Detecting a lie is not always easy, especially if you rely only on the words of your interlocutor. But some indirect signs (for example, gestures) can unconditionally reveal a liar. So, unless you have direct reasons to doubt the veracity of what was said, pay attention to how the person behaves. And you will immediately understand whether he is telling the truth.

Gestures don't match words

Let's say you ask a question, to which the interlocutor answers positively and accompanies his words with a nod. But he nods only after he answers. If a person is telling the truth, he will nod along with the answer.

Or gestures may contradict the meaning of what is being said. So, with an affirmative answer, a person can slightly move his head from side to side. This means that the answer can be questioned.

A liar repeats your own words

If a person is forced to lie without preparing in advance, then, as a rule, he does not have time to think about the answer. Therefore, there is a fairly high probability that, trying to assure you of his truthfulness, he will simply repeat your words, often inserting negative particle: "You are cheating on me?" - “I’m not cheating on you!” "You're lying to me?" - "I am not lying to you!"

By the way, as you know, our subconscious mind ignores denials. If a person is pure in front of you, he will answer something like: “I am faithful to you” or: “I am telling the truth.” Another sign of lying is when the interlocutor asks you to repeat your words. He needs this to think about his answer. Although, of course, this cannot serve as direct evidence that he is really sincere with you.

A liar will bombard you with information

If it is straight enough and specific question If you do not receive a direct, specific answer, but instead are bombarded with a stream of generalized phrases, then you should suspect that something is wrong here.

Suppose a person made some kind of promise to you, and you are wondering whether he has fulfilled it, or at least whether he is going to fulfill it... In response, he begins to tell you about his difficulties at home, at work, etc. Most likely, he does not plan to do what he promised, but he is embarrassed to tell you about it directly.

A liar avoids words that refer to himself

Here, for example, is a situation when you ask a friend to give you a ride somewhere in his car (or help you transport things). To which he replies: “Unfortunately, I can’t, the car is being repaired.” If it is really being repaired, then the person will say: “my car” or “our car.” But if he avoids the pronouns “my” or “our,” this should alert you.

Most likely, your interlocutor simply does not want to help you. However, on a subconscious level, he feels guilty, so he seems to hide the fact that the car, which is supposedly being repaired, actually belongs to him...

A liar does not refer to other people

If people tell the truth, they often back it up with the point of view of their family or friends. For example: “Even my boss told me that I looked bad today, I was probably sick, so I left early.” Not everyone has this rich fantasy to invent details about others.

A liar rarely asks you questions

If a person lies, then he is focused on how to “not get caught.” Therefore, he tries not to ask unnecessary questions, because this could lead to him being taken to the clean water. You changed the topic and questions immediately started pouring in? This sure sign that the interlocutor previously lied or hid something.

A liar often uses certain phrases in conversation that emphasize his truthfulness.

For example, “to be honest,” “to be honest,” “why would I lie to you?” Or he answers with counter questions: “Have you finished your part of the work yet?” - "And you?"

A liar tries to justify himself based on “third-party” facts

Suppose you accuse a person of hiding some circumstances from you or not doing something important. In response, he begins to tell you about the actions of other people, which are supposedly even more reprehensible than his own behavior.

let’s say your interlocutor embezzled a large sum of money that was intended for specific purposes. You “attack” him, and he declares that a certain Vasya stole ten times more and he didn’t have anything for it...

However, you can draw certain conclusions only when you have noticed at least a few signs of “deceitful” behavior.

Anxiety is common to all people to one degree or another, and many of us sometimes perform rituals to varying degrees irrationalities designed to keep us out of trouble - banging a fist on the table or wearing a lucky T-shirt on an important event. But sometimes this mechanism gets out of control, causing a serious mental disorder. “Theories and Practices” explains what tormented Howard Hughes, how an obsession differs from schizophrenic delusion, and what magical thinking has to do with it.

Endless Ritual

Jack Nicholson's character famous film“It Can’t Be Better” was different not only complex character, but also a whole set of oddities: he constantly washed his hands (and each time with new soap), ate only with his own cutlery, avoided the touch of others and tried not to step on cracks in the asphalt. All these "eccentricities" - typical signs obsessive-compulsive disorder, a mental illness in which a person is obsessed with obsessive thoughts that force him to repeat the same actions regularly. OCD is a real boon for a screenwriter: this disease is more common in people with high intelligence, it gives the character originality, noticeably interferes with his communication with others, but at the same time is not associated with a threat to society, unlike many others mental disorders. But in reality, the life of a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder cannot be called easy: behind innocent and even funny, at first glance, actions hide constant pressure and fear.

