Eysenck is an emotionally unstable introvert. Neuroticism scale

1. Personality is the result of the interaction of the abilities, past experiences and expectations of the individual, on the one hand, and the environment, on the other, according to:

a) behaviorists;

b) gestaltists;

c) psychoanalysts;

d) cognitive scientists.

2. A person’s personality largely determines his assessment of the situation, as well as where control over his actions comes from, according to:

a) behaviorists;

b) gestaltists;

c) Freudians;

d) cognitive scientists.

3. The influence of intellectual processes on human behavior personality theory emphasizes:

a) analytical;

b) humanistic;

c) cognitive;

d) active.

4. J. Kelly believes that a cognitively complex person differs from a cognitively simple person in that:

a) has better mental health;

b) copes with stress worse;

c) has more low level self-esteem;

d) less adaptive to society.

5. The main concept in the cognitive theory of personality is:

a) “scheme”;

b) “model”;

c) “construct”;

d) “installation”.

6. Key concept analytical psychology- This:

a) artifact;

b) archetype;

a) E. Erickson;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) K. Rogers;

d) J. Kelly.

8. Method semantic differential suggested:

a) K. Spearman;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) Ch. Osgood;

d) J. Kelly.

9. The metatheory, which was the basis for research into “implicit theories of personality,” became:

a) the theory of cognitive dissonance;

b) the concept of personal constructs by J. Kelly;

c) balance theory;

a) L. Festinger;

b) K. Levin;

c) W. James;

d) P.V. Simonov.

11. Theories personality traits try to describe a person's personality based on:

d) its individual- psychological characteristics.

12. The principle of functional autonomy is justified:

a) K. Rogers;

b) A. Maslow;

c) G. Allport;

d) K. Jung.

13. Personality theory that denies the presence common factor that determines behavior is called a theory:

a) symbolic interactionism;

b) multifactorial;

c) sociotechnical systems;

d) indeterminism.

14. K. Spence’s theory of personality is a theory of personality:

a) behaviorist;

b) psychoanalytic;

c) humanistic;

d) associationist.

a) one-factor;

b) two-factor;

c) three-factor;

d) four-factor.

16. Interactionism as a direction in modern Western psychology is based on the concept:

a) R. Burns;

b) E. Berna;

c) J. Mead;

d) J. Moreno.

17. In G. Eysenck’s personality scheme, two dimensions are distinguished: stability/instability and:

a) mobility/balance;

b) extraversion/introversion;

c) extrapunity/intropunity;

d) psychoticism/depression.

18. Introversion and extraversion, according to Rorschach:

a) non-opposite and non-mutually exclusive personality traits;

b) similar properties personalities;

V) the necessary conditions for diseases of neuroses;

d) tendencies that are more or less inherent in everyone.

19. Neuroticism as a personality trait is included in the personality structure:

a) according to K. Horney;

b) according to Z. Freud;

c) according to G. Eysenck;

d) according to E. Bern.

20. According to the concept of G. Eysenck, an emotionally unstable introvert is:

a) choleric;

b) melancholic;

c) sanguine;

d) phlegmatic.

21. Personality is considered as a set of behavioral characteristics in the concept:

a) J. Cattell;

b) K. Leonhard;

c) E. Berna;

d) A. Maslow.

22. The center of consciousness and one of the key archetypes of personality, according to K. Jung’s theory of personality, is:

a) ego;

b) person;

d) self.

23. The concept of “inferiority complex” was introduced into scientific terminology by:

b) A. Adler;

c) S. Freud;

d) K. Rogers.

24. Any behavior is determined by its consequences:

a) according to B. Skinner;

b) according to J. Watson;

c) according to A. Bandura;

d) according to W. Köhler.

25. The behaviorist approach views a person as the result of:

a) understanding the consequences of his behavior;

b) cognitive interpretation of various situations;

c) conflicts between cognitive forces and reality;

d) interactions between people.

26. A direction in psychology that has focused its research not on the connection between stimulus and response, but on the nature of their relationship, is called:

a) neo-behaviourism;

b) interbehaviorism;

c) social behaviorism;

d) neurolinguistic programming.

27. Strict correspondence between certain biological structures of a person and his certain personal properties tries to establish the direction of the dispositional theory of personality:

a) hard;

b) soft;

c) formal-dynamic;

d) structural and content.

28. Among the “hard” structural models of personality, the most famous is the personality model constructed:

a) A. Maslow;

b) G. Allport;

c) G. Eysenck;

d) K. Rogers.

29. The founder of trait theory is:

a) G. Allport;

b) G. Eysenck;

c) K. Rogers;

d) K. Levin.

30. Founder psychodynamic theory personality is:

b) A. Adler;

c) S. Freud;

d) E. Fromm.

31. Personality trait theories attempt to describe a person's personality based on:

a) his physical constitution;

b) those models that he imitates;

c) factors controlling his actions;

d) individual characteristics of the subject.

32. S. Freud’s psychoanalytic concept of personality refers to:

a) to theories of personality traits;

b) to theories of personality types;

c) to theories of personality instances;

d) to factor theories of personality.

33. Considering the mental structure of a person, S. Freud showed that the pleasure principle is guided by:

a) "It"

c) “Super-I”;

d) "Super-ego".

34. According to Z. Freud, the unconscious is an instance of the psyche:

a) asocial;

b) immoral;

c) illogical;

d) healthy.

35. In S. Freud’s theory the following principles are not considered as a principle of regulation of the mental life of the individual:

a) reality;

b) pleasure;

c) constancy;

d) reflections.

36. Many personality traits are determined by sexual desires suppressed in childhood, according to:

a) associationism;

b) behaviorism;

c) cognitivism;

d) psychoanalysis.

37. S. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops at the stage:

a) oral;

b) anal;

c) phallic;

d) genital.

38. The principle that a person's feelings and behavior should be considered inappropriate when his interpretation of situations is based on irrational thoughts, is the basis of the approach:

a) behavioral;

b) cognitive;

c) active;

d) psychoanalytic.

