The best current topics in ecology. Environmental projects

Ecological research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"

Main part

Here's what:
- Eat my forest apple - I’ll tell you.
The tree is heavy, there are a lot of fruits on it.
And what does the girl answer?
- My father doesn’t even eat garden vegetables.
The girl did not help Yablonka - and Yablonka did not help her.
It was the same with Rechka and Pechka.
But on the way back, when the girl and her brother were running away from
geese-swans, Pechka, River, and Yablonka helped her. And why all? Yes, because the girl also helped them: she drank the jelly, ate the pie, and tasted the forest apple.
A typical picture of mutual aid!

Presentation on the topic: Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales

Research environmental water project“Ecological state of reservoirs within the village of Molchanova”

Target: assessment of water quality in reservoirs located within the village of Molchanova, and comparison with the forest lake of the village of Sulzat, located 35 kilometers from the district center.
Tasks:
1. Conduct water sampling in summer, autumn and winter from six reservoirs for research.
2. Study the bacteriological indicators based on bioindicators of these reservoirs in the summer and autumn periods.
3. Study the chemical composition of water in the studied reservoirs in the hydrochemical laboratory of OJSC Tomskgeomonitoring.
4. Examine water for organoleptic indicators (smell, transparency, color).
5. Take water from the lake in the village of Sulzat and examine it for organoleptic, bacteriological and chemical properties for comparison.
6. Study archival materials on reservoirs.
7. Hold meetings with village elders to draw up historical information on creation
reservoirs.
8. Find out the sources of water pollution.
9. Organize actions to clean up three reservoirs within the village of Molchanova.
10. Compose, print and distribute 120 propaganda leaflets for the population.
11. Clean the banks of three reservoirs during three actions: Lesnoye, Tokovoye, Gusinoye.
12. Introduce the population to the research results.
Relevance The research is due to the importance of water in reservoirs for economic and recreational use by its population.

Physiographic characteristics of the study area.
Molchanovsky district is located in the central part of the Tomsk region and occupies the coast of the river. Ob,
r. Chulym. The entire territory is located within the middle taiga zone. Characteristic feature The area is heavily forested and swampy. 68% is covered with forest and shrub vegetation, and 20% with swamps. The length of the region from west to east is 160 km, from north to south – 40 km. Distance from regional center– 200 km. The territory of the district is 6.4 thousand km.2
Methods and materials.
The following methods were used to conduct the research:
1. Assessment methodology ecological state water from reservoirs with bioindicators.
This technique is based on the fact that living organisms have different sensitivity to water quality.
First stage– water sampling carried out on the shore. When taking water samples, make several swings of the net, making figure eights. If possible, it is recommended to carry the net as close to the bottom as possible. Then, if a lot of sludge gets into the net, you need to wash it in the net itself, after which the net is removed and the caught organisms are shaken out into a bucket. 3 - 10 samples are taken in different places on the reservoir. At each point you need to carry out at least ten swings of the net. It is important that the samples taken from the surveyed areas contain benthic organisms of various biotopes: muddy, rocky, accumulations of vegetation, submerged trunks, branches, etc. The more diverse the area in terms of the number of habitats, the greater the number of samples should be. However, even in an area with a uniform bottom, the number of samples should not be less than three.

Stage 1. Organizational.
Before conducting research, our group received a package of documents as part of the regional environmental marathon “Clean Water for Everyone.” The publishers included the necessary for work methodological material, guides to invertebrates, etc.
By this time, an application was written for the initial assessment of the Education project in the amount of 20,000 rubles, and by May it became clear that our grant was approved and the money would be allocated, which means that we would be able to implement the planned actions and conduct water research in reservoirs. Before starting work on the project, we identified a circle of like-minded people. This group included the chairman of the district water commission under the administration of the Molchanovsky district, the head of the territorial district, the chairman of the committee on youth policy and sports, the district environmental committee, the director of school No. 1, the director of lyceum 37 and the heads of summer children's sports and labor camps.
Stage 2. Local history.
At the land committee, we took a map of the area and put all the reservoirs on it.
After a tour of the locations of reservoirs, it became clear that some do not have economic importance Due to their small size, some are simply littered (they were turned into landfills). So, out of ten reservoirs within the village of Molchanova, we were left with six, which we had to study.
According to the documents of the land committee, only one Kolmakhtun was listed as natural, and the remaining five reservoirs were created by residents as the district center settled.
When visiting the archive, it became clear that there was no material on reservoirs necessary for work, except for one document on Lake Kolmakhtun. Another task faces our group - to find residents who could talk about the creation of reservoirs.
Pavchenko Alexander Frolovich, who has lived in Molchanovo since 1935, said that the first reservoir was Lobanovsky. His father took part in the creation of the dam. As a forestry worker, he transported soil with handcarts. So in 1940 – 1941 the first reservoir appeared.
Alexey Petrovich Zharov, a resident of Molchanov since 1935, lives on the shore of the Lesnoy reservoir. The reservoir was located in the forest, then it was the outskirts of the village. In the early 60s, in the ravine where the reservoir was, they decided to build bypass road to carry hay. The road was not built, but the dam began to be filled. The modern shores of this reservoir have existed since then.
Chepkasova Nadezhda Fedorovna, a resident of the village since 1937, recalled that before the war and during the war there was already a reservoir, but smaller, and the water in it was surprisingly clean. Women went to him to rinse their clothes.
Khrolenko Petr Dmitrievich is a resident of Molchanov since 1961. Since 1965, he worked as a road construction foreman at the DRSU and participated in the construction of the road on the street. Grishinsky tract. The road became a kind of dam. Then the oil workers laid slabs, and then asphalt.
After meetings with 50 village residents, the history of only three reservoirs became clear. Conversations with residents restored the picture of the work of enterprises in the village located on the banks of reservoirs, which made it possible to judge water pollution.
Stage 3. Study of the degree of pollution of water bodies using the bioindication method.
To study water using the bioindication method, we took from 3 to 10 samples from each reservoir. In the office, they counted indicator organisms assigned to one of three classes. In summer water samples, larvae of heteroptera dragonflies are most often found (in all water bodies). Larvae of the long-legged mosquito and the bell-bellied mosquito were caught in five reservoirs. Caddisfly larvae were found in four reservoirs. False-cone leeches were included in samples from three reservoirs. The common pondweed was caught in two reservoirs, and the common tubifex - in one.

