Least of all influences the formation of personality. Personality formation

Today in psychology there are about fifty theories of personality. Each of them examines and interprets in its own way how personality is formed. But they all agree that a person goes through the stages of personality development in a way that no one has lived before him, and no one will live after him.

Why is one person loved, respected, successful in all spheres of life, while another degrades and becomes unhappy? To answer this question you need to know the factors of personality formation that have influenced life specific person. It is important how the stages of personality formation went through, what new traits, qualities, properties and abilities appeared during life, and to take into account the role of the family in the formation of personality.

In psychology there are several definitions of this concept. Definition in philosophical sense– this is the value for the sake of and thanks to which society develops.

Stages of development

An active and active person is capable of development. For each age period one of the activities is leading.

The concept of leading activity was developed by the Soviet psychologist A.N. Leontyev, he also identified the main stages of personality formation. Later his ideas were developed by D.B. Elkonin and other scientists.

The leading type of activity is a development factor and activity that determines the formation of the main psychological neoplasms the individual at the next stage of his development.

"According to D. B. Elkonin"

Stages of personality formation according to D. B. Elkonin and the leading type of activity in each of them:

• Infancy – direct communication with adults.
• Early childhood is an object-manipulative activity. The child learns to handle simple objects.
• Before school age – role-playing game. child in game form tries on adult social roles.
• Primary school age - educational activities.
• Adolescence – intimate communication with peers.

"According to E. Erickson"

Psychological periodizations of individuality development were also developed by foreign psychologists. The most famous is the periodization proposed by E. Erikson. According to Erikson, personality formation occurs not only in youth, but also in old age.

Psychosocial stages of development – crisis stages formation of the individual's personality. Personality formation is the passage of one after another psychological stages development. At each stage, a qualitative transformation of the individual’s inner world occurs. New formations at each stage are a consequence of the development of the individual at the previous stage.

Neoplasms can be either positive or negative. Their combination determines the individuality of each person. Erikson described two lines of development: normal and abnormal, in each of which he identified and contrasted psychological new formations.

Crisis stages of personality formation according to E. Erikson:

• The first year of a person’s life is a crisis of confidence

During this period, the role of the family in the formation of personality is especially important. Through mother and father, a child learns whether the world is kind to him or not. IN best case scenario basic trust in the world appears, if the formation of personality is anomalous, distrust is formed.

• From one year to three years

Independence and self-confidence, if the process of personality formation occurs normally, or self-doubt and hypertrophied shame, if it is abnormal.

• Three to five years

Activity or passivity, initiative or guilt, curiosity or indifference to the world and people.

• From five to eleven years

The child learns to set and achieve goals, independently solve life problems, strives for success, develops cognitive and communication skills, as well as hard work. If the formation of personality during this period deviates from the normal line, the new formations will be an inferiority complex, conformity, a feeling of meaninglessness, futility of efforts when solving problems.

• From twelve to eighteen years old

Teenagers are going through a stage of life self-determination. Young people make plans, choose a profession, and decide on a worldview. If the process of personality formation is disrupted, the teenager becomes immersed in his inner world to the detriment of the external, but he cannot understand himself. Confusion in thoughts and feelings leads to decreased activity, inability to plan for the future, and difficulties with self-determination. The teenager chooses the path “like everyone else”, becomes a conformist, and does not have his own personal worldview.

• From twenty to forty-five years

This early adulthood. A person develops a desire to be a useful member of society. He works, starts a family, has children and at the same time feels satisfied with life. Early adulthood is a period when the role of the family in the formation of personality again comes to the fore, only this family is no longer parental, but created independently.

Positive new developments of the period: intimacy and sociability. Negative neoplasms: isolation, avoidance of close relationships and promiscuity. Character difficulties at this time can develop into mental disorders.

• Average maturity: forty-five to sixty years

A wonderful stage when the process of personality formation continues in conditions of full-fledged, creative, varied life. A person raises and teaches children, reaches certain heights in the profession, is respected and loved by family, colleagues, and friends.

If the formation of a personality is successful, a person actively and productively works on himself; if not, “immersion into himself” occurs in order to escape from reality. Such “stagnation” threatens with loss of ability to work, early disability, and embitterment.

• After sixty years of age, late adulthood begins

The time when a person takes stock of life. Extreme lines of development in old age:

1. wisdom and spiritual harmony, satisfaction with life lived, a feeling of its completeness and usefulness, lack of fear of death;
2. tragic despair, the feeling that life has been lived in vain, and that it is no longer possible to live it again, fear of death.

