The district is located in the Urals, in the Kama basin. The surface is hilly-flat, in the north - Northern Uvaly ( highest point- 270 m), in the west - the Verkhnekamsk Upland (up to 280 m high). Most of the district is occupied by low-lying areas.
The climate is continental with severe snowy winters and relatively short warm summer. Average temperatures in January range from -15.7?C (Kudymkar) to -16.7?C (Gainy), in July they are 17.6?C and 17.3?C, respectively. The sum of temperatures for the period with temperatures more than 10? C from 1400? (in the North) until 1800? (in the South). Precipitation is 500-550 mm per year.
Territory - 32.9 thousand square meters. km. Population (as of January 1, 1998) - 152.4 thousand people. Population density (as of January 1, 1998) - 4.6 people per 1 sq. km.
Komi- Permyatsky autonomous region is part of the Perm region.
Industry - forestry and woodworking, including sawmilling, furniture and other production. Developed food industry, building materials industry, electric power industry.
Swamps occupy about 5% of the area. The fauna is typically forest, but with human changes to the forest landscape, animals from open habitats have partially penetrated here (steppe polecat, brown hare, gray vole, etc.). The main game animals are: squirrel, white and brown hares, ermine, fox, marten, and among birds - hazel grouse, wood grouse, black grouse, various waterfowl and marsh species. The number of beavers, reindeer, and elk is being restored.
The main population is Komi-Permyaks(58% in 1970), concentrated almost entirely within the district, there are also Russians (36%) and others.
The city of Kudymkar has been the center since 1938 Komi-Permyatsky Autonomous Okrug Perm region Area - 25.3 sq. km, population - 33.5 thousand people. Located on both banks of the Inva (tributary of the Kama) and partially on the left bank of its tributary Kuva, in the most developed southern part of the district on the Gaina-Mendeleevo highway, 201 km. from Perm.
In 1920, through the efforts of Kudymkar-born artist P.I. Subbotin-Permyak was created in it museum; A pedagogical school was opened in 1927 (initially a technical school), a forestry school in 1929 (initially a department of a technical school) and an agricultural technical school in 1930; medical school(initially a paramedic and midwifery school); founded in 1926, the district newspaper "Geris" ("Plowman", in 1931 renamed "On the Lenin Path", since 1992 "Parma"), in 1930 - the district publishing house, in 1931 - the drama theater (initially a studio) now named after. A.M. Gorky. In 1939-57. worked national song and dance ensemble, 1940-1956. - Teachers' Institute, since 1944 the Institute for Teacher Improvement has been operating.
In Kudymkar there are 10 secondary schools, 4 lyceums, a children's school 
SSTV, 2 Houses of Culture, 7 clubs, widescreen cinema "Komsomolets", Park culture and recreation named after. AND I. Krivoshchekova; the construction of a unique district-wide building has been completed Cultural Center with a large auditorium, numerous rooms for artistic groups. There is a complex of ski jumps. In the field of health, many indicators are above the regional average.
Opened in Kudymkar in 1988 Komi- Permyatsky Research Department social sciences Institute of Language, Literature and History Komi scientific center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences as part of the groups: language, literature and folklore, archeology and ethnography, history; is being developed comprehensive program development Komi-Permyak national culture; connections are being established with scientific institutions Finno-Ugric peoples. Since 1992, the television and radio committee has been operating on the basis of radio and television transmitters operating in the Kudymkar region. There are architectural monuments - the building of the former Stroganov office and St. Nicholas Cathedral (XVIII century).
Coat of arms of the Komi-Permyak district
Komi-Permyatsky district(Komi-Permyak. Komi-Permyak district, Komi-Perem kytsh) - administrative territorial entity as part of the Perm Territory, until December 1, 2005 - subject Russian Federation(Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug).
Area - 32770 km². The district is located in the lower reaches Ural mountains, in the upper Kama basin. Population: 116 thousand 177 people. (2010). The administrative center of the district is the city of Kudymkar.
Geography
Komi-Permyak district
Komi-Permyatsky district located in the eastern part of the Russian Plain, the Upper Kama basin, a tributary of the Volga, north-west of the Perm Territory, in the IV time zone. The time difference with the capital, Moscow, is 2 hours. The area of the district is 32.77 thousand km². In terms of territory, it surpasses such states as Albania (28.7 thousand km²), Armenia (29.8 thousand km²), Belgium (30.5 thousand km²), and occupies 20.4% of the territory of the region.
Its length from north to south is 280 km, from west to east - 180 km. The district is located at high latitudes. His extreme points: in the north 61°04" N, 52°52" E. d.; in the south 58°33"N, 54°47"E. d.; in the west 60°32"N, 51°47"E. d.; in the east 59°15" N, 56°15" E. d.
