine and choleric, as well as in melancholic people - if they are well rested. In melancholic people who are tired and phlegmatic people it is lowered.

Sometimes this causes problems in people's communication with different temperaments. People with quick reactions do not always notice that people who are more inhibited do not have the opportunity to follow the course of their thoughts. Because of this, they come to unfounded conclusions that the latter have low mental capacity. This can especially interfere with business relationships.

Rigidity and plasticity. The first quality indicates that a person has difficulty adapting to external influences, while the second, on the contrary, indicates good adaptation. Sanguine people have the highest plasticity. Rigidity is characteristic of melancholic, phlegmatic and choleric people.

Inactivity and activity

Inactivity is an indicator of an involuntary reaction to stimuli, both external and internal. She represents defensive reaction to criticism, insult, raised tone. Inactivity is characteristic of phlegmatic and melancholic people and rare for choleric and sanguine people.

Activity- this is the opposite of inactivity; it is a characteristic of a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve goals.

Its expressions are:

• focus;
• persistence;
• high concentration of attention.

A phlegmatic person is highly active, but since he has low reactivity, his inclusion in work occurs slowly. A phlegmatic person does not overwork. Choleric exhibits high activity in combination with reactivity. Sanguine people are also quite active, but they may lose interest in monotonous activities. Melancholic people are characterized by low activity.

His activity largely depends on how activity and reactivity are correlated in a person. From random circumstances, external or internal (mood, unplanned, minor events) or from goal setting, strong desires, confidence in something.

Emotional excitability

It is a reflection of the line of minimal impact beyond which an emotional reaction occurs, as well as the speed of its development. Sanguine people, melancholic people and choleric people are characterized by increased excitability. In phlegmatic people it is reduced.

The characteristics of temperament inherent in an individual are determined by the unique combination of activity and the severity of emotional reactions to varying degrees. Activity is determined by how intensely a person interacts with environment.

Today, the scientific community remains confident that the considered properties of human behavior are based on physiology. That is, they are determined by certain features in their work. physiological structures. But what kind of structures these are is not yet clear. However, it is indisputable that temperament is an innate property that serves as the basis for the majority personality traits, which includes character. And the sensual basis of character is temperament.

Phlegmatic and melancholic

Phlegmatic person- this is a person who is unhurried, indifferent to many things, has a stable sense of purpose and mood, and outwardly shows his emotions with extreme restraint. In his work, he shows persistence and firmness while remaining calm and diligent.

Melancholic- this is a personality type characterized by a vulnerable psyche, he worries all the time various events. It is difficult for a person with such a temperament to keep his experiences inside; he is very impressionable and does not have sufficient willpower to cope with feelings.

Choleric and sanguine

Choleric- this is a sharp, fast and impetuous type, while he is extremely unbalanced, with lightning-fast changes in mood and emotional outbursts. IN nervous processes A choleric person does not have balance, which distinguishes him from a sanguine person. People with this temperament recklessly waste their emotional strength and become exhausted.

Sanguine- this is a lively, bright, very active person, with high frequency changes in mood and impressionability, with a quick reaction to any events occurring in the world around him. A sanguine person very easily comes to terms with any failures and problems. As a rule, he is distinguished by lively facial expressions and is successful in his activities. This happens when he is interested in a process that makes him very excited. If work does not represent for him special interest, then the sanguine person becomes indifferent and begins to get bored.

Each type of temperament includes both positive and negative traits. From excessive manifestation negative properties, laid down by nature, a person can be protected by his upbringing and good relations to other people.

Temperament of a sanguine person according to Pavlov

Physiologist Pavlov in his characterization distinctive features a sanguine person's temperament says that he is a productive worker, an enthusiast, but only when he has a lot of interesting things to do that cause constant excitement. In the absence of such things, he is lethargic and boring. Sanguine people easily adapt to changes life situations. He has a sociable character that allows him to communicate well with a large number of people. His feelings arise with ease and speed, replacing each other.