When the stages of personality formation are experienced successfully, a person learns to accept himself and life in all its diversity, lives in harmony with himself and the world around him.

Formation theories

Each direction in psychology has its own answer to how personality is formed. There are psychodynamic, humanistic theories, trait theory, theory social learning and others.

Some theories emerged as a result of numerous experiments, others are non-experimental. Not all theories cover the age range from birth to death; some “allocate” only the first years of life (usually until adulthood) to the formation of personality.

• The most holistic, combining several points of view at once, is the theory American psychologist Eric Ericson. According to Erikson, personality formation occurs according to the epigenetic principle: from birth to death, a person lives through eight stages of development, genetically predetermined, but depending on social factors and the individual himself.

In psychoanalysis, the process of personality formation is the adaptation of natural, biological essence person to the social environment.

• According to the founder of psychoanalysis, Z. Fred, a person is formed when he learns to satisfy needs in a socially acceptable form and develops defense mechanisms psyche.
• In contrast to psychoanalysis, the humanistic theories of A. Maslow and C. Rogers concentrate on a person’s ability to express themselves and improve themselves. main idea humanistic theories– self-actualization, which is also the main human need. Human development is pushed not by instincts, but by higher spiritual and social needs and values.

The formation of personality is the gradual discovery of one’s “I”, the disclosure internal potential. A self-actualizing person is active, creative, spontaneous, honest, responsible, free from thought patterns, wise, able to accept himself and others as they are.

The components of personality are the following properties:

1. capabilities - individual properties, determining the success of a particular activity;
2. temperament - innate characteristics of the highest nervous activity, causing social reactions;
3. character - a set of cultivated qualities that determine behavior in relation to other people and oneself;
4. will – the ability to achieve a goal;
5. emotions - emotional disturbances and experiences;
6. motives – motivations for activity, incentives;
7. attitudes – beliefs, views, orientation.

Shakespeare said: “The self is our garden, and the will is its gardener.” So let's figure out what our inner garden is and how to care for it. To answer all these questions, which can be classified as rhetorical, let’s figure out what personality formation is and what main factors it consists of.

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Despite the difficulties with definitions, personality formation and its patterns still fall within the scope of psychological knowledge. Therefore, let us take it as an axiom that a personality is a person who has managed to cross a certain level of development. A child who has learned to politely refuse a bully at school. The athlete who beat new record. A girl who passed the exam to get her dream profession.

In general, anyone who has firmly decided not to remain at the level of a ciliate-slipper can be called a person. Such people decide every day to change their reality as they see fit. But how does the process of personality formation occur? Why can both grow up in the same family? good doctor, and a criminal? Why are those children who primary school seem to be future geniuses, but later find themselves on the sidelines of life? And how does what is called personal development happen?

This process is influenced by several factors, which throughout life form a lace of circumstances, ups and downs. But first things first.

Formation of a person’s personality: 5 main factors

There are four sources from which a person can gain experience. It's heredity environment, teaching a child to adults, own experience. Personal development indicators depend on the quality of these sources. And there is also another factor that some researchers put in a separate line - this is emotional attachment.

1. Heredity, or biological in man

Heredity is the first condition that determines human existence. We are not disembodied spirits. The most important thing a person has is a body. To increase self-esteem, psychologists recommend that many clients define self-love as love for their body.

The characteristics of the psyche are determined by a part of the body - the brain. Genes are the “building blocks” from which personality is then formed. IN Lately the biological factor - namely, the factor of heredity - is underestimated. Let's look at an example. A person suffers from social phobia. What are his actions? If he wants to end his personal nightmare, he turns to those who specialize in solving such problems - that is, to psychologists. It's logical. If you have a toothache, go to the dentist. If the washing machine breaks down, they call a technician who will fix it.

Using Aristotelian logic, exhausted from social fears a client comes to see a psychotherapist. Then he comes again, then again and again. During psychotherapy, the result appears - it becomes easier to communicate with people. However, often after stopping visits to a psychologist, everything returns to normal. Our hero gets hooked on therapeutic sessions. Their results are undoubtedly good. One problem - they are short-lived. As well as the client’s financial resources.

Where is the “dog buried” here? The reasons for this character's social phobia lie in genetics. In other words, he needs not only and not so much psychotherapy as tranquilizers or antidepressants. And the psychologist’s unsuccessful attempts to “train” the client again do not bring lasting results. Typically, homework assignments for psychologists for social phobia are “relax in the middle of a hypermarket filled with people,” “approach fifteen random passers-by to ask them what time it is,” “go into a store and not buy anything there.”