In the north it borders with the Komi Republic, in the west with the Kirov region, in the south and east with the regions of the Perm Territory (Sivinsky, Karagaysky, Ilyinsky, Dobryansky, Usolsky, Solikamsky and Cherdynsky).
The northern border runs along the Northern Uvals, the western - along the Vyatka-Permyak Uvals and the Verkhnekamsk Upland, the southern - along the spurs of this upland and the Obvo-Invenskaya Plain. Eastern border goes along the Kondassky Uvals, Kosinskaya and Veslyanskaya lowlands. Features geographical location Komi-Permyak district are:
1. Its location in the eastern part of the Russian Plain determines the flatness of the territory, and the presence of ridges and hills determines a set of natural-territorial complexes.
2. Position of the district in the river basin. Kama, the largest tributary of the river. Volga, favorable for the development of the territory. The Kama serves as a wide road for the export of raw materials and forest products and the import of food and industrial goods.
3. The district is located in the extreme north-west of the Perm region, 201 km from the regional center - Perm. Nearest railway station Mendeleevo and railway, connecting the territory with central regions countries, are located 104 km from the city of Kudymkar.
4. 79.9% of its territory is covered with forests, and therefore the Komi-Permyaks call their land Parma - a forest region.
Story
Kudym-Osh - national hero Komi-Permyaks
It was formed on February 26, 1925 as the Komi-Permyak National District consisting of Ural region. On January 17, 1934, during the division of the Ural region, it became part of Sverdlovsk region, and with separation from it Perm region October 3, 1938 - joined the latter. Since 1977 - Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. In 1992, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug became an independent subject of the federation, but since a special federal law(such a law was adopted only once in relation to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug), the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug formally continued to be part of the Perm region, being in contractual relations with it.
In 2003, a referendum was held in which residents of the Perm region and the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug supported unification into a single subject of the federation. According to the results of the referendum, from December 1, 2005, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was merged with the Perm Region, forming the Perm Territory with the administrative center in the city of Perm and losing the status of a subject of the Russian Federation.
Population
The greatest wealth of any region is people. They are the bearers of reason, intelligence, creative creation and technical progress. As part of the Perm Territory, the district belongs to relatively sparsely populated areas: average density population is almost 4 times lower than the regional average. Occupying 20.4% of the territory of the region, it concentrates a little more than 4.7% of its population. However, since 1970, the population has been consistently declining (in thousand people):
The change in the population of the district is influenced by natural and mechanical processes. Natural increase population has remained negative for many years (depopulation). A negative migration balance has been observed for more than 10 years. All these indicators lead to a decrease in the population in the district.
The table shows that in the Komi-Permyak Okrug in 2009 certain positive changes were observed: there were trends in the birth rate increasing and mortality decreasing. This contributed to some reduction in natural population decline. And yet, for the demographic development of the district, not only the change trends themselves are important, but also the consequences caused by them: firstly, young families are more often focused on a one-child or childless family; secondly, depopulation affected not only the city, but also the village, which affects the indigenous population of the district and raises serious concerns about the fate of the Komi-Permyak ethnic group; thirdly, the aging process occurs faster, so the population group is older working age has a high percentage (17.7%); fourthly, the demographic problems of the district gave rise to socio-economic ones. According to the current forecast, the district's population should decrease to 123.9 thousand people by 2015, while in the city of Kudymkar the population should increase to 31 thousand people.
Population forecast for the Komi-Permyak Okrug
As for the working age population in the district, it is 61.9% of the total population (79,100 people, of which 41,463 are men, 37,637 are women).