It’s as if a record is stuck in such a person’s head: the same unpleasant thoughts regularly come to mind, having little rational basis. For example, he imagines that there are dangerous microbes everywhere, he is constantly afraid of hurting someone, losing something, or leaving the gas on when leaving home. He may be driven crazy by a leaking faucet or an asymmetrical arrangement of objects on the table.

The flip side of this obsession, that is, obsession, is compulsion, the regular repetition of the same rituals that should prevent the impending danger. A person begins to believe that the day will go well only if he reads a nursery rhyme three times before leaving the house, that he will protect himself from terrible diseases if he washes his hands several times in a row and uses his own cutlery. After the patient performs the ritual, he experiences relief for a while. 75% of patients suffer from both obsessions and compulsions at the same time, but there are cases when people experience only obsessions without performing rituals.

At the same time, obsessive thoughts differ from schizophrenic delusions in that the patient himself perceives them as absurd and illogical. He is not at all happy about washing his hands every half hour and zipping his fly five times in the morning - but he can get rid of obsession he simply cannot do it any other way. The level of anxiety is too high, and rituals allow the patient to achieve temporary relief. But at the same time, the love of rituals, lists, or putting things on shelves in itself, if it does not bring discomfort to a person, is not considered a disorder. From this point of view, aesthetes who diligently arrange carrot peelings lengthwise in Things Organized Neatly are absolutely healthy.

The biggest problems for OCD patients are obsessions of an aggressive or sexual nature. Some people become afraid that they will do something bad to other people, even to the point of sexual violence and murders. Obsessive thoughts can take the form individual words, phrases or even poetic lines - a good illustration can be an episode from the film “The Shining”, where main character, going crazy, starts typing the same phrase “all work and“no play makes Jack a dull boy.” A person with OCD experiences enormous stress - he is simultaneously horrified by his thoughts and tormented by a feeling of guilt for them, tries to resist them, and at the same time tries to ensure that the rituals he performs go unnoticed by others. In all other respects, his consciousness functions completely normally.

There is an opinion that obsessions and compulsions are closely related to “magical thinking” that arose at the dawn of humanity - the belief in the possibility of taking control of the world with the help of the right attitude and rituals. Magical thinking draws a direct parallel between mental desire And real consequence: If you draw a buffalo on the wall of a cave, setting yourself up for a successful hunt, you will certainly be lucky. Apparently, this way of perceiving the world originates in the deep mechanisms of human thinking: neither scientific and technical progress, neither logical arguments nor sad personal experience, which proves the uselessness of magical passes, does not relieve us of the need to look for relationships between random things. Some scientists believe that it is embedded in our neuropsychology - the automatic search for patterns that simplify the picture of the world helped our ancestors survive, and the most ancient parts of the brain still work according to this principle, especially in stressful situation. Therefore, when elevated level With anxiety, many people begin to fear their own thoughts, fearing that they may become reality, and at the same time believe that a set of some irrational actions will help prevent an undesirable event.

Story

In ancient times, this disorder was often associated with mystical causes: in the Middle Ages, people obsessed with obsessive ideas were immediately sent to exorcists, and in the 17th century, the concept was reversed - it was believed that such conditions arise due to excessive religious zeal.

In 1877, one of the founders of scientific psychiatry, Wilhelm Griesinger and his student Karl-Friedrich-Otto Westphal, found out that the basis of “neurosis” obsessive states"is a thought disorder, but it does not affect other aspects of behavior. They used the German term Zwangsvorstellung, which, having been variously translated in Britain and the US (as obsession and compulsion respectively), became modern name diseases. And in 1905, the French psychiatrist and neurologist Pierre Marie Felix Janet isolated this neurosis from neurasthenia as a separate disease and called it psychasthenia.

Opinions varied about the cause of the disorder - for example, Freud believed that obsessive-compulsive behavior related to unconscious conflicts that manifest themselves as symptoms, while his German colleague Emil Kraepelin classified it as “constitutional.” mental illness" caused by physical reasons.