Some American researchers specializing in neurobiology argue that such “psychotherapy” is nothing more than torture for a social phobic who requires pharmacotherapy. Drug treatment aims to psychological characteristics, which are a manifestation of individual psychological problems that have a biological basis.

2. Environment

The process of personality formation is seriously influenced by an external factor - the environment. It represents those conditions that do not depend on the individual himself. A striking example may serve sad fate outstanding mathematician Hans Henrik Abel. In his honor, the Norwegians established the Abel Prize for mathematicians (the poor fellows cannot qualify for the Nobel, so the award was created separately for them).

In 1826, Abel published his work, which described a method for solving fifth-degree equations. She automatically elevated him to the rank greatest mathematicians all over the world. But what was the environment where the scientist was born and lived? His parents drank constantly and quarreled. The family lived on the brink of poverty. Abel's abilities were noticed only school teacher. Equations of the fifth degree were one of those mysteries that attracted the attention of mathematicians from early youth.

Above them the best minds fought for decades. But only thanks financial assistance teachers, the future genius was able to enter the university. Abel's fate was truly full of tragedy: he contracted tuberculosis and died from the disease at the age of 26. Question: How many more discoveries could a mathematician make if not for the environmental factor?

Personality is not just a function nervous system body. From birth, the psyche is bombarded by the most diverse factors. English psychologist John Locke proposed to call the child's psyche "tabula rasa", or " Blank sheet" This concept means that a child is born without experience - he receives all knowledge through sensory perception outside world. Despite the fact that Locke's theory does not claim to be absolute, it contains a share of common sense.

3. Teaching a child by adults

Personality formation is impossible without the transfer of experience. Psychology calls this process internalization. This term refers to the transfer of experience by adults to a child, during which personal development and maturation occurs internal structures psyche. For example, thanks to internalization, an adult can think to himself without disturbing others. Outstanding domestic psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky believed that any component of the psyche, before becoming part of it, first occurs as a form of cooperation between a child and an adult. This could be communication or imitation.

A clear example of the principle of interiorization can be the so-called Mowgli children. Growing up with animals, such children have very poor prognosis regarding possible rehabilitation. If a child under five years of age has not interacted with adults, the chances of learning human speech for him are close to zero. One of these feral children was a Nigerian boy named Bello. His parents abandoned him after birth. The boy was adopted by a troop of chimpanzees, and in 1996 he was found among the jungle.

The two-year-old child was mentally retarded and had very low developmental indicators. Bello was also physically handicapped. The child could not learn to talk to people - he avoided them. Bello was placed in a boarding school, where he behaved very restlessly - throwing objects at other children and fighting. Over time, his behavior got a little better. But Bello's behavior remained in many ways similar to the behavior of monkeys. He didn't learn to speak. Bello died six years after entering the boarding school of unknown causes.

Therefore, the formation of personality is possible only if the child is entirely under the care and guidance of an adult. Group and cultural experiences play a major role in children's development.

4. Own experience

Another important factor that influences the formation of personality. “One is not born a person, one becomes a person,” said Russian psychologist A.N. Leontyev (apparently paraphrasing Simone de Beauvoir, who considered this phrase an axiom of the development of femininity). Be that as it may, the process of personality formation is always active.

A person's experience is always unique. Everyone perceives the world in their own way - this picture does not necessarily have to coincide with the real state of affairs. This approach was followed by the American clinical psychologist world-class Carl Rogers. He argued: the world exists for a person only as he can see it. Everyone chooses their own coordinate system. A good person strives for self-actualization, the development of what is inherent in him by God (or evolution, which is not so important in this context).

To confirm the founder's views humanistic psychology, you don't have to go far. Everyday examples so many. There are people who, it would seem, could change their lives, since all the reins of power lie in their hands. But for unknown reasons, the upstairs neighbors continue to argue about the same thing, day after day, year after year. Thirty-year-old alcoholic Vasya drinks and complains of loneliness. But Aunt Masha, for whom, it would seem, things are going very badly, does not lose heart and every day takes care of twenty cats that bring her joy. These characters differ from each other in no more than the picture of the world that is present in their heads - and, therefore, has been influencing the formation of the personality of these people for many years.

Carl Rogers believes that the only force that motivates a person to move on is the tendency to maximize his abilities. If an individual is able to see himself as he is in reality, the scientist speaks of the maximum congruence (correspondence) of his perception of the world. Acceptance of others directly depends on self-acceptance - than kinder person towards himself, the better he will treat others.