The district belongs to the territories with low level urbanization. Currently, 23.5% of the county's total population lives in urban areas. Since 2000, there has been a certain decline in the urban population. Representatives of more than 50 live in the district different nationalities. Komi-Permyaks - 59%, Russians - 38%, Tatars - 0.8%, Ukrainians - 0.5%, Belarusians - 0.5%, and others. The indigenous nationality - Komi-Permyaks - is part of the Finno-Ugric group of the Ural language family peoples
- Devyatkova S.B., Kuzminova R.G., Gagarsky M.D. Geography of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. Tutorial– Perm, Perm book, 1992
- Devyatkova S.B., Kuzminova R.G., Chebotkova A.D., Chernykh E.A. Interesting geography Parma. Book for students - Kudymkar, Komi-Permyak book publishing house, 1993
- Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug at the turn of the century. Reference publication. – Kudymkar; Komi-Permyak book publishing house, 2000
- Report on the socio-economic situation of Kudymkar for I – IX 2010. (Collection and processing department statistical information for the Komi-Permyak district), 2010 p. 4
- Municipalities of the Perm Territory (socio-economic indicators), 2010 pp. 37, 38, 42
- Collection of Permstat " Social status and the standard of living of the population of the Perm region", Perm, 2009 p.23
- Statistical collection of the Department for the collection and processing of statistical information for the Komi-Permyak Okrug “Population of the Komi-Permyak Okrug”, 2010 pp. 26, 27, 28
- Statistical collection of Permstat " Natural movement and migration of the population of the Perm region in 2006-2008”, Perm, 2009 p.38
Preserved traditions
To today Local residents can see traditional bast shoes, which are made or woven from birch bark and linden bast. And in northern regions They wear leather cats in the form of galoshes and woolen socks with beautiful patterns. Also another interesting shoe are special high boots, which are great for walking in the woods or for wearing while fishing.
In addition, the holidays and events of the Komi-Permyaks originate from Orthodox rites, which resemble the rites of the local Russian population. IN lately Among the Komi-Permyaks the number of believers is increasing. Special attention deserves several working Orthodox churches, which are located in the Komi-Permyak district. The village of Pudva was the center of the Old Believers back in the 20th century. The monasteries that were founded near this village in 1790 have survived to this day. You can also find prayer houses in other settlements along the Yazve River.
Today, representatives of the Komi-Permyaks have begun to fight for the development and preservation of the national culture of the Komi-Permyak Okrug. For example, for this purpose, the national intelligentsia created the Yuger society.
Local cuisine
Basically, the Komi-Permyak people consume barley or rye bread as a traditional food, to which various surrogates are added. Therefore, upon arriving in the Komi-Permyak Okrug, you should definitely try local bread with the addition of fir bark, bird cherry berries and crushed quinoa. As a rule, the local diet contains virtually no vegetables. It is interesting that in ancient times they mostly drank fermented milk and only ate meat on holidays. Salted and dried mushrooms, as well as dishes with them, are especially popular. In the summer they dried the berries and soaked them for the winter.
In local restaurants of the Komi-Permyak district it is worth trying traditional dishes of the Komi-Permyaks, including large number various flour dishes. Meat soup, sour cabbage soup, pea soup, all kinds of cereals, and various fish dishes became very common. The local population loves to cook and eat fish pies. Another traditional dish is dumplings with fillings such as radish, mushrooms and meat. For example, dumplings with radish are intended for the holidays. Traditional drinks - jelly, kvass and beer - have not lost their popularity either. Therefore, a gastronomic excursion around the Komi-Permyak Okrug can be an excellent pastime.
Two subjects of the federation turned into one - the Perm region. December 2015 marks ten years since this date, according to by and large, historical event. The Zvezda newspaper begins a series of publications to mark the 10th anniversary of the unification.
To begin with, let us remember that the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was formed in 1925 on the territory of the traditional residence of the Komi-Permyaks. Initially, the territory was part of the Ural region, and after its disaggregation in 1938, it became part of the Perm region. In 1977, the district regained autonomy with its administrative center in the city of Kudymkar. In 1992, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug became an independent subject of the Federation. However, to secede from the Perm region, a special federal law was needed, which was adopted in Russia only once - in relation to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. No such law was adopted in relation to the Komi District. And therefore, formally, the district was part of the Perm region, being in contractual relations with it: for example, the Komi district had its own Legislative Assembly, deputies from the territory were also members of the Legislative Assembly of the Perm Region.
Referendum and unification
State Duma deputy Andrei Klimov first spoke about a possible unification in the mid-1990s. In 2000, the then mayor of Perm and candidate for governor of the Perm region, Yuri Trutnev, became interested in the idea.
And in 2002, already the head of the Kama region, Yuri Petrovich invited the leader of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug Gennady Savelyev to sign a joint appeal to the Russian Government on unification. However, then Savelyev refused, and a campaign against unification began in the national district. Only after the visit to the district by the Speaker of the Federation Council Sergei Mironov and the Volga region plenipotentiary Sergei Kiriyenko, Gennady Savelyev signed the appeal. The Legislative Assembly of the Perm region and Komi-Permyak district, after long negotiations, supported the idea.
In March 2003, representatives of the local national elite organized the movement “For the Future of the District!”, which opposed the unification. It was headed by the former chairman of the district Legislative Assembly, Ivan Cetin. After this, employees of the PR service of the Presidential Administration arrived in Kudymkar, and an active campaign for unification began in the local media. In June 2003, Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration Vladislav Surkov came to the capital of the Komi Okrug, under whose leadership a political and economic feasibility study was prepared for the creation of a new subject of the Federation.