39. The problem of mechanisms psychological protection I was first developed by:

a) in Gestalt psychology;

b) in humanistic psychology;

c) in behaviorism;

d) in psychoanalysis.

40. Guarantor psychological security is not:

a) adequate self-esteem;

b) a sense of belonging to a group;

c) a tendency to supra-situational activity;

d) rigidity of thinking.

41. Psychological defense as a consequence of contradictions in the structure of the “I” is considered by:

a) neo-Freudianism;

b) personalistic theories;

c) domestic psychology;

d) cognitive psychology.

42. Replacing an action with an inaccessible object with an action with an accessible one is called:

a) rationalization;

b) repression;

c) forgetting;

d) transfer.

43. Substitution cannot occur:

a) in a change in feelings;

b) in changing motives;

c) in changing personality relationships to the opposite;

d) in regression.

44. The transformation of the energy of instinctive drives into socially acceptable methods of activity is called:

a) rationalization;

b) identification;

c) sublimation;

d) repression.

45. A return to ontogenetically earlier, infantile behavioral strategies is called:

a) denial;

b) regression;

c) repression;

d) suppression.

46. ​​The concept of “sublimation” was introduced in scientific dictionary:

a) K. Jung;

b) A. Adler;

c) Z. Freud;

d) G. Helmholtz.

47. The essence of projection is:

a) attributing one’s own feelings to other people;

b) in the orientation of behavior towards an accessible goal;

c) in denial of real facts;

d) in choosing behavior opposite to the suppressed one.

48. More mature psychological mechanism protection is considered:

a) denial;

b) repression;

c) projection;

a) projection;

b) repression;

c) sublimation;

d) suppression.

50. One form of psychological defense helps to cope with the Oedipus complex. This:

a) repression;

b) projection;

c) identification;

d) sublimation.

51. In a girl, the Oedipus complex corresponds to the following complex:

a) Electra;

b) Aphrodite;

d) A. Freud.

52. According to A. Adler, an inferiority complex is not:

a) a consequence of a defect;

b) universal driving force personality development;

c) a consequence of frustration of the need to overcome unfavorable circumstances;

d) a force inhibiting development.

53. According to A. Adler, the tendency to be late for dates or the need to arouse admiration at any cost is a consequence of:

a) inferiority complex;

b) superiority complex;

c) feelings of inferiority;

d) inadequately resolved Oedipus complex.

54. According to humanistic theories self-realization is closely related:

a) with a superiority complex;

b) with self-respect;

c) with a revaluation of one’s own “I”;

d) with the ability to love.

55. Only observable behavior can be described objectively, according to:

a) gestaltists;

b) Freudians;

c) behaviorists;

d) cognitive scientists.

56. Human behavior in problematic situation, based on a selection of “blind” motor tests that only by chance lead to success, explained:

a) psychology of consciousness;

b) Gestalt psychology;

c) behaviorism;

d) psychoanalysis.

57. As elements of personality, the behaviorist theory of personality calls:

a) deposits;

b) reflexes or social skills;

c) abilities;

d) temperament.

58. One of the founders of social learning in the behavioral theory of personality is:

a) J. Watson;

b) B. Skinner;

c) A. Bandura;

d) K. Horney.

59. According to A. Bandura, the formation of confidence in what a person can and cannot do is determined by:

a) 3 main conditions;

b) 4 main conditions;

c) 5 basic conditions;

d) 6 basic conditions.

60. According to E. Sheldon’s typology, a person of the ectomorphic type is:

a) shy, prefers mental work;

b) strong, muscular, dynamic and prone to dominance;

c) fat, round, cheerful and sociable;

d) small, fragile and most often extroverted.

61. The origins of neuroses are in anxiety that arises in interpersonal relationships, sees:

a) K. Horney;

b) G. Sullivan;

c) E. Fromm;

d) E. Erickson.

62. At the heart human nature lies the intention, which determines the goals and expectations of each person, according to:

a) E. Erickson;

b) K. Buhler;

c) E. Sheldon;

d) A. Vallon.

63. The “flourishing” of a person depends on how a person copes with each of the eight psychosocial crises through which he goes through in his life, according to:

a) E. Erickson;

b) K. Buhler;

c) A. Vallon;

d) A. Maslow.

64. Human nature can only be known through affective experience, through which it is expressed “in this place and at this time,” according to personality theories:

a) behavioral;

b) humanistic;

c) psychoanalytic;

d) cognitivist.

65. Personality is considered as a set of self-states in the concept:

a) K. Rogers;

b) A. Bandura;

c) E. Berna;

1. The young woman avoids all contact with men; under hypnosis she says that as a child she was subjected to sexual aggression on the part of her alcoholic uncle - an event that in a conscious state she has absolutely no memory of.

Negation

2. In one African tribe there is a legend that whoever hears the sound of an autumn waterfall will die. Not a single member of the tribe ever heard the sound of falling water.Introjection

3. Someone declares that he would be happy to go on a date that promises him a job, but forgets to show up.Projection

4. A woman who cannot have a child becomes an exemplary patronage nurse.Almighty control

5. A student who would happily “cheat” on an exam feels like everyone is looking at him as if he was actually “cheating.”Introjection

6. An aggressive young man becomes a rugby or football star.Dissociation

7. A little girl “loves” her little brother so much that she spends all nights at his bedside in case he suddenly “stops” breathing.Introjection

8. A woman’s aggressiveness towards her husband is expressed in the fact that she involuntarily hides things that belong to him.Almighty control

9. Someone is convinced that his wife will cheat on him, although subconsciously he himself wants to cheat on her.Introjection

10. The student justifies his failure in the exam by the lack of time to answer or by the fact that the ticket contained “dummy” questions.Projective identification

Problem No. 17

1. All human behavior, according to A. Adler, occurs in a social context, which gives rise to... a) social phobia, b) social interest, c) fictitious finalism, d) feeling of inferiority.

2. In the phenomenological theory of personality, the ability to take into account one’s feelings is called... a) creativity, b) experiential freedom, c) orgasmic trust, d) openness to experience.