5. Attachment is another condition for development

But all these personality formation factors recognized by official psychology must necessarily be supplemented by one more condition. For development - both general mental and personal - a child’s attachment to an adult is necessary. In the vast majority of cases - to the mother. L. Petranovskaya, a specialist in the psychology of orphans, made a special contribution to the understanding of this concept.

Attachment, says the psychologist, is a prerequisite for a child’s personality to develop. Interest in the world around us, the formation of any abilities and skills are strung, like the rings of a child’s pyramid, onto the core of attachment. If this foundation is not there, then from the outside the pyramid may seem stable. But at the first touch its rings will crumble. Personal development becomes impossible.

Child from orphanage– this is the child who does not know what a mother’s love and security are. If he could feel protected by a reliable emotional connection with his mother, then his harmonious development. But since there is no “core”, in any collision the child’s will crumbles. The teachers cannot give him what he needs.

The attachment program is most important factor, in the very early age. It is inherent in humans, as in other mammals, biologically. If a baby mammal is not under the care of a female mother, then every second he experiences mortal terror. In the world wildlife the young are always attached to the adult animal. They are exploring the world- but only if they are sure that the mother is not far from them.

Conclusion

The formation of personality is influenced by a whole tandem of factors. What will a person become? Depends both on the “baggage” that his ancestors and parents awarded him, and on his own efforts. Personality formation is a process that continues throughout life, and any stop here can mean degradation and stagnation. Anyone who does not want to be on the sidelines of life will have to make a lot of effort. Let's listen to the words of Brian Tracy: “Take control! You feel positive about yourself to the extent that you feel in control of your own life.”

environmental factors (family, cultural factors)

genetic (mediated at a certain stage)

climatic conditions and dietary style

random factors (10)

The basis of personal cognition, and therefore the formation of a person as an individual, are mental processes: sensation, perception, representation, thinking, imagination, attention, memory, emotions, feelings, will. Sometimes speech is added to this list.

The entire set of specified mental processes in the literature it is often divided into groups;

1. Cognitive (sensation, perception, representation, thinking, imagination, attention).

2. Mnemonic (memory).

3. Emotional-volitional (emotions, feelings, will) (5).

Main factors of personality development

What reasons influence the development of personality, lead to its decline, and what reasons contribute to its development? Personal development has a certain influence the nature surrounding her(habitat). Here we can cite the undeniable fact that a temperate climate for personal development is more favorable than the harsh climate of the north and the hot climate of the tropics.

It is unlikely that anyone will argue along with the climate important other meteorological as well as geographical conditions. Great deserts, unsuitable for human life, and all those areas where a person has to spend a lot of strength and energy fighting the surrounding nature are not conducive to the development of personality. Equally unfavorable soil and meteorological conditions, characterized by the endemic development of certain common diseases, cannot but have a detrimental effect on the development of the individual, worsening the physical health of the body.

The first and main condition proper development personality is the nature of the organism, the heritage of its fathers or those anthropological features that form the basis for the development of personality.

Hardly anyone can doubt meaning of race in the above respect. The best example is the fact that of the three human races, the black, despite its numerousness, has not reached that degree. cultural development like the other two races.

Another example of influence anthropological features on the development of the individual are the peoples of ancient Hellas, who achieved an amazing culture and no less amazing personal development and then died due to special historical conditions. Despite the fact that the same geographical conditions remained as in Greece and past centuries, despite the fact that the center of civilization still remains, as before, on the European mainland, the modern Greeks, due to the new anthropological characteristics they acquired during the period of long slavery, apparently do not promise to become the great people that they undoubtedly were in ancient times.

Another factor that influences personality development deserves no less attention. This - biological factor, associated with the conditions of conception and development of the human body.

In any case, one cannot ignore the fact that only harmonious development body and spirit ensures proper personal improvement. If physical development is naturally weak, if a person from an early age is exposed to physical adversity and a number of common infectious diseases, especially with a protracted course, if at the same time he develops such general painful lesions rooted in insufficient and improper nutrition of the body as anemia, scrofula, rickets and others, then the full flowering of the personality will be delayed to one degree or another.

Personal development has a significant impact unfavorable economic conditions, consistently leading to physical weakening of the body, fundamentally undermining the body’s nutrition and disrupting the proper development of the brain, and, consequently, the personality.

Further, an important factor leading to personality development is social activity. Where not social activities, not there full development personality. Without social activity, a person stops at a certain stage of his development; she is a passive member of society, deprived of that initiative that serves as the key to the normal development of social life and the sustainable development of statehood. Peoples whose social activities are absent or poorly developed prepare in their midst less developed and more passive individuals compared to other peoples, which ultimately affects all branches of culture.