People who suffered from obsessive disorder included: famous people- for example, the inventor Nikola Tesla counted steps while walking and the volume of food portions - if he failed to do this, the lunch was considered spoiled. And entrepreneur and American aviation pioneer Howard Hughes was terrified of dust and ordered employees before visiting him to “wash themselves four times, each time using a large number of foam from a new bar of soap."

Defense mechanism

The exact causes of OCD are not clear even now, but all hypotheses can be divided into three categories: physiological, psychological and genetic. Proponents of the first concept associate the disease either with the functional and anatomical features of the brain, or with metabolic disorders (biologically active substances, transmitting electrical impulses between neurons, or from neurons to muscle tissue) - primarily serotonin and dopamine, as well as norepinephrine and GABA. Some researchers have noted that many obsessive-compulsive disorder patients had birth trauma at birth, which also supports physiological causes of OCD.

Supporters psychological theories believe that the disease is associated with personal characteristics, character, psychological trauma and wrong reaction to negative impact environment. Sigmund Freud theorized that obsessive-compulsive symptoms are caused by defense mechanisms psyche: isolation, liquidation and reactive formation. Isolation protects a person from alarming affects and impulses, displacing them into the subconscious, elimination is aimed at combating the emerging repressed impulses - in fact, the compulsive act is based on it. And finally, reactive formation is the manifestation of patterns of behavior and consciously experienced attitudes that are opposite to emerging impulses.

There is also scientific evidence that OCD is caused by genetic mutations. They were found in unrelated families whose members suffered from OCD - in the serotonin transporter gene, hSERT. Studies of identical twins also confirm the existence of a hereditary factor. In addition, OCD patients with more likely have close relatives with the same disorder than healthy people.

Maksim, 21 years old, suffers from OCD since childhood

It started for me at about 7-8 years old. The neurologist was the first to report the possibility of OCD; even then there was a suspicion of obsessive neurosis. I was constantly silent, replaying in my head various theories, like “mental chewing gum.” When I saw something that caused me anxiety, obsessive thoughts about it began, although the reasons seemed to be quite insignificant and, perhaps, would never have affected me.

At one time there was intrusive thought that my mother might die. I replayed the same moment in my head, and it captured me so much that I could not sleep at night. And when I’m riding in a minibus or in a car, I constantly think that we’re going to get into an accident, that someone is going to crash into us, or that we’re going to fly off a bridge. A couple of times the thought arose that the balcony under me would fall apart, or that someone would throw me out of there, or that I myself would slip and fall in the winter.

We never really talked to the doctor, I just took different medications. Now I move from one obsession to another and follow some rituals. I am constantly touching something, no matter where I am. I walk from corner to corner throughout the room, straightening the curtains and wallpaper. Maybe I'm different from other people with this disorder, everyone has their own rituals. But it seems to me that those people who accept themselves as they are are luckier. They are much better off than those who want to get rid of it and are very worried about it.

Everyone has had such a situation when the person with whom you are spending the evening or just chatting or arguing says something, and at that moment you understand for sure that something is wrong.

Perhaps it’s not even specifically what he said, but how he looked at that moment. For example, his gaze burned a spot on your forehead or the interlocutor’s leg did not stop shaking.

Scientists have spent decades trying to figure out what exactly these nonverbal cues mean.

It turned out that in some cases these actions may not mean anything at all, but in others they reflect what the person in front of you is actually thinking and feeling. Maybe he's on the edge now nervous breakdown, or maybe trying to deceive you.

Below are some of the most interesting and useful scientific examples about how to correctly read this body language. Materials from Psychology Today, research journals, and psychology books were used.

Before we begin, we want to draw your attention to a couple of important points.

Firstly, context matters. great importance. You might think that the fact that a person has his arms crossed may indicate that he is not in the mood to communicate. But in fact, maybe he was just frozen.

Secondly, it is important to understand that gestures themselves vary greatly depending on where the person is from, and even on his personal characteristics. For example, if a person shakes his head to the sides, then in Russia this will be regarded as a denial (“no”). If you communicate with an Indian, do not be surprised that the same movement will have positive value and mean agreement (“yes”).

“This is an excellent example of a universal gesture that is used to show that a person does not understand what you are talking about,” they write.

“This is a complex gesture that consists of three main parts,” they continue. "Open palms to show that nothing is hidden in the hands, raised shoulders to protect the throat from attack, and raised eyebrows, which is a universal, submissive greeting."