3. J. Kelly believed that each person has a unique system of his own personal constructs, thanks to which a person can... a) claim the uniqueness of his own perception, b) achieve his goal, c) demonstrate the uniqueness of his personality, d) establish interpersonal relationships.

4. One of value orientations highlighted in the dispositional theory of personality - focus on utility, profitability, pragmatism - is called... a) theoretical orientation, b) economic orientation, c) social orientation, d) religious orientation.

5. A reflection of an individual’s ability to adapt to life and withstand stressful situations in the theory of personality types is called... a) introversion, b) psychoticism, c) neuroticism, d) extraversion.

6. According to analytical theory K. Jung, rational mental function is called... a) sensation, b) intuition, c) thinking, d) imagination.

7. Returning to childhood behavior patterns is a psychological defense mechanism called... a) rationalization, b) projection, c) sublimation, d) regression.

8. Libido was called psychic energy, which has a powerful principle... a) Z. Freud, b) A. Adler, c) K. Jung, d) K. Horney.

9. Complex psychological inferiority, according to A. Adler, develops, in particular, because of this reason... a) excessive parental care, b) dependence of a person’s opinion about himself on the opinions of others, c) fictitious finalism, d) due to incorrect identity.

10.Psychological properties are generalized behavioral reflexes and social skills, according to the theory... a) cognitive theory of personality, b) dispositional theory of personality, c) cognitive behavioral theory of personality, d) analytical theory of personality.

Problem No. 18

Choose the correct answers (circle) from the options provided.

1. The key concept of analytical psychology is... a) artifact, b) archetype, c) sign, d) symbol.

2. The influence of intellectual processes on human behavior is emphasized by personality theory... a) analytical, b) humanistic, c) cognitive, d) dispositional.

3. According to the concept of G. Eysenck, an emotionally unstable introvert is... a) choleric, b) melancholic, c) sanguine, d) phlegmatic.

4. The concept of “inferiority complex” was introduced into scientific terminology... a) K. Jung, A. Adler, Z. Freud, K. Rogers.

5. Considering the mental structure of a person, Z. Fred showed that the principle of pleasure is guided by... a) “It”, b) “I”, c) “Super-ego”, d) “Super-ego”.

6. Replacing an action with an inaccessible object with an action with an accessible one is called... a) rationalization, b) repression, c) forgetting, d) transference.

7. The girl’s Oedipus complex corresponds to the complex... a) Electra, b) Aphrodite, c) Medea, d) Freud.

8. The concept of “sublimation” was introduced into the scientific dictionary... a) K. Jung, b) A. Adler, c) Z. Freud, d) K. Horney.

Seminar lesson No. 5. SubjectMotivational sphere of personality.

1) Scheme “System of Personal Value Orientations”

Classification of types of internal income by B.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebylitsina.

Specific Features GNI of a person.

Classification of temperament types according to Hippocrates.

The teaching of I.P. Pavlov about the types of higher nervous activity.

The concept of the basic properties of nervous processes.

TYPES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY

Type of higher nervous activity – it is a combination of innate and acquired properties nervous system, which determine the nature of the interaction of the organism with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the organism. According to I.P. Pavlov, the criteria for the typological properties of the nervous system are the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and mobility. Various combinations of the three main properties of the nervous system made it possible to distinguish four sharply defined types, differing in adaptive abilities and resistance to neurotic factors. The doctrine of I.P. Pavlov about the types of GNI is the doctrine of the reactivity of the nervous system, especially its higher parts - the cerebral cortex.

The strength of nervous processes is understood as the performance of cortical cells, which is determined by the duration of nervous tension, expressed in the processes of excitation and inhibition. The balance of nervous processes is understood as the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in terms of their strength. The mobility of nervous processes is the ability nerve cells V different conditions existence to quickly move from a state of excitation to inhibition or vice versa. The experimental study of the typological characteristics of dogs made it possible to distinguish among them four main types of GNI:

Animals are strong, balanced, agile (living type );

Animals are strong and unbalanced (uncontrollable type);

Animals are strong, balanced, inert (calm type);

Animals are weak (greenhouse type).

The types of animal GNI described and scientifically substantiated by I.P. Pavlov turned out to be very close in properties to the “temperaments” described by Hippocrates.

Ancient Greek physician, founder of medicine Hippocrates(460-377 BC) explained the different course of the same disease in different people due to various conditions“body juices” in the human body: blood, mucus, bile, black bile. According to the teachings of Hippocrates, four temperaments are distinguished: sanguine (from Latin sanguis - blood), choleric (from Latin chole - bile), phlegmatic (from Latin phlegma - mucus, phlegm), melancholic (from Greek melanos + chole - black bile ).

Sanguine– a decisive, energetic person, with quick excitability, agile, impressionable, with a bright outward expression emotions, their easy changeability.

Phlegmatic person– calm, slow, with weak expression of feelings, difficult to switch from one type of activity to another.

Choleric- hot-tempered, with high level activity, irritable, energetic, with strong, quickly arising emotions, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, and facial expressions.

Melancholic has a low level of neuropsychic activity, sad, sad, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts and depressed mood, withdrawn and fearful. In life, such “pure” temperaments are rare; usually the combination of properties is more diverse.

In the light of the doctrine of the types of GNI, it became clear scientific basis teachings about temperaments. The type of VND is physiological basis temperament. The properties of the nervous system do not determine the properties of temperament, but only promote or hinder their formation. A strong, unbalanced type of GNI is the physiological basis for the formation of choleric temperament. Strong, balanced, agile type - for the formation of a sanguine temperament. Strong, balanced, with low mobility of nervous processes - for a phlegmatic temperament. The weak type is the basis for the formation of a melancholic temperament.

Rice. 4. Types of VNI in animals, according to I.P. Pavlov (I, II, III, IV).

Note. Typological classification of Hippocrates: sanguine

(with a predominance of blood), phlegmatic (with a predominance of mucus), choleric

(with a predominance of bile), melancholic (with a predominance of black bile)

Rice. 5. The reaction of a person with sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric temperament to the same event (according to H. Bidstrup, 1974)

In addition to the main types of GNI, common to humans and animals, I.P. Pavlov allocated more three types, characteristic only for humans, which are based on different ratio I and II signaling systems.

