Morozka was sent by commander Levinson to Shadaba’s detachment in order to deliver a package there. He categorically does not want to go, and persuades the commander to send another. But Levinson replies that if Morozka does not do what he is told, then he will have to take away his weapon and expel him from the squad. Morozka himself was a miner and the fourth son in the family. He didn’t think much about life and did his actions thoughtlessly. During his service he was wounded about six times and shell-shocked twice. He had a wife, Varya, a haulier.
The road to Shandyba turned out to be difficult; on the way the hero came under fire. There he saved a young boy.
Chapter 2. Mechik
The guy's name was Pavel Metchik, and at first glance he did not make an impression on Morozka. Before the disaster happened, the guy lived in the city and wanted to accomplish a feat. But, unfortunately, his dreams were quickly destroyed. Morozka took Tetchik to the infirmary, there he meets Varya and falls in love with a girl, she was Morozka’s wife. Varya does not reject the guy and even reciprocates his feelings. But the girl receives a portion of negative feedback in her direction from Pika; he considers the girl lascivious and unfaithful.
Chapter 3. The Sixth Sense
Morozka disliked Tetchik, believed that he would do anything ready, and most importantly, he did not understand how Varya paid attention to him. One day Morozka went to steal melons from the head of the village of Ryabtsa, and Levinson found out about it. By order, a meeting was called to discuss the case. Levinson soon suspected some kind of threat, so he ordered everyone to prepare food supplies for people and horses.
Chapter 4. Alone
Tetchik is pressured by the thought that he is treated differently from everyone else. He feels no sympathy for himself, only ridicule. He told Stashinsky about his service with the maximalists. Stashinsky did not understand him and began to show increasing dryness in communication.
Chapter 5. Men and the “coal tribe”
Levinskon hurries to be the first to the meeting in order to find out the rumors before others. He suspected something bad; he felt anxiety in the men’s voices. As it turned out, at the meeting it was decided to expel Morozka, but he bowed down and asked to forgive him, saying that this would not happen again. Levinson ordered the partisans to help others with housework when there was time.
Chapter 6. Levinson
Levinson was constantly tormented by bad news, which made it difficult for him to make decisions and give orders. In fact, Levins never showed his worries, so many considered the place of commander to be his place, since he coped with the role of commander perfectly. After some time, it turned out that the Japanese landing force had made its way into the city. Levinson is forced to give the command to retreat.
Chapter 7. Enemies
Stashinsky receives news of an order to unload the infirmary. After this, people began to return to their villages. Only three people remained in the infirmary. Pika wasn’t sick, he was just used to being there. Mark was on the mend; his bandage had just been removed and Varya promised that he would soon be able to join the detachment. The dreamer really wanted to get to Levinson, he dreamed of showing himself as a useful soldier, he wanted to change so that he would not be recognized when he returned to the city.
Chapter 8. First move
Suddenly deserters appeared, they raised the alarm, the whole area was in panic. A reconnaissance party was assembled to check for Japanese presence in the area, but it turned up nothing. Levinson releases Morozka to the platoon, and Efimka takes the new place of orderly.
At the same time, Morozka was in the platoon. At night there was alarm because of shots across the river. But, as it turned out later, it was a false alarm. It was Levinson checking the readiness of his team
Chapter 9. Swordsman in the Squad
The hospital is collecting food supplies in case they have to hide in the taiga. Mark goes with Pika to the detachment, where they are added to Kubrak’s platoon. The mark was offended by the sight of the nag, and he even wanted to go to the headquarters to express his dissatisfaction, but in the end he was afraid. The marksman did not want to take care of the horse, but this only earned him negative looks from his comrades.
Chapter 10. THE BEGINNING OF THE DEFEAT
Levinson was sent information from intelligence officers about the presence of the Japanese on large areas. The commander sent Baklanov and Mechik to investigate the situation. Information about the absence of the Japanese from previous intelligence was not true. Baklanov and Metchik managed to escape after scouting out everything they needed.
Chapter 11. Strada
The road through the taiga turned out to be very difficult for the partisans; on the way they meet Styrksha. He said that whoever catches Levinson will receive a reward. Soon they arrive at the hospital. Meanwhile, Stashinsky and Levinson decide what to do with Frolov, who is mortally wounded. As a result, they give him poison so as not to torture him or themselves.
Chapter 12. Paths and roads
Morozka meets his wife, and he is tormented by thoughts about his wife and Mark. But he tries to take himself and his hands and pretend that he doesn't care.
The partisans are rapidly moving forward.
Chapter 13. Cargo
Mark wants to leave the squad, and tells Levinson this. He justified his decision by saying that he simply considered himself unnecessary and useless.
Chapter 14. Reconnaissance of the blizzard
Metelitsa is sent on reconnaissance; according to orders, he must return at night. But the place where he was sent was much further away, so it was only towards night that he left the taiga. He found himself in a field where a fire was burning, and a boy was sitting next to it. At first he was frightened by the sudden appearance of Metelitsa, but then he calmly said that his parents were killed half a year ago, and that a whole regiment of Cossacks was now stationed in the village. Metelitsa went to the village to scout out something else. But he was caught by three Cossacks and beaten. In the morning, everyone in the detachment began to worry, because the scout never returned.
Chapter 15. Three deaths
Metelitsa found himself in the barn and thought about how to behave, how to show that he was not at all afraid of death. He was taken to the platoon commander for questioning and then to the square. There he meets the boy whom he saw in the field.