To this it must be added that the natural consequence of the absence of properly organized social activity in the form of self-government is idleness and inactivity, which in this case is especially favorable conditions predominantly in the wealthier classes of society. Meanwhile, idleness, no matter what it is caused by, naturally leads to a decrease in mental performance, to an irreparable loss of mental material during inactivity, to insufficient improvement of neuropsychic mechanisms, which is also proven, among other things, by psychometric studies. Idleness also leads to moral and physical degeneration, especially if it is accompanied by its natural companions - alcoholism, drug addiction, depraved acts and other excesses. Gradually, personality degradation occurs.

In terms of personal development, they deserve no less attention education and training.

Just as proper physical nutrition is necessary for the proper development of the body, spiritual nutrition is necessary for mental development, which leads to personal development. It is clear that for the integral development of personality proper upbringing and training form an essential basis.

It should be especially emphasized that the foundations of a future personality are formed in preschool age, and, therefore, correct and rational education should begin from the first days of a person’s life. Otherwise, significant changes may occur in the character of the individual, his worldview (due to certain conditions), which in the future may negatively affect both the person himself and the people around him.

The correct direction of mental development also plays an important role in the formation of personality. Since ignorance and lack of education leads to underdevelopment of the individual.

Education is understood as the purposeful development of each growing person as a unique human individual, ensuring the growth and improvement of the moral and creative powers of this person.

The real basis of personality is that special structure of the subject’s total activities that arises at a certain stage in the development of his human connections with the world.

Personality formation involves development goal setting process and, accordingly, the development of the subject’s actions. Actions, becoming more and more enriched, seem to outgrow the range of activities that they implement and come into conflict with the motives that gave rise to them. As a result, there is a shift of motives to goals, a change in their hierarchy and the birth of new motives - new types of activities; previous goals are psychologically discredited, and the actions corresponding to them either cease to exist altogether or turn into impersonal operations.

Of course, the formation of personality is a continuous process, consisting of a number of successively changing stages, the qualitative features of which depend on specific conditions and circumstances.

Personality as a social individual always fulfills a certain set of public functions. Each of these functions is carried out through a unique social behavior, constructed in the form of well-known behavioral procedures and the motivations that determine them. These procedures, motives and social functions of the individual as a whole are determined by the norms of morality, law and other phenomena of social development. Any human activity is carried out in a system of object-subject relations, that is social connections and the relationships that form a person as a social being - a personality, subject and object of the historical process.

Of the numerous, including not yet fully resolved, issues of personality development, we will focus on one problem that is important both from a philosophical and from a specific scientific point of view, namely the problem driving force human development. In the process of development, the body's blind forces of attraction turn into conscious needs, instinctive adaptation to nature and the social environment becomes more and more conscious and systematic, including not only adaptation to reality, but also its transformation.

It is known that development is a constant struggle of opposites found in every this moment in a certain temporary unity.

Since a person reflects and expresses social relations, he is not independent in his behavior and activities. Being an object, a person is at the same time a subject of knowledge and practice. The degree of independence, of course, varies from person to person. It, first of all, depends on the history of their development, on political-economic and socio-pedagogical conditions, as well as on the level that a person has reached in the process of development. Independence– one of the most important prerequisites for the correct formation of personality.

Social conditions shape personality as a system of relationships. They determine both the content of personality and its structure and form.

The formation of a person as an individual requires from society a constant and consciously organized improvement of the system of public education, overcoming stagnant, traditional, spontaneously formed forms.

Personality form characterize the peculiarities of the way it implements its content, its relationships. Decisiveness or indecisiveness, courage or cowardice, constancy or instability, hardness or pliability, integrity or inconsistency, harmony or internal inconsistency- all this external manifestations, form, correlation of various components of personality content.

The formation of a person as an individual is associated with a relatively high level of neuropsychic development, which is necessary internal condition this becoming.

Personal development is, first of all, its social development. Social development leads to mental development. But this latter has a strong influence on the social development of the psyche, prepares and anticipates the future social development of the individual, and determines its usefulness.

Personality – multifaceted, multi-level, multi-quality education. Part of her mental life occurs at an unconscious level, at the level of the free flow of associations, spontaneously formed impulses, involuntary “movements of the soul”, etc. But as the personality, developing, masters more and more advanced ways of transforming the surrounding world, it increasingly acts as a subject not only your behavior, but also your inner world, your mental life. The main characteristic of the subject is a person’s experience of himself as a sovereign source of activity, capable, within certain limits, of intentionally carrying out changes in the world around him and himself.