Artistic type – with a slight predominance of the I signaling system. People of this type are characterized by a figurative perception of the world around them, operating with sensory images in the process of thinking. These include for the most part artists and musicians.

Thinking type– with a slight predominance of signal system II (speech). These people with expressed ability To abstract thinking. They are distinguished by the ability for logical construction and abstract thinking. These are scientists, philosophers.

Intermediate type– characterized by balance, equally development of both I and II signaling systems. The majority of people belong to this type. They are characterized by both concrete and abstract thinking.

Genius type- those rare representatives human society, which have a special development of both I and II signaling systems. Here I.P. Pavlov includes genius personalities like Leonardo da Vinci, capable of both artistic and scientific creativity.

Research by B.M. Teplov, V.D. Nebylitsin and other physiologists, conducted in the 50-60s, showed that I.P. Pavlov’s classification needs correction. It turned out that nervous processes can be balanced or unbalanced not only in strength (as I.P. Pavlov believed), but also in their mobility. Imbalance in strength can be with a predominance of not only excitation over inhibition (as I.P. Pavlov believed), but also with a predominance of inhibition over excitation. Moreover, it turned out that the “mobility of nervous processes” is not a reflection of a single property of the nervous system, but is a combination of a number of properties. It turned out that there are other distinct types of GNI (even based on the three properties identified by I.P. Pavlov). For example, a strong, unbalanced type with a predominance of inhibition over excitation.

B.M. Teplov and V.D. Nebylitsin came to the conclusion that it is more correct to talk not about the types of GNI, but about the properties of the nervous system, the combination of which characterizes this or that individuality.

According to B.M. Teplov, the properties of the nervous system manifest themselves mainly in the dynamic aspect of behavior (speed, tempo, tension, variability, etc.), i.e. in a person's temperament and abilities. It is by temperament and abilities that one person differs significantly from another. To a lesser extent, the properties of the nervous system are manifested in the substantive aspects of activity (in motives, motives, goals, knowledge, etc.). According to B.M. Teplov’s three-factor hypothesis, a person’s temperament can be assessed by emotional excitability, by expression of emotions and by overall speed of movement.

In addition, B.M. Teplov and V.D. Nebylitsin came to the conclusion that the strength and mobility of nervous processes must be discussed separately in relation to excitation and inhibition, and the list of properties of the nervous system must be supplemented with a dynamic parameter, on which speed depends development of positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes.

These authors also note that the methods for studying GNI are very imperfect, since they reflect only particulars. For example, the type of IRR determined by the study of the visual analyzer may not coincide with the type of IRR determined by the study of the skin analyzer. Therefore, the authors put forward the idea that, along with general typological properties, there are partial (partial) typological properties that reflect the functioning of individual areas of the cortex (for example, auditory, visual, motor), which has great importance to determine the special innate abilities of a person.

V.D.Nebylitsin introduced the concept of general properties ah of the nervous system, to which he included two main parameters - general activity and emotionality. General activity (temperament), according to V.D. Non-fiction, determines the internal need, the individual’s tendency to effectively master external reality and to self-expression; it can vary from inertia and passive contemplation to higher degrees of activity (motor, intellectual and social). Emotionality is a complex of qualities that reflect the dynamics of the emergence, course and cessation of various emotional states. There are three components in this complex:

1. Impressiveness ( emotional sensitivity) , which expresses the emotional sensitivity of the individual, his sensitivity to emotiogenic stimuli (or situations).

2. Impulsiveness, which reflects the degree of ease of transition of emotions into an impulse (motive) to action without prior thinking.

3. Emotional lability characterizes the speed of transition from one emotional state to another.

According to V.D. Nebylitsyn, the basis of general activity (temperament) is the individual characteristics of the influence of the activating influence of the reticular formation of the brain stem on the anterior parts of the cortex cerebral hemispheres, and emotionality is based on individual characteristics of the interaction of the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex with the limbic system. In other words, temperament (i.e. general activity) reflects the activity of the frontal-reticular complex of brain structures, and emotionality – the activity of the frontal-limbic system of the brain.

Thus, V.D. Nebylitsin came to certain conclusions:

1. The properties of the nervous system are determined by the properties of the frontal cortex, which is a regulator of physiological and psychological functions body. The frontal cortex, through connections with the hypothalamic-pituitary system, regulates autonomic functions, and through connections with the hypothalamic-limbic formations, they determine the level of active consciousness and play a significant role in programming actions, intellectual operations and regulation of movements. Thus, V.D. Nebylitsyn, assigning the properties of the frontal cortex the role of a nonspecific regulatory system, considered it as a morphological substrate of the general properties of the nervous system.

2. He proposed a structural-system approach to the analysis of physiological factors of human behavior. He believed that the properties of the nervous system have a multi-level organization, including the level nerve elements(neurons) and the level of structural complexes of the brain (therefore, the role and manifestation of the same property of the nervous system at different levels can be completely different). The level of structural complexes of the brain, of which the frontal cortex is an integral part, plays decisive role in the manifestation of temperament.

English explorer G. Eysenck Using specially designed tests, he identified three main parameters of human brain activity. Extroversion and introversion, emotional stability and emotional instability(neuroticism, or neuroticism), psychoticism, or psychoticism, the opposite pole of which is stable adherence social norms. Thus, G. Eysenck proposed the concept of the basic and factor structure of personality, including the concept of three basic personality properties - extra-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.

According to G. Eysenck, extrovert is an open, sociable, sociable, talkative, active, impulsive, optimistic subject, who is characterized by poor control over emotions and feelings. Introvert– is calm, uncommunicative, withdrawn (he is distant from everyone except close people), shy, passive person who plans his actions in advance, loves order in everything and keeps his feelings under strict control. This characteristic resembles the activity parameter in V.D. Nebylitsin’s classification. G. Eysenck believes that extra-introversion is based on individual characteristics of the interaction between the activating reticular formation and the anterior parts of the neocortex (introverts have a more developed system that inhibits behavior, while extroverts, on the contrary, have a developed system that encourages activity).