Open palms - an ancient sign of honesty

You may have noticed that when someone swears to tell the truth in court, they place one hand on the religious text and raise the other hand with an open palm in the air. For what?

“The open hand has historically been associated with truth, honesty, loyalty and submission in all things Western history", write the Pease couple.

People use their palms to show that they are unarmed and therefore not a threat.

If the intonation of the voice rises or falls, your interlocutor is interested

"Once a conversation begins, if a woman likes you, her voice will take on a sing-song quality," Psychology Today reports, "while a man's voice will drop an octave lower."

All our emotions affect the body. Our most sincere smiles lead to wrinkles in certain places, and if you are surprised by something too often, then it is quite possible that your eyebrows will take on a raised position.

An index finger protruding from a tightly clenched fist is a sign of dominance.

If someone stretches out his hand in front of him and openly shows index finger into the distance - this man is clearly trying to show that he is in charge here. However, this method of dominance does not always work.

“This symbol represents the baton with which the speaker subjugates his audience,” the Peases say, “subconsciously this awakens negative feelings in the audience, because this movement meant that a strong blow with this hand would follow (most primates use this movement for physical attack enemy)".

If people follow your steps, the conversation is more likely to go smoothly

When two people get along with each other, their postures and movements mirror each other. If your best friend crosses his legs - you will most likely repeat this movement after him. If everything goes right on a date, both he and she will most likely repeat the same stupid gestures after each other.

“The thing is, we start mimicking each other's movements when we feel connected,” says psychologist Barbara Fredrickson.

When you look into someone's eyes, you feel a certain arousal.

“But exactly how it will affect you depends on the interlocutor and your attitude towards him,” writes organizational psychologist Ronald Riggo.

“You are stared at by a stranger who you perceive as a threat...However, if it is an attractive, potential sexual partner, the reaction may be more positive.”

Open posture demonstrates power

If you look closely at a person's posture, you can get a couple of clues about how they are feeling.

If someone is leaning back in a relaxed manner, then this person most likely feels power and control over the situation. In fact, researchers have found that even if a child was born blind, if he wins a physical competition, he will raise his arms above his head in a V and lift his chin.

On the other hand, if a person is in a closed position, closes himself and hugs himself with his arms, his level of cortisol, the stress hormone, increases.

One more study is worth noting. Professor Harvard University Amy Cuddy and his colleagues found that the connection also works in reverse side. Taking a “strong pose” will help you feel more confident.

The abundance of gestures shows many different emotions.

Only peace

"Emotions, eye contact and responding to threats, as well as ensuring our survival, is complex functions limbic system of the brain," says former agent FBI Counterintelligence Joe Navarro.

“People have expressed their discomfort this way for millions of years,” Navarro concludes, “if a person repeatedly touches his face or hands, then he is probably nervous.”

"In general, all of these complex stress response mechanisms show how much humans have evolved," he tells Business Insider.

What are the most common manifestations of anxiety that we know? Touching the face and the skin on the hands. These actions can be calming in uncomfortable situations.

"It's funny how often we touch ourselves when we're stressed," Navarro said.

Did anyone like your joke? - a sure sign of sympathy. Psychologists say that humor and positive reactions to humor play a key role in human development. It is an expression of the desire for a relationship, both platonic and romantic.

Foot position matters

"Your legs are the most big square your body, says Professor Susan Wisbor from the University of Massachusetts, so when they move, other people notice it. So, swaying legs are signals of alarm and irritation.”

Smile

A slight smile, along with direct eye contact, can indicate an attempt at seduction.

Riggio's research suggests that people have a certain type of smile that they unconsciously use when seducing someone.

"The following procedure usually demonstrates positive attitude towards the person - a slight smile, accompanied by direct eye contact, with a slow glance to the side, still maintaining a smile,” an entry from modern psychology. “It’s interesting that a seductive smile can be accompanied by a submissive behavior (tilting the head down), or a dominant one - a proud and slow glance to the side.”

You can use these tips to Everyday life in order to better understand how this or that person treats you and what to expect from him. But do not forget that body language is a very subjective concept. Not only each nationality, but also each individual person has its own characteristics and traits that scientists cannot calculate.

How to influence people and win them over. Ten rules to help you achieve what you want without blackmail and other prohibited methods. Most of the methods are common courtesy, some require more serious development, but they have also proven their effectiveness

All great conquerors dreamed of conquering the world and influencing millions of people. The desire for limitless influence forced many people to literally walk over corpses. But these methods will not be discussed.