His stereotypes are not established, but conditioned reflexes are produced with high speed. In an unfamiliar environment, he does not feel constrained and can quickly switch attention and change types of activities. A sanguine person is stable in his feelings. People with this temperament are particularly suited to activities that require a lot of effort, high speed reactions, distribution of attention between several objects.

Temperament of a choleric person

According to Pavlov, choleric is a militant person, being on the rise, he is prone to rapid irritability. When he gets carried away with something, he uses his strength to the maximum and ends up feeling very exhausted or even exhausted.

Choleric people are characterized by high emotional reactivity and motor sharpness. In an unfavorable situation increased level excitability, characteristic of people of choleric temperament, can play a cruel joke on them. They can flare up over a trifle, becoming aggressive.

When a choleric person has the necessary motivation, he can overcome great difficulties, passionately dedicating himself to his work. His mood changes dramatically. A choleric person achieves the greatest results in a situation in which high reactivity and immediate tension are required.

Phlegmatic temperament

A phlegmatic person always behaves calmly and calmly; he is a hard worker, stubborn and persistent. This is how I. P. Pavlov described him. The reactions of a phlegmatic person are characterized by slowness and stable mood. He expresses his feelings little difficult situations calm and self-possessed. There are no impulsive and impetuous movements, since in his nervous system excitation is balanced by inhibition.

A phlegmatic person has the ability to correctly calculate forces, is persistent and gets things done. It is not easy for him to switch attention and switch to another type of activity. He has stable stereotypes, and his behavior is not flexible. A person with a phlegmatic temperament can be successful in those areas of activity in which it is necessary to distribute forces evenly, have perseverance, great patience, and the ability to concentrate.

Melancholic temperament

According to Pavlov, the melancholic temperament is a type of nervous system that is inhibitory. A melancholic person does not trust anyone, does not have any hopes, sees the bad and dangerous in everything. He is distinguished by increased vulnerability and a tendency to experience strong emotions, sometimes out of nowhere. His feelings quickly manifest themselves, he cannot restrain them, so they are always noticeable to others. Activities of a melancholic person often complicated by strong external influences.

He is a pronounced introvert, closed in on his own experiences, avoids contact with strangers and changes in environment. He is prone to indecision, shyness, is timid, and sometimes cowardly. If the melancholic person is in the usual, a favorable environment, then he is able to achieve good results in activities that require high sensitivity, observation, reactivity, and good learning ability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that there are no people who have one or another temperament in its pure form. But The general trend, as a rule, is viewed. According to researchers, a person's character can change throughout life, but temperament never does.

Target : The questionnaire is intended to study individual psychological personality traits in order to diagnose the degree of expression of properties put forward as essential components of personality: neuroticism, extra-, introversion and psychoticism.

Instructions : You are asked to answer questions regarding your usual way of behaving. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first “natural” answer that comes to your mind. If you agree with the statement, put + (yes) next to its number; if not, put a  (no) sign next to its number. Answer quickly and accurately. Remember that there are no “good” or “bad” answers.

Experimental material : is a questionnaire consisting of 101 questions.

Questionnaire text

Do you have many different hobbies?

Do you think ahead about what you are going to do?

Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

Have you ever claimed credit for something another person actually did?

Are you a talkative person?

Would you be concerned about getting into debt?

Have you ever felt unhappy for no particular reason?

Have you ever been greedy to get more than your fair share?

Do you carefully lock your door at night?

Do you consider yourself a cheerful person?

Would you be very upset if you saw a child or an animal suffer?

Do you often worry that you have done or said something that you should not have done or said?

Do you always keep your promises, even if it is very inconvenient for you personally?

Would you enjoy skydiving?

Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have a lot of fun in a noisy company?

Are you irritable?

Have you ever blamed someone for something that you were actually guilty of?

Do you like meeting new people?