In November 2003, the governor of the Perm region and the head of the Komi-Permyak district signed an agreement according to which the district is part of the new subject of the Federation as municipality With special status. Before the vote, the parties approved the “Memorandum of Formation of a New Subject of the Russian Federation.” It specified infrastructural and social projects, which were supposed to equalize the economic and social potential of the subjects.
On December 7, 2003, referendums were held in the Komi Okrug and the Perm Region on the unification of the two federal subjects. Turnout in the region was 62 percent, in the district - 66 percent. 84 percent of voters were in favor of unification in the Perm region, and 89 percent in the Komi-Permyak district. The decision was made almost unanimously.
After the unification, Yuri Trutnev left the post of governor of the Perm region and moved to the federal government as a minister natural resources. Oleg Chirkunov became the governor of the Perm Territory on the recommendation of Vladimir Putin.
Results of the merger
At the time of unification, the subjects of the federation were not objectively equal in terms of economic situation. The Perm region was among the leaders in terms of internal regional product: more than 200 oil and gas fields were developed in the Kama region. gas fields, the extraction of potassium salts, diamonds and chromium was organized. At the same time, the main “asset” of the Komi-Permyak Okrug was forest resources, small ocher deposits and mining of gravel-sand mixtures. From an economic point of view, the availability of Komi-Permyak wood was beneficial to the Solikamskbumprom paper mill.
Photo: Vladimir BikmaevAs a result of the merger, the Perm Territory, which was previously one of the ten strongest industrial regions of Russia, moved from the category of donors to the category of subsidized regions of the country.
The initiators of the association stated that the formation of a new entity would overcome the economic backwardness of the Komi Okrug. As a guarantee, the already mentioned “Memorandum of Formation of a New Subject of the Russian Federation” was signed. The socio-economic development program included the construction of the Ocher - Kudymkar gas pipeline and gasification of the district, reconstruction of the local airport, infrastructure development, including the construction of a bridge across the Kama in the district. It was also planned that the Grigorievskaya - Kudymkar - Syktyvkar railway would pass through the territory of the Komi Okrug.
However, after ten years most the plans specified in the document were not fulfilled or were fulfilled with reservations. 1.346 billion rubles were allocated from the federal and regional budgets for gasification of the district, 139 kilometers of gas pipeline were built, and “blue fuel” was brought to Kudymkar. However, it can be used limited quantity people: gas flows through the pipeline under high pressure, direct connection is very expensive for low-income people. Gas distribution stations have not been built in the district. It is worth noting that out of the six municipalities of the district, the gas pipeline was laid only in the Kudymkar and Yurlinsky districts.
“The Kudymkar airport, which was going to be restored, ceased to exist altogether. In summer, goats graze on its territory, recent years the concrete slabs of the runway disappeared,” he says former head KPAO Gennady Savelyev.
In October 2015, the Minister of Affairs of the Komi-Permyak District, Viktor Rychkov, at a meeting organized by the All-Russian Popular Front, said that even ambulance and firefighting aircraft could not use the airport now.
On the plus side: in 2009, a bridge crossing over the Kama River in the Gainsky district was built in the district - important area highways Kudymkar - Syktyvkar. However, the construction of the road was eventually abandoned. In 2013, road repairs began on the fifteen-kilometer section of the Kudymkar - Gainy highway, which has not yet been completed. Locals They call this section “the road of death.” Intercity buses are forced to reach this area and transfer passengers to “grooves”: the area being reconstructed does not even have an asphalt surface or a gravel layer.
Under Governor Chirkunov, the construction of the Kosa - Solikamsk highway and the Kama - Shemeiny section, and the Berezniki - Kudymkar - border of the Kirov region highway were completed. It was also possible to repair a section of the Perm - Kudymkar highway from Krasnokamsk to Nytva, and an interchange to Kudymkar was built. IN poor condition There is still a section of the route left to the district center.
Another major infrastructure project - the construction of the Belkomur railway, which was supposed to connect the Komi Okrug with Arkhangelsk and Murmansk - is temporarily frozen. Initially, the railway was supposed to pass through Kudymkar, but later plans changed, and now it will be built in the Gainsky district, the northernmost and most inaccessible.
Yuri Belousov, director of the Center for Applied Economics, believes that the merger was a purely political action and there was no economic benefit for the Komi Okrug:
The economic component in this process was secondary, and the situation did not change much. When the referendum was held, it was impossible to say: guys, after the unification, nothing will change for you, in general. IN federal center Everyone really liked the unification project. Governor Yuri Trutnev, who managed to unite the territories, was promoted after the mergers. It was a purely political action. The referendum and the subsequent signing of the memorandum are a semblance of elections. Now the district is a depressed area, and I don’t see any development.