You need to influence people so that you have the opportunity to have like-minded people, win them over and achieve your goals without causing any harm to anyone. Small people can help you with this psychological tricks, with the help of which you, of course, will not be able to manipulate people, but you will be able to become needed.

1. Call people by name

It is not simple elementary rule politeness and etiquette are also a way to instill trust in yourself and the desire to continue the conversation on any topic. Frequent mention of a name is very important, because for every person a name, no matter what language it is spoken in, is the most desirable combination of sounds that lifts the mood and evokes a positive attitude towards the one who calls you by name.

It is important to remember that in some friendly teams, where everyone is approximately the same age, it is acceptable to call colleagues without a middle name. It is better to name only the chief and his deputies full name, maintaining a social distance.

2. Nod your head

Psychologists have long noticed that many people, when communicating with an interlocutor, involuntarily nod their heads, as if agreeing with what they hear. Therefore, if you start nodding your head, your interlocutor, voluntarily or involuntarily, will begin to agree. In fact, it is your nodding that will help convince you of the correctness of your position. The main thing is not to overdo it, so as not to seem like a kind of “Chinese dummy” in the eyes of other people.

3. Mirror other people's behavior

When we really like a person, we begin to gradually copy his behavior, characteristic gestures or gait. This happens most often automatically, at the subconscious level. But if you use this technique consciously, you can achieve a certain influence on others.

It has been proven that people are more favorable towards those who are similar to them. Therefore, if you “reflect” his behavior in a conversation with your interlocutor, he will begin to be more friendly and will be more disposed towards you in the process of communication. And the explanation for this fact is quite logical: your interlocutor understands that someone strives to be like him, begins to feel his importance, confidence in his influence on others. He becomes benevolent and is ready to fulfill any of your requests. Therefore, “mirror” the behavior of others to achieve your goals.

4. Repeat the other person’s words

This technique is better known in psychology: when a person comes to a psychotherapist and complains about something, the doctor repeats his words, as if checking whether he understood everything correctly. Then the patient understands that he has been heard and begins to trust his healer.

You can behave the same way in everyday life: for example, during a meeting with a client, paraphrase his words, thereby demonstrating not just an understanding of the essence of the problem, but also your disposition towards him. You show your interlocutor that you understand him like no one else, that you feel his condition well, which means that you like him and can count on your trust.

This really has a great impact on the interlocutor: he will open up more, trusting you, and cooperation can turn out to be more fruitful.

5. Learn to listen

But there will be no trust if you don't listen to anyone. Even the most experienced manager can learn a lot just by listening to his subordinate. It would be a huge mistake not to listen to a person, categorically declaring that he is still wrong, since he does not understand anything about this or does not have the necessary experience.

It is better to listen to your opponent, try to understand him and, if possible, give him at least some hope that someday everything will turn out exactly as your opponent dreams. This way you won’t make an enemy and “save face.” But then you can offer your own options, which may suit both sides.

6. Learn to flatter

Yes, yes, how many times have they told the world that flattery is vile and harmful... Classics don’t lie. But a person is designed in such a way that it is pleasant to hear praise addressed to him. It is important to maintain the right balance. There are people with high self-esteem, who at the same time know their weak spots. If your flattery largely coincides with this assessment and bypasses these very places, it will sound quite sincere, causing the effect you need.

It is much more difficult to flatter those who have low self-esteem: your words will go against their ideas about themselves, and the effect may be the opposite. Therefore, in order to flatter, you need to be good psychologist. If you are not friends with psychology, look for other ways to influence people. Flattery is not your strong point.

7. Take advantage of your opponent's fatigue

Fatigue can do wonders. A tired person, oddly enough, becomes more susceptible to other people's requests or statements. If you ask a person who is very tired for some kind of favor, he will most likely promise that he will do it tomorrow, because today he simply has no strength.

The next day, he will still have to fulfill your request, so as not to experience psychological discomfort from an unrestrained word. Of course, this technique works if this person is decent and honest. After all, he will be very uncomfortable in front of you if he has already promised to resolve your issue.

8. Offer something that would be difficult to refuse

Each of us carries out small, non-binding tasks almost every day. In turn, you can ask people for a small favor (hand in a report, copy the necessary presentation), but then start talking about something more serious.