Chapter 16. Mire
Varya returned to the village and went to look for Morozka. She found him lying on the ground, drunk. Morozka decided to kiss Varya and they soon made up.
The enemies began to attack the village in the morning, and Levinson was forced to order a retreat.
Chapter 17. Nineteen
Levinson gives the order to make a breakthrough, and learns that Baklanov was killed. The commander was very upset. Nineteen people broke through the forest.
Picture or drawing Fadeev Defeat
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- Summary Escape Stanyukovich
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I should make nails out of these people -
There couldn't be any stronger nails in the world...
(N. Tikhonov. “The Ballad of Nails”)
Introduction
A revolution is an event too huge in scale not to be reflected in literature. And only a few writers and poets who came under her influence did not touch on this topic in their work.
It must also be kept in mind that October Revolution – the most important stage in the history of mankind - gave rise to the most complex phenomena in literature and art.
With all his passion as a communist writer and revolutionary A.A. Fadeev sought to bring the bright time of communism closer. This humanistic belief in wonderful person permeated the most difficult pictures and situations in which his heroes found themselves.
For A.A. Fadeev, a revolutionary is not possible without this aspiration to a bright future, without faith in a new, beautiful, kind and pure person.
Fadeev wrote the novel "Destruction" over three years from 1924 to 1927, when many writers wrote laudatory works about the victory of socialism. Against this background, Fadeev wrote, at first glance, an unprofitable novel: in the course of civil war The partisan detachment was defeated physically, but morally he defeated the enemies with his faith in the correctness of the chosen path. I think,
Fadeev wrote this novel in such a way as to show that the revolution is defended not by a frenzied crowd of ragamuffins, smashing and sweeping away everything in its path, but by courageous, honest people who have raised in themselves and others a moral, humane person.
If we take the purely external shell, the development of events, then this is really the story of the defeat of Levinson’s partisan detachment. But A.A.
Fadeev uses one of the most dramatic moments in history to narrate partisan movement on Far East, when the combined efforts of the White Guards and Japanese troops Heavy blows were dealt to the Primorye partisans.
You can pay attention to one feature in the construction of “Destruction”: each of the chapters not only develops some kind of action, but also contains a complete psychological development, an in-depth characterization of one of the characters. Some chapters are named after the characters: “Morozka”, “Sword”,
"Levinson", "Reconnaissance of Metelitsa". But this does not mean that these individuals act only in these chapters. They take an active part in all events in the life of the entire detachment. Fadeev, as a follower of Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, explores their characters in all difficult and sometimes compromising circumstances. At the same time, creating new ones psychological portraits, the writer strives to penetrate the innermost corners of the soul, trying to foresee the motives and actions of his heroes. With every turn of events, new aspects of character are revealed.
Frost! Peering into the appearance of a dashing partisan, we experience happy feeling opening of a bright human type which brings truly work of art. It gives us aesthetic pleasure to follow the twists and turns mental life this person. His moral evolution gives us a lot to think about.
Before joining the partisan detachment, Morozka “did not look for new roads, but followed old, already proven paths” and life seemed simple and unsophisticated to him. He fought bravely, but was sometimes burdened by the demands
Levinson. He was generous and selfless, but did not see anything wrong in filling a bag with melons from a peasant's chestnut. He could get completely drunk, curse a friend, and rudely offend a woman.
Combat life brings Morozka not only military skills, but also the awareness of his responsibility to the team, a sense of citizenship. Observing the beginning of panic at the crossing (someone spread a rumor that they were passing gases), out of mischief he wanted
"for fun" to "prank" the men even more, but he came to his senses and began to restore order. Unexpectedly Frost
"felt big responsible person..." This consciousness was joyful and promising. Morozka learned to control himself, "he involuntarily joined in that meaningful healthy life, as Goncharenko always seemed to live..."
Morozka still had a lot to overcome within himself, but in the most decisive
- This true hero, faithful comrade, selfless fighter. Without flinching, he sacrificed own life, raised the alarm and warned the squad about an enemy ambush.
Blizzard
Blizzard. A shepherd in the past, an unsurpassed scout in a partisan detachment, he also forever chose his place in the fire of class battles.
In the course of working on “Destruction,” the image of Metelitsa was rethought by the author. Judging by the draft manuscript, at first Fadeev intended to show, first of all, physical strength and the energy of your hero. Metelitsa was embittered old life, did not trust people and even despised them, considered himself - proud and lonely - immeasurably higher than those around him. Working on the novel, the writer frees the image of Metelitsa from such “demonic” traits, develops those episodes in which the bright mind and breadth of thinking of his hero are revealed. His impetuous and nervous strength, which could wear destructive nature, under the influence of Levinson, received the right direction and was put in the service of a noble and humane cause.
But Metelitsa is capable of much. One of the key scenes in the novel is the scene where the military council is shown, at which the next combat operation. Metelitsa proposed a daring and original plan, testifying to his remarkable mind.
Baklanov
Baklanov. He not only learns from Levinson, but imitates him in everything, even in his behavior. His enthusiastic attitude towards the commander can make you smile. However, it is impossible not to notice what this training gives: the assistant detachment commander has earned universal respect for his calm energy, clarity, organization, coupled with courage and dedication; he is one of the people in charge of all detachment affairs.