State budgetary educational institution Samara region average secondary school

village Chernovsky municipal district Volzhsky Samara region

VIIOPEN SCHOOL

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE

Direction: "Natural science"

Subject: "Environmental problem of clean water"

4th grade student

GBOU Secondary School No. 1 "OTs" urban settlement Stroykeramika

Scientific supervisor: Zubrilkina Evgeniya Sergeevna

primary school teacher

village Chernovsky m.r. Volzhsky, 2016

Introduction

The WWF Living Planet report notes that the fresh water system, including drinking water, is undergoing an acute crisis. This problem is also relevant in our country. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the current decade the decade of drinking water.
The need for water to ensure human life is determined by the role it plays in the cycle of nature, as well as in satisfying physiological, hygienic, recreational, aesthetic and other human needs. Solving the problem of meeting human needs for water for various purposes is closely related to ensuring its required quality. The development of industry, transport, and overpopulation of several regions of the planet have led to significant pollution of the hydrosphere. According to WHO, about 80% of all infectious diseases in the world are associated with unsatisfactory quality of drinking water and violations of sanitary and hygienic water supply standards. In the world, 2 billion people have chronic diseases due to the use of contaminated water.
According to UN experts, up to 80% chemical compounds, entering the external environment, sooner or later end up in water sources. Every year, more than 420 cubic km of wastewater is discharged around the world, which makes about 7 thousand cubic km of water unusable. The chemical composition of water poses a serious danger to public health. In nature, water is never found in the form of a chemically pure compound. Possessing the properties of a universal solvent, it constantly carries large number various elements and compounds, the ratio of which is determined by the conditions of water formation and the composition of aquifers.

Water will always remain the most mysterious liquid on Earth. It never ceases to amaze physicists, chemists, biologists... It would seem, what new can be said about water? However, every year its new properties are discovered, and these discoveries expand the possibilities of using water and its purification.

The problem of water pollution and depletion of water resources on a global scale is getting worse every year. About a billion people on Earth suffer from a lack of clean drinking water, approximately 25 thousand die every day due to its poor quality.

Purpose of the study: determine which water is safe to eat;

Object of study: ecology, water as a source of life on the planet;

Subject of research: pollution affecting the composition and quality of water;

Study participants: families of classmates and independent participants;

Research hypothesis: Perhaps tap, spring and boiled water is not safe for human health. Let's try to find out what kind of water should be consumed.

Research objectives:

1) Analyze popular scientific literature, identify the nature of the problem of water pollution and use;

2) Find out what role water plays in the life of all life on Earth and what measures people take to protect water resources; convey the information received to peers and adults and make them think about the need to save water;

3) Describe how the use of tap water, spring water, boiled water;

4) Suggest your own ways to solve the problem using the example of the Padovka River, Volzhsky district.

Research methods: analysis literary sources, questioning, observation, experiments, generalization.

Desert. Sand, sand... It's hot. The sun is going crazy. It's 80 degrees Celsius in the shade. Nothing alive for hundreds, thousands of kilometers. Not a bush, not a blade of grass. Only at night, when the heat subsides, does some life awaken in the desert. And in the morning again. ... And, suddenly, in the midst of this kingdom of death - a riot of life - an oasis. Trees, bushes, grass, animals, people. What happened? Yes, it’s simple, they dug deep wells here, and there was water in them. And water is life.

There is not a single living organism on Earth, even the most primitive one, whose body does not have water and which could live without it. Plants are 80-99% water; 60-75% - animals; a one-month human embryo consists of 97% water, a newborn - 75-80%; The body of an adult contains about 65% water, in older people - 50-60%. Water content in different organs and human tissues are different. On average, a person consumes (and excretes) 75 tons of water during his life. According to biologists, a person can live about 2 months without food, but cannot live even five days without water.

Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature. Suffice it to say that life originated in water. Without it, the existence of animals and plants is impossible. Life exists only where there is water. In reality, water is amazing and extraordinary; it is a true miracle of nature. But not only is there life where there is water, but, conversely, where there is water, there is necessarily life. “Water without life in the biosphere is unknown,” said Academician V.I. Vernadsky.

The hydrosphere is the birthplace of life.

Speaking about life in general, one cannot fail to mention the influence of water on human health. Thousands of books and articles are devoted to this topic, and trying to retell at least part of what has been written is pointless - anyone can find on bookshelves or on the Internet everything they want to know about this issue. However, not saying a word is also not true.

Water is, first of all, what we drink. According to the World Health Organization, more than 80% of all diseases in the world are associated with poor quality of drinking water. What flows from the tap drinking water can only be named in extremely rare cases. The water we drink can be at the same time the most natural and very effective medicine. Water procedures. Treatment on the waters. Holidays at sea. Fountain in the garden. Continuing the transfers is pointless. But here’s what I want to say: water, like fire, has an incomprehensible attractive, bewitching power. You can look at these two elements and look at them.