For example, after enlisting your boss's support for help for yourself, you can try to ask for your colleague, who has not been promoted for a long time or has not received a bonus for a long time. Of course, in this case you need to be a very selfless person, because the boss can send you both to hell. But if he still values ​​his reputation and, above all, in the eyes of his subordinates, then he will listen to your words. It is important not to overdo it: do not immediately move on to a new request. It’s better to wait a day or two, or even a week.

Therefore, marketers most often use such techniques to promote new products, which is still little known to consumers, or those products that have been lying on the shelves.

9. Demand more

The use of such a technique involves good knowledge psychology. By choosing a “victim” for yourself, you are asking for something impossible for him. It could even be a completely ridiculous request. The person will naturally refuse, but will feel out of place. He, of course, will explain the refusal to himself by the absurdity of your request or the general impossibility of fulfilling it.

When his conscience is completely calm, you can safely ask for what is important to you. Firstly, this person will feel uncomfortable because he initially refused. Secondly, he will feel that he “owes” you and is simply obliged to help at least this time.

This technique also requires special delicacy from you, so as not to actually put someone in an awkward position with your incomprehensible or ridiculous requests. Plus knowledge of psychology, because, unfortunately, there are fewer and fewer such conscientious people.

10. Ask for a favor

Any strategist knows that it is important to change tactics from time to time. If you previously demanded something from your colleagues, then try asking now. For example, something is not in your area business communication: read interesting book, watch your favorite movie on disc. Thus, people who are asked for such a favor become more favorable to you, realizing that they are being singled out from the crowd.

In the future, you can turn to the same person, but with a more serious request. It is unlikely that you will be refused, because it is important for everyone to maintain their credibility and reputation. And the response also affects it. A person decides for himself: if you asked him for something, then he has the right to count on something similar from you.

In conclusion, I would like to note: such techniques can and should be used to your advantage. But here it’s like in medicine: do no harm. If you abuse the trust that your colleagues or subordinates have in you, sooner or later you can find yourself alone against everyone, since they will no longer trust you, but will fear or despise you.

The idea of ​​the power of words is as old as the Vedas of the Hindus; now the modern world is awakening to it through what is called psychology. Through psychology it is possible to study whether ancient treasure, which seekers of truth have developed in the East for thousands of years.

Today people look at psychology as a side subject, as something that can help medicine. But the day will come when humanity is in this modern world will look at psychological science the same way people in the East looked at it: as the main thing in religion and spiritual development.

As for the power of words, then new idea comes from various places under different names, and it is that repeating a certain word or phrase can greatly help in healing certain diseases. Today psychological science Western world just opens it up; but what about Buddhists, who have been repeating various mantras for many centuries, sitting in their temples, saying them two thousand and thousand times a day? And what about the Hindus who have preserved their age-old sacred mantras and spells? Although the language is already dead, they kept these spells until today. And what about the Jews who still preserve the sacred songs that they inherited from the prophets of the Bene Israel? And what about the Muslims who have been repeating the Koran for many hours every day for centuries and continue to do so today? And think of the mystery behind the repetitions of the Catholic mystics!

The Zoroastrians, the Parsis, whose religion dates back perhaps eight thousand years, still uphold their sacred words and say their prayers several times a day, repeating them over and over again. But modern man Having read today's newspaper, throws it away, and the next day asks for another!

Without a doubt, there is great meaning in the fact that millions of people are so attached to mantras, repeating them day after day, perhaps all their lives, and never getting tired of it. If it were, as is sometimes said, religious fanaticism, then no one could continue these repetitions for so long, since no intoxication, no poisoning can last longer than its influence lasts; and when it passes, the person is deprived of illusions.

This suggests that there is a secret hidden behind the repetition of words; and on the day when a person comprehends it, he will discover the great secret of life. One way to understand this mystery is to keep in mind the fact that a reflector is needed behind the light source in order to direct the light fully, and a reflector is also needed for the voice, as any voice-producer knows. He always gives the student exercises, which he repeats and repeats, in order to bring this reflector into the correct state and so that all the possibilities of the full voice come out.