In the finale of "Destruction" it is said that Levinson sees his successor in Baklanov. In the manuscript of the novel, this idea was developed in even more detail. The force that moved Levinson and inspired him with confidence that the surviving nineteen fighters would continue the common cause was
"not by force individual person", dying with him, "but was the strength of thousands and thousands of people (like the one that burned, for example, Baklanov), that is, an undying and eternal force."
Levinson
Levinson's figure opens a gallery of "party people" - drawn Soviet writers. The artistic appeal of this image is that it is revealed “from the inside”, illuminated by the light of great ideas that inspire such people.
A short red-bearded man rises from the pages of a book, taking physical strength, not with a loud voice, but with a strong spirit, an unbending will. Portraying an energetic, strong-willed commander, Fadeev emphasized the need for him to choose the right tactics, which ensure a purposeful impact on people. When Levinson stops the panic with an imperious shout, when he organizes a crossing through the quagmire, the communists - the heroes of Fadeev's first stories - come to mind. But this image made a huge impression on readers due to its dissimilarity with its predecessors. In "Destruction" the artistic emphasis was transferred to the world of feelings, thoughts, and experiences of a revolutionary fighter, a Bolshevik figure. Levinson's outward unsightliness and morbidity are intended to highlight his main strength - the power of political and moral influence on those around him. He finds a “key” to Metelitsa, whose energy must be directed into the right direction, and to Baklanov, who is only waiting for a signal to independent actions, and to Morozka, who needs strict care, and to all the other partisans.
Levinson seemed to be a person of “a special, correct breed”, not at all subject to mental anxieties. In turn, he was accustomed to thinking that, burdened with everyday petty vanity, people seemed to entrust their most important concerns to him and his comrades. Therefore, it seems necessary to him, while fulfilling the role of a strong person, “always leading,” to carefully hide his doubts, hide personal weaknesses, and strictly maintain a distance between himself and his subordinates. However, the author is aware of these weaknesses and doubts.
Moreover, he considers it obligatory to tell the reader about them, to show the hidden corners of Levinson’s soul. Let us remember, for example, Levinson at the moment of breaking through the White Cossack ambush: exhausted in continuous trials, this iron man“I looked around helplessly, looking for outside support for the first time...”. In the 20s, writers often, while depicting a brave and fearless commissar or commander, did not consider it possible to depict his hesitation and confusion. Fadeev went further than his colleagues, conveying both the complexity of the moral state of the detachment commander and the integrity of his character - ultimately, Levinson necessarily comes to new decisions, his will does not weaken, but is tempered in difficulties, he, learning to manage others, learns to manage himself .
Levinson loves people, and this love is demanding and active.
Coming from a petty-bourgeois family, Levinson suppressed within himself a sweet longing for the beautiful birds that, as the photographer assures the children, would suddenly fly out of the camera. He is looking for points of convergence between the dream of a new person and today's reality. Levinson professes the principle of fighters and transformers:
“To see everything as it is, in order to change what is, to bring closer what is being born and should be...”
Fidelity to this principle determines all life activity
Levinson. He remains himself both when, with a feeling of “quiet, slightly creepy delight,” he admires the orderly, and when he forces a partisan to get fish from the river, or proposes to severely punish
Morozka, or confiscates the Korean’s only pig to feed the starving partisans.
Throughout the novel there is a contrast between effective humanism and abstract, petty-bourgeois humanism. Here lies the divide between Levinson and Morozka, on the one hand, and Mechik, on the other. Widely using the technique of contrasting comparisons of characters, Fadeev willingly pits them against each other, tests each with their attitude to the same situations. Enthusiastic poser and neat guy
Mechik is not averse to speculating about lofty matters, but he is afraid of the prose of life. His orbit only causes harm: he poisoned last minutes Frolov, having been told about the end that awaited him, became hysterical when the Korean’s pig was taken away. Bad Comrade, a careless partisan, Mechik considered himself taller, more cultured, cleaner than people like Morozka. The test of life showed something else: the heroism, dedication of the orderly and the cowardice of the blond handsome man who betrayed the detachment in order to save his own skin. Mechik turned out to be the opposite of Levinson. The detachment commander quickly realized what a lazy and weak-willed little man he was, a “worthless barren flower.” Mechik is akin to the anarchist and deserter Chizh, the God-fearing charlatan Pique.
Fadeev hated false humanism. He, who categorically rejected abstract romantic aesthetics, in fact not only masterfully analyzed the real everyday life of contradictory reality, but also looked at them from the height of goals and ideals
“third reality,” as Gorky called the future. The external, ostentatious in “Destruction” is opposed to the internally significant, true, and in this sense, the comparison of the images of Morozka and Mechik seems extremely important.
Mechik is the antipode of Morozka. Throughout the novel, their opposition to each other can be traced. If Morozka’s character in a number of episodes expresses the psychology of the masses with all its shortcomings inherited from old times, then Mechik’s individuality, on the contrary, appears as if distilled, internally alien to the deep interests of the people, divorced from them. As a result, Morozka’s behavior, until he acquires the traits of an independent personality, turns out to be somewhat antisocial, and Mechik ruins not only his comrades, but also himself as an individual. The difference between them is that Morozka has the prospect of overcoming his shortcomings, while Mechik does not.
Mechik, another “hero” of the novel, is very “moral” from the point of view of the Ten Commandments... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his internal egoism, lack of dedication to the cause of the working class.