First, about the most important thing - about the situation with the provision of water to the world's population, which is taking on threatening trends. The UN General Assembly proclaimed the period from 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action “Water for Life”. UN member states emphasized that water is driving force For sustainable development and eradicating poverty and hunger.

Water is a necessary source of normal functioning of all Earth's ecosystems. Unfortunately, it is already in short supply in many parts of the world. According to UN experts, approximately one sixth of the world's population does not have access to clean drinking water, and one third does not have access to water for domestic needs. Every eight seconds, a child dies from water-related illnesses, and 2.4 billion people lack adequate sanitation. Global climate change may further complicate the water supply situation. The adopted resolution emphasizes that the goal of the Decade is further development international cooperation to address pressing water issues and contribute to the achievement of the agreed water goals contained in the Millennium Declaration.

What caused the severity of the situation? She's called joint action three main reasons:

Population growth. Every year, the planet's population increases by 85 million people, and at the same time, water consumption per capita is growing - in developed countries it doubles every twenty years.

Waste pollution environment, primarily wastewater, which grows in geometric progression, and the current generation will be faced with a situation where the world's needs for clean fresh water will exceed its absolute supplies.

Global warming is causing increasing melting of glaciers, which store about 70% of the world's fresh water.

This is such a sad picture. How are things going in Russia?

Russia accounts for a third of the world's available fresh water, making it a very tempting target for encroachment.

The total flow of Russian rivers is 4,270 cubic kilometers per year (it is environmentally safe to withdraw no more than 15 cubic kilometers per year).

On the territory of Russia there is one of the wonders of Nature - Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is a unique source of clean fresh water. The volume of water in the lake is 23 thousand cubic km. (the same amount as in all five Great Lakes of North America). This is 20% of all fresh water reserves on Earth and 30% of Russian reserves, not counting glaciers. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world, its average depth is 730 m, maximum depth- 1637 m. Baikal water, especially at great depths, is exceptionally transparent and clean. Baikal is a priceless diamond that fate gave to Russia. We didn't create it, didn't earn it, didn't buy it, so we can't imagine its true value. And we haven't lost it yet retroactively understand the irreparability of loss. But there is a real threat of this. Clean drinking water is becoming a strategic commodity. For example, the bottled drinking water industry is one of the fastest growing in the world. Over one hundred billion liters of water are sold annually, mostly in plastic packaging. Profits in this industry already reach one trillion dollars a year - that's 40% of profits oil companies and more profits for pharmaceutical firms. Trading water will soon be more profitable than oil. Where was this industry just 15-20 years ago, when the oil industry was already facing global crises? And where will it be in 15-20 years? After all, everyone wants to live no less than to drive a car.

Now let's get back to our water, the water we drink. Since this issue concerns each of us personally, let us dwell on it in a little more detail.

On January 1, 2002, a regulatory legal act came into force in Russia - Sanitary rules and regulations "Drinking water. Hygienic requirements for the quality of water in centralized drinking water supply systems. Quality control" - SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01. The hygienic requirements for the quality of water for drinking and domestic needs are based on the principle of safety in epidemiological terms, harmlessness in chemical composition and favorable organoleptic properties.

Organoleptic properties are properties determined by our senses: taste, smell, color, turbidity. Full analysis water quality is a labor-intensive process that requires appropriate equipment. This is done by the sanitary and epidemiological inspection.

Let's start with the fact that “must correspond” does not mean “corresponds”. In addition, while the water flows through the pipes from the point of intake, where at least some control is carried out, a “cocktail” containing a mass of water enters the tap from which we pour it. harmful impurities. We pour this water into a plastic electric kettle, boil it and drink it. But water is the strongest universal solvent, and an increase in its temperature for every ten degrees speeds up the process by half and, having reached the boiling point, water increases its chemical aggressiveness by 500 times. Open the lid of a plastic kettle with water boiling in it and smell what this water smells like - stench, there is no other word. Here is one of the organoleptic parameters of water.

Therefore, it is advisable to purify tap water before drinking it. The most common means of cleaning are household filters: the simplest (nozzles and jugs), medium-purity filters (2- and 3-stage filters) and high-purity filters (filters with an ultra-filtration membrane and reverse osmosis filters).

The most optimal modern drinking water filters usually have three levels of purification: the first - removes impurities such as rust, turbidity, and insoluble substances; the second - eliminates residual chlorine, heavy metals and other chemical impurities; third - destroys bacteria and enriches water minerals, improving its taste. If there are no filters, you can provide good water purification at home on your own. To do this, first of all, you need to let the water sit for 24 hours to remove chlorine and other gas and suspended impurities. After this, you need to freeze the water at a temperature of minus one - minus six degrees, until half of the entire volume freezes. Some fans of pure water use distilled water, but this is a harmful excess. Biologically complete water contains many vital substances that are absent in distilled water: salts, free radicals, organic acids eg glycolic acid, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes. The absence of these components has a depressing effect on the body. Lack or lack of fresh natural water makes you search alternative sources.

Now a little about my native land. The Samara region is located along the middle course of the Volga River, in a bend known as the Samara Luka. Volga River largest river Europe, the national pride of Russia, its length is 3531 km. Water resources Samara region is determined by the following main factors: the amount of precipitation in the region, surface and underground runoff. In recent years, the environmental situation in the world has become extremely aggravated. Emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere, chemical and radioactive contamination of underground and surface waters. The Samara region is a zone of extreme environmental tension. Analysis of the environmental situation shows that the level of environmental pollution natural environment Samara region continues to remain high.

It is characterized mainly by emissions and discharges from energy, petrochemical, oil refining, oil production, and chemical engineering industries.