Typically, the formation of personality is attributed to later periods of a person’s life - adolescence, adulthood, and sometimes to preschool age. However, personality is not just discovered at a certain stage of human development, but is built gradually, so it is necessary to look for its origins at the earliest stages ontogeny.

Soon after the birth of a child, events occur that are important for the formation of his future personality: the formation of communication during contacts with his immediate environment. Communication is directly related to the development of the personality of children because even in its original direct emotional form it leads to the establishment of connections between the child and the people around him and turns out to be the first component of the ensemble of social relations that constitutes the essence of personality.

When identifying the concept of “individual” in personality psychology, first of all, they answer the question in what way a given person is similar to all other people, that is, they indicate what unites a given person with the human species. The concept of “individual” should not be confused with the opposite concept of “individuality”, with the help of which the answer is given to the question of how a given person differs from all other people. “Individual” means something whole, indivisible. When characterizing “personality,” they also mean “integrity,” but one that is born in society. One is born an individual, but one becomes a person. (A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein)

In the development of personality, the following three points are distinguished:: individual human properties as prerequisites for personality development, socio-historical way of life as a source of personality development and joint activity as the basis for the implementation of a person’s life in the system of social relations. Behind each of these points are different and as yet insufficiently correlated areas of personality study.

Formation and development of personality determined by the totality of the conditions of social existence in a given historical era. Personality is the object of many economic, political, legal, moral and other influences on a person of society at the moment of his historical development, therefore, at a given stage of development of a given socio-economic formation, in a certain country with its national composition.

Personal development represents the process of formation of increasingly complex, enriching, deepening connections with reality, accumulation in the brain of the potential for actions and experiences. Personal development is the development of the psyche, which means it is the development and complication of mental processes and the accumulation of experience - mental potential. Experience is carried out in the form of accumulation:

3. A person’s personal qualities manifest themselves exclusively during socialization, i.e. in the process of implementing general activities with other individuals. Otherwise, improving his spiritual, mental and spiritual self-development is impossible. In addition, during socialization, the formation of each person’s environment occurs.

   The present reality in which an individual develops is called the environment. In addition, various external circumstances influence the improvement of personality: family, social, school and geographical. Scientists, when discussing the impact of the environment on the development of personality, in most cases mean the home and social microclimate. The first factor corresponds to the immediate environment (family, acquaintances, relatives, etc.), and the second – to the distant environment (material well-being, political system in the country, interactions in society, etc.).

   A great influence on a person’s self-improvement, starting from his very birth, has home furnishings. It is there that the first and most important years necessary for human development. Family relationships determine interests, needs, values ​​and views on certain situations. In addition, the initial conditions for improvement are laid there personal qualities each individual.

   The process of interaction between a person and his environment is called socialization. This term appeared in American psychology and initially implied the relationship through which an individual adapted to his environment. Based on this, adaptation is the initial component of socialization.

   The main goal of society is to maintain the social environment in optimal condition. At the same time, it constantly forms stereotypes and standards, which it tries to maintain at the proper level. In order for a person to develop normally, it is necessary to adhere to these rules, since otherwise the process of socialization can develop for a very long time or stop completely. However, thanks to the principles of freedom and independence initially inherent in each personality, each individual must develop own opinion for any situation. Thus, individuality is formed, which is the main driving factor in the development of both each individual and the entire society.

   

   As a result, the full disclosure of the concept of socialization occurs in the totality of the following factors: independent regulation, adaptation, development, integration, as well as dialectical unity. The more of these components influence an individual, the faster he becomes a person.

   Socialization consists of several stages, during which certain problems are solved. Modern psychology divides these stages depending on the individual's participation in labor activity, and also on how he treats her.

   Factors influencing personal improvement

   In sociology, factors are usually called certain circumstances that create favorable conditions for socialization. A.V.Mudrik formulated the basic principles and identified four stages of specialization:

   • microfactors – social conditions, influencing every individual, without exception: family, home atmosphere, peer group in a technical school or university, various organizations in which an individual studies and interacts with an environment similar to him;
   • mesofactors (or intermediate factors) - determined by the broader social atmosphere, i.e., with the place where each individual lives at the moment: village, city, district, region, etc. In addition, differences may be based on affiliation to any subculture (group, sect, party, etc.) as well as by means of obtaining information (television, Internet, etc.);
   • macro factors - influence significant human groups that occupy a certain territory on the scale of a planet, country, state, etc. Moreover, some factors can be inherited from previous factors.
     – megafactors (or the largest) – imply factors in the largest scale concepts: world, planet, universe, etc. Also, in some cases, can be considered in relation to the population of the earth living over vast areas (countries, continents, etc. .).