Mechik constantly separates himself from others and opposes himself to everyone around him, including the closest of them - Chizhu, Pike, Varya. His desires are almost sterilely purified from internal subordination to everything that seems ugly to him, with which many around him put up with and take for granted. And Fadeev at first even sympathetically emphasizes this desire for purity and independence, this self-respect, the desire to preserve one’s personality, the dream of a romantic feat and beautiful love.
However, awareness of oneself as a human being, as a person, is so dear to Fadeev, in
Mechike turns out to be completely absolutized, divorced from the national principle. He does not feel his connection with society, and therefore, at any contact with other people, he becomes lost - and ceases to feel like a person. Precisely what could become the most valuable in Mechik completely disappears in his difficulties in real life. He is unable to be a person, to be true to himself. As a result, nothing remains of his ideals: neither the much-desired noble feat, nor pure love to the woman, no gratitude for saving her.
No one can rely on Mechik; he can betray everyone. He falls in love with Varya, but cannot tell her directly about it. Mechik is ashamed of Varya’s love, afraid to show anyone his tenderness for her and in the end rudely pushes her away. So, because of weakness, another step is taken along the road to betrayal along which Mechik’s character develops in the book and which shamefully and horribly ends in a double betrayal: without firing signal shots and escaping the patrol, Mechik dooms his savior Morozka to death, and the whole squad. Thus, the personality that is not nourished by native juices degenerates and withers, without having time to blossom.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to define main topic novel and express your attitude towards the novel.
I dare to insert the words of A.A. himself. Fadeev, who defined the main theme of his novel: “In a civil war, a selection of human material occurs, everything hostile is swept away by the revolution, everything incapable of a real revolutionary struggle, that accidentally ends up in the camp of the revolution is eliminated, and everything that has risen from the true roots of the revolution, from the millions of masses of the people, tempers, grows, develops in this struggle. A huge transformation of people is taking place.”
The invincibility of the revolution lies in its vitality, in the depth of penetration into the consciousness of people who were often the most backward in the past. Like Morozka, these people rose to conscious action for the highest historical goals. This was the main optimistic idea tragic novel"Destruction."
It seems to me that the fate of the country is in the hands of the country itself. But as the people themselves said, it’s like a piece of wood, I look who processes it...
The “selection of human material” is carried out by the war itself. More often the best die in battle - Metelitsa, Baklanov, Morozka, who managed to realize the importance of the team and suppress his selfish aspirations, but those like
Chizh, Pika and the traitor Mechik. I feel endlessly sorry for everyone - after all, a people is not formed as a result of selection, “culling”, elimination. These lines by Marina Tsvetaev about the civil war, about which they say that everyone is a loser, reflects my attitude towards everything that was happening in our country at that time:
All are lying next to each other -
Don't separate the boundary
View: soldier
Where is yours, where is the stranger,
Was white - became red
The blood stained
Was red - became white
Death has whitened.
1. FROST
Levinson, commander of a partisan detachment, passes the package to his orderly
Morozka, ordering him to be taken to the commander of another detachment, Shaldyba, but
Morozka doesn’t want to go, he denies it and argues with the commander.
Levinson gets tired of Morozka's constant confrontation. He takes the letter, and Morozka advises “to roll in all four directions. I don’t need troublemakers.”
Morozka instantly changes her mind, takes the letter, explaining more to herself than
Levinson that he cannot live without a detachment, and, having cheered up, leaves with the package.
Morozka is a second generation miner. He was born in a miner's barracks, and at the age of twelve he himself began to “roll trolleys.” Life followed a well-worn path, like everyone else. Morozka also sat in jail, served in the cavalry, was wounded and shell-shocked, so even before the revolution he was “dismissed from the army on clean grounds.” Returning from the army, he got married. “He did everything thoughtlessly: life seemed to him simple, unsophisticated, like a round Murom cucumber from the Suchan towers.”
(vegetable gardens). And later, in 1918, he left, taking his wife, to defend the Soviets.
It was not possible to defend power, so he joined the partisans. Hearing the shots,
Morozka crawled to the top of the hill and saw that the whites were attacking Shaldyba’s fighters, and they were running away. “The enraged Shaldyba lashed with a whip in all directions and could not restrain the people. Some could be seen stealthily tearing off red bows.”
Morozka is outraged seeing all this. Among the retreating Morozka saw a limping boy. He fell, but the fighters ran on. Morozka could no longer see this. He called his horse, took off on it and drove to the fallen boy. Bullets whistled all around. Morozka made his horse lie down, laid it across the wounded man’s croup and galloped to Levinson’s detachment.
2. SWORD
But Morozka did not immediately like the rescued one. “Morozka did not like clean people. In his practice, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted.” Levinson ordered to take the guy to the infirmary. In the wounded man’s pocket were documents addressed to Pavel Mechik, but he himself was unconscious.
He woke up only when he was being carried to the infirmary, then fell asleep until the morning.
When Mechik woke up, he saw doctor Stashinsky and sister Varya with golden-blond fluffy braids and gray eyes. While dressing Mechik it was painful, but he did not scream, feeling Varya’s presence. “And all around there was a well-fed taiga silence.”