Do you believe in the benefits of insurance?

Are you easily offended?

Are all your habits good and desirable?

Do you try to keep a low profile when out in public?

Would you take drugs that could put you in an unusual or dangerous state (alcohol, drugs)?

Do you often experience this state of being tired of everything?

Have you ever taken things that belonged to another person, even something as small as a pin or button?

Do you like to visit someone often and be social?

You enjoy hurting those you love.

Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?

Have you ever had to talk about something you're not good at?

Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?

Do you have any obvious enemies?

Would you call yourself a nervous person?

Do you always apologize when you are rude to someone else?

Do you have many friends?

Do you like to pull pranks and pranks that can sometimes really hurt people?

Are you a restless person?

As a child, did you always do what you were ordered without complaint and immediately?

Do you consider yourself a carefree person?

How much do they mean to you? good manners and cleanliness?

Are you worried about any terrible events that could have happened but didn't?

Have you ever broken or lost someone else's thing?

Are you usually the first to take the initiative when meeting people?

Can you easily understand a person's condition if he shares his worries with you?

Are your nerves often strained to the limit?

Will you throw unnecessary paper on the floor if you don't have a basket at hand?

Are you more silent when around other people?

Do you think marriage is old-fashioned and should be abolished?

Do you sometimes feel sorry for yourself?

Do you sometimes brag a lot?

Can you easily bring some life into a rather boring company?

Do careful drivers annoy you?

Are you worried about your health?

Have you ever spoken badly about another person?

Do you like to tell jokes and jokes to your friends?

Do most foods taste the same to you?

Do you sometimes have a bad mood?

Have you ever been rude to your parents as a child?

Do you like communicating with people?

Do you worry if you find out that you made mistakes in your work?

Do you suffer from insomnia?

Do you always wash your hands before eating?

Are you one of those people who don't mince words? 63. You prefer to arrive a little earlier to a meeting.

at the appointed time?

Do you feel lethargic, tired for no reason?

Do you like work that requires fast action?

Do you love to talk so much that you don't miss any opportunity to talk to someone new?

Is your mother a good person (was a good person)?

Do you often feel like life is terribly boring?

Have you ever taken advantage of another person's mistake to your advantage?

Do you often take on more than your time allows?

Are there people who try to avoid you?

Are you very concerned about your appearance?

Are you always polite, even with unpleasant people?

Do you think people spend too much time securing their future by saving, insuring themselves and their lives?

Have you ever had a desire to die?

Would you try to avoid paying taxes on extra earnings if you were sure you would never be caught doing so?

The soul of the company - is it about you?

Do you try not to be rude to people?

Do you worry for a long time after the embarrassment that happened?

Have you ever insisted on having it your way?

Do you often come to the station in last minute before the train leaves?

Have you ever intentionally said something unpleasant or offensive to someone?

Are your nerves bothering you?

Do you find it unpleasant to be around people who make fun of your comrades?

Do you easily lose friends due to your own fault?

Do you often feel lonely?

Do your words always match your deeds?

Do you like to tease animals sometimes?

Are you easily offended by comments about you personally and your work?

Would life without any danger seem too boring to you?

Have you ever been late for a date or work?

Do you like the bustle and excitement around you?

Do you want people to be afraid of you?

Is it true that sometimes you are full of energy and everything is burning in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?

Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you should do today?

Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

Do they often tell you lies?

Are you very sensitive to certain phenomena, events, things?

Are you always ready to admit your mistakes?

Have you ever felt sorry for an animal that got caught in a trap?

Was it difficult for you to fill out the questionnaire?

Results: When answering questions, fill out the appropriate form.

Processing the results : The results are processed in accordance with the key. For an answer that corresponds to the key, 1 point is assigned, for an answer that does not correspond to the key - 0 points. The points received are summed up.

Key

Psychoticism scale:

answers “no” (-): No. 2, 6, 9, 11, 19, 39, 43, 59, 63, 67, 78, 100;

answers “yes” (+): No. 14, 23, 27, 31, 35, 47, 51, 53.