What can I say? With good intentions, as always, the roads to hell are paved. But, on the other hand, it is, by and large, impossible to call what happened negative for Kudymkar and the residents of the district. What they fought for is called...
The area of the district has always been depressed. And with the association that was served at that time distant time as a panacea for the dying industry of the district (including timber and wood processing), a miracle did not happen. Komi Okrug was problematic and remains so. And the Perm region will raise it from its knees to a worthy one economic level It just didn't work out. Primarily due to the fact that the oldest enterprises there went bankrupt, and practically no new ones were created.
Unfortunately, it was never possible to restore order in logging. In general, there are still many problems. Yes, and one more thing: Komi Okrug, perhaps the only land in the Kama region, where farms still use horse labor. And this seems to say it all...
In the next publication, Zvezda will talk about changes in social sphere and about the development of Komi-Permyak national culture.
Lived in the upper basin of the Kama River since ancient times, and in 1925 the government of the then young Soviet state decided to create the Komi-Permyak NO within the Ural region. This step allowed the indigenous people of these places to preserve their culture and not forget their language and customs.
Where is the Komi-Permyak District located?
The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug is located in the upper reaches of the Kama, in the Cis-Urals, in the taiga zone. In the east, northeast, south and southeast it borders on the west with the Kirov region, and to the north and northwest is the Komi Republic. Unfortunately, there is no railway service on the territory of the district, and the nearest one is located quite far from the territory of the administrative entity. However, the lack of railway communication is successfully compensated by excellent waterway- Kama, along which food and household goods and the timber is exported.
Which is correct: Komi-Permyak Okrug or Autonomous Okrug?
Today there is often confusion related to official name districts. The fact is that not many people know the fact that in 2003 the Autonomous Okrug and the Perm Region took part in a referendum, according to the results of which at the end of 2005 these two subjects of the federation united into a new territorial-administrative entity - the Perm Territory. At the same time, the Komi-Permyak Okrug was created within the region, endowed with a special administrative status.
The city of Kudymkar: history and modernity
Like any territorial entity, the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug has administrative center or, as the residents themselves call it, the capital - the city of Kudymkar, located about 200 km from the city of Perm.
It is reliably known that the first settlement on the site of modern Kudymkar, the so-called Kudymkar settlement, existed in the 7th century AD, but how locality V modern understanding Kudymkar is mentioned from late XVI century, and it was given city status in 1938.
Today, the capital of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug occupies an area of 25 km 2, where about 30,000 people live, most of whom are representatives of the indigenous population. There are four in the city secondary schools, gymnasium, forestry and agricultural technical schools, medical school, teacher training college and several other educational institutions.
Tourism
The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug has a huge tourism potential. Particularly broad prospects are seen in the field of eco-tourism, since many corners have been preserved here virgin nature. If you look closely, you will notice that the map of the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug resembles a solid green field, with blue streaks of numerous rivers and rivulets. The main wealth of these places is the full-flowing Kama River, the picturesque Starikovskoye and Adovo lakes, where thousands of fishing enthusiasts come every year from all over the Perm Territory and other regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, hiking in the taiga is very popular.
Tourist attractions of Kudymkar
In 1990, the city of Kudymkar was ranked among the small historical cities of the Russian Federation. And this is quite justified, since here you can see several interesting historical monuments and visit local history museum, the exhibition of which presents many valuable exhibits dedicated to natural resources and history of the region. In the Kudymkar Museum, located at 8 Marta Street, 27, tourists can see household items that residents of the region have used since ancient times, as well as an exhibition dedicated to the Soviet period.
The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug is not distinguished by the large number of ancient architectural monuments, therefore, its residents have a particularly careful attitude towards the Kudymkar Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in 1795 under the leadership of the famous architect A. N. Voronikhin. Two more attractions of the district capital are the Stroganov management house and the building of the men's school, built about 150 years ago.
From the monuments Soviet period We can highlight the Victory Memorial, which often becomes the venue for special events and one of the favorite walking places for city residents. The Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug is famous for its holy spring located in the Kudymkarsky pond area. It is interesting that although the spring is designed in accordance with ancient pagan beliefs and resembles a bear’s head, the water in the source is blessed from time to time Orthodox priests. And among the modern attractions, the monument is of greatest interest to guests and residents of Kudymkar to the legendary hero Komi people - Kudym-Oshu, who is considered the founder of the city.