Three weeks ago Mechik joyfully walked through the taiga, heading with a ticket in his boot to join the partisan detachment. Suddenly, people jumped out of the bushes, they were suspicious of Mechik, without understanding his documents due to illiteracy, they first beat him, and then accepted him into the detachment. “The people around him did not at all resemble those created by his ardent imagination. These were dirtier, lousier, tougher and more spontaneous...” They swore and fought among themselves over every trifle, mocked Swordsman. But these were not bookish people, but “living people.” Lying in the hospital, Mechik recalled everything he had experienced; he felt sorry for the good and sincere feeling with which he went to the detachment. He took care of himself with special gratitude. There were few wounded. There are two heavy ones: Frolov and Mechik. Old man Pika often talked with Mechik. Occasionally the “pretty sister” came. She sheathed and washed the entire hospital, but she treated Mechik especially “tenderly and caringly.” Pika said about her: she is “lascivious.” “Morozka, her husband, is in the detachment, and she is fornicating.” Mechik asked why his sister was like this? Pika replied: “But the jester knows her, why is she so affectionate. He can’t refuse anyone - and that’s all...”
3. SIXTH SENSE
Morozka almost angrily thought about Mechik, why such people would go to the partisans “for anything ready.” Although this was not true, there was a difficult “way of the cross” ahead.
Driving past the chestnut tree, Morozka got off his horse and began hastily picking melons into a bag until his owner caught him. Khoma Yegorovich Ryabets threatened to find justice for Morozka. The owner did not believe that the man whom he fed and dressed like a son was stealing his chestnuts.
Levinson talked with the returning scout, who reported that the detachment
Shaldyb was badly damaged by the Japanese, and now the partisans are holed up in the Korean winter quarters. Levinson felt that something was wrong, but the scout could not say anything useful.
At this time, Baklanov, Levinson’s deputy, arrived. He brought the indignant
Ryabets, who talks at length about Morozka’s actions. The summoned Morozka did not deny anything. He only objected to Levinson, who ordered him to surrender his weapons.
Morozka considered this too severe a punishment for stealing melons. Levinson convened a village meeting - let everyone know...
Then Levinson asked Ryabets to collect bread from the village and secretly dry ten pounds of crackers, without explaining for whom. He ordered Baklanov: tomorrow for horses, increase the portion of oats.
4. ONE
Morozka's arrival at the hospital disrupted state of mind Mechika. He kept wondering why Morozka looked at him so disdainfully. Yes, he saved his life. But this did not give Morozka the right not to respect Mechik. Pavel was already recovering. But Frolov’s wound was hopeless. Mechik recalled the events last month and, covering his head with a blanket, burst into tears.
5. MEN AND “COAL TRIBE”
Wanting to check his fears, Levinson went to the meeting in advance, expecting to hear the men's conversations and rumors. The men were surprised that the gathering was held on a weekday, when they were mowing hot time.
They talked about their own things, not paying attention to Levinson. “He was so small, unprepossessing in appearance - he consisted entirely of a hat, a red beard and ichigs above the knees.” Listening to the men, he picked up alarming notes that he alone understood. I understood that I had to go into the taiga and hide. In the meantime, put up posts everywhere. Meanwhile, the miners also arrived. Gradually enough people gathered. Levinson joyfully greeted Dubov, the tall slaughterer.
Ryabets displeasedly asked Levinson to begin. Now this whole story seemed useless and troublesome to him. Levinson insisted that this matter concerns everyone: there are many locals in the detachment. Everyone was perplexed: why did they have to steal - ask Morozok, anyone would have given him this goodness. Frost was brought forward. Dubov suggested chasing Morozka in the neck. But Goncha-renko stood up for
Morozka, calling him a fighting guy who went through the entire Ussuri front. “Your own guy - he won’t give you away, he won’t sell you...”
They asked Morozka, and he said that he did it thoughtlessly, out of habit, and gave his miner’s word that something like this would never happen again. That's what they decided on. Levinson suggested that in his free time from military operations he should not wander the streets, but help his owners. The peasants were pleased with this proposal. The help was not superfluous.
6. LEVINSON
Levinson's detachment had been on vacation for the fifth week, it had become overgrown, and there were many deserters from other detachments. Levinson received alarming news, and he was afraid to move on this colossus. For his subordinates, Levinson was
“iron”. He hid his doubts and fears, always giving orders confidently and clearly. Levinson is a “correct” person, always thinking about business, knew his own weaknesses and people’s, and he also clearly understood: “you can lead other people only by pointing out their weaknesses and suppressing, hiding yours from them.” Soon Levinson received a “terrible relay.” She was sent by the chief of staff Sukhovey-Kovtun. He wrote about the Japanese attack, about the defeat of the main partisan forces. After this message, Levinson collected information about the surrounding situation, but outwardly remained confident, knowing what to do. The main task at this moment it was “to preserve at least small, but strong and disciplined units...”.
Summoning Baklanov and the nachkhoz, Levinson warned them to be ready for the detachment to move. “Be ready at any moment.”
Together with business letters from the city Levinson received a note from his wife. He re-read it only at night, when all his work was completed. I wrote an answer right away. Then I went to check the posts. That same night I went to a neighboring detachment, saw its deplorable state and decided to move away.
7. ENEMIES
Levinson sent Stashinsky a letter saying that the infirmary should be gradually unloaded. From that time on, people began to disperse to the villages, rolling up their joyless soldier's bundles. Of the wounded, only Frolov, Mechik and Pika remained. Actually, Pika wasn’t sick with anything, he just took root at the hospital. Mechik had also already taken off the bandage from his head. Varya said that he would soon go to Levinson’s detachment. Mechik dreamed in the squad
Levinson will establish himself as a confident and efficient fighter, and when he returns to the city, no one will recognize him. So he will change.
