Founder of the Russian Federation. Aristarkh Solnechny What the “Russian Federation” really is

The history of the formation of the Russian state includes several hundred years of formation, political struggle and geographical changes. Let's try to find out when Russia appeared.

The first mention of Rus' appeared already in 862 ("The Tale of Bygone Years").
The word “Russia” itself was introduced by Peter I in 1719-1721.
Russian Federation was founded on December 25, 1991 after the collapse of the USSR.

Now let's look at the history of our state in more detail, highlighting the main historical periods development, and also find out what Russia was called at different times.

Old Russian state

First mention Russian state V literary monuments considered the calling of the Varangians in the Tale of Bygone Years. In 862, Russia already existed in the form Old Russian state, with the capital first in Novgorod, and then in Kyiv. The ancient Russian state was ruled by the Rurik dynasty. Subsequently, in 988, under the control of Prince Vladimir, Rus', at that time already Kiev, adopted Christianity.

In 1132, when the last of the rulers, Mstislav Vladimirovich, died, a period of fragmentation of the Old Russian state began, and then, until the middle of the 14th century, Russia existed in the form separate principalities, suffering from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and attacks from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Moscow State

Finally, in 1363, the Russian princes managed to unite their efforts and form a new Principality of Moscow, and later, thanks to the reign of Ivan III and the weakening of the power of the Golden Horde, Moscow stopped paying tribute to it, thereby marking the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke and a new milestone in the history of the Russian state.

In 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible came to power, and now the head of the state was not a prince, but a tsar. Despite the fact that Ivan the Terrible was known for his cruelty, it was he who managed to significantly expand the borders of Russia.

After the reign of Ivan the Terrible in Russia, Time of Troubles- the era of coups and unrest. The Troubles were brought to an end only in 1613, when the Romanov dynasty came to power.

Russian Empire

IN early XVII century, when Tsar Peter I came to power, Russia began to develop by leaps and bounds. Actually, the word “Russia” itself was introduced in common use Perth I, although used every now and then in the past different sources, but mainly as a country name for foreigners. If before this the phrase “of all Rus'” was added to the title of the ruler (for example, Ivan IV the Terrible - Grand Duke Moscow and All Rus' or Mikhail Fedorovich - Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'), then even before Peter I took the title of emperor, the following was stamped on the coins: “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, ruler of all Russia.”

Further, thanks to the reforms of Peter I, Russia strengthens its army and becomes an Empire, at the head of which emperors often change after the death of Peter I. Under Catherine II Great Russia wages a war with Turkey, the development of America begins, and entry into the territory of the Russian Empire itself is allowed foreign citizens and their residence in the country.

Russian republic

At the beginning of the 20th century the first civil revolution(1905-1907), and then the second February Revolution 1917. After it, the Provisional Government decided that from now on the Russian Empire would become the Russian Republic. In October of the same year, the country becomes a Russian Soviet Republic thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party.

In 1922, the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, headed by V.I. Lenin.

After his death in 1924, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, famous for his repressions and dictatorship, came to power. Under him, industrialization began, which led to the fact that industries national economy developed unevenly, therefore, many goods and products consumer consumption were in short supply. In the industry agriculture collectivization was carried out, which led to famine in Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus.

In 1955, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev became secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin's personality cult is being debunked. Many regimes that developed under Stalin are weakening.

In 1985, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev came to power, under whom perestroika began, and then the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Perestroika

The basis of perestroika was political and economic reforms in the USSR, but in reality the situation in the country only worsened. Shortages of goods arose again, and the card system, which had been forgotten since 1947, was introduced. National republics were dissatisfied with centralized power, as a result of which arose interethnic conflicts. Each republic demanded recognition of the primacy of its own laws over general laws Soviet Union.

In August 1991, an attempt was made to stop the collapse of the country, but it failed, and on December 8, the heads of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian federal republic signed an agreement on the creation of the CIS, which became the actual date of the collapse of the USSR.