The problem of drinking water quality affects many aspects of life human society throughout the history of its existence. Currently, drinking water is a social, political, medical, geographical, as well as engineering and economic problem. The concept of “drinking water” was formed relatively recently and can be found in laws and legal acts dedicated to drinking water supply. Our health and the quality of our life largely depend on the quality of the water we eat. Water is worth it for us to take an interest in what we are drinking and do everything possible to ensure that this water is clean and physiologically complete.

Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature. Suffice it to say that life originated in nature. Without it, the existence of animals and plants is impossible. Life exists only where there is water. Without clean fresh water, humanity cannot exist, there will be no industry and agriculture. Water is not only drink and raw material, but also energy. Using water every day, we are so accustomed to it and consider it such an everyday occurrence that the word “water” began to be used as a synonym for interesting and long-known. Water is a true miracle of nature.

2.1. Application of water

Water is needed in almost all sectors of the national economy. Water is also necessary for human domestic needs. It is calculated that for production daily norm food products per person requires at least 6 cubic meters. m. water. Before a can of canned vegetables or fruits appears in the store, 40 liters of water will be spent on it. Over the course of 70 years of a person’s life, 70 tons of water pass through the tissue of his body. Modern large thermal power plants consume huge amount water. Only one station with a capacity of 300 thousand kW consumes up to 120 cubic meters. cm per second or more than 300 million cubic meters. m per year.

I conducted a survey among students of our school in grades 1, 3 and 9 (50 people in each).

During the research process, my peers were asked the following questions:

- “Do you consider tap water clean?”

- “What kind of water do you drink most often: tap water, spring water or boiled water?” The results of the study are shown in the diagram:

Conclusion: A survey among students showed that, despite their age, most respondents drink spring water.

2.2. Clean water problem

Drinking tap water is not the best solution for a person who cares about their health. Your body's energy should not be spent on cleansing it of harmful substances contained in poor-quality water; it should be directed to more important vital functions. What is quality drinking water? Good water should not contain any foreign substances, chemicals, bacteria or other impurities. Water is called drinking water if it meets all accepted state drinking water standards, if it is packaged in accordance with sanitary and hygienic standards and if it is intended for human consumption. What contaminants can low-quality water contain? Nitrates, pesticides, herbicides . Fertilizers and their components used in agriculture and gardening, washed away by rain, end up in the water of rivers, streams and lakes, and from there into tap water.

Water is necessary for every body and it can heal. And for this, the water must be healthy. What are our city enterprises doing to protect water?

I am a resident of the village of Stroykeramika. In our village there is industrial enterprises. I was interested in the question: are they polluting the water with their waste?

At our school, I turned to the “Ekosha” club, in which children explore the environmental problems of their native land. The bulk of the rivers in our region are small. They play an important economic and climatic role. Young ecologists held social survey and survey of urban residents Stroykeramika, which showed that in our village there is a pressing problem - pollution of the local Padovka River. From an interview with a local resident:

“Now no one swims in Padovka. This summer I took a risk. And what - he went to the hospital. The whole body was swollen, he lay with a fever. And the doctors couldn’t even make a diagnosis. But from time immemorial, our grandfathers swam on this river, and children learned to swim.”

Today, you can’t even rinse with this water, you can’t even water your garden, it’s so toxic.

Another resident of the village told us no less sad story. A former city resident, after retiring, Evgenia Ivanovna decided to move to the suburbs. I was very happy that I was able to buy a house on the bank of the river. It’s convenient to take care of the land. But the joy did not last long: in the first year of living in the village, it was clear that it would not be possible to use water from the river. Moreover, the woman began to suffer from diseases that she had not suffered from before, and asthma developed.

The water in Padovka has long looked unusual - with flakes of thick foam.

The seemingly harmless Padovka turned from a friend of the villagers into their enemy. Residents of the village more than once or twice wanted to “chip in” and build a dam in Padovka in order to somehow protect it from pollution. But it turned out that for this it was necessary to draw up so many different papers and get so many signatures that the residents backed down (from interviews with residents).

Analysis printed publications and publications on the Internet allows us to conclude that the scientific community is paying great attention to the problem of the current ecological state of the Padovka River. Articles and photos about the river are published repeatedly. But unfortunately, not all works provide practical recommendations for solving the problem.

The local newspaper “My Village” (the newspaper was published in July 2008) published an article “Don’t pollute our river!” This article is dedicated to the environmental project “Protection of the Environment”. Kindergarten students were involved in the project and they acted as young environmental defenders of their native land (Appendix). The topic of the lesson was dedicated to “Ecology of the reservoir”. The guys took an excursion to the pond. Teacher Udalova M.Yu. to the question “Why exactly did you, kindergarteners, take up this global problem? replied:

“Yes, because we are not indifferent to the fate of our small Motherland. It is necessary for the ecology of the soul to awaken. Without it, caring for the ecology of nature is impossible. We must start with ourselves!” Padovka’s problems were also written about in the newspapers “Volzhskaya Kommuna” and “Samara Izvestia” (Appendix).

The organoleptic characteristics of water were determined using the organs of vision (turbidity and color) and the organs of smell (smell).

Turbidity determined using a white sheet of paper. In daylight, place a sheet of white paper behind the glass container with collected water and carefully look at the transparency and color of the water against a white background.

Smell(we do it in class) place part of the water ≈ 1 ml in a test tube and heat it on an alcohol lamp (not to a boil).