Extraversion - Introversion Scale:

answers “no” (-): No. 22, 30, 46, 84;

answers “yes” (+): No. 1, 3, 10, 15, 18, 26, 34, 38, 42, 50.

Neuroticism scale:

answers “yes” (+): No. 3, 7, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86 , 89, 94, 98.

Sincerity scale:

answers “no” (-): No. 4, 8, 17, 25, 29, 41, 43, 49, 65, 69, 76, 80, 82, 91, 93;

answers “yes” (+): No. 13, 21, 33, 37, 61, 73, 87, 99.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Analysis of results and conclusions: The technique contains 4 scales: extraversion - introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and a specific scale designed to assess the sincerity of the subject and his attitude towards the examination.

Eysenck considered personality structure as consisting of three factors.

1. Extraversion –introversion. Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, wide circle dating, the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values ​​moral standards.

2. Neuroticism. Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior and situational focus in normal and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. A neurotic personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Streets with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.

3. Psychotism. This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high levels of conflict, lack of contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, and indifference. According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism correspond to a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high performance by introversion and neuroticism - a state of anxiety or reactive depression. Neuroticism and psychoticism, in the case of the severity of these indicators, are understood as a “predisposition” to the corresponding types of pathology.

High scores on the extraversion-introversion scale correspond to an extroverted type, low scores correspond to an introverted type.

Average scores on the extra- and introversion scale: 7-15 points.

Average scores on the neuroticism scale: 8-16 points.

Average values ​​on the psychoticism scale: 5-12 points.

If the number of points on the sincerity scale exceeds 10, then the survey results are considered unreliable and the subject should answer the questions more frankly. Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of intro- and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Thus, using survey data on the scales of extra-, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to the classification of Pavlov, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong , unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert). On the graph you can see how the types of temperament correlate with the scales of the questionnaire. There is also a brief description of each type of temperament. As a rule, we should talk about the predominance of certain temperamental traits, since in life they are rarely found in their pure form.

"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses sufficiently, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine of life or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.

Choleric characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, and vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, being carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, lack of restraint, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.

Phlegmatic person characterized comparatively low level activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strengths, brings things to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.

Melancholic. His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision; under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person, he can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.

How often when communicating with people we are struck by the difference between us. Perception, speed of decision-making, or even just speed of movement are completely different. Sometimes such a difference touches, sometimes it irritates, and now we say in our hearts that we are completely different in temperament. But what does this really mean and is it possible to change your temperament to the ideal? We propose to understand the types of human temperaments and determine their pros and cons, and also, if you wish, take a test and find out what kind of temperament you have.

Temperament - what is it?

What is temperament? Temperament refers to the innate characteristics of a person that determine the dynamics of its course. mental processes. It is temperament that determines a person’s reactions to external circumstances. It largely shapes a person’s character, his individuality and is a kind of connecting link between the body and cognitive processes. There are four simple type temperament: sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic.

The term “temperament” itself was introduced by the ancient physician Claudius Galen and comes from Latin word"temperans", which means moderate. The word temperament itself can be translated as “the proper ratio of parts.” Hippocrates believed that the type of temperament is determined by the predominance of one of the fluids in the body. If blood predominates in the body, then the person will be mobile, that is, have a sanguine temperament, yellow bile will make the person impulsive and hot - choleric, black bile - sad and fearful, that is, melancholic, and the predominance of lymph will give the person calm and slowness, making him phlegmatic. It should also be noted that temperaments are very rare in their pure form; usually they are present in different proportions in each person. You should also not equate character and temperament. The latter only characterizes the type of nervous system, its properties, and is associated with the structure of the body and even metabolism. But it is in no way connected with the individual’s views, beliefs, tastes and does not determine the individual’s capabilities.