A highly neuroid (neuroid) subject, according to G. Eysenck, is characterized as anxious, preoccupied, easily prone to anger, and emotionally unstable. He is opposed by an emotionally stable personality. Consequently, G. Eysenck’s neuroticism is, in essence, similar to the concept of “emotionality” by V. D. Nebylitsyn. According to G. Eysenck, the degree of neuroticism is determined by the individual characteristics of the interaction between the limbic system and the new cortex. The “neurotic” personality is characterized inadequately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. According to G. Eysenck high performance for extraversion and neuroticism often correspond to the psychiatric diagnosis of “hysteria,” and high scores for introversion and neuroticism often correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression.

A high-psychoid type, according to G. Eysenck, appears as an egocentric, selfish, low-contact, cold, indifferent to others and aggressive subject, and a low-psychoid type - as a friendly, sympathetic person who takes into account the rights of other people (an altruist).

In general, according to G. Eysenck, extraversion, neuroidity and psychoticism are determined by the individual characteristics of the relationship between individual brain structures, including between the reticular formation and the anterior parts of the neocortex, as well as between the limbic system and the neocortex. According to G. Eysenck, there is a connection between the severity of the factors he identified and the properties of the nervous system, according to I.P. Pavlov. An unstable extrovert corresponds to a choleric person, i.e. strong, unbalanced, mobile type, according to I.P. Pavlov; stable extrovert - sanguine, or strong, balanced, mobile type; unstable introvert - melancholic, or weak type; stable introvert - phlegmatic or strong, balanced, inert type.

Based on all these observations, a personality questionnaire G. Eysenck, which allows you to quickly assess two basic personality traits (extraversion and neuroticism) and thereby determine the type of a person’s GNI.

The world consists of revelations for those who were able to open it.

A. Tyurin

Temperament, along with other additional characteristics of type, has a significant impact on a person's character and behavior, as well as on his relationships with others. It is another reason for behavioral differences between people of the same personality type. The classification of temperaments will organically complement the picture of your psychological characteristics and allow you to expand your understanding of yourself. Once you know your temperament, you can more accurately determine your subtype. In addition, knowledge of temperaments will help you avoid many mistakes in determining the personality types of your friends.

The first attempt to create a personality typology was the division of people into four temperaments, which dates back to antiquity and is associated with names famous doctors that era of Hippocrates and Galen. In accordance with this typology, people are divided into four types: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Each temperament indicates the way a person thinks and behaves emotionally. The famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov connected the type of temperament with certain pairs of traits characterizing the human nervous system. This:

• stability – instability;
• dynamism - inertia;
• strength - weakness.

The comparison showed that sanguine and phlegmatic people are people with a stable nervous system, while choleric and melancholic people are people with an unstable one. A person’s belonging to one or another temperament is reflected in the style of his behavior and relationships with others.

English psychologist G. Eysenck, using the extroversion-introversion scale proposed by Jung, built the following classification of characters with different stability of the nervous system:

• choleric: extrovert, emotionally unstable;
• phlegmatic: introvert, emotionally stable;
• sanguine: extrovert, emotionally stable;
• melancholic: introvert, emotionally unstable.

H. Eysenck created a table with a set of basic qualities inherent in each temperament:

In order to find your place in the diagram above, you need to define yourself on a scale " extroversion – introversion" and find out the type of temperament that corresponds to your personality. You can determine the first quality from the table, and the type of your temperament from the test.

TEST TO DETERMINE TEMPERAMENTS

From the four character descriptions below, choose the one that suits you best. Its serial number will correspond to the name of your leading temperament (see the key to the test). Since pure temperaments are rare, from the remaining descriptions choose one more that suits your personality. to a greater extent than the rest. His number will match your additional temperament.

1. I am an energetic and assertive person, I don’t always control my emotions. If I lose my temper, I don’t calm down right away. I do my work energetically and with full dedication, I am not distracted by extraneous things. Straightforward in business and in relationships. I prefer to overcome even the most difficult obstacles rather than bypass them.

2. I am a calm and balanced person, it is very difficult to anger me. I am patient by nature and know how to wait. Slowly adapting to new environment. I delve deeply into the matter, work leisurely, moving step by step in the chosen direction, I don’t like to be distracted from my main task.

3. I am a flexible and dynamic person, I always need a variety of external impressions. Although I get excited easily, I calm down just as quickly. I prefer to expand my circle of contacts and easily switch from one activity to another. I never lose heart under any circumstances, I know how to find a way out of any situation.

4. I am a sensitive and changeable person, I am very dependent on my inner state. I get upset easily over trifles and don’t calm down for a long time. Due to my delicate sensitivity, mental balance is difficult for me, so I need emotional support from loved ones. It’s hard for outsiders to guess about my mood swings.

Key to the test:

choleric

phlegmatic

sanguine

melancholic

Let us describe in fragments each of the types of temperament you have identified.

1. SANGUINE– emotional and has good performance. He quickly navigates in unfamiliar surroundings, is proactive, optimistic, a short time He joins the team, creates a positive microclimate around himself, and experiences failures relatively easily. At the same time, it avoids acute problems, often simplifies the tasks at hand.

2. PHLEGMATIC – calm even in the most difficult situations, calm, stable and consistent in aspirations and relationships. Adheres to the established routine, strives for a system, is leisurely and thorough. At the same time, he is inert, slowly switching from one job to another.

3. CHOLERICK – characterized by speed of action and decisions, frequent changes mood, increased excitability. In relationships he is often too harsh and straightforward in his assessments. He is often quarrelsome and does not know how to restrain himself. Has influence on others, quickly moves from one thing to another. Loves to be the center of attention.

4. MELANCHOLIC– we tire easily, lack self-confidence, are anxious and suspicious. Well versed in shades of feelings, careful and prudent. Secretive and shy, very worried about the slightest reason. Difficulty adapting to new people.