Sediment analysis(done in class): a small portion of the brought water was poured into a glass flask and shaken, then passed through filter paper

Conclusions:

Having personally visited the bed of the Padovka River in the urban settlement. Smyshlyaevka and having carried out water tests available for testing on site and in the chemistry room, coastal zone reservoir, we were once again convinced that the ecological situation in the reservoir is very serious. Thus, an analysis of water for the presence of temperature pollution showed its obvious presence. It is worth noting that the air temperature on that day reached – 17 O WITH, and the water in the reservoir was not exactly freezing, it was steaming. Organoleptic analysis of the water showed a light yellow color and turbidity. The smell, reminiscent of rotting organic matter, was felt immediately and intensified when heated.

Water filtration has once again proven the presence of suspended particles in the water, which cause turbidity. But the signs of oil pollution in the river are of particular concern - the flow of oil films was observed on the surface of the water at sampling point No. 4. The decomposition of petroleum products occurs with intense absorption of oxygen and gives the water a characteristic odor. Unfortunately, determining the exact content of petroleum products is impossible in a school laboratory.

2.3 My experiments with water.

Experience No. 1

To conduct the experiment, I took two water samples: from the water supply and water purified with a household filter.

She boiled the water. As a result, both samples were odorless and colorless. But in the sample with tap water, we found a white sediment at the bottom and white plaque on the walls of the dishes.

Conclusion: After boiling tap water, we drink dead water, which contains fine lime and mechanical particles, salt heavy metals, chlorine and organochlorines, viruses, etc.

Experience No. 2

Purification of non-tap water.

The snow has melted, the water is in a liquid state. But when examining this sample of water, we observe dark sediment, debris, and the water has a brownish tint at the bottom of the jar.

Experience No. 3

Purifying water using a cotton gauze filter.

Conclusion: a cotton gauze filter purified the water only from debris and water

still contaminated. You can't drink this kind of water. This may adversely affect human health .

As a result of the work I did, I came to the following conclusion:

1. When applied to apartment conditions, the most reliable method of disinfection is boiling.

2. The simplest way to purify water is to settle it. As a result, chlorine evaporates, and heavy metal salts settle to the bottom.

3. You should not drink tap water; it can cause significant damage to human health. This water can only be used in technical purposes.

4. Water becomes of better quality if it is purified with a household filter.

Conclusion.

The health of every person is in his hands. In order to feel good, a person should drink only clean, high-quality drinking water. Our health directly depends on the quality of that drinking water.

As a result of studying and researching this topic, we can conclude that the goals and objectives set at the beginning of this work have been realized.

Based on the results obtained, we made a conclusion about the state of the quality of drinking water in the village of Stroykeramika: the water used by the residents of our settlement is not entirely suitable for drinking and cooking and does not have very good quality characteristics.

Analyzing the results of this work, I came to the conclusion that it is possible, without carrying large material costs, supply your body with quality water, thereby maintaining good health. Because the water that flows in our taps is not of high quality. And you have to spend money on cleaning filters, or buy bottled water. We must think about the nature of our region. Nature itself gives us everything we need, but, unfortunately, we do not appreciate it. So let's be grateful to our nature!

List of sources and literature used

Arabadzhi.V.V., “Riddles of simple water”, M.: Znanie, 1973

Akhmanov M. S. “The Water We Drink”, M.: Eksmo, 2002

Gorsky V.V., “Water - a miracle of nature”, M.: ANSSSR Publishing House, 1962

Ershov M.E. The most common methods of water purification, 2006, 94

Rechkalova N.I., Sysoeva L.I. What kind of water do we drink.//Chemistry at school.–2004. No. 3.

Environmental monitoring. Educational and methodological manual. Ed. 3rd. / Ed. T.Ya.Ashikhmina. – M: Academic project, 2006.

http :// ru , wikipedia . org / wiki /Water .

http :// www . fs . fed . us / water /.

http :// www . water exchange . ru /

An environmental problem is a very important stage in the development of mankind. It determines the fate of the human world. People, conquering nature, largely destroyed the balance of ecological systems. “ Previously nature frightened man, but now man frightens nature,” said French oceanographer Jacques Cousteau. In some places, the environment has reached a state of crisis.

No one can remain indifferent to environmental pollution. “A bad bird is the one that pollutes its own nest,” says the popular proverb.

Pollution of the surrounding area and reduction of natural resources pose great challenges for humanity. The future of our planet depends on a clean environment. To achieve all this, it is necessary for a person to realize everything himself and take a step to protect nature.

Today, our environmental culture is not at a high level. This suggests that such subjects as physics, computer science, astronomy, mathematics, and chemistry pay little attention to ecology. The Law of the Russian Federation “Nature Conservation” means that environmental knowledge must be continuously acquired. Its goal is to improve the environmental culture of every person.

Ecological culture and school are closely interconnected. We are faced with the task of gaining knowledge on ecology. To achieve success, you need to work consistently using real facts.

Ecology as a science is not included in the school curriculum. Therefore, environmental problems have to be studied in elective classes.

In geography and biology lessons, we pay attention to the problems of the relationship between society and nature, to methods for developing the productivity of rural crops, and to studying the ability of living organisms to adapt to environmental factors.

In every academic year Ecology month is celebrated at our school. This month is dedicated to bird conservation, ecological analysis and greening the environment.

Based on everything stated above, we drew up a project for our village. We set ourselves the task of improving the ecological condition of our village.

Ecological state of the village

Ecology is a science that studies the relationship between living organisms and the environment. If you notice that industry is growing every day, then for rural areas this results in a greater use of toxic drugs and fertilizers, and an increase in the number of transport. All this seriously affects the living world. Contrary to this, they decrease natural resources, many species of animals and plants are disappearing. Every day the air, water, and environment become more and more polluted. Therefore, every person faces the task: to change environmental situation in your locality.

We, students of the Selo Churinskaya secondary school, have been teaching efficient work on nature conservation: we study the ecology around our school territory, our village, draw conclusions from the work done, try to improve the environment around us for the better.