8. FIRST MOVE
The deserters who appeared stirred up the whole area, sowed panic, allegedly coming great forces Japanese. But reconnaissance did not find the Japanese ten miles in the area. Morozka asked Levinson to join the platoon with the guys, and instead recommended Yefimka as an orderly. Levinson agreed.
That same evening Morozka moved to the platoon and was quite happy. And at night they got up on alarm - shots were heard across the river. It was a false alarm: they fired on Levinson’s orders. The commander wanted to check the combat readiness of the detachment. Then, in front of the entire detachment, Levinson announced the performance.
9. SWORDMAN IN THE SQUAD
Nachkhoz appeared at the hospital to prepare food in case the detachment had to hide here in the taiga.
On this day, Mechik stood up on his feet for the first time and was very happy. Soon he left with Pika to join the detachment. They were greeted kindly and assigned to a platoon
Kubrak. The sight of the horse, or rather nag, that was given to him almost offended
Mechika. Pavel even went to headquarters to express his dissatisfaction with the mare assigned to him. But at the last moment he became timid and said nothing
Levinson. He decided to kill the mare without keeping an eye on her. “Zyuchikha was overgrown with scabs, walked around hungry, without water, occasionally taking advantage of other people’s pity, and
Mechik gained universal dislike as “a quitter and a troublemaker.” He only became friends with Chizh, a worthless man, and with Pika for old times’ sake. Chizh hayal
Levinson, calling him short-sighted and cunning, “making capital for himself on someone else’s back.” Mechik didn’t believe Chizh, but listened with pleasure competent speech. True, Chizh soon became unpleasant to Mechik, but there was no way to get rid of him. Chizh taught Mechik to shirk from the work duties and the kitchen, Pavel began to snap, learned to defend his point of view, and the life of the detachment “passed by” him.
10. THE BEGINNING OF THE DEVOTION
Having climbed into a remote place, Levinson almost lost contact with other units.
Having contacted the railway, the commander learned that a train with weapons and uniforms would soon arrive. “Knowing that sooner or later the detachment will be opened anyway, and it is impossible to winter in the taiga without ammunition and warm clothes,
Levinson decided to make his first foray.” Dubov's detachment attacked the freight train, loaded the horses, dodged the patrols and, without losing a single soldier, returned to the parking lot. On the same day, the partisans were given overcoats, cartridges, checkers, crackers... Soon Mechik and Baklanov went on reconnaissance, wanted to check the “new guy” in action. On the way, they started talking. Mechik liked Baklanov more and more. But there was no intimate conversation.
Baklanov simply did not understand Mechik’s sophisticated reasoning. In the village they ran into four Japanese soldiers: Baklanov killed two, Mechik killed one, and the last one ran away. Having driven away from the farm, they saw the main forces of the Japanese leaving there. Having found out everything, we drove to the detachment.
The night passed anxiously, and the next morning the detachment was attacked by the enemy. The attackers had guns and machine guns, so the partisans had no choice but to retreat into the taiga. Mechik was terrified, he waited for everything to end, and Pika, without raising his head, fired at the tree. Mechik came to his senses only in the taiga.
“It was dark and quiet here, and the stern cedar tree covered them with its calm, mossy paws.”
11. STRADA
Levinson's squad takes refuge in the forest after the battle. There is a reward on Levinson's head. The squad is forced to retreat. Due to the lack of provisions, they have to steal from vegetable gardens and fields. To feed the detachment, Levinson gives the order to kill a Korean pig. For a Korean, this is food for the whole winter. In order to retreat and not drag the wounded Frolov along with him, Levinson decides to poison him. But Mechik overheard his plan and spoils the last minutes of his life
Frolova. Frolov understands everything and drinks the poison offered to him. Mechik's false humanism and pettiness are shown.
12. ROADS
Frolov was buried. Pika escaped. Morozka remembers her life and is sad about
Vare. Varya at this time thinks about Mechik, she sees her salvation in him, for the first time in her life she truly loved someone. Mechik does not understand any of this and, on the contrary, avoids her and treats her rudely.
13. CARGO
The partisans sit and talk to the people about the peasant character. Levinson goes to inspect the patrols and runs into Mechik. Mechik tells him about his experiences, thoughts, his dislike for the squad, his lack of understanding of everything that is happening around him. Levinson tries to convince him, but all in vain. Metelitsa was sent on reconnaissance mission.
14. EXPLORATION OF Blizzard
Metelitsa went on reconnaissance. Having almost reached the right place, he meets a shepherd boy. He meets him, learns from him information about where the whites are located in the village, leaves his horse with him and goes to the village.
Sneaking up to the house of the white commander, Snowstorm eavesdrops, but is noticed by a sentry. Metelitsa was caught. At this time, everyone in the squad is worried about him and is waiting for his return.
15. THREE DEATHS
The next day, Metelitsa was taken for interrogation, but he said nothing.
A public trial is held, the shepherd with whom he left the horse does not hand him over, but the boy’s owner gives him over to Metelitsa. Metelitsa is trying to kill the squadron leader. Metelitsa was shot. A detachment of partisans goes to the rescue of Metelitsa, but it is too late. The partisans caught and shot the man who surrendered Metelitsa. In battle, Morozok's horse is killed, and out of grief he gets drunk.