Brief characteristics of temperaments

People of this type easily adapt to new environment, respond vividly to what attracts their attention. They control their emotions well and willingly take on new things. Representatives of this type of temperament are susceptible frequent changes mood, but their characteristic state is a state of cheerfulness.

Is it possible to determine that a particular person is sanguine? Yes, there are traits inherent only to them, by which you can always distinguish sanguine people from the society around you. As a rule, people with this type of temperament have a smooth and confident gait, their movements are light and fast. Sanguine people are easily distinguished by their good posture and expressive gestures. Facial expressions and gestures are rich and natural, and speech is loud and clear.

To the cons sanguine temperament It can be written down that people of this type are quickly distracted from business or emotions if external stimuli do not change for a long time. As soon as the novelty of sensations wears off, sanguine people become lethargic and indifferent.

If your colleague or subordinate is sanguine, then remember that his decisions are often rash. His activities are most effective when he is busy with new interesting projects keeping him in suspense. Do not forget that the duality of this temperament requires control over the progress of work.

Cholerics are easily excitable and unbalanced; it is difficult to switch their attention. They are very mobile, even to the point of excessiveness, their feelings are strong and manifest themselves vividly. They take on new tasks with great ardor and devote themselves completely to them, but at the same time, an inadequate assessment of their strengths leads to a sharp decline in activity. The disadvantages of this type of temperament lie precisely in imbalance, which causes outbursts of harshness, irritability, and exhaustion of strength.

Cholerics also have characteristic features: people of this type have hasty, often confused speech, bright and expressive facial expressions. Choleric people find it difficult to sit in one place, they often jump up or change positions, and gesticulate a lot and sharply. There is something defiant in their uneven gait.

They are passive, unstable, easily vulnerable and react little to external influences. Most often, melancholic people are self-absorbed; they prefer a calm, familiar environment. Unconditional advantages This type of temperament is the depth and constancy of their feelings.

People of this type of temperament have a restrained, although fast, gait. They are immersed in their thoughts, so they may become thoughtful and slow down. Their gestures are stingy, but sharp due to the awkwardness they experience in society strangers. Speech is slow, often hesitating, and its speed is uneven.

Please note that if you are able to organize a calm time for your melancholic employee workplace, then its performance will amaze you. With support and a measured rhythm of work, they are capable of working miracles, but will experience any difficult situation painfully. psychological situation. Sensitive melancholic people are very receptive and observant, which makes them indispensable in working with staff.

Such people are persistent and stubborn, they walk smoothly and calmly. life path. These are reliable people who are difficult to piss off. They are stingy with emotions, detailed to the point of being boring, and reliable like no one else. The disadvantages are that phlegmatic people react very poorly to external stimuli, are slow to change their minds, get along with people, and are not resourceful.

Phlegmatic people move heavily and deliberately, their gait is often lazy and unhurried. While sitting, they can maintain the same position for a long time. Gesticulation and facial expressions are stingy; it is impossible to read anything from their face. Speech is leisurely, they are taciturn, and do not like idle chatter.

IN difficult situations Your most reliable employee will be a phlegmatic person. A person of this type will not argue; in any discussion, he will limit himself to summing up the results, and will skillfully take into account the opinions of each side. These are reliable and efficient workers who do not need to be controlled. But under no circumstances should you entrust a person of this type of temperament with work that requires initiative.

How to determine your temperament?

As mentioned above, pure temperaments are very rare. There are not only mixed types of temperaments, but also intermediate, transitional ones. To determine the type of temperament, many methods and tests have been developed.

Below is a test that will allow you to determine the percentage of each type of temperament in your temperament structure and identify your main type.