This year, students from grades 6-9 participated in this work, i.e. 36 people. To ensure that the results of our work were accurate, the study was conducted from 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. It was conducted in the months of February and March. The number of trees on the territory of the village was taken into account. The village of Chura. The Kukmor-Kazan highway runs not far from the village. Students researched how far residential buildings were from the highway and what kind of cars usually passed by. The distance between residential buildings and livestock farms, a machine and tractor park, a gas station, warehouses where toxic chemicals are stored, a cattle cemetery, landfills, etc. We paid attention to what kind of waste was in the landfills. In addition, contamination of snow and drinking water was investigated.

After researching, we came to the conclusion: the Kukmor-Kazan highway runs south-southeast, 70 meters from the village. The village of Chura. During the winter months, approximately 16 trucks and 19 cars pass per hour, and during spring days this number increases to 23 trucks and 24 cars. According to theory 1, a passenger car emits 1 kg of smoke per day (41.6 g per hour). The smoke contains 30 g carbon monoxide, 6 g of nitric oxide, sulfur, lead impurity. But trucks emit 3 times more toxic substances. Based on these data, we calculated how much dust is emitted by cars driving along our highway. So, cars and trucks emit 3868.8 g of smoke per hour, hence 2790 g of carbon monoxide, 558 g of nitric oxide, and other substances that are toxic to our body. If we keep in mind that there are 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a year, then it is not difficult to imagine how many toxic substances are released into the air. And we all breathe this air. It should also be added that 1 car that travels 1000 km will consume the same air that 1 person would breathe for a whole year. It must be borne in mind that 1 machine produces 5–8 kg of rubber dust per year.

Plants very quickly recognize the level of air pollution. For example: coniferous trees– very good bioindicators. During one of the lessons, we watched the spruce trees that grow near our village and noticed that the trees had brown spots - mold. This suggests that there is a large amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. And indeed, next to these spruce trees there are 3 stokers and a highway. This means that every hour a gas rich in sulfur dioxides is released into the air from the boiler room, and car smoke is added to this. But they are not the only ones that pollute our environment. A machine and tractor park and a gas station are located 150 m from residential buildings to the south-southeast. We explored the area and determined how contaminated the snow surface was. We checked the composition of the snow, taking snow from the park, the main street, and the school site. After melting the snow, we checked the acidity. As a result, it turned out that it contains acid ions, but most of them were found in the machine and tractor fleet.

Farms are located 90 m to the south-southeast, chemical warehouses (ammonia) are located 450 m to the north-southwest, a cattle cemetery is 700 m to the north-southwest, two landfills are located 1000 m to the south and 50 m to the north-southwest (<Figure 1 >, <Figure 2>), in addition, there are the same garbage dumps in 3 places in the village. Among the garbage there is iron, glass, polyethylene, paper, etc. But paper - 2, bottles - 90, polyethylene - 200, glass - 1000 years do not disintegrate.

It’s good that different trees and plantings have been planted around the village. On the border of the village to the north-southwest at 1000 m there are coniferous trees - pine trees, to the north-southwest at 700 m there is a birch grove, to the north-northwest at 500 m there are pine trees, to the south-southwest at 500 m there is a birch grove, to the southwest in 800 m – pine trees. Trees have been planted along the Kukmor-Kazan highway to protect us from exhaust fumes. In addition to all these trees, there are also shrubs. On the territory of the village. The village of Chura has a total of 4,595 trees and shrubs. According to statistics, elm absorbs 23 kg of dust in one summer. As a result, trees and shrubs growing along the village absorb 74.1 tons of dust over the summer. But they are still not enough.

We also checked the purity and hardness of the water through a microscope. The water that was taken from the well and the standpipe turned out to be clean, but the water that was taken from the artesian well flowing into the cattle complex contains very small microorganisms. In terms of hardness, water from a tap is medium, from a well is soft, and from an artesian well is hard, because... there are many anions and cations there. Boiled the water. The salt melted in the water taken from the well, but in other sources it did not completely dissolve. Hence the conclusion, water is hard.

In the fall, an experiment was carried out with spring water. We checked the temperature, taste, hydrogen sulfide and iron, and hardness of spring water. The conclusions were the following: water temperature +1 0 C, transparent, unsalted, the water contains iron and no hydrogen sulfide, low hardness, water volume 1.3 l/sec. ( Appendix 1)

Conclusion

The environmental problem is getting worse every year. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the soil are becoming more and more polluted every day. Our research shows that transport pollutes the air, the number of springs and wells becomes smaller every year, and the number of landfills, on the contrary, increases. Agricultural vehicles and farms pollute water. To do this, we need to hold cleanup days in the village and beyond, clear everything around of garbage, reduce the number of landfills and plant trees for landscaping.

Plants protect us from various dirty, poisonous gases. Therefore, we must green the area around us. At the request of forestry workers, every year students of our school plant tree seedlings on an area of ​​10–15 hectares. Last year we planted about 20 hectares of trees. In the forest area, 95–99% of young seedlings planted survive, and in plantings along roads, 85–90%.

It is impossible to achieve conservation through students alone. Therefore, we try to ensure that every person in our village takes an active part in this. Together we must protect our planet from environmental disaster.

In which schoolchildren of grades 7-11 and their teachers can take part German language and subject teachers (biology, geography, chemistry, physics and ecology).

The competition is designed to draw students' attention to environmental problems that they face every day in their city or town. Schoolchildren explore the environmental situation in their city (village), on their street, in their school, for example: water and air quality, soil condition, energy consumption, plant and fauna, waste, health/nutrition. Based on the results of the study, schoolchildren propose specific ideas and carry out actions aimed at improving the environmental situation and attracting the attention of the general public to it.