Here brief history our country, which will help shed light on the origin of its name and better understand the history of the state.

December 25, 1991 is considered the Day of Education of the Russian Federation (Russia). On this day, B.N. Yeltsin signed Law No. 2094-I “On changing the name of the Russian Soviet Federative State Socialist Republic».

At first glance, everything is fine, the law is the law. The Supreme Council of the RSFSR, by its Decision, decided that the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) should henceforth be called the Russian Federation (Russia) and Boris Yeltsin, as the President of the RSFSR, approved this Decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. The document contains the date, position and even the signature of Boris Yeltsin.

Everything is fine, if not for:

1) The RSFSR is not a state, it is a union republic within the state of the USSR.

2) This law No. 2094-1 was signed with the title “President of the Russian Federation,” which is a malfeasance and forgery, since B. Yeltsin at that time had the position of “President of the RSFSR,” but not “President of the Russian Federation.” You cannot self-nominate government positions and sign any documents with a position that does not correspond to the position held, such document is lost legal force.

For example, I am the director of Romashka LLC and am signing an agreement with you as the director of Romashka + LLC. The question is, will such an Agreement have legal force? However, I do not have any supporting or registration documents. It would be a scam!

Reference: B. Yeltsin was inaugurated to the position of “President of the Russian Federation” only on August 9, 1996.

According to the current constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, articles 184 and 185. All laws and other acts government agencies The RSFSR are published on the basis and in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR, and any changes to the Constitution of the RSFSR are made only by decision Supreme Council RSFSR, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

The highest body according to the constitution of the RSFSR (Article 15) is not the president of the RSFSR, and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Therefore, Boris Yeltsin had no right to change the name of the republic on his own. This is generally the prerogative of the referendum.

LET'S SUM UP

The first lines of the law state, “The Supreme Council of the RSFSR decides,” but as we previously found out, there was no decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on this matter, and this means that:

On December 25, 1991, B. Yeltsin committed forgery (offense of office) and self-seizure of power (state crime);

Law No. 2041-1 on renaming was signed by a person without authority. If then Boris Yeltsin had signed the law as President of the RSFSR, then everything would have been more or less normal, but this law he signed as the President of the Russian Federation;

In connection with the above, Law No. 2041-1 loses legal force, is illegal and void;

In connection with the above, renaming the RSFSR into the Russian Federation is also illegal and void;

In connection with the above, we still live in the RSFSR and are citizens of the RSFSR-USSR;

In connection with the above, all legislative acts published in the media and court decisions on behalf of the Russian Federation since December 25, 1991 are void and cannot be enforced;

There are no and cannot be citizens of the Russian Federation, since the Russian Federation was formed illegally;

The so-called courts of the Russian Federation do not have the right to judge citizens of the USSR.

Video evidence from the newspaper " Soviet Russia" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XOvnOXKmwg

About the pseudo-renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjIu4aE27cA

In addition, on current moment missing any legislative act, indicating the exit of the RSFSR from the USSR and the creation of the CIS. The RSFSR was and is one of the co-founders of the USSR state, and the application to secede from the co-founders of the USSR has not been considered by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR until now. The UN still recognizes the USSR as its co-founder.

Aware of the danger of the actual collapse of the RSFSR under pressure from the US and NATO security forces, the Congress people's deputies In order to ensure the integrity of the republic, on June 12, 1990, by an overwhelming majority of votes (907 for, 13 against and 9 abstentions) adopted the “Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.” And contrary to popular belief, this Declaration does not contain a word about the RSFSR secession from the USSR. On the contrary, the RSFSR clearly stated that it intended to continue to remain integral part USSR.

THE QUESTION IS WHO IS THIS RUSSIAN FEDERATION THEN AND WHAT IS IT DOING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RSFSR? ANSWER: THIS IS AN OCG OR OCCUPATIONAL POWER.