Put a plus if you agree with the statement and a minus if you don’t. So,

1. You are restless.
2. Hot-tempered and impulsive.
3. Most often they are impatient.
4. Initiative and decisive.
5. Tenacious, even stubborn.
6. You quickly navigate disputes and are resourceful.
7. The rhythm of your activity is uneven and spasmodic.
8. Love to take risks.
9. You forgive offenses easily.
10. Your speech is fast and passionate.
11. You often suffer from your imbalance.
12. Don't tolerate shortcomings.
13. You are attracted to everything new.
14. Your mood changes frequently.
15. You are a cheerful and cheerful person.
16. Energy is in full swing, you are always collected.
17. You often abandon what you started halfway.
18. You don’t always adequately assess your strengths.
19. Your interests and hobbies change frequently.
20. You easily get used to changed plans and new circumstances.
21. It is not difficult for you to be distracted from your own affairs; you quickly deal with someone else’s problem.
22. Careful attention to detail and painstaking work are not for you.
23. You are responsive and love communication.
24. Your speech is clear and loud.
25. You do not panic even in difficult situations, you have excellent self-control.
26. You fall asleep easily and wake up quickly.
27. It is difficult for you to concentrate and make an informed decision.
28. You are distracted and inattentive.
29. You are a reserved and cold-blooded person.
30. You are consistent in your words and deeds.
31. You are careful and reasonable.
32. You are self-possessed and know how to wait.
33. Taciturn, do not like empty chatter.
34. Your speech is measured and calm.
35. You distribute your strength wisely and never give your all.
36. You have a clear daily routine, you plan your work activities.
37. You calmly accept criticism and are indifferent to reproach.
38. It is difficult for you to switch to another activity on the spot.
39. You have smooth, good relationships with other people.
40. Neat, pedantic in detail.
41. It is difficult for you to adapt to a new environment and changed plans.
42. You don't like to move a lot and are slow.
43. You are a shy person.
44. The new environment makes you confused.
45. You are unsure of yourself. in your own strength.
46. Loneliness does not bother you.
47. Failures and troubles unsettle you for a long time.
48. In complex life periods you withdraw into yourself.
49. You are not very resilient and get tired quickly.
50. Your speech is quiet, sometimes slurred.
51. You automatically adopt the character traits of your interlocutor and his manner of speaking.
52. Sentimental and impressionable.
53. You are a perfectionist, you have high demands on yourself and the world around you.
54. You are characterized by some suspiciousness and suspicion.
55. You are easily offended.
56. You are pleased when others empathize with you.

Now let's look at the test results. The test has 4 groups of questions, each group contains 14 statements. The first 14 (from the first to the fourteenth statement) describe the choleric temperament. The second group, from the 15th to the 28th statement, describes a sanguine person. The third group, from 29 to 42 – phlegmatic type of temperament. And the last group, from 43 to 56, the statement describes the melancholic temperament.

If in any of the groups you received more than 10 pluses, then this type of temperament is dominant for you. If the number of pluses is 5-9, then these traits are expressed to a significant extent in you. And if there are less than 4 positive answers, then the traits of this type of temperament are weakly expressed.

As you have seen, there is no clear ideal among temperament types. And it cannot be changed, because... This is not a character trait, but just a feature of the body’s reactions. But, having learned more about each of the types of temperament, having determined what type of temperament you have, it will be easier for you to build your relationships with people. We can only hope that now your colleagues and loved ones will become clearer to you.

Many people know the most pronounced characteristics of each of the four types of temperament: calmness and leisureliness are associated with phlegmatic people, activity, cheerfulness and spontaneity are associated with sanguine people, harshness and energy are associated with choleric people, and anxiety and sensitivity are associated with melancholic people.

How to determine your temperament type

In the manifestation of temperamental properties, not everything is so simple. Depending on the circumstances, environment, and physical condition, a person may exhibit qualities that are not characteristic of his type of temperament.

For example:

• An insensitive choleric person may suffer like a typical melancholic person;
• A patient phlegmatic person can explode so that it doesn’t seem like much;
• A sociable sanguine person may limit contact with people;
• A suspicious melancholic person can firmly make a decision and relentlessly stand his ground.