This is the material side of the issue, but there is also a psychological side. We very rarely explore this issue; we cut it off every time we encounter it. It lies in the fact that not only the organs of the physical body have this reflective quality, but also the mind and what we call the senses can be a reflector. For example, when a person tells a lie, we naturally feel that it smells bad and cannot easily believe it. No matter how loud his voice may be, no matter how much he insists on his lie, but because it is a lie, we feel how bad it smells, because psychologically the power of the mind works as a reflector; in such cases, it does not act as the lying person wants, since his mind is in in this case doesn't stand behind it. Also take an ordinary phrase like “thank you” or “I am very grateful to you”; If ten people say this to you during the day, then you will feel that each of them has different strength for its transmission; because if the reflector does not give it strength, does not stand behind it, then a person can say “I am so grateful to you” a thousand times, but it will not have any effect.

There is another way to look at this question: suppose that when one person tells you something, you easily believe it; and when another person tells you the same thing even fifty times, then you are not inclined to believe it. What is the reason? This suggests that we must prepare ourselves before we say anything. To prepare ourselves to be aware not only of what we say, but also of how we feel it, how we express it, and what power is hidden behind our expression, what power generates it, so that the word can penetrate the heart of a person.

The question then arises: how can the best way prepare yourself to pronounce a certain word effectively? Symbolically speaking, a person can pronounce the same word in front of people a hundred times, and it will remain an “iron” word; he can say it fifty times and it will be a “brass” word; he can say it twenty times, and it will be a “silver” word; but another person can say it only once, and this word will be “golden”. For example, someone wants to convince you: he can talk and talk and talk, he can argue, prove and give hundreds of arguments so that you believe him; but the more he wants you to believe him, the less he convinces you. But another person will say something to you, maybe just once, and you will not be able to help but say: “Yes, I believe it, I understand it, I am convinced.”

How to prepare yourself? How to prepare reflectors to make an impression with words? Yogis and Sufis have discovered certain practices that help psychological development. Through them, a person naturally becomes more and more sincere and convinced, and everything he says carries power. These practices may not be important in terms of voice production, but they are of great importance in terms of psychological point vision. The practices referred to are concentration, meditation, contemplation and realization.

In the case of ancient words, the student of languages ​​will find that these words can be traced back to the same source. The further you delve into ancient languages, the more psychological meaning you begin to find in them, and modern languages seem to be a distortion of them. It is amazing how many words in the languages ​​spoken today come from ancient languages, and how many human names come from them.

In ancient languages, words were formed by intuition. And modern languages ​​are based on grammar learned by humans. Of course, the source of the ancient words is purely intuitive, and they formed a language that is more effective, based on life experience human and more powerful than the words of the languages ​​we speak today. Ancient words have greater strength, when they are repeated, and a great miracle can be created when a person has mastered such words under the guidance of someone who understands this path.

Each vowel sound carries a deep psychological meaning, and the structure of each word has a chemical and mental effect. Yogis use certain words which are repeated in the morning or evening, and through this they achieve insight or fall into a state of exaltation. It was this very science that the Sufis of antiquity called “dhikr” - the science of obtaining the desired results by repeating appropriate words or phrases. A chemist can have it all existing medications, but if someone comes and takes the wrong medicine that he needs, but that he likes, then he can not so much heal himself as kill himself.

Even more difficult and more responsible is the use of repetitions of certain psychological words and phrases. The doctor is responsible for giving to a specific person appropriate medicine for his condition. In the East, man seeks a guru, or murshid, as the Sufis call him, who has experience of psychological precepts; and the person accepts what the murshid prescribes to him as instructions. First the murshid diagnoses the person's condition and according to his evolution he prescribes a word or phrase by repetition of which the person can achieve the desired goal. Those who have some experience in voice training know that at first the teacher does not give any songs; it gives certain sounds and notes, and a special way of exercise - practice, with the help of which the voice develops.

In Sufism there are certain words which are considered sacred, and a man of simple faith knows them as such; but they are also sacred because they have psychological significance, and by repeating them a certain effect is produced.

It is very interesting to see that science seems to be waking up to the meaning of vibrations and their phenomena. Modern systems are not yet very developed, but the goal is the same: to determine the state of vibrations in physical body in order to handle it properly, to treat it scientifically.

When we see that similar systems were developed by the ancient mystics and occultists and tested for thousands of years by countless people, it becomes clear that these systems must produce satisfactory results and give to many that treasure which has been kept as a shrine for centuries by seekers after truth.

The Sufi movement has made it possible for Westerners who want to reach this treasure, this source through serious study and practice, to gain glimpses of the truth that the ancient mystics possessed.