According to Eysenck’s scheme and Pavlov’s classification, we came to the conclusion that there is the following classification of temperamental groups:

• choleric: extrovert, strong, dynamic, emotionally unstable;
• phlegmatic: introvert, strong, inert, emotionally stable;
• sanguine: extrovert, strong, dynamic, emotionally stable;
• melancholic: introvert, weak, inert, emotionally unstable.

So, from the point of view of temperaments, choleric and sanguine people have a more active temperament, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are somewhat passive. The most lively and active people are choleric and sanguine people. Moreover, the choleric person is the most unbalanced of them, and this is clearly noticeable by the fact that he is unbalanced both externally and internally. A sanguine person is internally balanced, although outwardly he can be very emotional. A melancholic person, on the contrary, is unbalanced internally, although this does not always manifest itself externally, unless he has an additional admixture of choleric or sanguine temperament.

Temperaments not only add variety to the descriptions of personality types, but also determine their performance biorhythms. Two main poles of performance have been identified. These are people who are “larks” and people who are “night owls.” Larks are pronounced choleric or sanguine people. They are more effective at the beginning of the process, as they easily and actively get involved in the work, but by the time it is completed they often run out of steam or lose interest. “Owls,” on the contrary, are passive and indecisive in new endeavors, they hesitate for a long time before getting involved in work, but they are more effective in completing what they started and bringing it to perfection.

The combination of passive and active temperaments in a person creates an uncertain biorhythm of performance. People with such a biorhythm are “pigeons”, but with more detailed analysis they still reveal some inclination towards one or another pole of performance, depending on which temperament prevails in them.

A short biorhythm test will help you check whether your temperament is correctly determined.

PERFORMANCE BIORHYTHMS TEST

Choose one of two opposite statements on two scales: A and Z, and count which scale contains more of them.

Key to the test:

A –"larks"; Z –"owls".

So, if you are a “lark”, you have a more active type of temperament (choleric or sanguine or their varieties), and if you are a “night owl”, you have a more passive one (phlegmatic or melancholic or their varieties).

If you scored an equal number positive statements in both scales of the test, it means you have a “pigeon” type. This is the result of a combination of passive and active temperaments, perhaps due to the development of atypical accents of your type, which also have temperamental characteristics.

A person’s belonging to one of the four typological temperamental groups can be determined situationally - by the reaction that manifests itself in him as a response to an obstacle that has arisen in his path:

• The choleric person sweeps away the obstacle;
• the sanguine person bypasses;
• a phlegmatic person often doesn’t even notice;
• the melancholic person stops before an obstacle.

Usually, there are practically no pure temperaments. Each person has a combination of two temperaments, one of which is the leading one, it is more pronounced. This is a subtype temperament. The second, additional, most likely one that manifests itself at a deeper psychophysical level of the type - the level of accents of the type.

But the constant manifestation in a person in all cases of life of only the predominant and additional temperament is the exception rather than the rule. Each personality contains all four temperaments, but in different proportions. Each of them comes to the fore, depending on the situation and the magnitude of the psychological distance with other people, and this in turn depends on the nature of the relationship (formal or informal), as well as psychological climate(comfortable or uncomfortable).

The main, dominant temperament manifests itself at a close psychological distance (in a familiar environment, with close people) in a comfortable psychological atmosphere.

The second in decreasing order is an additional temperament, which manifests itself more clearly at the farthest psychological distance - in formal communication with others, often strangers.

The third type of temperament manifests itself in a formal setting, at a distant psychological distance (official relationships with management, subordinates or partners from other organizations, simply strangers). This type of temperament can be called role-playing, because a person in such a situation is constrained by conventions, and, adapting to society, plays a certain social role.

The fourth type of temperament, which is least often manifested in humans, is characteristic of stressful situations or those that are commonly called force majeure (company collapse and unexpected dismissal, serious illness or death of a loved one, any natural disaster: fire, flood, etc.). Such situations can also include states of severe alcohol intoxication or drug influence.

Since our book is devoted to an in-depth study of the variability of personality types in all their diversity, we can consider these four types of temperament in their varieties. For this purpose we use Le Seine's typology of eight temperaments. In our opinion, we can trace their relationship with the temperaments described above as follows:

Cholerics There are two types (according to Le Seine): passionate type and just choleric .

Passionate type - very emotional, active, not inclined to scatter himself, prefers to concentrate efforts in one direction, needs active work, without which accumulated and unrealized energy can lead to the same nervous exhaustion as well as a flurry of activity.

Choleric – a decisive person who does not think about consequences and often loses his sense of proportion. Freedom-loving, optimistic, often cordial in communication.

Phlegmatic people (according to Le Seine), it’s simple phlegmatic person And apathetic.

Phlegmatic person - mentally balanced, plans everything in advance and is not inclined to waste time on unnecessary, from his point of view, matters and experiences. You can convince him only with arguments. He is moderately active and can take initiative in what he considers necessary.

Apatik – more inert, prefers to perform only the most necessary work, requiring a calm pace, a systematic approach and order.

Sanguines (according to Le Seine), it’s simple sanguine And amorphic .

Sanguine – is open to solving any problems, looks at overcoming them as a kind of game, also does not take conflicts to heart, knows how to smooth out misunderstandings in a timely manner.

Amorphic – unpunctual and scattered in his affairs, can easily put off any work until tomorrow, is rather careless and is not always obligatory in his promises.

Melancholic people (according to Le Seine) – this is sentimental And nervous types.

Sentimental – sensitive, dreamy, cautious, prudent, fearful and timid, does not know how to mobilize and often gets lost in a difficult situation.

Nervous type – worries at the slightest reason, is very sensitive and touchy, but does not know how to be prudent. In addition, he is indecisive, shows passivity when it comes to overcoming a difficult situation, and this can lead to nervous exhaustion.

It can be noted that each of the first types of temperament in these pairs is more rational in its behavior than the second, but it is too early to draw conclusions about the connection of these temperaments with the rationality-irrationality scale. Properties similar to rationality have two linear psychoforms of character - Square and Triangle, and properties similar to irrationality - two non-linear ones - Zigzag and Circle, which can be considered in their intro- and extroverted manifestations, that is, in the first approximation - these are four psychoforms, and in the second - eight.