   If we compare all these components, then microfactors have the greatest influence on personality development. With their help, the process of interaction occurs through the so-called agents of socialization. These include those individuals with whom each specific person interacts. Depending on his age, the agents may be completely different people. For example, for children these are immediate relatives (parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents), neighbors, acquaintances, friends, etc. In adolescence and young adulthood, the main agents of socialization are: spouses, study and work colleagues, army colleagues . In adulthood and old age, one’s own children, grandchildren, etc. are added. At the same time, most agents can move from category to category starting from a very early age.

   How a person’s environment is formed

   

   Every person tries to create an environment around himself that would in every possible way contribute to his development and self-improvement. At the same time, he should not feel constrained and restless. After all, everyone understands that it is much easier to develop in an environment where all other people also strive to improve and improve their lives.

   According to scientists, the influence of the environment on each individual person is almost invisible, but has a very powerful effect. Therefore, it is necessary to try to create an environment around yourself exclusively of successful and interesting people.
   To create a successful environment, you must follow the following principles:

   1. Always look for opportunities to meet and communicate with interesting and successful people. When talking with them you can always learn some important and necessary information. However, you should remember that you yourself must be somehow interesting to this person.
   2. Study the works of interesting people. This could be an autobiography, a book, video or audio material. You can learn a lot of useful things from them.
   3. Develop diversified. This includes various habits and hobbies: morning workouts on outdoors, yoga classes, trainings, seminars, etc. At such events, you can often meet like-minded people and form a successful environment.

   Creating an environment involves continuous work on improving yourself, at every moment and in every area.

   To improve yourself, you need to set more goals for yourself each time. complex tasks and goals. Depending on age and social status they may be completely different, but the same must remain main factor that any activity must be aimed at improving the individual as a person.

   There are two main theories about how environment influences personality development. According to one of them, a person is initially born with a program embedded in him, which shapes his abilities and character. According to another, it is a person’s environment that shapes the personality of each individual person.

   

   If a person takes a look at his surroundings, he will be able to identify certain patterns, i.e. all these people will be approximately the same social status, education, and also have common interests. Thus, it will also meet all these parameters. And if an individual wants to change his life and improve it in some way, then the first thing that needs to be done is to change his environment. After all, reaching your goal in an environment where they don’t believe in you will be very difficult or almost impossible.

   In our history there is clear example- Mikhail Lomonosov. As a young man, he had a strong thirst for knowledge. However, in the environment in which he was initially, the boy could not acquire the necessary skills and abilities. Therefore he did very Difficult choice. The young man not only changed his environment, but also his place of residence, leaving for unfamiliar city. Finding himself completely alone, he did not give up, but, on the contrary, grew stronger and revealed himself as a gifted and talented person.

   On the other hand, currently there are many counter examples. Many young people born in major cities who have received an excellent education and job, become the usual “gray” mass. They have no interests, exist exclusively for one day and are ordinary wasters of life.

   From all this we can conclude that the environment always influences the formation and development of personality. Sometimes to a greater extent, sometimes to a lesser extent. Its influence on children is especially strong, therefore main goal parents is to help form a circle of friends and acquaintances in their child, as well as show some principles on by example. An adult needs to define his own priorities. later life and based on them, create the necessary and successful environment around you.

   Self-improvement occurs thanks to many life moments and circumstances, but everyone is able to influence them to some extent. Knowing the main factors influencing personal development, it is easy to build your path to self-improvement. Also, many factors and prerequisites for personality development are important when caring for a child, if you want to raise him into a worthy person and a multifaceted, developed personality.

   Personal development is a rather long process and does not always depend directly on the person himself. Exist various factors, determining the development of personality. They need to be known for further individual growth and own development, because relying on them, you can help any person become much better.

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   Main factors influencing personality development

   The word “factor” itself carries with it interesting meaning, because translated from Latin language it literally means “moving”, “producing”. That is, in this question we identify the main derivatives of the process of self-development, find out what motivates it and why.

   It is important to note that there are several factors of personality development in psychology. It is from them that the entire process of personal maturation comes.