Citizens of the USSR who were fraudulently involved in bureaucratic or security forces The Russian Federation should be reminded of Article No. 64 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR “Treason of the Motherland,” which is still in effect:

"Treason to the Motherland, that is, an act intentionally committed by a citizen of the USSR to the detriment of sovereignty, territorial integrity or state security and the defense capability of the USSR: defection to the enemy, espionage, extradition of state or military secrets to a foreign state, flight abroad or refusal to return from abroad to the USSR, assistance to a foreign state in carrying out hostile activities against the USSR, as well as conspiracy to seize power, is punishable by imprisonment for a term of ten to fifteen years with confiscation of property or death penalty with confiscation of property."

A Russian entrepreneur is essentially an accomplice of the occupation, since he pays taxes in the Russian Federation.

Who are you? Are you a citizen of the Russian Federation? Then read this:

THE MAIN PROBLEM FOR THE CURRENT RUSSIA AUTHORITIES IS THAT YELTSIN IS OFFICIALLY DEAD

P.S. Yeltsin violated not only the laws of the RSFSR, but also the laws of the Russian Federation he created.

P.S. P.S. Looking through the pages of history, I often asked myself the question, how could the American curators “looking after” Yeltsin screw up so much and set the Russian Federation up so much in the future with this Law No. 2041-1, making the Russian Federation virtually outlawed, grossly violating the constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR, namely, Article 174 of the USSR and Article 185 of the RSFSR: “The Constitution is amended by a decision of the Supreme Council, adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of each of its chambers.”

And then I realized that the Americans had a stereotype of their life at work. In the USA, everything is decided by the President of the United States, but in our country everything was decided by the people, more precisely the Supreme Council, so they did not pay special attention to these articles 184 and 185, and without the Decisions of the Supreme Council, all Decrees, Laws and Resolutions amending the constitution of the USSR/RSFSR, including changing the names of the republics or the state itself, are a state crime, are considered void and are not subject to execution!

To understand what actually happened in reality can be difficult for some people. Therefore, let's translate this difficult situation into everyday life. For example, someone, a relative of our neighbor, killed the previous owner, forged documents and moved into his house, convincing everyone (some by bribing) that he was the real owner of this house. 25 years have passed... Some facts of that crime have come to light, have the years changed what he did 25 years ago? No! He is a thief and a murderer! Should we accept what he did? Everyone's decision! Personally, I don't want to.

AND NOW THE MOST IMPORTANT THING: According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978, Chapter 1, Article 5. The most important issues state life submitted for public discussion, and also put to a popular vote (referendum). Therefore, it does not matter that there was an official forgery by B. Yeltsin, with Law 2094-1, which he adopted without the Decision of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR, to rename the RSFSR into the Russian Federation without a referendum, he HAD NO RIGHT!!! In general, we are all gr. USSR, but we live not in the Russian Federation, but in the RSFSR. It's time to get out of this matrix. Secondly, did we have a referendum on the secession of the RSFSR from the USSR, which also did not happen? Why did they just go ahead and change the signs on the buildings?

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IS ILLEGAL, STOP PLAYING AT RF CITIZENS. Stop beating your chest and quoting the constitution of an illegal state. Stop defending the non-existent rights of false citizens of the Russian Federation. There is no Constitution of the Russian Federation and it does not work. “Citizens of the Russian Federation” are judged not according to the constitution, but according to the Code of Criminal Procedure or the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation.

All articles of the so-called constitution of the Russian Federation have long been changed by various by-laws. There is no such Constitution of the Russian Federation for a long time. A living example, Article 31 “Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to assemble peacefully without weapons, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and picketing.” In August 2016, two female musicians were fined 10,000 Russian rubles for playing the gusli in the center of Moscow, for violating the bylaw “Do not gather more than three.” Link to

Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the Tale of Bygone Years refers to the calling of the Varangians-Rus (there are reports about the origin of this people different versions) to Novgorod the Great tribal unions eastern Baltic and upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chuds, Meri and Vesi. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kyiv and also took possession of the lands of the Polyans, Drevlyans, Severians, Radimichi, Ulichs and Tiverts, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.