Since psychoforms are included in the formation of character accents, later we will dwell on them in more detail. From the above, we can conclude that temperaments influence not only the formation of subtypes, but also their variants, which is quite natural and once again convinces of the logical harmony and consistency of these approaches.

Sometimes we are faced with diagnostic complex cases combinations of temperaments and accents of type. They lie in the fact that both subtypes and type accents are connected at their mental and physical level with temperaments. In this case, for example, the inert temperament inherent in the subtype can compete with the active temperament inherent in the accent of the subtype. In such a case, it may be difficult to distinguish which of these different temperaments in a person it prevails, especially in the case of strengthening in his leading accent one of the two most “energetic” elements - the ethics of emotions or volitional sensory (internal initiative and mobilization of the type), which, as a rule, are associated with an active temperament.

In this case, the influence of a calmer temperament corresponding to the inert subtype may not be sufficiently pronounced due to the influence of the active additional (“accent”) temperament. So, for example, in SEE (Politician), in such a situation a mixture of “subtype” phlegmatic and “accent” choleric temperaments may appear. This version of this type will be somewhat inert in his endeavors, but outwardly he is a completely lively and active person.

Another case is when the inert subtype EIE (Mentor) has a “subtype” melancholic temperament, and at the level of accents of the type, for example, a nervous or passionate temperament. Outwardly he will be a fairly lively and emotional person, but internally he will be indecisive, vulnerable and touchy. As a result, he may be mistaken for a representative of an active temperament. However, you will not find in him the determination, activity and “ease of mind” that a representative of an active temperament should have. That is, “subtype” (in in this case, passive) temperament of this type of personality will still be leading, even if outwardly it will seem lively and emotional due to the active “accent” temperament.

Thus, combinations of temperaments - basic and additional, manifested at different levels of information exchange in personality type, at first glance, introduce a contradiction in their interpretation and sometimes cause difficulties in diagnosing temperament. But with experience, this problem can be solved quite easily; it is enough to remember the subtype characteristics, characteristics of temperaments, psychoforms and accents of the type, which you will become acquainted with later. Knowledge of all the “shells” of a type and their comparison during analysis simplifies and clarifies the diagnosis of types and their variants.

Temperament compatibility

While studying the problem of the relationship between temperaments and socionic types, we noticed that temperaments bring diversity to the behavioral reactions of socionic types and leave their mark on their relationships.

Different combinations of temperaments create different types their interactions. Here we will consider only the main trends in the interaction of basic temperaments.

So, choleric, for example, best calms and complements the work of his opposite - phlegmatic, and melancholic well supports and tones sanguine. These two pairs of temperaments largely complement each other and even partially smooth out the misunderstandings that may arise when their personality types are incompatible.

Other combinations (choleric - sanguine and phlegmatic - melancholic) require adjustment, since the first pair is too emotional and proactive, as a result of which leadership problems may arise, and the second is rather inert and passive.

The pairs “choleric – melancholic” and “sanguine – phlegmatic” interact with each other more problematically, even if they are duals. True, quarrels among duals can be mild and temporary. It is much worse if poorly compatible personality types also have incompatible temperaments. However, it is most difficult for people who have incompatible personality types, subtypes, accents and psychoforms and temperaments. Fortunately, this happens extremely rarely.

In cases of bad compatible temperaments, we can advise the following: in a choleric-melancholic couple, choleric people need to restrain themselves more, and melancholic people should not take everything so personally, although this will not be easy for both. It is difficult for a choleric person not to hurt a melancholic person, whose touchiness affects both; in a phlegmatic-sanguine couple, phlegmatic people need to try to show their feelings more openly and directly and not be so stubborn and conservative in their behavior, and sanguine people should try to be more consistent in their deeds and more reliable in their promises. Otherwise, it will be difficult for them to cope with their partner’s growing irritability.

If people have a similar type of nervous system, then the most favorable interaction is between two phlegmatic or melancholic people, somewhat worse - between two sanguine people, and very bad - between two choleric people. This can be explained as follows: phlegmatic people are the most balanced people; they are difficult to anger. Melancholic people are impressionable, very vulnerable and touchy, but they are quite compliant and prone to compromise in order to achieve peace of mind. Sanguine people are independent and emotional, but easy-going. Noticing that the brewing conflict could take a serious turn, they easily compromise to restore balance in the relationship.

It is most difficult for straightforward, excitable and uncontrollable choleric people to maintain a balance in relationships, who often cannot stop in their statements and actions in time and therefore can offend others without meaning to.

It has long been noted that different people learn foreign languages ​​in different ways. That's why this exists a large number of methods of learning a foreign language. There are always people who show brilliant results using a certain method, and those who fail when training using the same method.

Communicative methodology refers to those methods where personal characteristics people play a huge role, unlike, for example, the classical technique. The communicative methodology is focused primarily on the development oral speech when communicating with other people, and such human qualities as sociability, looseness, talkativeness, the ability to improvise and cheerfulness are of great importance and largely determine the successful final result.

The teacher should certainly take these into account. personal qualities students and, perhaps, somehow adjust the methodology and approach to teaching depending on these qualities.

Let's consider how the main types of human personality correlate with communicative techniques.

EXTROVERTS

Extroverts are people who tend to be quite good results when teaching using communicative methods. Communication, participation in play scenes, spontaneity, improvisation - this is what they love and know how to do.

Emotionally stable extroverts (sanguine people)

A sanguine person usually speaks loudly, quickly and clearly, accompanying his speech with facial expressions and gestures. He is calm, businesslike and always open to any communication. Like any extrovert, he “doesn’t mince words”, both in his native language and in the language he is learning. A sanguine person is ready to participate in any educational and speech situations, is not afraid to speak and is not embarrassed by anyone. He willingly completes any tasks offered by the teacher, and usually there is no need to specially invent anything for him.

The only problem that a sanguine person can create in a group lesson is that with his confidence and assertiveness he sometimes suppresses other, more closed introverted students who become silent when they hear his loud and authoritative speech.