Projects selected by the jury based on the results of the 2015 competition:

Project: About plastic bottles and toilet paper: eco-events at Goethe-Gymnasium No. 23 in Bishkek (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)

Active traffic in the immediate vicinity of a school leads to an increased level of pollution with harmful substances, which to the same degree dangerous to people and plants.

Project content: to assess the impact of transport on the environment, we took air samples for dust particles, as well as soil samples near the school. We recorded significant air pollution in nearby streets, and soil samples had very low PH values. To improve the environmental situation and help nature, we planted new plants in the schoolyard and also contacted a processing plant. In addition, we launched separate waste collection at our school and tried to attract public attention to our environmental actions.

Goethe-Gymnasium No. 23

Project team: Diana Igolnikova, Ilyara Izupzhanova, Anastasia Sukhorukova, Chinara Bapyshova (German language teacher), Svetlana Paremskaya (chemistry teacher).

Project: Clean and green environment (Chambarak, Armenia)

A lack of environmental awareness resulted in the school grounds appearing abandoned.

Project content: As part of the project, we cleared the school yard, cleared the river of old tires and planted an orchard. Together with other schoolchildren, teachers, parents and village residents, we cultivated the soil of the school yard and planted a total of 27 fruit trees. Additionally, we made our contribution and decorated the school.
Chambarak High School

Project team: Karen Aramyan, Roza Aramyan, Smbat Gabrielyan, Alina Samsonyan (German teacher), Hakob Tizyan (geography teacher)

Project: fast food = almost food? (Gavrilov-Yam, Russia)

Fast food is increasingly becoming one of the main eating habits of people, while the health consequences are completely ignored.

Project content: As part of the project, we researched the consequences of unhealthy eating, conducted a survey in our school about eating habits and organized educational work talking about healthy foods. In addition, we have prepared interactive classes for schoolchildren, wrote an article for a regional newspaper and produced a variety of educational videos about healthy eating.

School No. 1
Project team: Polina Machina, Daria Zamarenkova, Nadezhda Charkova, Irina Sorokina (German teacher), Evgenia Melkova (biology teacher)

In the photo, a schoolgirl is experimenting with fast food type food.

Project: Cars and soil on the roadside: plants in danger (Grodno, Belarus)

The growing number of cars increases the already critical content of harmful substances and contributes to environmental pollution.

Project content: Based on various soil samples, we analyzed the results of traffic intensity for the environment. At the same time, we did a phytotest and compared the sprouts of white mustard seeds with each other. To have a positive impact on the environment, we held eco-actions at school, told passersby about the problem, and also planted shrubs and trees in our yards.

Secondary school No. 28

Project team: Alyaksey Karpeichuk, Ilona Minko, Alena Ttsyalak, Tatyana Smolka (German language teacher), Alena Kostsikava (biology teacher)

In the photo: schoolchildren study the condition of plants on the roadside area.

Project: Is Magnitogorsk really clean and green? (Magnitogorsk, Russia)

Domestic and industrial waste and massive air pollution pose a threat to the environment.

Project content: Environmental pollution is a very multifaceted topic, so we analyzed two the most pressing problems– lack of separate waste collection and air pollution from industry. Thanks to visits to waste disposal plants, we were able to verify great potential waste recycling. After conducting experiments, we established the harm to the environment from burning garbage. Also, as part of the project, we held a large event to separate waste collection, as well as an action to collect old things, and planted spruce trees in the schoolyard.

Secondary school No. 6

Project team: Vasilina Varyukha, Dmitry Babushkin, Regina Galimova, Svetlana Shamshurina (German teacher), Tatyana Yemets (biology teacher)

Project: Preventing the desertification process, reconstructing degraded landscapes and creating a “green oasis” on our school territory (Shashubai, Kazakhstan)

Unfavorable climatic and environmental conditions in the North Balkhash region lead to soil erosion and the formation of a desert.

Project content: We studied the influence of harsh climate on the flora of our region and looked for ways to prevent the process of desertification. Together with the school and the entire village, we conducted project activities and conversations to convey to all residents the importance of the problem. In collaboration with various sponsors, villagers and numerous representatives local authorities authorities, we developed a large improvement project “Green Oasis” and successfully implemented it together. We planted 550 seedlings resistant to local climate trees.

School-kindergarten complex

Project team: Kristina Dylgina, Valeria Burdman, Yana Dylgina, Dametken Tasbulatova (German language teacher), Yulia Kogai (ecology teacher)

In the photo, schoolchildren are studying the composition of soil from the school grounds.

Project: This is how the Curonian Spit begins (Zelenogradsk/Kaliningrad region, Russia)

City residents lack understanding of the exceptional value of the Curonian Spit nature reserve, so the protection it needs is lacking; and pollution natural area threatens the extinction of many species.

Project content: First of all, we studied the ecological significance of the wet habitat of plants and animals on the territory of the Curonian Spit. We also determined the possibility of a threat to this natural reserve from the nearby rapidly developing city of Zelenogradsk. We assumed that all residents are ready to protect the environment, but they lack information about the importance and uniqueness of the protected area. Therefore, we developed a themed nature trail, and materials about our plans and results were published in local newspapers. We believe that ecological trail can introduce local residents to a unique natural area without interfering with nature.

Progymnasium "Vector"

Project team: Vlada Karelina, Daria Mezhuy, Nazar Lukashev, Valeria Wall (German teacher), Maxim Napreenko (biology teacher)

Project: Water and synthetic cleaning products (Chelyabinsk, Russia)

Water is at significant risk from the chemicals contained in synthetic cleaning products.