   Personal development factors include:

   1. Internal;
   2. External;
   3. Biological;
   4. Social.

   It is these factors that determine the development of personality that are located on the path of development of an individual throughout his life. Based on them, one can understand one or another of his inclinations and abilities, as well as the level of psychological and spiritual perception.

   1. Internal moments

   TO internal factors development and personality formation include the individual’s own activity. That is, his perception of the world around him, based on various motives, for example, on interests, likes and dislikes. Role given factors The development of a person’s personality lies in his self-education. This also includes the subject’s personal aspirations for something, his attitude to orders and regulations.

   2. External circumstances

   If we look at it in more detail external factors and prerequisites for personality development, then we can safely include parental and pedagogical education, and even all educational system modern society generally. There is no need to confuse external factors of human personality development and social ones, despite the fact that they really stand next to each other.

   3. Public education

   The social engines of individual striving for improvement include the habitat of each person and, of course, her environment, and interaction (communication) with them. There is also a lot here important role plays the set of experiences of an individual among the older generation, his self-identification as an individual and belonging to any culture, religion or even profession.

   4. Heredity and genetics

   And no less significant in the development of people as individuals will be biological aspect. This primarily includes heredity transmitted through the DNA of parents and previous blood generations. At the genetic level, a child is passed on from his parents some innate character traits and inclinations (talents), which he subsequently life path can develop.

   Unfortunately, genetics can also play a cruel joke on an individual, transmitting to him hereditary diseases and deviations from established correct norms. For example, some physical disabilities and disorders may also be part of heredity, and they greatly affect the self-esteem of any person.

   Important points in the emergence of personal qualities

   How can one influence a person’s successful development in life, based on the factors and prerequisites for personal development? Very simple! Try to make his stay in society as comfortable as possible and provide him with help in self-realization.

   Improving outside influence

   If we take into account external reasons, then you should try to surround the person with due attention and care, try to give her the right upbringing and provide an adequate environment whose behavior you can emulate.

   Here, the main development begins in childhood, and largely depends on the work of parents, relatives and teachers. Because of mistakes in the spiritual education of children, their happy future often collapses or complexes arise that prevent them from realizing themselves in society.

   

   As for more mature age, then for self-improvement it will take a lot more strength and courage, because you will have to radically reconsider some of your actions and understand whether they are correct or require some adjustments.

   Strict self-discipline

   If we take internal individual reasons, then there is little that can be done to influence the individual. After all, self-education, discipline and internal control of the person himself play a significant role here. IN in this case all responsibility for restructuring his thoughts and actions, and his entire perception of the world as a whole, falls squarely on his shoulders.

   By being closely involved in raising a child from his very birth, you can help him gain some internal “engines” in understanding the world and increase his perceptual activity. This is done through educational games, teaching him to work and help adults.

   Any genetic feature is your unique highlight

   As for biological factors development and personality formation, then it is worth considering genetic features and the individual's background. To be more precise, it is worth taking care in advance to ensure that some hereditary diseases do not worsen or, in principle, do not make themselves felt.

   Here we need prevention and more careful care of health and mental state. If you look from a positive point of view, then it is best to develop positive genetic predispositions on the contrary. Over time, these abilities can be transformed into talent and help in a person’s self-realization.

   The role of public opinion in the emergence of personality

   Plays an important role in the emergence of individuality social environment. Each of us lives in society, so we need to learn how to interact with it. To be realized here, you will need developed communication skills. They can be easily achieved through frequent direct communication with people around you. IN childhood this could be communication with parents, and subsequently with teachers and friends.

   This factor in human personality development can also be improved in adulthood. For example, reconsider your social circle, using observation methods to understand how it influences you and whether it brings the development that you strive for.
   The social factor consists of the influence of society on a person. It could be political situation in the country where the individual lives, or his religious preferences, the influence of means mass media and social norms and orders.

   What makes us us?

   It is worth understanding that the factors that determine personality development are important in the process of self-improvement. It is impossible to achieve growth if even one of them suffers. That is, if you are in a bad team that negatively affects you, preventing you from achieving significant goals, then the question immediately arises: did you make the right choice?

   Man makes his own way

   

   In addition to supervision and training, it is very important that the individual himself wants to develop and strives to improve his existing skills. In most cases, he himself determines his future, constantly making choices. That is, a person chooses his political and spiritual preferences, hobbies and likes, this turns him into a person. And further factors and prerequisites for personal development help him in this.

   What does psychological maturity indicate?

   When a subject positions himself as a full-fledged person, this is noticeable in his behavior. For example, this is clearly manifested in the ability to make choices, independently carry out instructions and complete work.