It would seem, why such atypical manifestations? You should know that temperament is a type of nervous system that is formed on the basis of a person’s natural data. These are the properties with which a person is born.

But in the process of growing up, he develops a character, which, on the one hand, is based on natural features, but, on the other hand, is supplemented by qualities developed in the process of life. For example:

• An impulsive choleric person learns to restrain himself;
• A somewhat superficial sanguine person gets used to showing interest in those issues that do not arouse his natural interest;
• A phlegmatic person often has to make decisions much faster than he would like, due to which he increases the speed of his activities;
• The melancholic person has to overcome his own indecision and take active action.

The manifestation of character is already observed in early childhood, and those around them influence the child in such a way that the character is at least to some extent supplemented by the missing qualities and “tames” those that are given to a person by nature in abundance.

You need to understand that, for example, activity in actions is a feature of choleric temperament. But hot temper is a character trait that is most characteristic of choleric people. However, one choleric person may be hot-tempered, another may not.

Let's consider how character most often manifests itself in people of different temperaments.

Sanguine - characteristics

If a person is most often sociable, cheerful, active, easily and quickly responds to surrounding events, is practical and highly efficient, and is able to withstand heavy loads, then he is a sanguine person.

It is possible that he will tell you so much about himself, and even take an interest in your affairs, but, unfortunately, it is not so important for him to listen to you, and after listening, he will happily forget everything. Exceptions are business conversations, especially about those matters that are important to a sanguine person. In unfavorable situations, the superficiality of a sanguine person intensifies.

Choleric - characteristics

In an energetic, persistent, rather harsh and hot-tempered person, which also shows emotional instability and from screaming to laughter he is one step away, you can recognize a choleric person.

These people are different fast pace, swiftness of movements, which is reflected even in the gait. They are purposeful, consistently move towards their achievements, but periods of very high performance are followed by recessions and depression.

The same cyclical nature can be traced in the quality of work: a choleric person can either do the job perfectly or do something carelessly. A choleric person can maintain long-term friendships, but even with a close friend they can quarrel and make offensive remarks, especially under unfavorable circumstances.

Phlegmatic - characteristics

The person who is distinguished by endurance, patience, emotional stability, low motor activity, inexpressive facial expressions, who loves calm and an established way of life, has a phlegmatic temperament.

A phlegmatic person does not like to quickly switch from one type of activity to another. And if you suggested to a phlegmatic friend to go to the cinema, and in front of the ticket office offered another option for spending time, it will not be easy for him to agree, and even if he agrees, the phlegmatic person will feel annoyed.

In their work, representatives of this temperament are methodical, responsible, and strive to thoroughly understand everything; in relation to people they are constant, obligatory, but can be inattentive, which often offends the fair sex. When exposed to unfavorable factors, the phlegmatic becomes passive and further isolates himself from others.

Melancholic - characteristics

Modest, indecisive, vulnerable people With in a quiet voice, as a rule, are melancholic. They are prone to creative and scientific activities and can achieve very high results in these directions.

Despite the fact that melancholic people are very sensitive, their emotionality very rarely manifests itself outwardly. They are distinguished by violent and prolonged internal experiences, pronounced touchiness and low resistance to stress.

Any new conditions cause stress in melancholic people, so it is more difficult for them than others to get used to new team. Melancholic people should not be punished, because punishment will unsettle them for a long time. They often have low self-esteem and are overly critical of their work. It is important to support and encourage a melancholic person, which will not only please him, but also increase the comfort of the conditions and increase his productivity.

Conclusion

There is no bad or good temperament. Each type of temperament is characterized by strong and weaknesses. Knowing the basic characteristics of temperament, it is possible to adjust your qualities and take into account the characteristics of the person with whom you are building an interaction.

Conclusion: you need to change what can be changed - character. To do this, you need to study yourself, work on yourself, strive personal growth, self-development and self-improvement.