16. SWAMP
Varya, who did not participate in the battle, returns and looks for Morozok. He finds him drunk and takes him away, calms him down, tries to make peace with him. The whites are attacking the detachment. Levinson decides to retreat into the taiga, into the swamps. The detachment quickly arranges a crossing through the swamps and, having crossed, undermines it. The detachment broke away from the pursuit of the whites, losing almost all its people.
17. NINETEEN
Having broken away from the whites, the detachment decides to go to the Tudo-Vaksky tract, where the bridge is located. To avoid an ambush, they send forward a patrol consisting of Mechik and
Frosts. Mechik, who was riding ahead, was caught by the White Guards, and he was able to escape from them. Morozka, who follows, dies like a hero, but at the same time warned his comrades about the ambush. A battle ensues in which Baklanov dies. Only 19 people remain from the detachment. Mechik is left alone in the taiga. Levinson with the remnants of the detachment leaves the forest.
© Children's Literature Publishing House. 2001
© I. M. Dubrovina. Introductory article, 2001.
© O. G. Vereisky. Drawings, heirs.
1901–1956
Man in extreme circumstances
Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev (1901–1956) is one of the most prominent and at the same time controversial figures literary process Soviet years.
His youth was spent in the Far East, where he participated in partisan warfare. The events of these years are reflected in the story “Against the Current” (1923), the story “Spill” (1924), the novel “Rout” (1927) and the unfinished epic “The Last of the Udege” (1929–1940). In 1945, the writer published a novel based on documentary “Young Guard” about young anti-fascist heroes of the city of Krasnodon (second edition - 1951).
A. A. Fadeev was also the head of literary organizations, the author of theoretical and critical articles. This activity of his was complex and controversial. Taking care of creation high literature, he was at the same time influenced official installations and the sinister practices of the Stalin era. Unable to find a way out of the tragic impasse, the writer committed suicide in 1956.
"Destruction" is one of the most famous books Fadeeva.
Works about people of the Civil War, and the events of the Civil War themselves, evoke lately sharp disputes. On the one hand, a complete revision of yesterday's estimates. On the other hand, there is the desire to preserve, to carefully preserve the valuable things that time has left, despite all its complexity. It seems that these discussions are not over yet.
In any case, you need to keep two things in mind.
First. Books that express the point of view of participants in events, no matter how subsequent generations may view this point of view, are important in that they are living evidence of certain public relations of its time.
And second. Even in the most severe and contradictory eras, people find and create something bright, humane, preserving its universal significance, which cannot but be reflected in the works of a serious, talented artist.
When A. Fadeev conceived the idea for the book “Destruction,” the events of the civil war in the Far East, in which he actively participated, were still fresh in the writer’s memory. “The basic outlines of this topic appeared in my mind back in 1921–1922,” Fadeev reported. The work was published as a separate edition in 1927 and immediately caused heated debate.
The book was highly appreciated by many writers. They wrote that “Destruction” “truly opens new page of our literature”, that “the main types of our era” were found in it, classified the novel as one of the books “giving a broad, truthful and talented picture of the civil war”, emphasized that “Destruction” showed “how large and serious force Our literature has in Fadeev."
Fadeev's approach to reality was accepted by many in literary circles. Many - but not all. The very essence caused controversy artistic principles writer. It was not only about the “Destruction” itself, but also about the prospects further development our literature.
If they now say that this or that book successfully depicts inner world heroes, their psychology, then we all perceive such a statement as recognition of the writer’s merits. In the years when Fadeev’s “Destruction” first appeared, critics in reviews noted the realistic depiction of the psychology of the heroes, their mental conflicts and... this is precisely what they reproached the author. One of the articles said that psychologism is not needed at all in literature and should be replaced with description documentary facts, that is, “production needed by the class and to humanity values (things).” And another critic, in a review dedicated to “Devastation,” categorically asserted that the task of literature is “to give not people, but business, to describe not people, but business, to interest not people, but things.” “A person is valuable to us not because of what he experiences, but because of what he does.” The illegality of such opposition was not obvious to everyone at that time.
In itself, a realistic study of human psychology was not, of course, Fadeev’s discovery. Soviet literature inherited brilliant examples from literary classics artistic research dialectics human soul. And if Fadeev were criticized only for the fact that sometimes his intonations in some ways too closely repeated the intonations of Leo Tolstoy (as in other cases - the intonations of the early Gorky), then, perhaps, it would not be worth arguing with. But the writer was not reproached for his overly diligent adherence to certain features of the style of the classics, their manner. No, some critics rejected any psychologism in principle.
Fadeev was not at all alien to the task of “describing affairs”, “interesting in affairs” - the deeds of his era, the struggle of the people. But this in no way contradicted attention to the individual person and “what he experiences.”
It is in man, in personality, in creating conditions for greatest prosperity The individuality of each of the millions of Fadeev saw the success of the common cause.
To the defenders of an art where there are no individual heroes, but only a single giant “material” hero, some branch of labor, a product of human work, it seemed that the development of personality, the cultivation of attention to the subtlest shades of human feelings threatens individualism, opposes attention to society, harmful to society, antisocial. In fact, the deeper, more interesting, multifaceted, more talented person, personality, individuality, the more attention is paid comprehensive development individual qualities personality, the more society needs it, the more interesting it is to everyone else, the more it can give to humanity, in other words, the more “social” this personality is. And at the same time, the most important thing for her is the connection with society: the more threads that connect a person with other people who help him and support him, the richer and stronger his personality will be, the more freer man will navigate and act in the world around him.