Old Russian state

Also Rus', Russian land. IN Western Europe- “Russia” and Rusiya (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name “prince of Russians” has been used. And at the beginning of the 12th century (in papal charters) the name “Russia” appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, “Ros”, Title "Russia"(Greek Ρωσα) first used in the middle. 10th century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

During the period of maximum expansion of the borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvingians, Muroms, Meshcheras, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on lower Don(Sarkel) and on the banks Kerch Strait(Tmutarakan Principality). Gradually, the tribal nobility was ousted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Rus'. During the 11th-12th centuries, tribal names gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovich carried out divisions of Rus' among themselves, but the consequences of the first two partitions (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome through a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of Rurikovich (1036). Section 1054, after which the so-called The “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs,” despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078–1093), was never completely overcome. After a struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsians, in 1097 at the Lyubech Congress of Princes the principle “everyone holds his fatherland” was established.

After the allied actions of the princes moved the fight against the Polovtsians from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav after a series of internal wars managed to achieve recognition of their power by some of the Russian princes, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intra-dynastic marriages.

Russian principalities

In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually fall out of control Kyiv princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Rus'. With the beginning of the fragmentation of Russian lands, the names “Rus” and “Russian Land” were in most cases applied to the Principality of Kyiv.

With the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Volyn principality was formed, Principality of Galicia, actually Principality of Kiev, Muromo-Ryazan Principality, Novgorod land, Pereyaslavl Principality, Principality of Polotsk, Rostov-Suzdal Principality, Turov-Pinsk Principality, Principality of Chernigov. In each of them the process of formation of appanages began.

On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife, plundered Kyiv, after which Andrei gave Kyiv to his younger brother without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of V.O. Klyuchevsky, “torn off seniority from places." Andrei himself, and later his younger brother Vsevolod Big Nest(1176-1212) sought (temporary) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.

TO beginning of XIII centuries, unifying tendencies have also emerged. The Principality of Pereyaslavl came into possession Vladimir princes, a united Galicia-Volyn Principality under power senior branch descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited Kyiv boyars to reign, also gave the city to the younger cousin. In the chronicle of 1205, Roman is called “the autocrat of all Rus'.” TO XIII century In addition to those of Kyiv, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled as grand dukes.

After Mongol invasion the institution of “sacraments in the Russian land” disappeared when Kyiv lands were considered as the common property of the Rurik family, and the name “Rus” was assigned to all East Slavic lands.

The strengthening of the position of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife before it, which the principality did not have until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Rus'. In fact, all the great princes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and from 1266 - of the Golden Horde, independently collected tribute in their possessions and forwarded it to the khan. From the middle of the 13th century, the title of Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly held by Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called “Prince of All Rus'”.

Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of “kings of Rus'”. In the 1320s, the Galician-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with the new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and in 1392 ceased to exist, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia, Zhemoitsk and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the southern Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kyiv 1362).

In the 14th century, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed in the northeast of Rus', and the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, a label for the great reign of Vladimir, meaning seniority within North-Eastern Rus' and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, while simultaneously authorizing the independence of the Grand Duchy of Tver. The Grand Duchy of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.

Russian state

Since the 15th century, the terms “Russia” and “Russian” appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally established in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to beginning of XVIII century in modern Russian historiography designated as "Russian State".

Grand Duchy of Moscow

In 1478, the Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, and in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against the Kazan Khanate, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself “Prince of Bulgaria,” which was one of the reasons for the start of the transitions appanage princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russian-Lithuanian wars Lithuania lost the Verkhovsky principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other important territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan great principalities (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in last period Its existence in the status of a grand duchy was also distinguished by a general set of laws (Code of Laws of 1497), the liquidation of appanages and the introduction of a local system.

Russian kingdom

From January 16, 1547, after Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich assumed the title of Tsar. Also Rus, Rusiya, Rossiya, Russian kingdom, Russian kingdom, Moscow kingdom. IN mid-16th century century, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were annexed, which further justified the royal title of the Moscow monarch.