Project content: First, we conducted a survey among schoolchildren and found out what cleaning products they most often use. Then, based on the frequency of their use, all cleaning products were categorized. Through two different experiments, we found out how bad synthetic cleaning products and natural soaps are for the environment - and reported on it in the school newspaper. In addition, we were engaged in the production of natural soap and discovered an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical cleaning products. In the future, we want to conduct master classes on this topic, as well as inform schoolchildren about the dangers of synthetic cleaning products using posters.

Gymnasium No. 96

Project team: Irina Zhukova, Marina Belozerova, Anastasia Dron, Olga Bannikova (German teacher), Ekaterina Gorvat (chemistry teacher)

Project: Eco-cleaning products (Tula, Russia)

Chemicals contained in cleaning products and detergents end up in wastewater, cannot be completely filtered out and pose a risk to our health.

Project content: To reduce environmental pollution, in our project we are considering alternative cleaning and detergents for the home to the usual ones. After we analyzed the chemicals in cleaning products and found them to be harmful to the environment, we focused on producing an environmentally friendly enzyme that could replace traditional cleaning products. After receiving positive results using eco-cleaning products we talked about this idea.

Project team: Egor Turkov, Daria Anufrieva, Arina Lifanova, Svetlana Lifanova (German teacher), Marina Starina (chemistry teacher)

Project: New life water source(Zugdidi, Georgia)

The village of Akhalsopeli suffers from a lack of water, as the water from its only source is constantly disappearing.

Project content: We set ourselves the task of stopping the mass disappearance of spring water in our village, as well as holding an action in support of the relaunch of the only swimming pool open air. Thanks to the economical handling of water, the outdoor pool could be filled with spring water. Therefore, to begin with, we cleaned the source itself and the area around it, installed a protective structure made of bamboo, and then carried out educational work with the population of the village.
Akhalsopeli secondary school

Team: Mariam Jojua, Tamta Jojua, Mariam Sherozia, Kobalia Tzitzino (German teacher), Kitia Ketevan (ecology teacher)

Project: When the trees were green... (Moscow, Russia)

Growing number parking spaces threatens the few trees that still grace the city.

Project content: The goal of our project was to establish a causal relationship between the emergence of new parking spaces and the extinction of trees. We conducted an interdisciplinary study: we not only took soil samples and collected information about trees, but also learned about the rules for handling plants during road work. The following problem was identified: the city does not have the necessary irrigation system. We developed numerous recommendations and also talked about our project in school and on the Internet.

School No. 1179
Project team: Alina Anosova, Alina Pogosyan, Daniil Sidorov, Anna Tsukanova (German language teacher), Natalya Kislyak (biology teacher)

In the photo, schoolchildren examine the condition of the leaves using a microscope.

Project: Consequences of birds feeding in water. Research work of schoolchildren on the Mirosha River
(Pskov, Russia)

Environmental pollution and mass feeding of birds threaten the water quality and diversity of the fauna of the Mirosha River.

Project content: The project of our initiative group is dedicated to studying the impact of bird feeding in water bodies on the environment. By becoming interested in our local ecosystem, we were able to make connections between bird feeding and deteriorating water quality. To draw the attention of Pskov residents to the consequences of their actions, we installed an information board in the park “Feeding birds is prohibited” and talked about it on the Internet.

School No. 11
Project team: Olga Stepanova, Sergey Solovyov, Elizaveta Terentyeva, Yulia Mikhailova (German language teacher), Anastasia Frolova (geography teacher)

Project: Start saving energy yourself! (Rivne, Ukraine)

The growing demand for energy around the world causes a number of environmental problems - increased emissions of harmful substances and environmental pollution.

Project content: Although we realize that we will not be able to implement environmentally friendly energy processing technologies throughout the world, we still decided to take the initiative for responsible energy consumption in our city. To achieve this, we have developed detailed information brochures on saving energy, held educational lessons and a drawing competition on the relevant topic at our school. In addition, we have prepared recommendations for saving energy and tested them in practice.

Lyceum No. 12
Project team: Anastasia Vavryk, Oksana Melnichuk, Oleksandra Trush, Olga Moroz (German teacher), Lyudmila Bondaruk (physics teacher)

Project: Determining the concentration of carbon dioxide in the premises of a gymnasium using a homemade gas analyzer (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Increased carbon dioxide content in indoors– a serious factor that causes headaches, fatigue and cardiovascular diseases, and also affects negative impact on other health indicators.

Project content: Since we know the consequences of increased carbon dioxide levels, as part of our project we measured the concentration of carbon dioxide in the premises of our school and compared them with normal values. We independently developed the design of the gas analyzer and learned about the technique of chemical measurements. Fortunately, all carbon dioxide emissions are within normal limits, but we still recommend keeping your premises ventilated at all times.

Gymnasium No. 116 of Primorsky district

Project team: Roman Gubenko, Alina Ivanova, Mikhail Mezentsev, Tatyana Khorunzhaya (German language teacher), Tatyana Puzikova (chemistry teacher)

Project: Ecological Laboratory. Along the forest protection paths of Mordovia. (Saransk, Russia)

Tree cutting, environmental pollution and other problems caused by human activity threaten the forests of Mordovia.

Project content: Since approximately a third of the Republic of Mordovia is covered with forests, these gifts of nature are not sufficiently appreciated by many local residents. To attract the attention of schoolchildren and residents of Saransk to the beauty of forests, we prepared an interactive environmental laboratory, hung posters, held a garbage collection campaign and developed an ecological trail.

Gymnasium No. 20
Project team: Maria Dolgaeva, Alexander Patkin, Anastasia Shibaeva, Tatyana Sharashkina (German teacher), Yulia Vardanyan (geography teacher)