The relevance of the “Destruction” issue has not lost its urgency over the years. She opposes both the anarchist interpretation of " free person”, which violates the laws of society, as well as the barracks-level approach to the masses, the desire to cover up disdain for people with phrases about the revolutionary cause.
The figurative system of “Destruction” is determined primarily by the correlation, connection, and fusion of two moments: on the one hand, the author of the novel is characterized by deep attention to the formation and identification of the character qualities of an individual person, on the other hand, the ability to see in these particular changes, sometimes imperceptible movements of the soul, the properties of the era , to see the connection between the particular and the general, the individual and the masses. Moreover, large generalizing ideas about man and the masses are expressed in a small work - very capacious and extremely compact. Partisan detachment Fadeev considers it not at all as a mechanical connection of individual human grains of sand, but as a complex and unique unity of the most interesting individuals. There is no one main dramatic event in the work, no one conflict that would cement the plot of the entire book. Here the drama is psychological: the fate of the detachment is revealed not so much in external, but in internal, psychological clashes and comparisons of its fighters.
Let's take a closer look at the heroes of "Destruction" and its plot.
One of the main characters of "Devastation", partisan commander Levinson formulates his primary task this way: to preserve his squad as a combat unit. The reader, however, sees that final goal the efforts of the heroes, their struggle - not only this. And Levinson, in addition to the military task, also has a maximum program associated with his thirst for the new, beautiful, strong and kind person, although he does not always manage to fully express it: “... He felt that it was necessary to talk about something else, more basic and primordial, which he himself, not without difficulty, approached in his time and which has now become part of his flesh and blood . But there was no way to talk about this now, because every minute now required meaningful and decisive action from people.”
Answers to school textbooks
Fables: I. Krylov “Dragonfly and Ant”, “Monkey and Glasses”, “Quartet”, I. Khemnitser “Dragonfly”, “Friends”, L. Tolstoy “Dragonfly and Ants”, A. Izmailov “Cuckoo”, I. Dmitriev "Fly".
2. How do you distinguish a fable from a fairy tale, story and poem? Give examples and compare.
Fable- poetic or prose literary work moralizing, satirical nature. At the end of the fable there is a short moralizing conclusion - the so-called morality.
The characters are usually animals, plants, things. The fable ridicules the vices of people.
Fairy tale- This fictional story with happy ending and the obligatory victory of good over evil, this is more volumetric work with a developed plot.
Story is a short form of narrative prose. The story is usually based on one incident from the hero’s life. The plot of the story is simple, the composition is a direct sequence of events, the number of characters is small. Events develop dynamically, everything happens in a short period of time.
Poem is a short poetic work written in rhythmic speech.
3. Remember Aesop's fables. How do they differ from I.A.’s fables? Krylova, I.I. Chemnitzer?
Aesop's Fables: "The Crow and the Fox", "The Fox and the Grapes". The main difference between Aesop's fables relates to the external structure of the text: Aesop's fables are written in prose, I.A. Krylov and I.I. Khemnitser - in verse.
4. Remember what fables these words that have become proverbs come from.
“And you, friends, no matter how you sit down,
You’re still not fit to be musicians.” - I. Krylov “Quartet”
“And Vaska listens and eats.” - I. Krylov “The Cat and the Cook.”
“Why should a gossip consider working,
Isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godfather?” - I. Krylov “Mirror and Monkey”.
“Everyone calls each other,
And the brotherly cart is going down.” - I. Khemnitser “Men”.
“I’ll sit higher on the branch.
Well, listen now:
Cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo." - A. Izmailov “Cuckoo”.
“And the cart is still there.” - I. Krylov “Swan, Cancer and Pike.”
5. Remember and name the names of Russian fabulists.
Fabulists: Ivan Andreevich Krylov, Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, Alexander Efimovich Izmailov, Ivan Ivanovich Khemnitser. Leo Tolstoy also wrote fables.
6. Name the fables and their heroes based on the illustrations. Read the one you like.
1) A. Izmailov “Cuckoo”.
2) I. Dmitriev “Fly”.
3) I. Krylov “Swan, Cancer and Pike”.
7. Read the proverbs. Which of these could be the moral of the fable? Name the fables and prove the correctness of your choice.
1) You won’t recognize a friend without trouble - I. Khemnitser’s fable “Men”;
2) As it comes around, so it responds - I. Krylov’s fable “The Dragonfly and the Ant”;
3) The well-fed does not understand the hungry - I. Krylov’s fable “The Wolf and the Lamb”;
4) Fomushka has money - Fomushka, Foma;
Fomushka has no money - Fomka, Foma. - fable by I. Krylov “The Crow and the Fox”;
5) Every song has its end - I. Krylov “Wolf in the kennel”;
8. Choose the hero of the fable and try on his behalf to tell the story that happened to him.
The story could be like this: “Listen to me, friends, I - the Cuckoo - flew from afar, and there I heard the Nightingale singing. His singing makes your heart skip a beat, your head spins, and you forget everything in the world. But I also learned to sing wonderfully. Listen to this: “Kuk-ku, kuk-ku, kuk-ku.”