In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and generally returning to the borders of the mid-13th century.

In 1613, the Metropolitan’s title used the term “Rusia”, and Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich’s title used “Russia”. "Muscovy" is the name of the Russian state in foreign sources XVI-XVII centuries The term “Russia” was finally consolidated by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before accepting the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Ruler of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. (“The Lord of All Russia” was abbreviated as “V.R.P.”, but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.

Russian Empire

After Tsar Peter Alekseevich accepted the title of emperor.

August 18 (31), 1914 In connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.

Russian Republic

After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917

Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic - this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3), 1918 in the Decree on the cancellation of state loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a “federation of Soviet national republics"at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.

Before the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.

Proclamation of the Federation:

January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian constituent assembly(dissolved January 6 (19)).
January 12 (25), 1918 - III All-Russian Congress of Workers' Councils and soldiers' deputies in the adopted Declaration.
January 18 (31), 1918 - at the united III Congress of Soviets (after association III Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Third Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies) in the re-adopted Declaration.
January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets “On the federal institutions of the Russian Republic”.
On March 6 - 8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), it was once again decided to transform the country into a federation.
July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Variability of the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic were found in documents:

The words were swapped:

Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
Russian Socialist Soviet Federal Republic,
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with in different order words (4 words):

Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
Russian Soviet Federative Republic,
Russian Socialist Federative Republic,
Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):

Russian Soviet Republic,
Soviet Russian Republic
Russian Federative Republic
Russian Federation of Soviets

Other names:

Russian Republic,
Soviet Republic,
Republic of Soviets.

Note: new government did not immediately spread into the territory of the former Russian Empire(republics).

Note: Already, being part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been swapped.

In everyday life and semi-officially, the abbreviated form was often used for the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it is worth noting that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved official name countries)

Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Trans-SFSR.

December 5, 1936 (by new constitution) in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words “socialist” and “Soviet” is brought into accordance with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.

Russian Federation

Russian Federation— On December 25, 1991, by law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed the Russian Federation ( modern name, enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, appropriate amendments were made to the then-current Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978.

Also before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993 new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, forms and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.

Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR

1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
1966 - in the title of the book “Chistyakov O.I., Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966.”
1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978.

IN modern Russia Some documents are still in force in which the old name “RSFSR” remains:

Law of the RSFSR of December 15, 1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) “On the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments”
Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) “On the judicial system of the RSFSR”
Declaration of the SND of the RSFSR dated 06/12/1990 N 22-1 “On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
Law of the RSFSR dated October 24, 1990 N 263-1 “On the effect of acts of bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR”
Law of the RSFSR dated October 31, 1990 N 293-1 “On provision economic basis sovereignty of the RSFSR"
Law of the RSFSR dated March 22, 1991 N 948-1 (as amended on July 26, 2006) “On competition and restrictions on monopolistic activities in commodity markets”
Law of the RSFSR dated 04/26/1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on 07/01/1993) “On rehabilitation repressed peoples»
Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on December 30, 2008) “On investment activities in the RSFSR”
Law of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on February 2, 2006) “On priority provision of agricultural industrial complex material and technical resources"
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 15, 1991 N 211 (as amended on June 26, 1992) “On increasing wages employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 21, 1991 N 228 “On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of trading enterprises in the RSFSR”
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated November 28, 1991 N 240 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the commercialization of the activities of public service enterprises in the RSFSR”
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 255 “On priority measures to organize the work of industry in the RSFSR”
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 256 “On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in conditions economic reform»
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 3, 1991 N 297 (as amended on February 28, 1995) “On measures to liberalize prices”
Decree of the President of the RSFSR dated December 12, 1991 N 269 (as amended on October 21, 2002) “On the single economic space of the RSFSR”
Law of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1991 N 2094-1 “On changing the name of the state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic”
Decree of the Government of the RSFSR dated December 24, 1991 N 62 (as amended on November 13, 2010) “On approval of lists federal roads in the RSFSR"

according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, a democratic federal rule of law with a republican form of government. The names Russian Federation and Russia are equivalent (Article 1 of the Constitution).