Emotionally unstable extrovert (choleric)

He speaks quickly, with confused intonations. He is active when speaking: he gestures, moves and openly expresses his emotions. At the same time, he is impatient and is always ready to jump up from his seat to take part in a scene or dialogue being played out.

If he is interested in what he is doing, success can be said to be guaranteed. However, it is difficult for him to do the same thing. Therefore, to practice any material, he always needs to be given different tasks, for example, select different dialogues and scenes, even with the same vocabulary.

At group classes Another problem arises with such people: he constantly wants to talk and sometimes does not allow other students to get a word in edgewise. He does not care whether he knows what to say or not, whether he can or cannot: he will conduct the dialogue with interjections, gestures, in separate words etc. In such a situation, you need to either select a partner for him who “can stand up for himself,” or think through special roles for him in educational and speech situations. For example, the role of a judge in resolving a conflict will moderate his ardor, forcing him to portray a calm and important person, and the role of a policeman may transfer his verbal energy into a motor channel, where he can actively move or show something with gestures.

If something doesn’t work out for a choleric person, he quickly loses self-control and needs help. moral support. In this case, you can give him a task that he can definitely handle: he will immediately perk up and again take an active part in the lesson.

INTROVERTS

Introverts who study using the communicative method do not have it as easy as extroverts. What they don't like too much - spontaneous communication With different people, sometimes without preliminary preparation– forms the basis of communication methods. In order for classes with these natural silent people to be successful, the teacher must take into account the characteristics of their personality. If, for example, an extrovert easily begins to use new words and expressions in oral speech, then it is advisable for an introvert to first write them down in a dictionary or somehow become familiar with them in advance. An extrovert will immediately take part in any unprepared dialogue or scene; an introvert will be more comfortable if he knows in advance what he needs to talk about and in what role to act. Extroverts do not like written work and become bored with repetition; an introvert, on the contrary, is successful and calm in such situations.

Emotionally stable introvert (phlegmatic)

The speech of a phlegmatic person is calm, even and without pronounced emotions. He is characterized by pauses in conversation, and sometimes he prefers to remain silent altogether. The volume of his statements is usually small, as in his native language. He does not like the new and unexpected and always prefers to get acquainted with educational material. It is usually difficult for a phlegmatic person to start a conversation. He needs to collect his thoughts and think through what he will talk about. The phlegmatic person likes those play scenes and dialogues where he will have to talk as little as possible. However, constantly giving him roles with few words may not be a good idea. It is much better to sometimes take him out of his comfort zone by inviting him to participate in situations that will require him to express emotions and more words.

Emotionally unstable introvert (melancholic)

This is perhaps the most difficult type to teach using the communicative method. Outwardly, a melancholic person may look like a phlegmatic person, but internally he always experiences his failures hard and takes a long time to recover from failures. A melancholic person has weak, irregular speech, sometimes reduced to a whisper. He is shy, inactive, timid and uncommunicative. During class, he often sits with his head down, immersed in his own closed little world, from which he does not want to leave. Most melancholic people experience discomfort when speaking in front of an audience, even a small one. The most difficult thing for them is starting a conversation, which they never try to maintain. In order for the training of a melancholic person to be successful, he must be given special attention. Teaching is a creative endeavor, but some general recommendations on teaching melancholic people oral speech foreign language can be given.

1. There is no need to involve a melancholic person in active dialogues and encourage him to do oral tasks until he gets comfortable in the classroom and gets used to the people around him.

2. At first, it is better not to invite a melancholic person to participate in conversations about all sorts of abstract and complex topics. Let him participate in simple everyday dialogues.

3. A melancholic person does not like to take part in noisy gaming situations where several people are busy, but prefers to conduct a dialogue with his desk neighbor, to which he is already accustomed. Perhaps one day he will get the hang of it and want to take part in something himself.

4. It is advisable to work with an introvert in advance specific algorithm conducting dialogue. This is useful for all students, but for melancholic people it can be vital. For a long time he will not start a dialogue himself, but with the help of certain, pre-worked expressions like “Oh, I didn’t know that! Really?”, etc. will show his interest in the dialogue and become a full participant, albeit in the role of a listener.

It is necessary to teach the introvert phrases that will help him fill pauses in the conversation and give him the opportunity to collect his thoughts: “Just a moment”, “Let me see”, “Could you repeat, please?”, “Could you speak slower?”, etc. It will be easier for a melancholic person to continue the dialogue if he learns to ask his interlocutor again, at least in monosyllables: “Cold?”, “Hot?”, “Is it?”, “Really? Did she?

5. If possible, a melancholic person should be given topics for dialogues in advance so that he can prepare for them, and sometimes write down the expected answer on paper. This will give him the opportunity to confidently participate in the conversation. A successfully conducted dialogue, in turn, will inspire a melancholic person prone to self-judgmental reflection to participate in other, already unprepared dialogues.

Of course, all this will require the teacher to have an individual approach to the student. You may have to come up with something and look for non-standard tasks. In addition, in order to make a melancholic person talk, you need to spend emotional energy. Attempts to attract more talkative extroverted students to this usually do not lead to good: they will talk all the time, and the melancholic person will remain silent.

It is very important not to demand quick results from a melancholic person and not to despair because he is silent all the time. He doesn’t always speak his native language willingly, often getting off with monosyllabic answers “yes” and “no.” If, for example, a person is not able to clearly tell in his native language why he liked or disliked a film, it is difficult to expect that he will easily do this in a foreign language.

Typically benefits based on communication techniques, offer a large number of educational speech situations, dialogues and skits on various topics and suitable for different students. In addition, a melancholic person can always be given written work, for which he will receive a good mark.

Of course, in life we ​​usually encounter less pronounced types of students. In addition, as children grow older, when self-control increases, the situation itself becomes easier. For adult students, the difference between extroverts and introverts is not as noticeable as for children. However, knowledge of these psychological characteristics can increase the effectiveness of classes and help create a comfortable environment in foreign language classes.

Alexandra Fomina

Used materials:

M. L. Vaisburd, E. V. Kuzmina “The role of individual characteristics of students in teaching foreign language speech communication”