The former name of the state is the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic). The name "Russian Federation (Russia)" was introduced by the Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991; April 21, 1992 - included in the Constitution.

Russia as a federation consists of equal subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 5 of the Constitution): republics (21), territories (6), regions (49), cities of federal significance (2), autonomous region (1), autonomous okrugs(10). The status of a subject of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, the constitution and charter of the subject; can be changed by mutual agreement of the Russian Federation and a subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law (Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

As a state of the Russian Federation, it has all the necessary attributes (symbols) - national flag, coat of arms, anthem. State language The Russian language is spoken throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The capital is Moscow.

The Russian Federation has a single citizenship. It is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law (Law of 1991 on Citizenship of the Russian Federation, as amended in 1993 and 1995). The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, inland waters and the territorial sea, the airspace above them. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory.

The Russian Federation also has all the other characteristics of a state:

The presence of the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation, the operation of the principle of supremacy (priority) of federal acts, i.e. general rule they have higher legal force than acts of the subjects of the Federation;

Federal system of government bodies - President of the Russian Federation, Federal Assembly (Parliament) of the Russian Federation, Government of the Russian Federation, ministries, state committees and departments of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court is generally united judicial system RF, Prosecutor General RF;

Unified internal and foreign policy of the Russian Federation, formed with the participation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and implemented by the bodies of the Russian Federation; international recognition the Russian Federation and its international legal personality, i.e. participation in international relations;

Unified Federal Armed Forces, headed by Supreme Commander-in-Chief Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (he is the President of the Russian Federation);

Unified system of internal affairs and security services;

Monetary and financial system of the state (with a unified monetary unit- the ruble, the tax system, monetary circulation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.);

Availability of a single economic system, built on pluralism of forms of ownership, freedom economic activity and competition.

The Russian Federation has diverse competencies, i.e. powers to manage state, economic and socio-cultural life throughout the territory. The Constitution of the Russian Federation divides the competence of the Russian Federation into two groups: the first group includes issues of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, i.e., issues that can only be resolved by federal bodies (albeit taking into account the proposals of the constituent entities); the second group is the powers of the Russian Federation in areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. In other words, in these areas the Russian Federation resolves issues within its jurisdiction, and other issues are resolved by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of course, on the basis and in development of federal legislation.

Issues of the exclusive competence of the Russian Federation can be divided into the following subgroups. In the field of state building: adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, monitoring their compliance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of rights national minorities; establishing a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activities; formation of these organs; state awards And honorary titles RF; federal civil service; federal programs in the field of state building and national development RF.

In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: federal state property and its management; establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of economic, environmental, social and cultural development RF; establishment legal framework single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, fundamentals pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal energy systems, nuclear power, fissile materials; federal transport, communication routes, information and communication; activities in space; meteorological service, standards, standards, metric system and calculation of time; geodesy and cartography; names geographical objects; official statistics and accounting.

In the field of external relations, defense and security: foreign policy and international relations Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations RF; defense and security; defense production; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; status determination and protection state border, territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation.

In the field of public order, citizens' rights and justice: judicial system; prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedural and criminal executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation intellectual property.

In areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, the powers of the Russian Federation can also be divided into several subgroups.

In the field of state building: ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of republics, charters, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; protection of the rights of national minorities; protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; establishing general principles for organizing the system of state authorities and local self-government.

In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; delimitation of state property; environmental management; security environment and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments; general questions upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; coordination of health issues; protection of motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; implementation of measures to combat disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, elimination of their consequences; establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation.

In the field of external relations: coordination of international and foreign economic relations subjects of the Russian Federation, implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

In the field of public order, citizens' rights, legislation and activities law enforcement agencies: ensuring legality, law and order, public safety; mode border zones; administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, on environmental protection; judicial and law enforcement personnel; advocacy, notary. (S.A.)

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